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Morciano G, Naumova N, Koprowski P, Valente S, Sardão VA, Potes Y, Rimessi A, Wieckowski MR, Oliveira PJ. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore: an evolving concept critical for cell life and death. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2489-2521. [PMID: 34155777 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize current knowledge of perhaps one of the most intriguing phenomena in cell biology: the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). This phenomenon, which was initially observed as a sudden loss of inner mitochondrial membrane impermeability caused by excessive calcium, has been studied for almost 50 years, and still no definitive answer has been provided regarding its mechanisms. From its initial consideration as an in vitro artifact to the current notion that the mPTP is a phenomenon with physiological and pathological implications, a long road has been travelled. We here summarize the role of mitochondria in cytosolic calcium control and the evolving concepts regarding the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) and the mPTP. We show how the evolving mPTP models and mechanisms, which involve many proposed mitochondrial protein components, have arisen from methodological advances and more complex biological models. We describe how scientific progress and methodological advances have allowed milestone discoveries on mPTP regulation and composition and its recognition as a valid target for drug development and a critical component of mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Morciano
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Via Corriera 1, Cotignola, Ravenna, 48033, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Natalia Naumova
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Piotr Koprowski
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Sara Valente
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
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2
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Saric A, Andreau K, Armand AS, Møller IM, Petit PX. Barth Syndrome: From Mitochondrial Dysfunctions Associated with Aberrant Production of Reactive Oxygen Species to Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies. Front Genet 2016; 6:359. [PMID: 26834781 PMCID: PMC4719219 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme tafazzin, TAZ, cause Barth syndrome (BTHS). Individuals with this X-linked multisystem disorder present cardiomyopathy (CM) (often dilated), skeletal muscle weakness, neutropenia, growth retardation, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Biopsies of the heart, liver and skeletal muscle of patients have revealed mitochondrial malformations and dysfunctions. It is the purpose of this review to summarize recent results of studies on various animal or cell models of Barth syndrome, which have characterized biochemically the strong cellular defects associated with TAZ mutations. Tafazzin is a mitochondrial phospholipidlysophospholipid transacylase that shuttles acyl groups between phospholipids and regulates the remodeling of cardiolipin (CL), a unique inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid dimer consisting of two phosphatidyl residues linked by a glycerol bridge. After their biosynthesis, the acyl chains of CLs may be modified in remodeling processes involving up to three different enzymes. Their characteristic acyl chain composition depends on the function of tafazzin, although the enzyme itself surprisingly lacks acyl specificity. CLs are crucial for correct mitochondrial structure and function. In addition to their function in the basic mitochondrial function of ATP production, CLs play essential roles in cardiac function, apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle regulation and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. Recent developments in tafazzin research have provided strong insights into the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). An important tool has been the generation of BTHS-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from BTHS patients. In a complementary approach, disease-specific mutations have been introduced into wild-type iPSC lines enabling direct comparison with isogenic controls. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes were then characterized using biochemical and classical bioenergetic approaches. The cells are tested in a "heart-on-chip" assay to model the pathophysiology in vitro, to characterize the underlying mechanism of BTHS deriving from TAZ mutations, mitochondrial deficiencies and ROS production and leading to tissue defects, and to evaluate potential therapies with the use of mitochondrially targeted antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Saric
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-PèresParis, France; Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković InstituteZagreb, Croatia
| | - Karine Andreau
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Armand
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères Paris, France
| | - Ian M Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Patrice X Petit
- INSERM U 1124 "Toxicologie, Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire" and "FR 3567" CNRS Chimie, Toxicologie, Signalisation Cellulaire et Cibles Thérapeutiques, Université Paris Descartes - Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères Paris, France
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Altered Traffic of Cardiolipin during Apoptosis: Exposure on the Cell Surface as a Trigger for "Antiphospholipid Antibodies". J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:847985. [PMID: 26491702 PMCID: PMC4603604 DOI: 10.1155/2015/847985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been reported to induce changes in the remodelling of membrane lipids; after death receptor engagement, specific changes of lipid composition occur not only at the plasma membrane, but also in intracellular membranes. This paper focuses on one important aspect of apoptotic changes in cellular lipids, namely, the redistribution of the mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). CL predominantly resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane, even if the rapid remodelling of its acyl chains and the subsequent degradation occur in other membrane organelles. After death receptor stimulation, CL appears to concentrate into mitochondrial “raft-like” microdomains at contact sites between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, leading to local oligomerization of proapoptotic proteins, including Bid. Clustering of Bid in CL-enriched contacts sites is interconnected with pathways of CL remodelling that intersect membrane traffic routes dependent upon actin. In addition, CL association with cytoskeleton protein vimentin was observed. Such novel association also indicated that CL molecules may be expressed at the cell surface following apoptotic stimuli. This observation adds a novel implication of biomedical relevance. The association of CL with vimentin at the cell surface may represent a “new” target antigen in the context of the apoptotic origin of anti-vimentin/CL autoantibodies in Antiphospholipid Syndrome.
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Lu YW, Claypool SM. Disorders of phospholipid metabolism: an emerging class of mitochondrial disease due to defects in nuclear genes. Front Genet 2015; 6:3. [PMID: 25691889 PMCID: PMC4315098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human nuclear and mitochondrial genomes co-exist within each cell. While the mitochondrial genome encodes for a limited number of proteins, transfer RNAs, and ribosomal RNAs, the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome. Of the multitude of mitochondrial disorders known to date, only a fifth are maternally inherited. The recent characterization of the mitochondrial proteome therefore serves as an important step toward delineating the nosology of a large spectrum of phenotypically heterogeneous diseases. Following the identification of the first nuclear gene defect to underlie a mitochondrial disorder, a plenitude of genetic variants that provoke mitochondrial pathophysiology have been molecularly elucidated and classified into six categories that impact: (1) oxidative phosphorylation (subunits and assembly factors); (2) mitochondrial DNA maintenance and expression; (3) mitochondrial protein import and assembly; (4) mitochondrial quality control (chaperones and proteases); (5) iron–sulfur cluster homeostasis; and (6) mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion). Here, we propose that an additional class of genetic variant be included in the classification schema to acknowledge the role of genetic defects in phospholipid biosynthesis, remodeling, and metabolism in mitochondrial pathophysiology. This seventh class includes a small but notable group of nuclear-encoded proteins whose dysfunction impacts normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism. The resulting human disorders present with a diverse array of pathologic consequences that reflect the variety of functions that phospholipids have in mitochondria and highlight the important role of proper membrane homeostasis in mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hauff KD, Choi SY, Frohman MA, Hatch GM. Cardiolipin synthesis is required to support human cholesterol biosynthesis from palmitate upon serum removal in Hela cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 87:813-20. [PMID: 19898564 DOI: 10.1139/y09-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether cardiolipin (CL) synthesis was required to support cholesterol (CH) production from palmitate in Hela cells. Knockdown of human cardiolipin synthase-1 (hCLS1) in Hela cells has been shown to reduce CL synthesis. Therefore Hela cells stably expressing shRNA for hCLS1 and mock control cells were incubated for 16 h with [14C(U)]palmitate bound to albumin (1:1 molar ratio) in the absence or presence of serum. Knockdown of hCLS1 in Hela cells resulted in a reduction in [14C(U)]palmitate incorporation into CL and CH. This reduction in [14C(U)]palmitate incorporation into CH was most pronounced during incubation under serum-free conditions. The reduction in [14C(U)]palmitate incorporation into CH was not due to alterations in total uptake of [14C(U)]palmitate into cells or altered palmitate metabolism, since [14C(U)]palmitate incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, the major [14C(U)]palmitate-containing lipid, and its immediate precursor, 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol, were unaffected by hCLS1 knockdown. In addition, knockdown of hCLS1 did not affect CH pool size, indicating that CH catabolism was unaltered. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase enzyme activity and its mRNA expression were reduced by knockdown of hCLS1 and this was most pronounced in Hela cells cultured under serum-free conditions. These data indicate that CL synthesis is required to support human de novo CH biosynthesis under conditions of increased demand for CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Hauff
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Yaniv Y, Nuss HB, Wang S, Sollott SJ. Regulation and pharmacology of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83:213-25. [PMID: 19447775 PMCID: PMC2701724 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'mitochondrial permeability transition', characterized by a sudden induced change of the inner mitochondrial membrane permeability for water as well as for small substances (=1.5 kDa), has been known for three decades. Research interest in the entity responsible for this phenomenon, the 'mitochondrial permeability transition pore' (mPTP), has dramatically increased after demonstration that it plays a key role in the life and death decision in cells. Therefore, a better understanding of this phenomenon and its regulation by environmental stresses, kinase signalling, and pharmacological intervention is vital. The characterization of the molecular identity of the mPTP will allow identification of possible pharmacological targets and assist in drug design for its precise regulation. However, despite extensive research efforts, at this point the pore-forming core component(s) of the mPTP remain unidentified. Pivotal new genetic evidence has shown that components once believed to be core elements of the mPTP (namely mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator and cyclophilin D) are instead only mPTP regulators (or in the case of voltage-dependent anion channels, probably entirely dispensable). This review provides an update on the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of the mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven J. Sollott
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, Box 13, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
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Vernoux N, Maniti O, Marcillat O, Vial C, Granjon T. Mitochondrial creatine kinase interaction with heterogeneous monolayers: Effect on lipid lateral organization. Biochimie 2009; 91:752-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maniti O, Lecompte MF, Marcillat O, Desbat B, Buchet R, Vial C, Granjon T. Mitochondrial creatine kinase binding to phospholipid monolayers induces cardiolipin segregation. Biophys J 2009; 96:2428-38. [PMID: 19289067 PMCID: PMC2907684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the octameric mitochondrial form of creatine kinase (mtCK) binds to the outer face of the inner mitochondrial membrane mainly via electrostatic interactions with cardiolipin (CL). However, little is known about the consequences of these interactions on membrane and protein levels. Brewster angle microscopy investigations provide, for the first time to our knowledge, images indicating that mtCK binding induced cluster formation on CL monolayers. The thickness of the clusters (10-12 nm) corresponds to the theoretical height of the mtCK-CL complex. Protein insertion into a condensed CL film, together with monolayer stabilization after protein addition, was observed by means of differential capacity measurements. Polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy showed that the mean orientation of alpha-helices within the protein shifted upon CL binding from 30 degrees to 45 degrees with respect to the interface plane, demonstrating protein domain movements. A comparison of data obtained with CL and phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/CL (2:1:1) monolayers indicates that mtCK is able to selectively recruit CL molecules within the mixed monolayer, consolidating and changing the morphology of the interfacial film. Therefore, CL-rich domains induced by mtCK binding could modulate mitochondrial inner membrane morphology into a raft-like organization and influence essential steps of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia Maniti
- Chemistry-Biochemistry, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 5246, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, l'Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Bernard Desbat
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 5248, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Numérique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles de Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux 1, Pessac, France
| | - René Buchet
- Chemistry-Biochemistry, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 5246, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, l'Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian Vial
- Chemistry-Biochemistry, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 5246, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, l'Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thierry Granjon
- Chemistry-Biochemistry, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 5246, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, l'Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Vernoux N, Maniti O, Besson F, Granjon T, Marcillat O, Vial C. Mitochondrial creatine kinase adsorption to biomimetic membranes: a Langmuir monolayer study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 310:436-45. [PMID: 17359991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of mitochondrial creatine kinase (mtCK) with either synthetic or natural zwitterionic or acidic phospholipids was monitored by surface pressure measurements. Injection of mtCK beneath a monolayer at very low surface pressure results in a large increase in the apparent area per lipid molecule reflecting the intrinsic surface activity of the protein. This effect is particularly pronounced with anionic phospholipid-containing films. Upon compression to high lateral pressure, the protein is squeezed out of the lipid monolayer. On the contrary, mtCK injected beneath a monolayer compressed at 30 mN/m, does not insert into the monolayer but is concentrated below the surface by anionic phospholipids as evidenced by the immediate and strong increase in the apparent molecular area occurring upon decompression. Below 8 mN/m the protein adsorbs to the interface and remains intercalated until the lateral pressure increases again. The critical pressure of insertion is higher for anionic lipid-containing monolayers than for films containing only zwitterionic phospholipids. In the former case it is markedly diminished by NaCl. The adsorption of mtCK depends on the percentage of negative charges carried by the monolayer and is reduced by increasing NaCl concentrations. However, the residual interaction existing in the absence of a global negative charge on the membrane may indicate that this interaction also involves a hydrophobic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vernoux
- CNRS UMR 5246/IMBL, Biomembranes et enzymes associés, Université Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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10
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Lesnefsky EJ, Hoppel CL. Oxidative phosphorylation and aging. Ageing Res Rev 2006; 5:402-33. [PMID: 16831573 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 04/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the data that support the presence and contribution of decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation during aging to impaired cellular metabolism. Aging impairs substrate oxidation, decreases cellular energy production and increases the production of reactive intermediates that are toxic to the cell. First, the basic principles of mitochondrial oxidative physiology are briefly reviewed. Second, the focus on the relationship of altered mitochondrial respiration to the increased production of reactive oxygen species that are employed by the "rate of living" and the "uncoupling to survive" theories of aging are discussed. Third, the impairment of function of respiration in aging is reviewed using an organ-based approach in mammalian systems. Fourth, the current state of knowledge regarding aging-induced alterations in the composition and function of key mitochondrial constituents is addressed. Model organisms, including C. elegans and D. melanogaster are included where pertinent. Fifth, these defects are related to knowledge regarding the production of reactive oxygen species from specific sites of the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Lesnefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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12
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Vernoux N, Granjon T, Marcillat O, Besson F, Vial C. Interfacial behavior of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial creatine kinase oligomeric states. Biopolymers 2006; 81:270-81. [PMID: 16283667 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption to the air/water interface of isoenzymes of creatine kinase was investigated using surface pressure-area isotherms and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) observations. Octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase (mtCK) exhibits a significant affinity for the air/water interface. Whatever the mode of formation of the interfacial film, i.e., injection of the protein in the subphase or spreading onto the buffer surface, the final arrangement and conformation adopted by mtCK molecules lead to a similar result. In contrast, the dimeric isoenzymes mtCK and cytosolic MMCK do not induce any surface pressure variation. However, when the subphase contains 0.3M NaCl, both isoenzymes adsorb to the interface. When treated with 0.8 or 3M GdnHCl, muscle creatine kinase (MMCK) becomes surface active and occupies a greater surface than mtCK. This result contrasts with previous observations, often derived from monomeric proteins, that their surface activity is increased upon unfolding. It underlines the possible influence exerted by the protein oligomeric state on its interfacial activity. At a subphase pH of 8.8, which corresponds to the pI of octameric mtCK, the profiles of the isotherms obtained with dimeric and octameric states and the resistance to compression of the protein monolayers are significantly affected when compared to those recorded at pH 7.4. These data suggest that the octamer is more hydrophobic than the dimer and may contribute to explaining why octamers bind to the inner mitochondrial membrane while dimers do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vernoux
- UMR CNRS 5013, Biomembranes et enzymes associés, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 43, boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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13
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Hoppel C, Kerner J, Turkaly P, Minkler P, Tandler B. Isolation of hepatic mitochondrial contact sites: previously unrecognized inner membrane components. Anal Biochem 2002; 302:60-9. [PMID: 11846376 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An improved, fast, and relatively simple procedure for isolation of hepatic mitochondrial contact sites is described. These contact sites include conventional outer membrane, but the inner membrane component (which we term fusion patches) has a unique biochemical composition characterized by a clustering of three specific inner membrane proteins of 54, 52, and 31 kDa identified by proteomics, respectively, as the alpha and beta subunits of ATP synthase and the liver isoform of adenine nucleotide transferase. The contact site fraction was prepared using a discontinuous sucrose gradient from crude outer membranes derived from swollen/shrunk rat liver mitochondria. The resultant contact sites were analyzed using a continuous sucrose density gradient, revealing an apparent heterogeneity due to varying amounts of retained fusion patches in relation to the unvarying outer membrane component. By electron microscopy, contact sites consist of small vacuoles that contain one or several tiny vesicles, many of which are composed of multiple, closely packed lamellae. The contact site subfraction morphology is consistent with the biochemical variation. Thus, contact sites are not haphazard fusions of outer and inner membrane, but consist in part of regions of inner membrane of novel composition (fusion patches) and of conventional outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Hoppel
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.
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14
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de Cerqueira Cesar M, Wilson JE. Functional characteristics of hexokinase bound to the type a and type B sites of bovine brain mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:106-12. [PMID: 11747316 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase is released from Type A sites of brain mitochondria in the presence of glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P); enzyme bound to Type B sites remains bound. Hexokinase of freshly isolated bovine brain mitochondria (Type A:Type B, approximately 40:60) selectively uses intramitochondrial ATP as substrate and is relatively insensitive to the competitive (vs ATP) inhibitor and Glc-6-P analog, 1,5-anhydroglucitol 6-phosphate (1,5-AnG-6-P). After removal of hexokinase bound at Type A sites, the remaining enzyme, bound at Type B sites, does not show selectivity for intramitochondrial ATP and has increased sensitivity to 1,5-AnG-6-P. Thus, the properties of the enzyme bound at Type B sites are modified by removal of hexokinase bound at Type A sites. It is suggested that mechanisms for regulation of mitochondrial hexokinase activity, and thereby cerebral glycolytic metabolism, may depend on the ratio of Type A:Type B sites, which varies in different species.
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15
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Granjon T, Vial C, Buchet R, Vacheron MJ. Mitochondrial creatine kinase binding to liposomes and vesicle aggregation: effect of cleavage by proteinase K. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2001; 20:593-9. [PMID: 11890199 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013763716762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial creatine kinase and its proteinase K nicked-derivative interaction with liposomes induced slight secondary structure changes evidenced by infrared spectra. In nondenaturing conditions, the N-terminal (K1) and the C-terminal (K2) fragments remained associated with each other and bound to liposomes. When the two fragments were separated by denaturation, K2 was soluble, whereas most of K1 was adsorbed onto liposomes. The three-dimensional structure of uncleaved mtCK suggests that the C-terminal moiety, which contains positively charged surface residues, interacted with membranes. After denaturation and renaturation of the nicked enzyme, both peptides did not refold properly and did not reassociate with each other. The misfolded K1 fragment bound to the membrane through a stretch of positive residues, which were buried in the native enzyme. The lack of binding of the ill-folded K2 peptide could be related to the disruption of the optimal disposition of its positive charges, responsible for the correct interaction of native mtCK with membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Granjon
- Laboratoire de Biomembranes et Enzymes Associés, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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16
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Lesnefsky EJ, Moghaddas S, Tandler B, Kerner J, Hoppel CL. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac disease: ischemia--reperfusion, aging, and heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33:1065-89. [PMID: 11444914 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria contribute to cardiac dysfunction and myocyte injury via a loss of metabolic capacity and by the production and release of toxic products. This article discusses aspects of mitochondrial structure and metabolism that are pertinent to the role of mitochondria in cardiac disease. Generalized mechanisms of mitochondrial-derived myocyte injury are also discussed, as are the strengths and weaknesses of experimental models used to study the contribution of mitochondria to cardiac injury. Finally, the involvement of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of specific cardiac disease states (ischemia, reperfusion, aging, ischemic preconditioning, and cardiomyopathy) is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lesnefsky
- Division of Cardiology, Case Western Reserve University and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Aflalo C, Azoulay H. Binding of rat brain hexokinase to recombinant yeast mitochondria: effect of environmental factors and the source of porin. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1998; 30:245-55. [PMID: 9733091 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020544803475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous binding of rat brain hexokinase to wild type, porinless, and recombinant yeast mitochondria expressing human porin was assessed, partially characterized, and compared to that in the homologous system (rat liver mitochondria). With porin-containing yeast mitochondria it is shown that (i) a significant, saturable association occurs; (ii) its extent and apparent affinity, correlated with the origin of porin, are enhanced in the presence of dextran; (iii) the binding requires Mg ions and apparently follows a complex cooperative mechanism. This heterologous association does not seem to differ fundamentally from that in the homologous system and represents a good basis for molecular studies in yeast. With porinless yeast mitochondria, binding occurs at much lower affinity, but to many more sites per mitochondrion. The results indicating a major but not exclusive role for porin in the binding are discussed in terms of (i) the mode and mechanism of binding, and (ii) the suitability of the rat hexokinase-yeast mitochondria couple for the study of heterogeneous catalysis in reconstituted cellular model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences, The Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Anflous K, Veksler V, Mateo P, Samson F, Saks V, Ventura-Clapier R. Mitochondrial creatine kinase isoform expression does not correlate with its mode of action. Biochem J 1997; 322 ( Pt 1):73-8. [PMID: 9078245 PMCID: PMC1218160 DOI: 10.1042/bj3220073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In adult mammalian ventricular tissue, mitochondrial creatine kinase (mi-CK), which is bound to the outer surface of the mitochondrial inner membrane, is functionally coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. This is shown, in saponin-permeabilized rat ventricular fibres, by a shift in the apparent K(m) of mitochondrial respiration for ADP from 300 +/- 56 microM to 111 +/- 40 microM (P < 0.001) on the addition of 25 mM creatine, due to a local accumulation of ADP close to the ATP/ADP translocator. We have found that in atrial fibres, the apparent K(m) for ADP is high, but is not decreased by creatine, suggesting an absence of coupling in this tissue, as has previously been observed in smooth muscle. mi-CK is encoded by two different genes, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner: the sarcomeric isoform is expressed in ventricular and skeletal muscles, while the ubiquitous isoform is expressed in smooth muscle, brain and other tissues. In order to determine whether a specific function can be attributed to the expression of a specific isoform, we investigated mi-CK mRNA expression by Northern blot analysis. Hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides specific for each mi-CK isoform showed the expression of only the sarcomeric isoform in rat atria. This result was confirmed by PCR using primers specific for each isoform. In addition, electrophoretic analysis of CK isoforms showed no difference in the octamer/dimer ratio of mi-CK in the atria and ventricles. In atria, unlike the soleus or ventricles, the maximum potential rate of mitochondrial phosphocreatine synthesis was lower than the maximal rate of ATP production by the mitochondria. The total CK/adenylate kinase ratio was also lower in atria than in the other tissues, suggesting a greater contribution of adenylate kinase to adenine nucleotide compartmentation in this tissue. The functional differences between mi CK in the two cardiac tissues seem to imply a specific arrangement of the proteins in the intermembrane space rather than the expression of specific isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anflous
- U-446 INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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19
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Wilson JE. Homologous and heterologous interactions between hexokinase and mitochondrial porin: evolutionary implications. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1997; 29:97-102. [PMID: 9067807 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022472124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Binding of the Type I isozyme of mammalian hexokinase to mitochondria is mediated by the porin present in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Type I hexokinase from rat brain is avidly bound by rat liver mitochondria while, under the same conditions, there is no significant binding to mitochondria from S. cerevisiae. Previously published work demonstrates the lack of significant interaction of yeast hexokinase with mitochondria from either liver or yeast. Thus, structural features required for the interaction of porin and hexokinase must have emerged during evolution of the mammalian forms of these proteins. If these structural features serve no functional role other than facilitating this interaction of hexokinase with mitochondria, it seems likely that they evolved in synchrony since operation of selective pressures on the hexokinase-mitochondrial interaction would require the simultaneous presence of hexokinase and porin capable of at least minimal interaction, and be responsive to changes in either partner that affected this interaction. Recent studies have indicated that a second type of binding site, which may or may not involve porin, is present on mammalian mitochondria. There are also reports of hexokinase binding to mitochondria in plant tissues, but the nature of the binding site remains undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1319, USA
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20
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Contact sites between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes in stunned versus hibernating myocardium. Cardiovasc Pathol 1995; 4:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/1054-8807(95)00004-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1994] [Accepted: 01/27/1995] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Kawano S, Takano H, Kuroiwa T. Sexuality of mitochondria: fusion, recombination, and plasmids. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1995; 161:49-110. [PMID: 7558693 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fusion, recombination, and mobile genetic elements, which are essential for mitochondrial sexuality, are well established in various organisms. The recombination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depends upon fusion between parental mitochondria, and between their mtDNA-containing areas (mt-nuclei), to allow pairing between the parental mtDNAs. Such mitochondrial fusion followed by recombination may be called "mitochondrial sex." We have identified a novel mitochondrial plasmid named mF. This plasmid is apparently responsible for promoting mitochondrial fusion and crosses over with mtDNA in successive sexual crosses with mF- strains. Only in mF+ strains carrying the mF plasmid did small spherical mitochondria fuse which subsequently underwent fusion between the mt-nuclei that contained the mtDNA derived from individual mitochondria. Several successive mitochondrial divisions followed, accompanied by mt-nuclear divisions. The resulting mitochondria contained recombinant mtDNA with the mF plasmid. Such features remind us also of the bacterial conjugative plasmids such as F plasmid. Therefore, in the final part of this chapter, we discuss the origin of sex and its relationship to the sexuality of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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22
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van der Klei IJ, Veenhuis M, Neupert W. A morphological view on mitochondrial protein targeting. Microsc Res Tech 1994; 27:284-93. [PMID: 8186447 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070270404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial protein targeting includes both intramitochondrial sorting of proteins encoded by the organellar genome and import and subsequent sorting of nuclear encoded precursor proteins. Only a few proteins are encoded by the mitochondrial genome and synthesized in the organellar matrix. These include predominantly inner membrane proteins that are perhaps co-translationally inserted into this membrane. Biochemical data suggest that insertion into the inner membrane may be confined to the inner boundary membrane. Ultrastructurally, however, a preferential association of ribosomes with either inner boundary or cristae membranes has not been established. The majority of the mitochondrial proteins are nuclear encoded and synthesized as precursors in the cytosol. Electron microscopic studies revealed that import of precursor proteins is generally confined to sites where both mitochondrial envelope membranes are closely apposed. In line with these observations, biochemical studies indicated that precursor proteins destined for the inner membrane or matrix have to interact with the energized inner membrane to allow complete passage of the precursor through the outer membrane. As a consequence, the mitochondrial envelope membranes have to be in close proximity at protein import sites. In isolated mitochondria distinct sites (designated as contact sites) exist where both envelope membranes are closely apposed and presumably stably associated. In situ, however, mitochondrial boundary membranes are in close proximity over large areas that cover almost the entire mitochondrial periphery. Consequently, the relative area of the mitochondrial surface, where both boundary membranes are in sufficient proximity for allowing protein translocation, is generally larger in situ compared to that in isolated organelles. Immunocytochemical localization studies showed a rather random distribution of components of the mitochondrial protein translocation machinery over the entire mitochondrial surface and not confined to contact sites. Based on these ultrastructural data and recent biochemical findings we propose that mitochondrial protein import sites are dynamic in nature and include relatively labile regions of close association of the boundary membranes. In vitro, however, mitochondrial protein import may preferentially take place at or near the presumably stable contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J van der Klei
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Munich, Germany
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23
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The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in potato-tuber mitochondria is different for succinate and external NADH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90017-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Wyss M, Smeitink J, Wevers RA, Wallimann T. Mitochondrial creatine kinase: a key enzyme of aerobic energy metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1102:119-66. [PMID: 1390823 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(92)90096-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Wyss
- Institute for Cell Biology, ETH Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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26
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Ardail D, Lermé F, Louisot P. Phospholipid import into mitochondria: possible regulation mediated through lipid polymorphism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186:1384-90. [PMID: 1510668 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the translocation of microsomal phosphatidylserine to the inner mitochondrial membrane occurs via contact sites before decarboxylation. According to the specific lipid composition of contact sites, we investigated lipid polymorphism as a possible regulation mechanism of phospholipid import into mitochondria. Phosphatidylserine import into mitochondria is increased in the presence of calcium, under conditions where non bilayer lipid-structures can be induced in cardiolipin-containing membranes. The results are discussed in terms of structural as well as functional domains heterogeneity within contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ardail
- Department of Biochemistry, Lyon-Sud Medical School, INSERM-CNRS U. 189, Oullins, France
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27
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Wallimann T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, Nicolay K, Eppenberger HM. Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the 'phosphocreatine circuit' for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem J 1992; 281 ( Pt 1):21-40. [PMID: 1731757 PMCID: PMC1130636 DOI: 10.1042/bj2810021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1428] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Wallimann
- Institute for Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
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28
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Dowell RT, Fu MC. Cardiac myofibrillar creatine kinase Km is not influenced by contractile protein binding. Life Sci 1992; 50:1551-9. [PMID: 1579047 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90146-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular microcompartmentation underlies the proposed phosphorylcreatine shuttle mechanism in mammalian cardiac tissue. In mitochondria, CK coupling to oxidative phosphorylation via adenine nucleotide translocase decreases the Km for ATP and suggests both a functional and physical integration. In the present studies, substrate Km of myofibrillar CK was unaltered when determined in the intact, native state or after removal from the myofibril. In contrast to mitochondria, close spatial proximity between cardiac myofibrillar CK and ATPase is sufficient to establish phosphorylcreatine shuttle microcompartmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Dowell
- Tobacco & Health Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546-0236
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29
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Brdiczka D. Contact sites between mitochondrial envelope membranes. Structure and function in energy- and protein-transfer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1071:291-312. [PMID: 1958691 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(91)90018-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Brdiczka
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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30
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Adams V, Griffin L, Towbin J, Gelb B, Worley K, McCabe ER. Porin interaction with hexokinase and glycerol kinase: metabolic microcompartmentation at the outer mitochondrial membrane. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE AND METABOLIC BIOLOGY 1991; 45:271-91. [PMID: 1710914 DOI: 10.1016/0885-4505(91)90032-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Porin is the pore-forming protein involved in the movement of adenine nucleotides across the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Hexokinase and glycerol kinase interact with porin on the outer surface of the OMM in a manner which provides these enzymes with preferred access to the ATP generated in the mitochondrion. We review recent evidence which permits refinement of our knowledge of these proteins and their interactions at the OMM. The involvement of this system in metabolic microcompartmentation is discussed, as well as possible pathological consequences of its disruption in malignancy and genetic deficiencies of hexokinase, glycerol kinase, and porin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Adams
- Institute for Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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31
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Rojo M, Hovius R, Demel R, Wallimann T, Eppenberger HM, Nicolay K. Interaction of mitochondrial creatine kinase with model membranes. A monolayer study. FEBS Lett 1991; 281:123-9. [PMID: 2015883 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80374-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK; EC 2.7.3.2) with phospholipid monolayers and spread mitochondrial membranes at the air/water interface has been investigated. It appeared that Mi-CK penetrated into these monolayers as evidenced by an increase in surface pressure upon incorporation of Mi-CK. The increase in surface pressure was dependent on (1) the amount and (2) the oligomeric form of Mi-CK in the subphase, as well as on (3) the initial surface pressure and (4) the phospholipid composition of the monolayer. In this experimental system Mi-CK was able to interact equally well with both inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rojo
- Institute for Cell Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Kottke M, Adams V, Wallimann T, Nalam VK, Brdiczka D. Location and regulation of octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase in the contact sites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1061:215-25. [PMID: 1998693 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90287-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential extraction of creatine kinase activity (CK, EC 2.7.3.2) from rat brain mitochondria by graded concentrations of digitonin all yielded supernates varying in CK activity. As analyzed by isozyme electrophoresis and gel permeation chromatography the extracts contained different species of creatine kinase: (i) one third of the total CK activity consisting of contaminating cytosolic brain-type CK (B-CK) was liberated by 100 micrograms digitonin/mg of mitochondrial protein, (ii) approx. 20% more CK activity consisting of B-CK, as above, plus dimeric and octameric mitochondrial CK (Mi-CK), was extracted by 300 micrograms/mg digitonin, whereas (iii) all CK activity, consisting of B-CK and mainly octameric Mi-CK, were liberated by 700 micrograms/mg digitonin. In contrast to Mi-CK, B-CK associated with contaminating synaptic vesicles was readily extracted even by low concentrations of digitonin, but on the other hand octameric Mi-CK was significantly more resistant to digitonin extraction than the dimeric enzyme species. It appeared that the Mi-CK resistant to treatment with 300 micrograms/mg digitonin consisted to a large percentage of octamers and was organized as a complex between the two envelope membranes, for its activity was latent and still remained regulated by the outer membrane pore, that is: (i) the Mi-CK activity in such mitoplasts could be inhibited reversibly by cessation of the adenine nucleotide transport through the outer membrane pore with a polyanion, (ii) the ADP produced by Mi-CK in mitoplasts was not available to external pyruvate kinase, (iii) approx. 50% of total CK activity was not susceptible to inhibition by iodo acetate and phosphocreatine. In agreement with these findings a preferential association of octameric Mi-CK was also found in isolated contact site fractions indicating a physiological role of Mi-CK in energy transfer and a structure-function relationship of Mi-CK octamers at these sites. In addition some evidence for an interaction of Mi-CK with the adenylate translocator is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kottke
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, F.R.G
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Schnyder T, Gross H, Winkler H, Eppenberger HM, Wallimann T. Structure of the mitochondrial creatine kinase octamer: high-resolution shadowing and image averaging of single molecules and formation of linear filaments under specific staining conditions. J Cell Biol 1991; 112:95-101. [PMID: 1702444 PMCID: PMC2288802 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.112.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of high-resolution tantalum/tungsten (Ta/W) shadowing at very low specimen temperature (-250 degrees C) under ultrahigh vacuum (less than 2 x 10(-9) mbar) with circular harmonic image averaging revealed details on the surface structure of mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK) molecules with a resolution less than 2.5 nm. Mi-CK octamers exhibit a cross-like surface depression dividing the square shaped projection of 10 x 10 nm into four equally sized subdomains, which correspond to the four dimers forming the octameric Mi-CK molecule. By a combination of positive staining (with uranyl acetate) and heavy metal shadowing, internal structures as well as the surface relief of Mi-CK were visualized at the same time at high resolution. Computational image analysis revealed only a single projection class of molecules, but the ability of Mi-CK to form linear filaments, as well as geometrical considerations concerning the formation of octamers by four equal, asymmetric dimers, suggest the existence of at least two distinct faces on the molecule. By image processing of Mi-CK filaments a side view of the octamer differing from the top-bottom projections of single molecules became evident showing a funnel-like access each form the top and bottom of the octamer connected by a central channel. The general structure of the Mi-CK octamer described here is relevant to the localization of the molecule at the inner-outer mitochondrial contact sites and to the function of Mi-CK as an "energy channeling" molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schnyder
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
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