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Perera-Castro AV, Flexas J. The ratio of electron transport to assimilation (ETR/A N): underutilized but essential for assessing both equipment's proper performance and plant status. PLANTA 2023; 257:29. [PMID: 36592261 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETR/AN ratios should be in the range 7.5-10.5 for non-stressed C3 plants. Ratios extremely out of this range can be reflecting both uncontrolled plant status and technical mistakes during measurements. We urge users to explicitly refer to this ratio in future studies as a proof for internal data quality control. For the last few decades, the use of infra-red gas-exchange analysers (IRGAs) coupled with chlorophyll fluorometers that allow for measurements of net CO2 assimilation rate and estimates of electron transport rate over the same leaf area has been popularized. The evaluation of data from both instruments in an integrative manner can result in additional valuable information, such as the estimation of the light respiration, mesophyll conductance and the partitioning of the flux of electrons into carboxylation, oxygenation and alternative processes, among others. In this review, an additional and more 'straight' use of the combination of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange-derived parameters is presented, namely using the direct ratio between two fully independently estimated parameters, electron transport rate (ETR)-determined by the fluorometer-and net CO2 assimilation rate (AN)-determined by the IRGA, i.e., the ETR/AN ratio, as a tool for fast detection of incongruencies in the data and potential technical problems associated with them, while checking for the study plant's status. To illustrate this application, a compilation of 75 studies that reported both parameters for a total of 178 species under varying physiological status is presented. Values of ETR/AN between 7.5 and 10.5 were most frequently found for non-stressed C3 plants. C4 species showed an average ETR/AN ratio of 4.7. The observed ratios were larger for species with high leaf mass per area and for plants subjected to stressful factors like drought or nutritional deficit. Knowing the expected ETR/AN ratio projects this ratio as a routinary and rapid check point for guaranteeing both the correct performance of equipment and the optimal/stress status of studied plants. All known errors associated with the under- or overestimation of ETR or AN are summarized in a checklist that aims to be routinely used by any IRGA/fluorometer user to strength the validity of their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Universidad de La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, S/N, 38200, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Department of Biology, Agro-Environmental and Water Economics Institute (INAGEA), Universitat de LES Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
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Leaf-Level Spectral Fluorescence Measurements: Comparing Methodologies for Broadleaves and Needles. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Successful measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) spectral properties (typically in the wavelength range of 650–850 nm) across plant species, environmental conditions, and stress levels are a first step towards establishing a quantitative link between solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), which can only be measured at discrete ChlF spectral bands, and photosynthetic functionality. Despite its importance and significance, the various methodologies for the estimation of leaf-level ChlF spectral properties have not yet been compared, especially when applied to leaves with complex morphology, such as needles. Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, a first comparison of protocols for measuring leaf-level ChlF spectra: a custom-made system designed to measure ChlF spectra at ambient and 77 K temperatures (optical chamber, OC), the widely used FluoWat leaf clip (FW), and an integrating sphere setup (IS). We test the three methods under low-light conditions, across two broadleaf species and one needle-like species. For the conifer, we characterize the effect of needle arrangements: one needle, three needles, and needle mats with as little gap fraction as technically possible. We also introduce a simple baseline correction method to account for non-fluorescence-related contributions to spectral measurements. Baseline correction was found especially useful in recovering the spectra nearby the filter cut-off. Results show that the shape of the leaf-level ChlF spectra remained largely unaffected by the measurement methodology and geometry in OC and FW methods. Substantially smaller red/far-red ratios were observed in the IS method. The comparison of needle arrangements indicated that needle mats could be a practical solution to investigate temporal changes in ChlF spectra of needle-like leaves as they produced more reproducible results and higher signals.
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Kalaji HM, Schansker G, Brestic M, Bussotti F, Calatayud A, Ferroni L, Goltsev V, Guidi L, Jajoo A, Li P, Losciale P, Mishra VK, Misra AN, Nebauer SG, Pancaldi S, Penella C, Pollastrini M, Suresh K, Tambussi E, Yanniccari M, Zivcak M, Cetner MD, Samborska IA, Stirbet A, Olsovska K, Kunderlikova K, Shelonzek H, Rusinowski S, Bąba W. Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 132:13-66. [PMID: 27815801 PMCID: PMC5357263 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122:121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additional Chl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F V /F M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge from different Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Angeles Calatayud
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vasilij Goltsev
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dr.Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anjana Jajoo
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, M.P. 452 001 India
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Pasquale Losciale
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria [Research Unit for Agriculture in Dry Environments], 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vinod K. Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Doon (P.G.) College of Agriculture Science, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Amarendra N. Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Ranchi, 835205 India
| | - Sergio G. Nebauer
- Departamento de Producción vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera sn., 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Simonetta Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Consuelo Penella
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Kancherla Suresh
- ICAR – Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari Dt., Andhra Pradesh 534 450 India
| | - Eduardo Tambussi
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata — Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcos Yanniccari
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata — Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Magdalena D. Cetner
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela A. Samborska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarina Olsovska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristyna Kunderlikova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Henry Shelonzek
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Szymon Rusinowski
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bąba
- Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
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Santabarbara S, Agostini A, Casazza AP, Zucchelli G, Carbonera D. Carotenoid triplet states in photosystem II: coupling with low-energy states of the core complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1847:262-275. [PMID: 25481107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photo-excited triplet states of carotenoids, sensitised by triplet-triplet energy transfer from the chlorophyll triplet states, have been investigated in the isolated Photosystem II (PSII) core complex and PSII-LHCII (Light Harvesting Complex II) supercomplex by Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance techniques, using both fluorescence (FDMR) and absorption (ADMR) detection. The absence of Photosystem I allows us to reach the full assignment of the carotenoid triplet states populated in PSII under steady state illumination at low temperature. Five carotenoid triplet ((3)Car) populations were identified in PSII-LHCII, and four in the PSII core complex. Thus, four (3)Car populations are attributed to β-carotene molecules bound to the core complex. All of them show associated fluorescence emission maxima which are relatively red-shifted with respect to the bulk emission of both the PSII-LHCII and the isolated core complexes. In particular the two populations characterised by Zero Field Splitting parameters |D|=0.0370-0.0373 cm(-1)/|E|=0.00373-0.00375 cm(-1) and |D|=0.0381-0.0385 cm(-1)/|E|=0.00393-0.00389 cm(-1), are coupled by singlet energy transfer with chlorophylls which have a red-shifted emission peaking at 705 nm. This observation supports previous suggestions that pointed towards the presence of long-wavelength chlorophyll spectral forms in the PSII core complex. The fifth (3)Car component is observed only in the PSII-LHCII supercomplex and is then assigned to the peripheral light harvesting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santabarbara
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zucchelli
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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5
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Purification and characterization of an oxygen-evolving photosystem II from Leptolyngbya sp. strain O-77. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Benediktyová Z, Nedbal L. Imaging of multi-color fluorescence emission from leaf tissues. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 102:169-75. [PMID: 19784795 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Multi-color fluorescence emission from leaf tissues is presented as a powerful reporter on plant biochemistry and physiology that can be applied both at macro- and micro-scales. The blue-green fluorescence emission is typically excited by ultraviolet (UV) excitation. However, this approach cannot be applied in investigating intact leaf interior because the UV photons are largely absorbed in the epidermis of the leaf surface. This methodological barrier is eliminated by replacing the UV photon excitation by excitation with two infra-red photons of the same total energy. We demonstrate this approach by using two-photon excitation for microscopy of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves infected by pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. The leaf structures are visualized by red chlorophyll fluorescence emission reconstructed in 3-D images while the bacteria are detected by the green emission of engineered fluorescence protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Benediktyová
- Institute of Physical Biology, University of South Bohemia, Zámek 136, 37333, Nové Hrady, Czech Republic.
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7
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Velikova V, Tsonev T, Barta C, Centritto M, Koleva D, Stefanova M, Busheva M, Loreto F. BVOC emissions, photosynthetic characteristics and changes in chloroplast ultrastructure of Platanus orientalis L. exposed to elevated CO2 and high temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2629-2637. [PMID: 19477569 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the interactive effects of increasing [CO(2)] and heat wave occurrence on isoprene (IE) and methanol (ME) emissions, Platanus orientalis was grown for one month in ambient (380 micromol mol(-1)) or elevated (800 micromol mol(-1)) [CO(2)] and exposed to high temperature (HT) (38 degrees C/4 h). In pre-existing leaves, IE emissions were always higher but ME emissions lower as compared to newly-emerged leaves. They were both stimulated by HT. Elevated [CO(2)] significantly reduced IE in both leaf types, whereas it increased ME in newly-emerged leaves only. In newly-emerged leaves, elevated [CO(2)] decreased photosynthesis and altered the chloroplast ultrastructure and membrane integrity. These harmful effects were amplified by HT. HT did not cause any unfavorable effects in pre-existing leaves, which were characterized by inherently higher IE rates. We conclude that: (1) these results further prove the isoprene's putative thermo-protective role of membranes; (2) HT may likely outweigh the inhibitory effects of elevated [CO(2)] on IE in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Velikova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology, Acad. G. Bonchev, Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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8
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Pedrós R, Moya I, Goulas Y, Jacquemoud S. Chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectrum inside a leaf. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:498-502. [PMID: 18385895 DOI: 10.1039/b719506k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a fluorescence can be used as an early stress indicator. Fluorescence is also connected to photosynthesis so it can be proposed for global monitoring of vegetation status from a satellite platform. Nevertheless, the correct interpretation of fluorescence requires accurate physical models. The spectral shape of the leaf fluorescence free of any re-absorption effect plays a key role in the models and is difficult to measure. We present a vegetation fluorescence emission spectrum free of re-absorption based on a combination of measurements and modelling. The suggested spectrum takes into account the photosystem I and II spectra and their relative contribution to fluorescence. This emission spectrum is applicable to describe vegetation fluorescence in biospectroscopy and remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pedrós
- Solar Radiation Group, Department of Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Spain
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9
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Buschmann C. Variability and application of the chlorophyll fluorescence emission ratio red/far-red of leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 92:261-71. [PMID: 17525834 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Various approaches to understand and make use of the variable chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence emission spectrum and fluorescence ratio are reviewed. The Chl fluorescence of leaves consists of two maxima in the red (near 685-690 nm), and far-red region (near 730-740 nm). The intensity and shape of the Chl fluorescence emission spectrum of leaves at room temperature are primarily dependent on the concentration of the fluorophore Chl a, and to a lower degree also on the leaf structure, the photosynthetic activity, and the leaf's optical properties. The latter determine the penetration of excitation light into the leaf as well as the emission of Chl fluorescence from different depths of the leaf. Due to the re-absorption mainly of the red Chl fluorescence band emitted inside the leaf, the ratio between the red and the far-red Chl fluorescence maxima (near 690 and 730-740 nm, respectively), e.g., as F690/F735, decreases with increasing Chl content in a curvilinear relationship and is a good inverse indicator of the Chl content of the leaf tissue, e.g., before and after stress events. The Chl fluorescence ratio of leaves can be applied for Chl determinations in basic photosynthesis research, agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. It can be used to assess changes of the photosynthetic apparatus, developmental processes of leaves, state of health, stress events, stress tolerance, and also to detect diseases or N-deficiency of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Buschmann
- Botanical Institute, University of Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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10
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Apostolova EL, Dobrikova AG, Ivanova PI, Petkanchin IB, Taneva SG. Relationship between the organization of the PS II super complex and the functions of the photosynthetic apparatus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2006; 83:114-22. [PMID: 16464603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The chlorophyll fluorescence and the photosynthetic oxygen evolution (flash-induced oxygen yield patterns and oxygen bursts under continuous irradiation) were investigated in the thylakoid membranes with different stoichiometry and organization of the chlorophyll-protein complexes. Data show that the alteration in the organization of the photosystem II (PS II) super complex, i.e. the amount and the organization of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex (LHCII), which strongly modifies the electric properties of the membranes, influences both the energy redistribution between the two photosystems and the oxygen production reaction. The decrease of surface electric parameters (charge density and dipole moments), associated with increased degree of LHCII oligomerization, correlates with the strong reduction of the energy transfer from PS II to PSI. In the studied pea thylakoid membranes (wild types Borec, Auralia and their mutants Coeruleovireus 2/16, Costata2/133, Chlorotica XV/1422) with enhanced degree of oligomerization of LHCII was observed: (i) an increase of the S(0) populations of PS II in darkness; (ii) an increase of the misses; (iii) an alteration of the decay kinetics of the oxygen bursts under continuous irradiation. There is a strict correlation between the degree of LHCII oligomerization in the investigated pea mutants and the ratio of functionally active PS II alpha to PS II beta centers, while in thylakoid membranes without oligomeric structure of LHCII (Chlorina f2 barley mutant) the PS II alpha centers are not registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia L Apostolova
- Institute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
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11
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Santabarbara S, Agostini G, Heathcote P, Carbonera D. A fluorescence detected magnetic resonance investigation of the carotenoid triplet states associated with photosystem II of isolated spinach thylakoid membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 86:283-96. [PMID: 16172946 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-2840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoid triplet populations associated with the fluorescence emission chlorophyll forms of Photosystem II have been investigated in isolated spinach thylakoid membranes by means of fluorescence detected magnetic resonance in zero field (FDMR). The spectra collected in the 680-690 nm emission range, have been fitted by a global analysis procedure. At least five different carotenoid triplet states coupled to the terminal emitting chlorophyll forms of PS II, peaking at 682 nm, 687 nm and 692 nm, have been characterised. The triplets associated with the outer antenna emission forms, at 682 nm, have zero field splitting parameters |D| = 0.0385 cm-1, |E| = 0.00367 cm-1; |D| = 0.0404 cm-1, |E| = 0.00379 cm-1 and |D| = 0.0386 cm-1, |E| = 0.00406 cm-1 which are very similar to those previously reported for the xanthophylls of the isolated LHC II complex. Therefore the FDMR spectra recorded in this work provide insights into the organisation of the LHC II complex in the unperturbed environment represented by thylakoid membranes. The additional carotenoid triplet populations, detected by monitoring the chlorophyll emission at 687 and 692 nm, are assigned to carotenoids bound to inner antenna complexes and hence attributed to beta-carotene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santabarbara
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, UK.
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12
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Jang IC, Oh SJ, Seo JS, Choi WB, Song SI, Kim CH, Kim YS, Seo HS, Choi YD, Nahm BH, Kim JK. Expression of a bifunctional fusion of the Escherichia coli genes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase in transgenic rice plants increases trehalose accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance without stunting growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:516-24. [PMID: 12586876 PMCID: PMC166828 DOI: 10.1104/pp.007237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2002] [Revised: 06/18/2002] [Accepted: 11/08/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose plays an important role in stress tolerance in plants. Trehalose-producing, transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants were generated by the introduction of a gene encoding a bifunctional fusion (TPSP) of the trehalose-6-phosphate (T-6-P) synthase (TPS) and T-6-P phosphatase (TPP) of Escherichia coli, under the control of the maize (Zea mays) ubiquitin promoter (Ubi1). The high catalytic efficiency (Seo et al., 2000) of the fusion enzyme and the single-gene engineering strategy make this an attractive candidate for high-level production of trehalose; it has the added advantage of reducing the accumulation of potentially deleterious T-6-P. The trehalose levels in leaf and seed extracts from Ubi1::TPSP plants were increased up to 1.076 mg g fresh weight(-1). This level was 200-fold higher than that of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants transformed independently with either TPS or TPP expression cassettes. The carbohydrate profiles were significantly altered in the seeds, but not in the leaves, of Ubi1::TPSP plants. It has been reported that transgenic plants with E. coli TPS and/or TPP were severely stunted and root morphology was altered. Interestingly, our Ubi1::TPSP plants showed no growth inhibition or visible phenotypic alterations despite the high-level production of trehalose. Moreover, trehalose accumulation in Ubi1::TPSP plants resulted in increased tolerance to drought, salt, and cold, as shown by chlorophyll fluorescence and growth inhibition analyses. Thus, our results suggest that trehalose acts as a global protectant against abiotic stress, and that rice is more tolerant to trehalose synthesis than dicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Cheol Jang
- Department of Biological Science, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Korea
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13
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Franck F, Juneau P, Popovic R. Resolution of the Photosystem I and Photosystem II contributions to chlorophyll fluorescence of intact leaves at room temperature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1556:239-46. [PMID: 12460682 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Green leaves illuminated with photosynthetically active light emit red fluorescence, whose time-dependent intensity variations reflect photosynthetic electron transport (the Kautsky effect). Usually, fluorescence variations are discussed by considering only the contribution of PSII-associated chlorophyll a, although it is known that the fluorescence of PSI-associated chlorophyll a also contributes to the total fluorescence [Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22 (1995) 131]. Because the fluorescence emitted by each photosystem cannot be measured separately by selecting the emission wavelength in in vivo conditions, the contribution of PSI to total fluorescence at room temperature is still in ambiguity. By using a diode array detector, we measured fluorescence emission spectra corresponding to the minimal (F(O)) and maximal (F(M)) fluorescence states. We showed that the different shapes of these spectra were mainly due to a higher contribution of PSI chlorophylls in the F(O) spectrum. By exciting PSI preferentially, we recorded a reference PSI emission spectrum in the near far-red region. From the F(O) and F(M) spectra and from this PSI reference spectrum, we derived specific PSI and PSII emission spectra in both the F(O) and F(M) states. This enables to estimate true value of the relative variable fluorescence of PSII, which was underestimated in previous works. Accurate separation of PSI-PSII fluorescence emission spectra will also enable further investigations of the distribution of excitation energy between PSI and PSII under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Franck
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Plant Biology B22, University of Liège, B-4000 /Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Trinkunas G, Holzwarth AR. Kinetic modeling of exciton migration in photosynthetic systems. 2. Simulations of excitation dynamics in two-dimensional photosystem I core antenna/reaction center complexes. Biophys J 1994; 66:415-29. [PMID: 8161695 PMCID: PMC1275709 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic modeling of the exciton migration in the cyanobacterial photosystem I core complex from Synechococcus sp. was performed by an exact solution of the Pauli master equation for exciton motion. A square two-dimensional 10 x 10 pigment lattice and a Förster dipole-dipole coupling between chromophores was assumed. We calculated decay-associated spectra and lifetimes and compared them to the corresponding experimental data from picosecond fluorescence and transient absorption obtained by global analysis. Seven spectral chlorophyll(Chl) forms, identical in shape but shifted in their absorption maximums, were used to describe the non-homogeneous broadening of the PS I-100 particle absorption spectrum. The optimized Chl lattice arrangement best reproducing the experimental decay-associated spectra as well as the steady-state fluorescence spectrum indicated the long-wavelength-absorbing Chls forming a cluster in the corner of the lattice with the reaction center (RC) placed apart at a distance of two lattice constants. The variable parameters, i.e., the charge separation rate in the RC and the lattice constant a, were found to be optimal at kRC = 2.3 ps-1 and a = 1.14 nm, respectively. The surprising conclusions of the simulations is that Chls with absorption maxima as long a 724 nm have to be taken into account to describe the time-resolved spectra of this PS I particle properly. The dependencies of the exciton decay in the model PS I particle on the excitation wavelength and on the temperature are discussed. We also show that the excited state decay of similar PS I particles that lack the long-wavelength absorbing Chls is nearly mono-exponential. Various critical factors that limit the general reliability of the conclusions of such simulations are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trinkunas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
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Zucchelli G, Jennings RC, Garlaschi FM. Independent fluorescence emission of the chlorophyll spectral forms in higher plant Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90214-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Franck F, Dujardin E. Quenching of a room temperature fluorescence band at 693 nm during photoactivation of the water-splitting system of Photosystem II in flashed barley leaves. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1992; 31:41-47. [PMID: 24407928 DOI: 10.1007/bf00049535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/1991] [Accepted: 10/16/1991] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The modifications of the room temperature fluorescence spectrum during the photoactivation of the water-splitting system by continuous illumination were investigated in flashed barley leaves. A blue shift of the chlorophyll fluorescence band was detected during the first 2 min of illumination. During this shift, a decrease of the fluorescence intensity around 693 nm could be demonstrated in difference spectra and in second derivative spectra. This decrease is interpreted as a quenching of PS II fluorescence during the photoactivation. A relative fluorescence increase around 672 nm also occurred during the same period and is thought to reflect rapid light-induced chlorophyll formation. The flashed leaves contained small amounts of photoactive photochlorophyllide which could be removed by a short flash of intense white light given before continuous illumination. The fact that such flash had only weak effect on the 693 nm fluorescence decrease, whereas it strongly reduced the amplitude of the 672 nm fluorescence increase, favours the above interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Franck
- Laboratoire de Photobiologie, Département de Botanique B22, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium
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18
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Ruban AV. The use of excitation fluorescence spectroscopy in the study of short-term chloroplast membrane reorganisation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Reassembly of solubilized chlorophyll-protein complexes in proteolipid particles — Comparison of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and two phospholipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(87)90234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Correlation between linolenic-acid deficiency in chloroplast membrane lipids and decreasing photosynthetic activity in barley. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(86)90098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Siefermann-Harms D. Carotenoids in photosynthesis. I. Location in photosynthetic membranes and light-harvesting function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(85)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Organization of chlorophyll-protein complexes of Photosystem I in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Moya I, Garcia R. Phase fluorimetric lifetime spectra. I. In algal cells at 77 K. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Brown JS, Schoch S. Comparison of chlorophyll a spectra in wild-type and mutant barley chloroplasts grown under day or intermittent light. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1982; 3:19-30. [PMID: 24459018 DOI: 10.1007/bf00030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1981] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The absorption (640-710 nm) and fluorescence emission (670-710 nm) spectra (77 K) of wild-type and Chl b-less, mutant, barley chloroplasts grown under either day or intermittent light were analysed by a RESOL curve-fitting program. The usual four major forms of Chl a at 662, 670, 678 and 684 nm were evident in all of the absorption spectra and three major components at 686, 693 and 704 nm in the emission spectra. A broad Chl a component band at 651 nm most likely exists in all chlorophyll spectra in vivo. The results show that the mutant lacks not only Chl b, but also the Chl a molecules which are bound to the light-harvesting, Chl a/b, protein complex of normal plants. It also appears that the absorption spectrum of this antenna complex is not modified appreciably by its isolation from thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Brown
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, 94305, Stanford, CA, USA
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Simpson DJ, von Wettstein D. Macromolecular physiology of plastids XIV.Viridis mutants in barley: Genetic, fluoroscopic and ultrastructural characterisation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02906180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Lichtlé C, Jupin H, Duval JC. Energy transfers from photosystem II to photosystem I in Cryptomonas rufescens (Cryptophyceae). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 591:104-12. [PMID: 7388009 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(80)90224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In Cryptomonas rufescens (Cryptophyceae), phycoerythrin located in the thylakoid lumen is the major accessory pigment. Oxygen action spectra prove phycoerythrin to be efficient in trapping light energy. The fluorescence excitation spectra at -196 degrees C obtained by the method of Butler and Kitajima (Butler, W.L. and Kitajima, M. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 396, 72-85) indicate that like in Rhodophyceae, chlorophyll a is the exclusive light-harvesting pigment for Photosystem I. For Photosystem II we can observe two types of antennae: (1) a light-harvesting chlorophyll complex connected to Photosystem II reaction centers, which transfers excitation energy to Photosystem I reaction centers when all the Photosystem II traps are closed. (2) A light-harvesting phycoerythrin complex, which transfers excitation energy exclusively to the Photosystem II reaction complexes responsible for fluorescence at 690 nm. We conclude that in Cryptophycease, phycoerythrin is an efficient light-harvesting pigment, organized as an antenna connected to Photosystem II centers, antenna situated in the lumen of the thylakoid. However, we cannot afford to exclude that a few parts of phycobilin pigments could be connected to inactive chlorophylls fluorescing at 690 nm.
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Gershoni JM, Ohad I. The use of an internal standard for semiquantitative analysis of low temperature (77 degrees K) fluorescence of photosynthetic cells. Anal Biochem 1980; 104:315-20. [PMID: 7446958 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Gasanov R, Abilov Z, Gazanchyan R, Kurbonova U, Khanna R, Govindjee. Excitation Energy Transfer in Photosystems I and II from Grana and in Photosystem I from Stroma Lamellae, and Identification of Emission Bands with Pigment-Protein Complexes at 77 K1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(79)80079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Steinback KE, Burke JJ, Arntzen CJ. Evidence for the role of surface-exposed segments of the light-harvesting complex in cation-mediated control of chloroplast structure and function. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 195:546-57. [PMID: 475400 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Rijgersberg CP, Amesz J, Thielen AP, Swager JA. Fluorescence emission spectra of chloroplasts and subchloroplast preparations at low temperature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 545:473-82. [PMID: 427140 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(79)90156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A study was made of the chlorophyll fluorescence spectra between 100 and 4.2 K of chloroplasts of various species of higher plants (wild strains and chlorophyll b mutants) and of subchloroplast particles enriched in Photosystem I or II. The chloroplast spectra showed the well known emission bands at about 685, 695 and 715--740 nm; the System I and II particles showed bands at about 675, 695 and 720 nm and near 685 nm, respectively. The effect of temperature lowering was similar for chloroplasts and subchloroplast particles; for the long wave bands an increase in intensity occurred mainly between 100 and 50 K, whereas the bands near 685 nm showed a considerable increase in the region of 50--4.2 K. In addition to this we observed an emission band near 680 nm in chloroplasts, the amplitude of which was less dependent on temperature. The band was missing in barley mutant no. 2, which lacks the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex. At 4.7 K the spectra of the variable fluorescence (Fv) consisted mainly of the emission bands near 685 and 695 nm, and showed only little far-red emission and no contribution of the band at 680 nm. From these and other data it is concluded that the emission at 680 nm is due to the light-harvesting complex, and that the bands at 685 and 695 nm are emitted by the System II pigment-protein complex. At 4.2 K, energy transfer from System II to the light-harvesting complex is blocked, but not from the light-harvesting to the System I and System II complexes. The fluorescence yield of the chlorophyll species emitting at 685 nm appears to be directly modulated by the trapping state of the reaction center.
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Butler WL. Tripartite and bipartite models of the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 1978:237-56. [PMID: 256532 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720431.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite and bipartite models for the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis are presented and examined. It is shown that the equations for the yields of fluorescence from the different parts of the photochemical apparatus of the tripartite model transform into the simple equations of the bipartite formulation when the probability for energy transfer from the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex to photosystem II is unity. The nature of the 695 and 735 nm fluorescence bands which appear in the emission spectrum of chloroplasts at low temperature is examined. It is proposed that these bands are due to fluorescence from energy-trapping centres which form in the antenna chlorophyll of photosystem II and photosystem I on cooling to low temperature. Even though these fluorescence emissions can be regarded as low temperature artifacts since they are not present at physiological temperatures, they nevertheless are proportional to the excitation energy in the two photosystems and can be used to monitor energy distribution in the photochemical apparatus. However, the question of their artifactual nature is crucial to the interpretation of fluorescence-lifetime measurements at low temperature.
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Strasser RJ, Butler WL. The yield of energy transfer and the spectral distribution of excitation energy in the photochemical apparatus of flashed bean leaves. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 462:295-306. [PMID: 588569 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(77)90128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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