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Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Gene Fitness during Diazotrophic Growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0124122. [PMID: 36374093 PMCID: PMC9746312 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01241-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria are important to the development of sustainable agricultural systems. PGP microbes that fix atmospheric nitrogen (diazotrophs) could minimize the application of industrially derived fertilizers and function as a biofertilizer. The bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a nitrogen-fixing PGP microbe originally discovered in association with sugarcane plants, where it functions as an endophyte. It also forms endophyte associations with a range of other agriculturally relevant crop plants. G. diazotrophicus requires microaerobic conditions for diazotrophic growth. We generated a transposon library for G. diazotrophicus and cultured the library under various growth conditions and culture medium compositions to measure fitness defects associated with individual transposon inserts (transposon insertion sequencing [Tn-seq]). Using this library, we probed more than 3,200 genes and ascertained the importance of various genes for diazotrophic growth of this microaerobic endophyte. We also identified a set of essential genes. IMPORTANCE Our results demonstrate a succinct set of genes involved in diazotrophic growth for G. diazotrophicus, with a lower degree of redundancy than what is found in other model diazotrophs. The results will serve as a valuable resource for those interested in biological nitrogen fixation and will establish a baseline data set for plant free growth, which could complement future studies related to the endophyte relationship.
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Chauhan A, Karnamkkott HS, Gorantla SMNV, Mondal KC. Dinitrogen Binding and Activation: Bonding Analyses of Stable V(III/I)-N 2-V(III/I) Complexes by the EDA-NOCV Method from the Perspective of Vanadium Nitrogenase. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31577-31590. [PMID: 36092593 PMCID: PMC9453968 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The FeVco cofactor of nitrogenase (VFe7S8(CO3)C) is an alternative in the molybdenum (Mo)-deficient free soil living azotobacter vinelandii. The rate of N2 reduction to NH3 by FeVco is a few times higher than that by FeMoco (MoFe7S9C) at low temperature. It provides a N source in the form of ammonium ions to the soil. This biochemical NH3 synthesis is an alternative to the industrial energy-demanding production of NH3 by the Haber-Bosch process. The role of vanadium has not been clearly understood yet, which has led chemists to come up with several stable V-N2 complexes which have been isolated and characterized in the laboratory over the past three decades. Herein, we report the EDA-NOCV analyses of dinitrogen-bonded stable complexes V(III/I)-N2 (1-4) to provide deeper insights into the fundamental bonding aspects of V-N2 bond, showing the interacting orbitals and corresponding pairwise orbital interaction energies (ΔE orb(n)). The computed intrinsic interaction energy (ΔE int) of V-N2-V bonds is significantly higher than those of the previously reported Fe-N2-Fe bonds. Covalent interaction energy (ΔE orb) is more than double the electrostatic interaction energy (ΔE elstat) of V-N2-V bonds. ΔE int values of V-N2-V bonds are in the range of -172 to -204 kcal/mol. The V → N2 ← V π-backdonation is four times stronger than V ← N2 → V σ-donation. V-N2 bonds are much more covalent in nature than Fe-N2 bonds.
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Parison K, Gies-Elterlein J, Trncik C, Einsle O. Expression, Isolation, and Characterization of Vanadium Nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2353:97-121. [PMID: 34292546 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1605-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogenases are the sole enzymes known to mediate biological nitrogen fixation, an essential process for sustaining life on earth. Among the three known variants, molybdenum nitrogenase is the best-studied to date. Recent work on the alternative vanadium nitrogenase provided important insights into the mechanism of nitrogen fixation since this enzyme differs from its molybdenum counterpart in some important aspects. Here, we present a protocol to obtain unmodified vanadium nitrogenase in high yield and purity from the paradigmatic diazotroph Azotobacter vinelandii, including procedures for cell cultivation, purification, and protein characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Parison
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Trncik
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Einsle
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Douglas C. Rees
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California 91125, United States
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Noar JD, Bruno-Bárcena JM. Azotobacter vinelandii: the source of 100 years of discoveries and many more to come. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018. [PMID: 29533747 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Azotobacter vinelandii has been studied for over 100 years since its discovery as an aerobic nitrogen-fixing organism. This species has proved useful for the study of many different biological systems, including enzyme kinetics and the genetic code. It has been especially useful in working out the structures and mechanisms of different nitrogenase enzymes, how they can function in oxic environments and the interactions of nitrogen fixation with other aspects of metabolism. Interest in studying A. vinelandii has waned in recent decades, but this bacterium still possesses great potential for new discoveries in many fields and commercial applications. The species is of interest for research because of its genetic pliability and natural competence. Its features of particular interest to industry are its ability to produce multiple valuable polymers - bioplastic and alginate in particular; its nitrogen-fixing prowess, which could reduce the need for synthetic fertilizer in agriculture and industrial fermentations, via coculture; its production of potentially useful enzymes and metabolic pathways; and even its biofuel production abilities. This review summarizes the history and potential for future research using this versatile microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Noar
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jose M Bruno-Bárcena
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
The Mo- and V-nitrogenases are two homologous members of the nitrogenase family that are distinguished mainly by the presence of different heterometals (Mo or V) at their respective cofactor sites (M- or V-cluster). However, the V-nitrogenase is ~600-fold more active than its Mo counterpart in reducing CO to hydrocarbons at ambient conditions. Here, we expressed an M-cluster-containing, hybrid V-nitrogenase in Azotobacter vinelandii and compared it to its native, V-cluster-containing counterpart in order to assess the impact of protein scaffold and cofactor species on the differential reactivities of Mo- and V-nitrogenases toward CO. Housed in the VFe protein component of V-nitrogenase, the M-cluster displayed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) features similar to those of the V-cluster and demonstrated an ~100-fold increase in hydrocarbon formation activity from CO reduction, suggesting a significant impact of protein environment on the overall CO-reducing activity of nitrogenase. On the other hand, the M-cluster was still ~6-fold less active than the V-cluster in the same protein scaffold, and it retained its inability to form detectable amounts of methane from CO reduction, illustrating a fine-tuning effect of the cofactor properties on this nitrogenase-catalyzed reaction. Together, these results provided important insights into the two major determinants for the enzymatic activity of CO reduction while establishing a useful framework for further elucidation of the essential catalytic elements for the CO reactivity of nitrogenase. This is the first report on the in vivo generation and in vitro characterization of an M-cluster-containing V-nitrogenase hybrid. The “normalization” of the protein scaffold to that of the V-nitrogenase permits a direct comparison between the cofactor species of the Mo- and V-nitrogenases (M- and V-clusters) in CO reduction, whereas the discrepancy between the protein scaffolds of the Mo- and V-nitrogenases (MoFe and VFe proteins) housing the same cofactor (M-cluster) allows for an effective assessment of the impact of the protein environment on the CO reactivity of nitrogenase. The results of this study provide a first look into the “weighted” contributions of protein environment and cofactor properties to the overall activity of CO reduction; more importantly, they establish a useful platform for further investigation of the structural elements attributing to the CO-reducing activity of nitrogenase.
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Sippel D, Schlesier J, Rohde M, Trncik C, Decamps L, Djurdjevic I, Spatzal T, Andrade SLA, Einsle O. Production and isolation of vanadium nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii by molybdenum depletion. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 22:161-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Noar JD, Bruno-Bárcena JM. Protons and pleomorphs: aerobic hydrogen production in Azotobacters. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Leblanc C, Vilter H, Fournier JB, Delage L, Potin P, Rebuffet E, Michel G, Solari P, Feiters M, Czjzek M. Vanadium haloperoxidases: From the discovery 30 years ago to X-ray crystallographic and V K-edge absorption spectroscopic studies. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Seefeldt LC, Yang ZY, Duval S, Dean DR. Nitrogenase reduction of carbon-containing compounds. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:1102-11. [PMID: 23597875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogenase is an enzyme found in many bacteria and archaea that catalyzes biological dinitrogen fixation, the reduction of N2 to NH3, accounting for the major input of fixed nitrogen into the biogeochemical N cycle. In addition to reducing N2 and protons, nitrogenase can reduce a number of small, non-physiological substrates. Among these alternative substrates are included a wide array of carbon-containing compounds. These compounds have provided unique insights into aspects of the nitrogenase mechanism. Recently, it was shown that carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) can also be reduced by nitrogenase to yield hydrocarbons, opening new insights into the mechanism of small molecule activation and reduction by this complex enzyme as well as providing clues for the design of novel molecular catalysts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metals in Bioenergetics and Biomimetics Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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Glass JB, Wolfe-Simon F, Anbar AD. Coevolution of metal availability and nitrogen assimilation in cyanobacteria and algae. GEOBIOLOGY 2009; 7:100-23. [PMID: 19320747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine primary producers adapted over eons to the changing chemistry of the oceans. Because a number of metalloenzymes are necessary for N assimilation, changes in the availability of transition metals posed a particular challenge to the supply of this critical nutrient that regulates marine biomass and productivity. Integrating recently developed geochemical, biochemical, and genetic evidence, we infer that the use of metals in N assimilation - particularly Fe and Mo - can be understood in terms of the history of metal availability through time. Anoxic, Fe-rich Archean oceans were conducive to the evolution of Fe-using enzymes that assimilate abiogenic NH(4)(+) and NO(2)(-). The N demands of an expanding biosphere were satisfied by the evolution of biological N(2) fixation, possibly utilizing only Fe. Trace O(2) in late Archean environments, and the eventual 'Great Oxidation Event' c. 2.3 Ga, mobilized metals such as Mo, enabling the evolution of Mo (or V)-based N(2) fixation and the Mo-dependent enzymes for NO(3)(-) assimilation and denitrification by prokaryotes. However, the subsequent onset of deep-sea euxinia, an increasingly-accepted idea, may have kept ocean Mo inventories low and depressed Fe, limiting the rate of N(2) fixation and the supply of fixed N. Eukaryotic ecosystems may have been particularly disadvantaged by N scarcity and the high Mo requirement of eukaryotic NO(3)(-) assimilation. Thorough ocean oxygenation in the Neoproterozoic led to Mo-rich oceans, possibly contributing to the proliferation of eukaryotes and thus the Cambrian explosion of metazoan life. These ideas can be tested by more intensive study of the metal requirements in N assimilation and the biological strategies for metal uptake, regulation, and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Glass
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Zumft WG. The molecular basis of biological dinitrogen fixation. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0116518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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14
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Stiefel EI. The Coordination and Bioinorganic Chemistry of Molybdenum. PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470166239.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wever R, de Boer E, Plat H, E. Krenn B. Vanadium - an element involved in the biosynthesis of halogenated compounds and nitrogen fixation. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Eady RR. Structureminus signFunction Relationships of Alternative Nitrogenases. Chem Rev 1996; 96:3013-3030. [PMID: 11848850 DOI: 10.1021/cr950057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Eady
- Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, John Innes Institute, Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UH U.K
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Sakurai H, Taira ZE, Sakai N. Crystal structure of an L-cysteine methyl ester-vanadyl(IV) complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)91885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Abstract
The introduction briefly reviews some of the salient features of the well-characterized conventional molybdo-enzyme system for N2 fixation. This is followed by a brief account of the discovery of an alternative N2 fixation system that does not require molybdenum in the N2-fixing bacterum Azotobacter vinelandii. The next section cites observations from the early literature on N2 fixation suggesting may not always require molybdenum. Next, recent evidence for an alternative N2 fixation system in A. vinelandii is discussed. A brief description of our discovery of an alternative nitrogenase which is not a molybdenum or vanadium enzyme is presented, followed by a summary of recent papers describing an alternative vanadium-containing nitrogenase. Available information on the genetics and regulation of alternative N2 fixation systems is discussed. Finally, the possible/probable presence of alternative N2 fixation systems in bacteria other than Azotobacter species is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Joerger
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, North Carolina
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21
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Eady RR, Robson RL, Richardson TH, Miller RW, Hawkins M. The vanadium nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum. Purification and properties of the VFe protein. Biochem J 1987; 244:197-207. [PMID: 2821997 PMCID: PMC1147972 DOI: 10.1042/bj2440197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Nitrogenase activity of a strain of Azotobacter chroococcum lacking the structural genes for conventional nitrogenase (nifHDK) was separated into two components: an Fe-containing protein and a vanadoprotein. 2. The larger protein was purified to homogeneity by the criterion of electrophoresis of 10% (w/v) acrylamide gels in the presence of SDS. Two types of subunit, of Mr 50,000 and 55,000, were present in equal amounts. 3. The protein had an Mr of 210,000 and contained 2 V atoms, 23 Fe atoms and 20 acid-labile sulphide groups per molecule. The Mo content was less than 0.06 g-atom/mol. All the common amino acids were present, with a predominance of acidic residues. Ultracentrifugal analysis gave a maximum sedimentation coefficient of 9.7 S and a symmetrical boundary at 5 mg of protein X ml-1; dissociation occurred at lower concentrations. The specific activities (nmol of product/min per mg of protein), when assayed under optimum conditions with the complementary Fe protein from this strain, were 1348 for H2 evolution, 350 for NH3 formation and 608 for acetylene reduction. Activity was O2-labile, with a t1/2 of 40 s in air. At low temperatures the dithionite-reduced protein showed e.p.r. signals at g = 5.6, 4.35, 3.77 and 1.93, consistent with an S = 3/2 ground state with an additional S = 1/2 centre giving rise to the feature at g = 1.93. The u.v. spectra of dithionite-reduced and thionine-oxidized protein were very similar. Oxidation resulted in a general increase in absorbance in the visible region. The shoulder at 380 nm in the spectrum of reduced protein was replaced with shoulders near 330 nm and 420 nm on oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Eady
- AFRC Unit of Nitrogen Fixation, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K
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Robson RL, Eady RR, Richardson TH, Miller RW, Hawkins M, Postgate JR. The alternative nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum is a vanadium enzyme. Nature 1986. [DOI: 10.1038/322388a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Eady RR, Robson RL. Characteristics of N2 fixation in Mo-limited batch and continuous cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii. Biochem J 1984; 224:853-62. [PMID: 6596950 PMCID: PMC1144521 DOI: 10.1042/bj2240853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Steady-state chemostat cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii were established in a simple defined medium that had been chemically purified to minimize Mo and that contained no utilizable combined N source. Growth was dependent on N2 fixation, the limiting nutrient being the Mo contaminating the system. The Mo content of the organisms was at least 100-fold lower than that of Mo-sufficient cultures, and they lacked the characteristic g = 3.7 e.p.r. feature of the MoFe-protein of nitrogenase. A characteristic of nitrogenase activity in vivo in Mo-limited populations was a disproportionately low activity for acetylene reduction, which was 0.3 to 0.1 of that expected from the rate of N2 reduction. Acetylene was also a poor substrate in comparison with protons as a substrate for nitrogenase, and did not markedly inhibit H2 evolution, in contrast with Mo-sufficient populations. In batch cultures in similar medium or 'spent' chemostat medium inoculated with Mo-limited organisms, the addition of Mo elicited a biphasic increased growth response at concentrations as low as 2.5 nM, provided that sufficient Fe was supplied. In this system V did not substitute for Mo, and Mo-deficient cultures ceased growth at a 25-fold lower population density compared with cultures supplemented with Mo. Nitrogenase component proteins could not be unequivocally detected by visual inspection of fractionated crude extracts of Mo-limited organisms. 35SO42-pulse-labelling studies also showed that the rate of synthesis of the MoFe-protein component of nitrogenase was too low to be quantified. However, the Fe-protein of nitrogenase was apparently synthesized at high rates. The discussion includes an evaluation of the possibility that A. vinelandii possesses an Mo-independent N2-fixation system.
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Szeymies D, Krebs B, Henkel G. Vanadium-Thilat-Komplexe mit VS5-und VOS4-Zentren: Synthese und Struktur von [VS(SC2H4S)2]2⊖ und Na2[VO(SC2H4S)2].8 MeOH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19840961017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mo-V interactions during N2- and NO 3 − -metabolism in a N2-fixing blue-green algaNostoc muscorum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01963121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Reeves MW, Pine L, Hutner SH, George JR, Harrell WK. Metal requirements of Legionella pneumophila. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13:688-95. [PMID: 6785311 PMCID: PMC273860 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.13.4.688-695.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Serial passage of six strains of Legionella pneumophila and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a liquid chemically defined medium deficient in trace metals resulted in the death of five L. pneumophila strains and very limited growth in the remaining strain and the P. aeruginosa strain. Addition of either iron or magnesium restored growth to almost normal levels in all of the strains when early-passage inocula were used. A low concentration of magnesium stimulated growth with cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, or zinc. When a complete defined medium containing trace metals was used, growth was inhibited by adding the chelators ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citrate, or 2,2'-bipyridyl. Chelator inhibition was partly or fully relieved with either calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, or zinc. P. aeruginosa differed from L. pneumophila in that it required higher concentrations of each chelator to inhibit growth and that its growth was stimulated by only four metals: calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc. A trace-metal supplement for L. pneumophila was designed which included all metals stimulating growth in these experiments and which proved to be sufficient for optimal growth of all the strains.
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The structure and function of nitrogenase: A review of the evidence for the role of molybdenum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-5088(77)90069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zumft WG, Mortenson LE. The nitrogen-fixing complex of bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 416:1-52. [PMID: 164247 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(75)90012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Nagatani HH, Brill WJ. Nitrogenase V. The effect of Mo, W and V on the synthesis of nitrogenase components in Azotobacter vinelandii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 362:160-6. [PMID: 4422774 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(74)90037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Lee KY, Erickson R, Pan SS, Jones G, May F, Nason A. Effect of Tungsten and Vanadium on the in Vitro Assembly of Assimilatory Nitrate Reductase Utilizing Neurospora Mutant nit-1. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Paschinger H. A changed nitrogenase activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum after substitution of tungsten for molybdenum. Arch Microbiol 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00455954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Fay P, de Vasconcelos L. Nitrogen metabolism and ultrastructure in Anabaena cylindrica. II. The effect of molybdenum and vanadium. Arch Microbiol 1974; 99:221-30. [PMID: 4372965 DOI: 10.1007/bf00696236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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36
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Andreesen JR, Ljungdahl LG. Formate dehydrogenase of Clostridium thermoaceticum: incorporation of selenium-75, and the effects of selenite, molybdate, and tungstate on the enzyme. J Bacteriol 1973; 116:867-73. [PMID: 4147651 PMCID: PMC285457 DOI: 10.1128/jb.116.2.867-873.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent formate dehydrogenase in Clostridium thermoaceticum is stimulated by the presence of molybdate and selenite in the growth medium. The highest formate dehydrogenase activity was obtained with 2.5 x 10(-4) M Na(2)MoO(4) and 5 x 10(-5) Na(2)SeO(3). Tungstate but not vanadate could replace molybdate and stimulate the formation of formate dehydrogenase. Tungstate stimulated activity more than molybdate, and in combination with molybdate the stimulation of formation of formate dehydrogenase was additive. Formate dehydrogenase was isolated from cells grown in the presence of Na(2) (75)SeO(2), and a correlation was observed between bound (75)Se and enzyme activity.
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Benemann JR, Smith GM, Kostel PJ, McKenna CE. Tungsten incorporation into Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase. FEBS Lett 1973; 29:219-221. [PMID: 11946917 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R. Benemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 92037, La Jolla, Calif., USA
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Notton BA, Hewitt EJ. Comparative aspects of incorporation of vanadium, tungsten or molybdenum into protein of nitrate reductase of Spinacea oleracea L. leaves. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 275:355-7. [PMID: 5070057 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(72)90216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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