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Abeln F, Chuck CJ. The history, state of the art and future prospects for oleaginous yeast research. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:221. [PMID: 34876155 PMCID: PMC8650507 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based biofuels, such as biodiesel and hydroprocessed esters, are a central part of the global initiative to reduce the environmental impact of the transport sector. The vast majority of production is currently from first-generation feedstocks, such as rapeseed oil, and waste cooking oils. However, the increased exploitation of soybean oil and palm oil has led to vast deforestation, smog emissions and heavily impacted on biodiversity in tropical regions. One promising alternative, potentially capable of meeting future demand sustainably, are oleaginous yeasts. Despite being known about for 143 years, there has been an increasing effort in the last decade to develop a viable industrial system, with currently around 100 research papers published annually. In the academic literature, approximately 160 native yeasts have been reported to produce over 20% of their dry weight in a glyceride-rich oil. The most intensively studied oleaginous yeast have been Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus (20% of publications), Rhodotorula toruloides (19%) and Yarrowia lipolytica (19%). Oleaginous yeasts have been primarily grown on single saccharides (60%), hydrolysates (26%) or glycerol (19%), and mainly on the mL scale (66%). Process development and genetic modification (7%) have been applied to alter yeast performance and the lipids, towards the production of biofuels (77%), food/supplements (24%), oleochemicals (19%) or animal feed (3%). Despite over a century of research and the recent application of advanced genetic engineering techniques, the industrial production of an economically viable commodity oil substitute remains elusive. This is mainly due to the estimated high production cost, however, over the course of the twenty-first century where climate change will drastically change global food supply networks and direct governmental action will likely be levied at more destructive crops, yeast lipids offer a flexible platform for localised, sustainable lipid production. Based on data from the large majority of oleaginous yeast academic publications, this review is a guide through the history of oleaginous yeast research, an assessment of the best growth and lipid production achieved to date, the various strategies employed towards industrial production and importantly, a critical discussion about what needs to be built on this huge body of work to make producing a yeast-derived, more sustainable, glyceride oil a commercial reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Abeln
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Weete
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Alabama 36849 USA
| | - S. R. Gandhi
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Alabama 36849 USA
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Manocha MS. Host-Parasite Relations in a Mycoparasite III. Morphological and Biochemical Differences in the Parasitic- and Axenic-Culture Spores of Piptocephalis Virginiana. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1975.12019759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Manocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario
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Manocha MS, Deven JM. Host-Parasite Relations in a Mycoparasite IV. a Correlation Between the Levels of Γ-Linolenic Acid and Parasitism of Piptocephalis Virginiana. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1975.12019858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Manocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - J. M. Deven
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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Ochsenreither K, Glück C, Stressler T, Fischer L, Syldatk C. Production Strategies and Applications of Microbial Single Cell Oils. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1539. [PMID: 27761130 PMCID: PMC5050229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the ω-3 and ω-6 class (e.g., α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid) are essential for maintaining biofunctions in mammalians like humans. Due to the fact that humans cannot synthesize these essential fatty acids, they must be taken up from different food sources. Classical sources for these fatty acids are porcine liver and fish oil. However, microbial lipids or single cell oils, produced by oleaginous microorganisms such as algae, fungi and bacteria, are a promising source as well. These single cell oils can be used for many valuable chemicals with applications not only for nutrition but also for fuels and are therefore an ideal basis for a bio-based economy. A crucial point for the establishment of microbial lipids utilization is the cost-effective production and purification of fuels or products of higher value. The fermentative production can be realized by submerged (SmF) or solid state fermentation (SSF). The yield and the composition of the obtained microbial lipids depend on the type of fermentation and the particular conditions (e.g., medium, pH-value, temperature, aeration, nitrogen source). From an economical point of view, waste or by-product streams can be used as cheap and renewable carbon and nitrogen sources. In general, downstream processing costs are one of the major obstacles to be solved for full economic efficiency of microbial lipids. For the extraction of lipids from microbial biomass cell disruption is most important, because efficiency of cell disruption directly influences subsequent downstream operations and overall extraction efficiencies. A multitude of cell disruption and lipid extraction methods are available, conventional as well as newly emerging methods, which will be described and discussed in terms of large scale applicability, their potential in a modern biorefinery and their influence on product quality. Furthermore, an overview is given about applications of microbial lipids or derived fatty acids with emphasis on food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Glück
- Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Timo Stressler
- Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
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Yamada H, Shimizu S, Shinmen Y. Production of Arachidonic Acid by Mortierella elongata 1S-5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00021369.1987.10868119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamada
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Sakayu Shimizu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shinmen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
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Gupta A, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Omega-3 biotechnology: Thraustochytrids as a novel source of omega-3 oils. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1733-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tyrrell D. The fatty acid composition of some entomophthoraceae : II. The occurrence of branched-chain fatty acids inConidiobolus denaesporus Drechsl. Lipids 2012; 3:368-72. [PMID: 17805887 DOI: 10.1007/bf02530941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/1967] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipids extracted fromConidiobolus denaesporus Drechsl. were found to contain three branched-chain fatty acids, which together comprised about 35% of the total fatty acids of the fungus. The branchedchain acids were identified by gas-liquid chromatography, infrared and mass spectroscopy as 12-methyl tridecanoic, 12-methyl tetradecanoic, and 14-methyl pentadecanoic acids respectively.Then-saturated acids comprise C12, C13, C14, C16, and C18. Then C16,n C18, andn C20 unsaturated acids were also found. The occurrence of 15.2% of myristic acid and of 8.9% of eicosatetraenoic acid provides a further distinctive feature of the lipids ofConidiobolus denaesporus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tyrrell
- Insect Pathology Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
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Nichols BW, Wood BJ. The occurrence and biosynthesis of gamma-linolenic acid in a blue-green alga,Spirulina platensis. Lipids 2012; 3:46-50. [PMID: 17805841 DOI: 10.1007/bf02530968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/1967] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The acyl-lipid and fatty acid composition of six blue-green algae, namely,Spirulina platensis, Myxosarcina chroococcoides, Chlorogloea fritschii, Anabaena cylindrica, Anabaena flos-aquae, and Mastigocladus laminosus is reported.All contain major proportions of mono-and digalactosyl diglyceride, sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride, and phosphatidyl glycerol, but none possess lecithin, phophatidyl ethanolamine, or phosphatidyl inositol. Trans-3-hexadecenoic acid was absent from all extracts.The analyses provide further evidence that there is no general chemical or physical requirement for any specific fatty acid in photosynthesis. S. platensis is unique among photoautotrophic organisms so far studied, containing major quantities of gamma-linolenic acid (6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid). This acid is synthesized by the alga by direct desaturation of linoleic acid and is primarily located in the mono- and digalactosyl diglyceride fractions.The possible phylogenetic relationship betweenS. platensis and other plant forms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Nichols
- Biochemistry Division, Unilever Research Laboratory, Sharnbrook, Bedford, England
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Enhanced phytase production through interspecific protoplast fusion of Aspergillus niger CFR 335 and Aspergillus ficuum SGA 01 auxotrophic mutants. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Griffiths RG, Dancer J, O'Neill E, Harwood JL. Lipid composition of Botrytis cinerea and inhibition of its radiolabelling by the fungicide iprodione. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 160:199-207. [PMID: 33873546 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Botrytis cinerea is an important plant pathogen that causes grey mould in over 200 hosts. It is often controlled by dicarboximides, which have various proposed mechanisms of action, including effects on lipids. Here we have examined the effect of one dicarboximide, iprodione, on lipid metabolism. • B. cinerea, cultured in malt extract media, was challenged with iprodione and its lipids extracted, separated by TLC, and analysed by GLC. Lipid metabolism was followed using [1-14 C]acetate. • Triacylglycerol was the major nonpolar and phosphatidylcholine the main polar lipid in B. cinerea. Linoleate, followed by α-linolenate, were the major fatty acids and most lipid classes had compositions broadly similar to the total fatty acid pattern. Iprodione, at concentrations causing a cessation of growth (5 µM) caused a decrease in polar lipid but not total nonpolar lipid labelling. Within the nonpolar lipids, DAG was better labelled. • The data show that iprodione had a selective effect on lipid metabolism. The altered pattern of labelling suggested that choline (ethanolamine) phosphotransferase would be worth investigating as a primary site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Griffiths
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
| | - Jane Dancer
- Bayer Crop Science, 14/20 rue Pierre Baizet, BP 9163, F-69263 Lyon, France
| | - Elizabeth O'Neill
- Bayer Crop Science, 14/20 rue Pierre Baizet, BP 9163, F-69263 Lyon, France
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
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Hur BK, Cho DW, Kim HJ, Park CI, Suh HJ. Effect of culture conditions on growth and production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) usingThraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02935873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Ul'chenko NT, Glushenkova AI. Neutral lipids of the seeds ofOenothera biennis. Chem Nat Compd 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02234847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Carvalho PDO, Oliveira JGD, Pastore GM. Enhancement of gamma-linolenic acid production by the fungus Mucor sp LB-54 by growth temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37141999000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a relatively prolific producer of GLA, the strain of Mucor sp LB-54 was selected for a study at different growth temperatures in shaker flask culture. The strain used in our experiment was capable to accumulate a relatively high amount of intracellular lipid, 20.73 % of dry cell weight, and GLA content of 15 % of total fatty acids after 5 days of incubation at 28°C. As the growth temperature was decreased from 28 to 12°C the percentage of GLA increased from 15 to 24 % of total fatty acids. In order to optimize the culture conditions for rapid biomass production and lipid production with a high proportion of GLA, the fungus was grown at two temperature combinations associated supplies of carbon source (glucose) in the culture medium. Maximal production of GLA (74 mg/l) was obtained from the Mucor sp LB-54 strain after 5 days of incubation at 28°C in basal medium following glucose addition (7 % w/v) and incubation for an additional 3 days at 12°C. The identity of GLA found in the strain of Mucor sp LB-54 was confirmed by the coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
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Silva MD, Manfio GP, Canhos VP. Characterization of selected strains of mucorales using fatty acid profiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37141998000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid profiles of several fungi of the order Mucorales (Zygomycetes), including Backusella lamprospora (Lendner) Benny and R.K. Benj., Benjaminiella youngii P.M. Kirk, Circinella simplex van Tieghem, Cunninghamella blakesleeana Lendner, Mortierella ramanniana (Möller) Linnem., Mucor circinelloides f. janssenii (Lendner) Schipper, Mycotypha microspora Fenner, Rhizomucor miehei (Cooney and R. Emerson) Schipper and Rhizomucor pusillus (Lindt) Schipper, and of Volutella sp. Fr., from the class Ascomycetes, were qualitatively analysed by gas-liquid chromatography in order to determine the taxonomic value of these chemotaxonomic markers. The fatty acids present in all strains were palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and <FONT FACE="Symbol">g</FONT>-linolenic (18:3) acid, with the exception that the latter was not found in Volutella sp. Chemotaxonomic markers for some species and genera were obtained, including a non-identified fatty acid, FAME8 (minimum and maximum retention times of 27.92 and 28.28 minutes) for Rhizomucor miehei CCT 2236 and Rhizomucor pusillus CCT 4133, and FAME3 (minimum and maximum of 16.53 and 16.61 minutes) for Benjaminiella youngii CCT 4121. The chemotaxonomic marker of the order Mucorales was the fatty acid 18:3<FONT FACE="Symbol">w</FONT>6, confirming previous data from literature. The results of the present study suggest that qualitative fatty acid analysis can be an important chemotaxonomic tool for the classification of fungi assigned to the order Mucorales (Zygomycetes).
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Singh A, Ward OP. Microbial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6). ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1997; 45:271-312. [PMID: 9342829 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Immelman M, du Preez JC, Kilian SG. Effect of C:N Ratio on Gamma-linolenic Acid Production by Mucor circinelloides Grown on Acetic Acid. Syst Appl Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(97)80061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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The effect of acetic acid concentration on the growth and production of gamma-linolenic acid byMucor circinelloides CBS 203.28 in fed-batch culture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02770812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Leman J. Oleaginous microorganisms: an assessment of the potential. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1997; 43:195-243. [PMID: 9097415 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Leman
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, University of Agriculture and Technology, Olsztyn, Poland
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21
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Effect of extraction methods on lipid yield and fatty acid composition of lipid classes containing γ-linolenic acid extracted from fungi. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02523431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Radwan SS, Zreik MM, Mulder JL. Distribution of arachidonic acid among lipid classes during culture ageing of five Zygomycete species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(96)80109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Improvement of docosahexaenoic acid production in a culture of Thraustochytrium aureum by medium optimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)83125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Production of gamma-linolenic acid by Mucor circinelloides and Mucor rouxii with acetic acid as carbon substrate. Biotechnol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00127429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kennedy MJ, Reader SL, Davies RJ. Fatty acid production characteristics of fungi with particular emphasis on gamma linolenic acid production. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 42:625-34. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stredanská S, Sajbidor J. Oligounsaturated fatty acid production by selected strains of micromycetes. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1992; 37:357-9. [PMID: 1337332 DOI: 10.1007/bf02815662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen strains of filamentous fungi from the Culture Collection of Fungi (Charles University, Prague) were tested for their lipid production, fatty acid composition with emphasis on accumulation of oligounsaturated fatty acids. All cultures contained palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and gamma-linolenic (18:3) acid (GLA). The mycelium of Cunninghamella elegans, Rhizopus arrhizus, Mortierella parvispora, M. elongata and M. alpina contained arachidonic acid (ARA) in the range of 2.3-33.5% of the total fatty acids. The strains used in our experiment were capable to accumulate a relatively high amount of intracellular lipid (9.6-20.1% in dry biomass). The highest content of GLA (22.3 mg/g) was found in Mucor circinelloides. The strain of M. alpina containing 47.1 mg/g of ARA could be considered as the best producer of ARA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stredanská
- Research Institute of Gerontology, Malacky, Czechoslovakia
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Kristofíková L, Rosenberg M, Vlnová A, Sajbidor J, Certík M. Selection of Rhizopus strains for L(+)-lactic acid and gamma-linolenic acid production. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1991; 36:451-5. [PMID: 1668279 DOI: 10.1007/bf02884065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of L(+)-lactic acid and formation of gamma-linolenic acid by 50 Rhizopus strains growing on saccharidic substrates were investigated. Formation of acids was observed on solid cultivation media but mainly during submerged fermentation. Strains with the highest selectivity of both L(+)-lactic acid production and gamma-linolenic acid formation were tested in a laboratory fermenter. The best producer was treated by UV irradiation to increase the fatty acid content in the biomass, especially that of gamma-linolenic acid. The conversion of 10% saccharidic substrate by this newly prepared strain Rhizopus arrhizus CCM 8109 results in more than 95% of theoretical yield of L(+)-lactic acid and permits a volume productivity of 0.4 g gamma-linolenic acid per liter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kristofíková
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chemical Faculty, Slovak Polytechnical University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
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Kamisaka Y, Yokochi T, Nakahara T, Suzuki O. Modulation of fatty acid incorporation and desaturation by trifluoperazine in fungi. Lipids 1990; 25:787-92. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02535898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/1990] [Accepted: 09/18/1990] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Improvement of fed batch mass culture for ? linolenic biosynthesis by Tetrahymena rostrata (protozoa). Biotechnol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01089476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Gealt MA, Abdollahi A, Evans JL. Lipids and lipoidal mycotoxins of fungi. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICAL MYCOLOGY 1989; 3:218-47. [PMID: 2688917 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3624-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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35
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Shimizu S, Shinmen Y, Kawashima H, Akimoto K, Yamada H. Fungal mycelia as a novel source of eicosapentaenoic acid. Activation of enzyme(s) involved in eicosapentaenoic acid production at low temperature. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 150:335-41. [PMID: 2827674 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(88)90525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Mortierella were found to produce large amounts of 5,8,11,14,17-cis-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in their mycelia only when grown at low temperature (12 degrees C), i.e., not at physiological growth temperature (20-28 degrees C). The results of experiments with cell-free extracts suggested that this unique phenomenon is due to activation of enzyme(s) involved in EPA formation at low temperature. Mortierella alpina 1S-4 produced 0.3 g/l of EPA (27 mg/g dry mycelia). This high productivity show the practical significance of these novel EPA producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shimizu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
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36
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Arai M, Fukuda H, Morikawa H. Selective separation of γ-linolenic acid ethyl ester using y-zeolite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0385-6380(87)90118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
So far, reviews that have appeared on fungal lipids present data mainly on the lipid composition of these organisms and the influence of lipids on their physiology. These reviews provide little information about the enzymes of lipid metabolism in these organisms and it is assumed, by most workers, that lipid synthesis in all fungi takes place as in Saccharomyces cervesiae, the only fungus in which the complete pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis have been worked out. During the last few years, literature has accumulated on lipid metabolic enzymes of other fungi, as investigators became increasingly interested in this area of research. The present review, after an introduction, will be divided into different sections and each section will deal, comparatively, with various aspects of fungal lipid metabolism and physiology. This review will, therefore, bring out the differences or similarities of lipid metabolism in diverse fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Farag
- ; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture; Cairo University; Egypt
| | - A. M. Youssef
- ; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture; Cairo University; Egypt
| | - F. A. Khalil
- ; Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture; Cairo University; Egypt
| | - R. A. Taha
- ; Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture; Zagazig University; Egypt
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Clausz
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, Geneseo, New York 14454
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