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GPCR/endocytosis/ERK signaling/S2R is involved in the regulation of the internalization, mitochondria-targeting and -activating properties of human salivary histatin 1. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:42. [PMID: 35970844 PMCID: PMC9378733 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human salivary histatin 1 (Hst1) exhibits a series of cell-activating properties, such as promoting cell spreading, migration, and metabolic activity. We recently have shown that fluorescently labeled Hst1 (F-Hst1) targets and activates mitochondria, presenting an important molecular mechanism. However, its regulating signaling pathways remain to be elucidated. We investigated the influence of specific inhibitors of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), endocytosis pathways, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling, p38 signaling, mitochondrial respiration and Na+/K+-ATPase activity on the uptake, mitochondria-targeting and -activating properties of F-Hst1. We performed a siRNA knockdown (KD) to assess the effect of Sigma-2 receptor (S2R) /Transmembrane Protein 97 (TMEM97)—a recently identified target protein of Hst1. We also adopted live cell imaging to monitor the whole intracellular trafficking process of F-Hst1. Our results showed that the inhibition of cellular respiration hindered the internalization of F-Hst1. The inhibitors of GPCR, ERK1/2, phagocytosis, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) as well as siRNA KD of S2R/TMEM97 significantly reduced the uptake, which was accompanied by the nullification of the promoting effect of F-Hst1 on cell metabolic activity. Only the inhibitor of CME and KD of S2R/TMEM97 significantly compromised the mitochondria-targeting of Hst1. We further showed the intracellular trafficking and targeting process of F-Hst1, in which early endosome plays an important role. Overall, phagocytosis, CME, GPCR, ERK signaling, and S2R/TMEM97 are involved in the internalization of Hst1, while only CME and S2R/TMEM97 are critical for its subcellular targeting. The inhibition of either internalization or mitochondria-targeting of Hst1 could significantly compromise its mitochondria-activating property.
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Salivary Histatin 1 and 2 Are Targeted to Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum in Human Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040795. [PMID: 32225006 PMCID: PMC7226139 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human salivary histatin 1 (Hst1) and Hst2 exhibit a series of cell-activating properties (e.g., promoting adhesion, spreading, migration and metabolic activity of mammalian cells). In contrast, Hst5 shows an anti-fungal property but no cell-activating properties. Previous findings suggest that their uptake and association with subcellular targets may play a determinant role in their functions. In this study, we studied the uptake dynamics and subcellular targets of Hst1, Hst2 and Hst5 in epithelial cells (HO1N1 human buccal carcinoma epithelial cell line). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that fluorescently labeled Hst1 (F-Hst1) was taken up into the intracellular space of epithelial cells. Then, 60 min post-incubation, the total fluorescence of cell-associated F-Hst1, as measured using flow cytometry, was significantly higher compared to those of F-Hst2 and F-Hst5. In contrast, virtually no association occurred using the negative control—scrambled F-Hst1 (F-Hstscr). CLSM images revealed that F-Hst1, 2 and 5 co-localized with mitotrackerTM-labeled mitochondria. In addition, F-Hst1 and F-Hst2 but neither F-Hst5 nor F-Hst1scr co-localized with the ER-trackerTM-labeled endoplasmic reticulum. No co-localization of Hst1, 2 and 5 with lysosomes or the Golgi apparatus was observed. Furthermore, Hst1 and Hst2 but not Hst5 or Hst1scr significantly promoted the metabolic activity of both human epithelial cell lines, HaCaT human keratinocytes and primary human gingival fibroblasts.
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Huang GQ, Yi GG, Wu LW, Feng SF, Wu W, Peng L, Yi RW, Ma W, Lu X. Protective effect of histatin 1 against ultraviolet-induced damage to human corneal epithelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:679-684. [PMID: 29399071 PMCID: PMC5772520 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of histatin 1 (Hst1) in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Prior to UV irradiation for various durations, HCECs were pre-treated with different concentrations of Hst1 and the effect on cell apoptosis and cell viability were examined by flow cytometry, alamarBlue® and MTT assays to determine the optimal concentration of Hst1 and UV dose. Cells were then subjected to quantitative PCR, ELISA and western blot analysis to determine the expression of cell damage-associated genes. HCECs exposed to UV light for 1 h displayed decreased viability when compared to that of control cells, and a 3 h UV exposure markedly increased the apoptotic rate of HECEs, while apoptosis was inhibited by pre-treatment with Hst1. UV radiation downregulated expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), while it upregulated Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) expression. Hst1 protected HCECs against UV-induced damage by upregulating the expression of IGF-1 protein and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. In conclusion, Hst1 may prevent UV-induced damage to corneal epithelial tissue injury and promote its healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, Guangdong 514031, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Guo Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Lai-Wei Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Song-Fu Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Wen Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Wenbei Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohe Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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Barasch N, Gong X, Kwei KA, Varma S, Biscocho J, Qu K, Xiao N, Lipsick JS, Pelham RJ, West RB, Pollack JR. Recurrent rearrangements of the Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 3 gene (MSANTD3) in salivary gland acinic cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171265. [PMID: 28212443 PMCID: PMC5315303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic gene fusions have been identified in several histologic types of salivary gland neoplasia, but not previously in acinic cell carcinoma (AcCC). To discover novel gene fusions, we performed whole-transcriptome sequencing surveys of three AcCC archival cases. In one specimen we identified a novel HTN3-MSANTD3 gene fusion, and in another a novel PRB3-ZNF217 gene fusion. The structure of both fusions was consistent with the promoter of the 5’ partner (HTN3 or PRB3), both highly expressed salivary gland genes, driving overexpression of full-length MSANTD3 or ZNF217. By fluorescence in situ hybridization of an expanded AcCC case series, we observed MSANTD3 rearrangements altogether in 3 of 20 evaluable cases (15%), but found no additional ZNF217 rearrangements. MSANTD3 encodes a previously uncharacterized Myb/SANT domain-containing protein. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated diffuse nuclear MSANTD3 expression in 8 of 27 AcCC cases (30%), including the three cases with MSANTD3 rearrangement. MSANTD3 displayed heterogeneous expression in normal salivary ductal epithelium, as well as among other histologic types of salivary gland cancer though without evidence of translocation. In a broader survey, MSANTD3 showed variable expression across a wide range of normal and neoplastic human tissue specimens. In preliminary functional studies, engineered MSANTD3 overexpression in rodent salivary gland epithelial cells did not enhance cell proliferation, but led to significant upregulation of gene sets involved in protein synthesis. Our findings newly identify MSANTD3 rearrangement as a recurrent event in salivary gland AcCC, providing new insight into disease pathogenesis, and identifying a putative novel human oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Barasch
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin A. Kwei
- Genomic Health, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Sushama Varma
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jewison Biscocho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kunbin Qu
- Genomic Health, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Nan Xiao
- Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph S. Lipsick
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Pelham
- Genomic Health, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Robert B. West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RBW); (JRP)
| | - Jonathan R. Pollack
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RBW); (JRP)
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van Dijk I, Beker A, Jellema W, Nazmi K, Wu G, Wismeijer D, Krawczyk P, Bolscher J, Veerman E, Stap J. Histatin 1 Enhances Cell Adhesion to Titanium in an Implant Integration Model. J Dent Res 2017; 96:430-436. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516681761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular adhesion is essential for successful integration of dental implants. Rapid soft tissue integration is important to create a seal around the implant and prevent infections, which commonly cause implant failure and can result in bone loss. In addition, soft tissue management is important to obtain good dental aesthetics. We previously demonstrated that the salivary peptide histatin 1 (Hst1) causes a more than 2-fold increase in the ability of human adherent cells to attach and spread on a glass surface. Cells treated with Hst1 attached more rapidly and firmly to the substrate and to each other. In the current study, we examine the potential application of Hst1 for promotion of dental implant integration. Our results show that Hst1 enhances the attachment and spreading of soft tissue cell types (oral epithelial cells and fibroblasts) to titanium (Ti) and hydroxyapatite (HAP), biomaterials that have found wide applications as implant material in dentistry and orthopedics. For improved visualization of cell adhesion to Ti, we developed a novel technique that uses sputtering to deposit a thin, transparent layer of Ti onto glass slides. This approach allows detailed, high-resolution analysis of cell adherence to Ti in real time. Furthermore, our results suggest that Hst1 has no negative effects on cell survival. Given its natural occurrence in the oral cavity, Hst1 could be an attractive agent for clinical application. Importantly, even though Hst1 is specific for saliva of humans and higher primates, it stimulated the attachment and spreading of canine cells, paving the way for preclinical studies in canine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.A. van Dijk
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, LCAM-AMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A.F. Beker
- LION, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W. Jellema
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, LCAM-AMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K. Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, ACTA, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. Wismeijer
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, ACTA, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P.M. Krawczyk
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, LCAM-AMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J.G.M. Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E.C.I. Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Stap
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, LCAM-AMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Dijk IA, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Veerman ECI, Stap J. Histatin-1, a histidine-rich peptide in human saliva, promotes cell-substrate and cell-cell adhesion. FASEB J 2015; 29:3124-32. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-266825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Oppenheim FG, Helmerhorst EJ, Lendenmann U, Offner GD. Anti-candidal activity of genetically engineered histatin variants with multiple functional domains. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51479. [PMID: 23251551 PMCID: PMC3520795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human bodily defense system includes a wide variety of innate antimicrobial proteins. Histatins are small molecular weight proteins produced by the human salivary glands that exhibit antifungal and antibacterial activities. While evolutionarily old salivary proteins such as mucins and proline-rich proteins contain large regions of tandem repeats, relatively young proteins like histatins do not contain such repeated domains. Anticipating that domain duplications have a functional advantage, we genetically engineered variants of histatin 3 with one, two, three, or four copies of the functional domain by PCR and splice overlap. The resulting proteins, designated reHst3 1-mer, reHist3 2-mer, reHis3 3-mer and reHist3 4-mer, exhibited molecular weights of 4,062, 5,919, 7,777, and 9,634 Da, respectively. The biological activities of these constructs were evaluated in fungicidal assays toward Candida albicans blastoconidia and germinated cells. The antifungal activities per mole of protein increased concomitantly with the number of functional domains present. This increase, however, was higher than could be anticipated from the molar concentration of functional domains present in the constructs. The demonstrated increase in antifungal activity may provide an evolutionary explanation why such domain multiplication is a frequent event in human salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Oppenheim
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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8
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Imamura Y, Fujigaki Y, Oomori Y, Ouryouji K, Yanagisawa S, Miyazawa H, Wang PL. Transcriptional regulation of the salivary histatin gene: finding of a strong positive regulatory element and its binding protein. J Biochem 2008; 145:279-88. [PMID: 19060311 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histatins are salivary proteins found and expressed in human salivary glands. They play a role in the non-immune system of antimicrobial defense, for instance, against Candida albicans. The transcriptional regulatory sequences of the histatin gene, HIS1, have remained obscure for a long time. Here, we cloned the putative promoter from human genomic DNA and tested it in a luciferase reporter system. This promoter is much more active in salivary gland cells than in other cell types. Analysis of deletion mutants revealed that the region encompassing -2254 to -1748 is a strong positive transcriptional element, and its functional core sequence (termed HTN27 box) works in correct and reverse orientations in synergy with downstream sequences, the region spanning -680 to +28 and a proximal promoter. The plus single-stranded HTN27 box is specifically bound by a 100 kDa protein that is present in HSG cells, but not in HeLa cells. These findings indicate that the regulation of the histatin gene expression may be intricate, and it seems to have a cell-type preference in the salivary gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Imamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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9
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Blasi F, Tarsia P, Aliberti S. Strategic Targets of Essential Host-Pathogen Interactions. Respiration 2005; 72:9-25. [PMID: 15753628 DOI: 10.1159/000083394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the present concepts regarding the biological processes that mediate intrinsic and innate host defense against microbial invasion of the lung. Innate immunity is the first line of defense of the higher organisms towards invading pathogens. It accomplishes a wide variety of activities including recognition and effector functions. The innate responses use phagocytic cells (macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils), cells that release inflammatory mediators (basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils), and natural killer cells. The molecular component of innate responses includes complement, acute-phase proteins, and cytokines. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns is mediated by the pathogen receptors of the innate immune system, among these molecules toll-like receptors have emerged as fundamental components in the innate immune responses to infection, and a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Additional protection comes from polypeptide mediators of the innate host defense, such as the defensins and other antibiotic peptides. In view of the considerable burden in terms of mortality and morbidity that severe infections still pose worldwide, a better understanding of the biological basis of host-pathogen interactions opens stimulating future treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Blasi
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Milano, Milano, Italy.
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O'Connell BC, Zheng C, Jacobson-Kram D, Baum BJ. Distribution and toxicity resulting from adenoviral vector administration to a single salivary gland in adult rats. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32:414-21. [PMID: 12846788 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.t01-1-00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the distribution and toxicity associated with a single salivary gland administration of a recombinant adenoviral vector, AdCMVH3, encoding human histatin 3. METHODS Adult rats received different doses of AdCMVH3 (0, 106, 3 x 107, and 109 pfu; 50 microl) via the right submandibular gland and were followed for 15 days. Food consumption, weight gain, clinical appearance, and serum chemistry were monitored, and a necropsy was performed. Vector distribution was examined by polymerase chain reaction, and selected saliva samples were tested for replication-competent adenovirus (RCA). RESULTS All animals survived to sacrifice (days 2, 8, and 15), and appeared normal clinically. There were no differences in food consumption, weight gain, and serum chemistry. The only consistent necropsy findings were lymphoid infiltrates and necrosis in the target submandibular glands of high-dosage animals. AdCMVH3 detection was virus dose dependent, decreased with time, and at low dose preferentially observed in the targeted gland. No RCA was detected. CONCLUSIONS Salivary gland administration of 109 pfu AdCMVH3 elicits an initial focal pathologic response and wide tissue distribution. There is no associated systemic toxicity up to 15 days, and lower doses are primarily found in glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C O'Connell
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Murakami M, Ohtake T, Dorschner RA, Gallo RL. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides are expressed in salivary glands and saliva. J Dent Res 2002; 81:845-50. [PMID: 12454100 DOI: 10.1177/154405910208101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of antimicrobial peptides at epithelial surfaces such as skin, lung, and intestine is thought to provide protection against infection. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides are essential for the protection of skin against invasive bacterial infection. To determine if cathelicidins are also present in the oral cavity, we examined the expression of both mRNA and protein in mice and human saliva. The murine cathelicidin (CRAMP) was detected in the adult by reverse-transcription/polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR), and in embryonic, newborn, and adult tissues by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. CRAMP mRNA and protein were localized to the salivary glands, specifically in acinar cells of the submandibular gland and palatine minor glands, as well as in lingual epithelium and palatal mucosa. In man, the human cathelicidin LL-37 was detected in human saliva by Western blotting. These results indicate that cathelicidins are present in the salivary system, in some oral epithelia, and in saliva, contributing to broad-spectrum defense of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, USA
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12
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Mickels N, McManus C, Massaro J, Friden P, Braman V, D'Agostino R, Oppenheim F, Warbington M, Dibart S, Van Dyke T. Clinical and microbial evaluation of a histatin-containing mouthrinse in humans with experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 2001; 28:404-10. [PMID: 11350502 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028005404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE P-113, a 12 amino acid histatin-based peptide, was evaluated in a mouthrinse formulation for safety, prevention of the development of experimental gingivitis, and for its effects on periodontal flora. METHOD 159 periodontally healthy subjects abstained from oral hygiene procedures and self-administered either 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.05% P-113 or placebo mouthrinse formulations twice daily over a four week treatment period. During this time, the safety, anti-plaque, and anti-gingivitis effects of P-113 were evaluated. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in plaque (p=0.046) and a reduction in gingivitis (p=0.086) for subjects using 0.01% P-113 mouthrinse. Significantly more subjects in the 0.01% and 0.05% treatment groups showed a small increase in plaque index of <0.25 as compared to the placebo group (p<0.05). Similar trends were noted for changes in the % of sites with bleeding on probing in the 0.01% P-113 group. There were no treatment-related adverse events, and there were no adverse shifts in supragingival microflora during the study. CONCLUSION These data suggest that P-113 mouthrinse is safe and reduces plaque, gingivitis and gingival bleeding in the human experimental gingivitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mickels
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, MA, USA
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Baev D, Li X, Edgerton M. Genetically engineered human salivary histatin genes are functional in Candida albicans: development of a new system for studying histatin candidacidal activity. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:3323-34. [PMID: 11739764 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-12-3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Histatins are a structurally related family of salivary proteins known as histidine-rich proteins that are produced and secreted by the human major salivary glands. In vitro, histatins are potent cytotoxic proteins with selectivity for pathogenic yeasts including Candida albicans. Studies that investigate the mechanism of action of histatin proteins upon this important human pathogen have used a candidacidal assay in which the histatin is applied extracellularly. In order to develop a model system to study the mechanism of histatin action independently from binding and translocation events, the authors constructed C. albicans strains that contain chromosomally encoded human salivary histatin genes under the control of a regulated promoter. Intracellular expression of either histatin 5 or histatin 3 induced cell killing and ATP release in parallel. Since histatin killing can be initiated solely from intracellular sites, extracellular binding and internalization are preceding transport events. Thus the mechanism of histatin-induced ATP release does not require extracellular binding, and intracellular targets alone can activate ATP release. By employing a codon-optimization strategy it was shown that expression of heterologous sequences in C. albicans can be a useful tool for functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baev
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo Main Street Campus, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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14
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Conformation of the peptide antibiotic — histatin 8 in aqueous and non aqueous media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02538356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The solution structure of human salivary histatin 5 (D-S-H-A-K-R-H-H-G-Y-K-R-K-F-H-E-K-H-H-S-H-R-G-Y) was examined in water (pH 3.8) and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions using 500 MHz homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional (2D) nmr. The resonance assignment of peptide backbone and side-chain protons was accomplished by 2D total correlated spectroscopy and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectroscopy. The high JNH-C alpha H values (> or = 7.4 Hz), absence of any characteristic NH-NH (i, i + 1) or C alpha H-C beta H (i, i + 3) NOE connectivities, high d delta/dT values (> or = 0.004 ppm K-1) and the fast 1H/2H amide exchange suggest that histatin 5 molecules remain unstructured in aqueous solution at pH 3.8. In contrast, histatin 5 prefers largely alpha-helical conformation in dimethyl sulfoxide solution as evident from the JNH-C alpha H values (< or = 6.4 Hz), slow 1H/2H exchange, low d delta/dT values (< or = 0.003 ppm K-1) observed for amide resonances of residues 6-24, and the characteristic NH-NH (i, i + 1) and C alpha H-C beta H (i, i + 3) NOE connectivities. All backbone amide 15N-1H connectivities fall within 6 ppm on the 15N scale in the 2D heteronuclear single quantum correlated spectrum, and the restrained structure calculations using DIANA suggest the prevalence of alpha-helical conformations stabilized by 19 (5-->1) intramolecular backbone amide hydrogen bonds in polar aprotic medium such as dimethyl sulfoxide. The interside-chain hydrogen bonding and salt-bridge type interactions that normally stabilize the helical structure of linear peptides in aqueous solutions are not observed. Histatin 5, unlike other naturally occurring antimicrobial polypeptides such as magainins, defensins, and tachyplesins, does not adopt amphiphilic structure, precluding its insertion into microbial membranes and formation of ion channels across membranes. Electrostatic (ionic type) and hydrogen bonding interactions of the positively charged and polar residues with the head groups of microbial membranes or with a membrane-bound receptor could be the initial step involved in the mechanism of antimicrobial activity of histatins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Raj
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214, USA
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Bals R. Epithelial antimicrobial peptides in host defense against infection. Respir Res 2000; 1:141-50. [PMID: 11667978 PMCID: PMC59560 DOI: 10.1186/rr25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2000] [Revised: 09/25/2000] [Accepted: 09/27/2000] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One component of host defense at mucosal surfaces seems to be epithelium-derived antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrobial peptides are classified on the basis of their structure and amino acid motifs. Peptides of the defensin, cathelicidin, and histatin classes are found in humans. In the airways, alpha-defensins and the cathelicidin LL-37/hCAP-18 originate from neutrophils. beta-Defensins and LL-37/hCAP-18 are produced by the respiratory epithelium and the alveolar macrophage and secreted into the airway surface fluid. Beside their direct antimicrobial function, antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles as mediators of inflammation with effects on epithelial and inflammatory cells, influencing such diverse processes as proliferation, immune induction, wound healing, cytokine release, chemotaxis, protease-antiprotease balance, and redox homeostasis. Further, antimicrobial peptides qualify as prototypes of innovative drugs that might be used as antibiotics, anti-lipopolysaccharide drugs, or modifiers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bals
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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17
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Tsai H, Bobek LA. Human salivary histatins: promising anti-fungal therapeutic agents. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1998; 9:480-97. [PMID: 9825223 DOI: 10.1177/10454411980090040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histatins constitute a group of small, cationic multifunctional proteins present in the saliva of human and some non-human primates. The most significant function of histatins may be their anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Histatins have been extensively studied at both the protein and gene levels. The structure-function relationship of histatins with respect to their candidacidal activity has also been studied by means of recombinant histatin variants, as well as by chemically synthesized histatin fragments. The mechanism of histatins' action on Candida albicans is not clear, but it appears to be different from that of azole-based anti-fungal drugs which interrupt ergosterol synthesis. During the past 20 years, fungal infections have become more prevalent as a result of the emergence of AIDS, as well as, paradoxically, modern medical advances. The toxicity of current anti-fungal medicine, the emergence of drug-resistant strains, and the availability of only a few types of anti-fungal agents are the major disadvantages of current anti-fungal therapy. Therefore, the importance of the search for new, broad-spectrum anti-fungals with little or no toxicity cannot be overemphasized. The following properties make histatins promising anti-fungal therapeutic agents: (1) They have little or no toxicity; (2) they possess high cidal activities against azole-resistant fungal species and most of the fungal species tested; and (3) their candidacidal activity is similar to that of azole-based antifungals. Current research efforts focus on the development of improved histatins with enhanced cidal activity and stability, and of suitable and effective histatin delivery systems. These and other approaches may help to outpace the growing list of drug-resistant and opportunistic fungi causing life-threatening, disseminating diseases. The histatins with improved protective properties may also be used as components of artificial saliva for patients with salivary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsai
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214, USA
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18
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Paquette DW, Waters GS, Stefanidou VL, Lawrence HP, Friden PM, O'Connor SM, Sperati JD, Oppenheim FG, Hutchens LH, Williams RC. Inhibition of experimental gingivitis in beagle dogs with topical salivary histatins. J Clin Periodontol 1997; 24:216-22. [PMID: 9144043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1997.tb01834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Histatins, histidine-rich proteins found within parotid and submandibular secretions, are a novel class of endogenous peptides with antimicrobial properties. This masked, randomized, placebo-controlled preclinical investigation examined the effect of 3 topical histatins on the development of plaque and gingivitis in beagle dogs. 16, female, 1-year-old beagles were brought to optimal gingival health by mechanical scaling and polishing followed by rigorous daily tooth brushing. At the conclusion of this pretreatment period, dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups for the application of test formulations, and were placed on a plaque-promoting diet. Test agents included 3 synthetic salivary histatins (histatin 5, P-113 and P-113D) which were incorporated in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose gel at a concentration of 0.125%, and a placebo, or negative control, which was the gel vehicle alone. Throughout the 10-week treatment period, test formulations (2.0 ml) were applied 2 x daily to all premolar teeth using a Monojet syringe. Plaque formation and gingival inflammation were assessed using the plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) indices on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56 and 70. Furthermore, bleeding to probing was recorded as a percent of sites (%BOP) and according to the modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI). Comparisons among groups and between group pairs (active versus placebo) were made with Kruskal-Wallis tests with the average of data over the interval, days 14-42, being the primary focus of the analysis. From baseline to day 7, all groups expressed similar indices. Thereafter, overall significant differences among the groups were noted at day 42 for PI, at days 21, 28, 42 and 70 for GI, and at days 14 and 28 for %BOP (p < 0.05). In particular, beagles treated with P-113 demonstrated significantly lower PI scores at day 42 (p < 0.05), significantly lower GI scores from days 21 through 42 (p < 0.05), and significantly lower %BOP scores at days 14 and 28 (p < 0.05) compared to beagles treated with placebo. Beagles treated with P-113D exhibited significantly lower GI at day 42 compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). For the primary analysis conducted over the midtreatment interval (days 14-42), significant differences were detected for all parameters except mSBI (p < 0.05). Accordingly, significantly lower PI scores were found for P-113, lower GI scores for P-113 and P-113D, and lower %BOP for P-113 and P-113D compared to placebo (p < 0.05). These data indicate that in the beagle model, salivary histatins, P-113 and P-113D, topically applied, can significantly reduce clinical signs of plaque formation and gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Paquette
- Department of Periodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, USA
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19
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O'Connell BC, Xu T, Walsh TJ, Sein T, Mastrangeli A, Crystal RG, Oppenheim FG, Baum BJ. Transfer of a gene encoding the anticandidal protein histatin 3 to salivary glands. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:2255-61. [PMID: 8953316 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.18-2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal candidiasis, the most common opportunistic fungal infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, is an early sign of clinically overt acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and an important cause of morbidity, particularly in HIV-infected children. The appearance of azole-resistant strains of Candida albicans had made clinical management of candidiasis increasingly difficult. We propose a novel approach to the management of candidal infections that involves the use of naturally occurring antifungal proteins, such as the histatins. Histatins are a family of small proteins that are secreted in human saliva. We have constructed recombinant adenovirus vectors that contain the histatin 3 cDNA. These vectors are capable of directing the expression of histatin 3 in the saliva of rats at up to 1,045 micrograms/ml, well above the levels found in normal human saliva. The adenovirus-directed histatin demonstrated a 90% candidacidal effect in the timed-kill assay against both fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains of C. albicans and inhibited germination by 45% in the same strains. These studies suggest that a gene transfer approach to overexpress naturally occurring antifungal proteins may be useful in the management of mucosal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C O'Connell
- Clinical Investigations and Patient Care Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Raj P, Soni S, Levine M. Membrane-induced helical conformation of an active candidacidal fragment of salivary histatins. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36925-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Bobek LA, Tsai H, Levine MJ. Expression of human salivary histatin and cystatin/histatin chimeric cDNAs in Escherichia coli. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1993; 4:581-90. [PMID: 8374011 DOI: 10.1177/10454411930040034501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously constructed recombinants encoding the full-length and truncated forms of cystatin-SN and expressed these in the Escherichia coli expression system pGEX-2T, which expresses foreign sequences as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). Recombinant cystatins were produced and purified in large quantities. The full-length recombinant cystatin-SN exhibited comparable biological activity and secondary structure to natural cystatin, validating the use of the full-length and mutant recombinant proteins for structure-function studies of salivary molecules. In this study, we have expressed histatin-1 cDNA in the pGEX-3X vector and cystatin-SN/histatin-1 or cystatin-SN/histatin-3 chimeric cDNAs in the pGEX-2T vector. Gene splicing by overlap extension (SOE), a PCR-based method, was used for generating the chimeric cDNAs. Each construct was analyzed by DNA sequencing, which showed the correct junctions and reading frames between the GST/histatin-1 and the GST/cystatin/histatin cDNAs. Expression of histatin and cystatin/histatin chimeras was induced by IPTG and the production of the fusion proteins monitored by SDS-PAGE/Coomassie blue staining and in the case of the GST/cystatin/histatin fusion proteins, also by Western blot using anti-cystatin antibody. The results of these studies showed that we have successfully constructed recombinants encoding the individual and chimeric salivary molecules and efficiently expressed these in E. coli expression system pGEX. Purification and characterization of recombinant histatin and cystatin-histatin hybrid proteins are presently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Bobek
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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Beeley JA, Sweeney D, Lindsay JC, Buchanan ML, Sarna L, Khoo KS. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human parotid salivary proteins. Electrophoresis 1991; 12:1032-41. [PMID: 1815955 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150121207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The proteins in human parotid saliva have been separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into 20 or more well resolved species. The Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) R-250 and silver staining procedures have been modified to overcome the problems encountered with staining of proline-rich proteins. By means of the CBB R-250 procedure which stains proline-rich proteins pink-violet, immunoblotting, concanavalin A binding, periodate-Schiff staining and zinc binding, all of the major proteins have been characterised. Substantial individual-to-individual differences were observed in the protein patterns formed. Comparison of parotid, submandibular, and whole saliva from a single individual indicated that fewer proline-rich proteins are expressed in submandibular saliva than in parotid, but whole saliva contains much lower levels than either duct secretion. The results will form a useful base for future research into the functions of salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Beeley
- Dental School Oral Biochemistry Unit (Oral Biology Group), University of Glasgow, UK
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23
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Beeley JA. Clinical applications of electrophoresis of human salivary proteins. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 569:261-80. [PMID: 1939489 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human salivary proteins have been studied by electrophoresis in denaturing and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) as well as by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and two-dimensional procedures, and the clinical applications of this have been reviewed. Whilst non-denaturing PAGE is useful in studying polymorphisms, sodium dodecylsulphate PAGE appears to be otherwise preferable. Immobilized pH gradients containing carrier ampholytes (CAs) give better resolution than CA-based IEF and overcome the problems of cathode drift and loss of basic material. Proline-rich proteins stain poorly with conventional procedures and special techniques are necessary. In clinical studies, findings must be viewed over and above the large number of polymorphisms which occur normally. Studies relating salivary protein and peptide profiles to dental caries susceptibility are encouraging. Specific protein abnormalities have been associated with connective tissue disorders and could form the basis of new non-invasive diagnostic procedures. Protein differences associated with cystic fibrosis and diabetes mellitus, however, merit reinvestigation with the new procedures now available. Detection of HIV antigens in saliva is a new area of research. In the light of new techniques available and new information which has arisen from DNA studies, future prospects for the clinical applications of electrophoresis of saliva look good.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Beeley
- Oral Biochemistry Unit (Oral Biology Group), University of Glasgow Dental School, UK
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Troxler RF, Offner GD, Xu T, Vanderspek JC, Oppenheim FG. Structural relationship between human salivary histatins. J Dent Res 1990; 69:2-6. [PMID: 2303595 DOI: 10.1177/00220345900690010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histatins are a group of electrophoretically distinct histidine-rich polypeptides with microbicidal activity found in human parotid and submandibular gland secretions. Recently, we have shown that histatins 1, 3, and 5 are homologous proteins that consist of 38, 32, and 24 amino acid residues, respectively, and that these polypeptides kill the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. We now describe the isolation and structural characterization of histatins 2, 4, 6, and 7-12, the remaining members of this group of polypeptides. Histatin 2 was found to be identical to the carboxyl terminal 26 residues of histatin 1; histatin 4 was found to be identical to the carboxyl terminal 20 residues of histatin 3; and histatin 6 was found to be identical to histatin 5, but contained an additional carboxyl terminal arginine residue. The amino acid sequences of histatins 7-12 formally correspond to residues 12-24, 13-24, 12-25, 13-25, 5-11, and 5-12, respectively, of histatin 3, but could also arise proteolytically from histatin 5 or 6. These results establish, for the first time, the complete structural relationships between all members of this group of microbicidal proteins in human parotid saliva. The relationship of histatins to one another is discussed in the context of their genetic origin, biosynthesis and secretion into the oral cavity, and potential as reagents in anti-candidal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Troxler
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
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