1
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Yang L, Wei J, Feng W. Co-immobilization of galactose oxidase, catalase, and Mn-superoxide dismutase for efficient conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran in water. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 231:113541. [PMID: 37722253 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The three enzymes galactose oxidase (GO), catalase (CAT), and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) were simultaneously immobilized by coordinating to CuII in phosphate buffer saline. The biocatalyst GO&CAT&SOD@CuII was used for the conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The immobilized GO catalyzes the oxidation of HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), concomitantly the co-substrate O2 is reduced to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A portion of the byproduct H2O2 is broken down to O2 and H2O by the co-immobilized CAT, and the evolved O2 can be recycled and used as the co-substrate. A portion of the byproduct H2O2 is broken down to produce hydroxyl radicals •OH under the synergistic catalysis of the immobilized SOD and coordinated CuII, and the produced •OH can reactivate the immobilized galactose oxidase. Two aspects contribute to the high catalytic efficiency by GO&CAT&SOD@CuII: the reactivation of the immobilized galactose oxidase by producing •OH and the enrichment of the co-substate O2 by recycling the produced O2. For the conversion of 10 mM HMF, GO&CAT&SOD@CuII (with encapsulated GO 0.2 mg/mL) achieved 97% HMF conversion within 2 h reaction. In contrast, free galactose oxidase M3-5 variant (ACS Catalysis 2018, 8, 4025) (0.2 mg/mL) achieved 25.3% HMF conversion within 2 h reaction. All the reactions were carried out in pure water, not in PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxing Wei
- Department of Biological Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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2
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Ribeaucourt D, Höfler GT, Yemloul M, Bissaro B, Lambert F, Berrin JG, Lafond M, Paul CE. Tunable Production of ( R)- or ( S)-Citronellal from Geraniol via a Bienzymatic Cascade Using a Copper Radical Alcohol Oxidase and Old Yellow Enzyme. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1111-1116. [PMID: 35096467 PMCID: PMC8787751 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic pathways for the synthesis of (-)-menthol, the most sold flavor worldwide, are highly sought-after. To access the key intermediate (R)-citronellal used in current major industrial production routes, we established a one-pot bienzymatic cascade from inexpensive geraniol, overcoming the problematic biocatalytic reduction of the mixture of (E/Z)-isomers in citral by harnessing a copper radical oxidase (CgrAlcOx) and an old yellow enzyme (OYE). The cascade using OYE2 delivered 95.1% conversion to (R)-citronellal with 95.9% ee, a 62 mg scale-up affording high yield and similar optical purity. An alternative OYE, GluER, gave (S)-citronellal from geraniol with 95.3% conversion and 99.2% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ribeaucourt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620 Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Georg T. Höfler
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Yemloul
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Lambert
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620 Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Parodi A, Asteasuain M, Magario I. Kinetic analysis and evaluation of galactose oxidase activation by hematin in the green oxidation of glycerol. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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4
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Johnson HC, Zhang S, Fryszkowska A, Ruccolo S, Robaire SA, Klapars A, Patel NR, Whittaker AM, Huffman MA, Strotman NA. Biocatalytic oxidation of alcohols using galactose oxidase and a manganese(iii) activator for the synthesis of islatravir. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1620-1625. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02395g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Manganese(iii) acetate activates galactose oxidase (GOase), a Cu-dependent metalloenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Department of Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Anna Fryszkowska
- Department of Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Serge Ruccolo
- Department of Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Sandra A. Robaire
- Department of Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Artis Klapars
- Department of Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Niki R. Patel
- Department of Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | | | - Mark A. Huffman
- Department of Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Department of Process Research and Development
- Merck & Co
- Inc
- Rahway
- USA
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5
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Tan H, Zhou F, Liao D, Ouyang J, Zheng Z. Improved biosynthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid through coupling of heterologous pathways in Escherichia coli and native pathways in Pseudomonas putida. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Forget SM, Xia F(R, Hein JE, Brumer H. Determination of biocatalytic parameters of a copper radical oxidase using real-time reaction progress monitoring. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2076-2084. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02757b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
VTNA is applied to reaction progress curves to glean key kinetic and mechanistic details for a copper radical oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Forget
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories
| | - Fan (Roderick) Xia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories
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7
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Aumala V, Mollerup F, Jurak E, Blume F, Karppi J, Koistinen AE, Schuiten E, Voß M, Bornscheuer U, Deska J, Master ER. Biocatalytic Production of Amino Carbohydrates through Oxidoreductase and Transaminase Cascades. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:848-857. [PMID: 30589228 PMCID: PMC6519198 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived carbohydrates are an abundant renewable resource. Transformation of carbohydrates into new products, including amine-functionalized building blocks for biomaterials applications, can lower reliance on fossil resources. Herein, biocatalytic production routes to amino carbohydrates, including oligosaccharides, are demonstrated. In each case, two-step biocatalysis was performed to functionalize d-galactose-containing carbohydrates by employing the galactose oxidase from Fusarium graminearum or a pyranose dehydrogenase from Agaricus bisporus followed by the ω-transaminase from Chromobacterium violaceum (Cvi-ω-TA). Formation of 6-amino-6-deoxy-d-galactose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactose, and 2-amino-2-deoxy-6-aldo-d-galactose was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The activity of Cvi-ω-TA was highest towards 6-aldo-d-galactose, for which the highest yield of 6-amino-6-deoxy-d-galactose (67 %) was achieved in reactions permitting simultaneous oxidation of d-galactose and transamination of the resulting 6-aldo-d-galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Aumala
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Filip Mollerup
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Edita Jurak
- Department of Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Fabian Blume
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Johanna Karppi
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Antti E. Koistinen
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Eva Schuiten
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Straße 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Moritz Voß
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Straße 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Straße 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Jan Deska
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
| | - Emma R. Master
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityKemistintie 102150EspooFinland
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Toronto200 College StreetTorontoOntarioM5S 3E5Canada
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8
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Chapman MR, Cosgrove SC, Turner NJ, Kapur N, Blacker AJ. Highly Productive Oxidative Biocatalysis in Continuous Flow by Enhancing the Aqueous Equilibrium Solubility of Oxygen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Chapman
- School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process EngineeringInstitute of Process Research and DevelopmentUniversity of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - Nicholas J. Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - A. John Blacker
- School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process EngineeringInstitute of Process Research and DevelopmentUniversity of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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9
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Chapman MR, Cosgrove SC, Turner NJ, Kapur N, Blacker AJ. Highly Productive Oxidative Biocatalysis in Continuous Flow by Enhancing the Aqueous Equilibrium Solubility of Oxygen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10535-10539. [PMID: 29741801 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple, mild, and synthetically clean approach to accelerate the rate of enzymatic oxidation reactions by a factor of up to 100 when compared to conventional batch gas/liquid systems. Biocatalytic decomposition of H2 O2 is used to produce a soluble source of O2 directly in reaction media, thereby enabling the concentration of aqueous O2 to be increased beyond equilibrium solubility under safe and practical conditions. To best exploit this method, a novel flow reactor was developed to maximize productivity (g product L-1 h-1 ). This scalable benchtop method provides a distinct advantage over conventional bio-oxidation in that no pressurized gas or specialist equipment is employed. The method is general across different oxidase enzymes and compatible with a variety of functional groups. These results culminate in record space-time yields for bio-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Chapman
- School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sebastian C Cosgrove
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A John Blacker
- School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Institute of Process Research and Development, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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10
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Toftgaard Pedersen A, Birmingham WR, Rehn G, Charnock SJ, Turner NJ, Woodley JM. Process Requirements of Galactose Oxidase Catalyzed Oxidation of Alcohols. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asbjørn Toftgaard Pedersen
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - William R. Birmingham
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Gustav Rehn
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simon J. Charnock
- Prozomix
Ltd, Station Court, Haltwhistle, Northumberland NE49 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Roncal T, Muñoz C, Lorenzo L, Maestro B, Díaz de Guereñu MDM. Two-step oxidation of glycerol to glyceric acid catalyzed by the Phanerochaete chrysosporium glyoxal oxidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Siebum A, van Wijk A, Schoevaart R, Kieboom T. Galactose oxidase and alcohol oxidase: Scope and limitations for the enzymatic synthesis of aldehydes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Lambert JM, McIntyre G, Gauthier MN, Zullo D, Rao V, Steeves RM, Goldmacher VS, Blättler WA. The galactose-binding sites of the cytotoxic lectin ricin can be chemically blocked in high yield with reactive ligands prepared by chemical modification of glycopeptides containing triantennary N-linked oligosaccharides. Biochemistry 1991; 30:3234-47. [PMID: 1706936 DOI: 10.1021/bi00227a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A glycopeptide containing a triantennary N-linked oligosaccharide from fetuin was modified by a series of chemical and enzymic reactions to afford a reagent that contained a terminal residue of 6-(N-methylamino)-6-deoxy-D-galactose on one branch of the triantennary structure and terminal galactose residues on the other two branches. Binding assays and gel filtration experiments showed that this modified glycopeptide could bind to the sugar-binding sites of ricin. The ligand was activated at the 6-(N-methylamino)-6-deoxy-D-galactose residue by reaction with cyanuric chloride. The resulting dichlorotriazine derivative of the ligand reacts with ricin, forming a stable covalent linkage. The reaction was confined to the B-chain and was inhibited by lactose. Bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin were not modified by the activated ligand under similar conditions, and we conclude, therefore, that the reaction of the ligand with ricin B-chain was dependent upon specific binding to sugar-binding sites. Ricin that had its galactose-binding sites blocked by the covalent reaction with the activated ligand was purified by affinity chromatography. The major species in this fraction was found to contain 2 covalently linked ligands per ricin B-chain, while a minor species contained 3 ligands per B-chain. The cytotoxicity of blocked ricin was at least 1000-fold less than that of native ricin for cultured cells in vitro, even though the activity of the A-chain in a cell-free system was equal to that from native ricin. Modified ricin that contained only 1 covalently linked ligand was also purified. This fraction retained an ability to bind to galactose affinity columns, although with a lower affinity than ricin, and was only 5- to 20-fold less cytotoxic than native ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lambert
- ImmunoGen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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14
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Pedrosa FO, Zancan GT. Effect of oxygen on galactose oxidase synthesis and secretion inDactylium dendroides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(86)90038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Mediated amperometric biosensors for d-galactose, glycolate and l-amino acids based on a ferrocene-modified carbon paste electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)82441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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17
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Klibanov AM, Alberti BN, Marletta MA. Stereospecific oxidation of aliphatic alcohols catalyzed by galactose oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 108:804-8. [PMID: 7150324 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)90900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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19
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Kwiatkowski LD, Adelman M, Pennelly R, Kosman DJ. Kinetic mechanism of the Cu(II) enzyme galactose oxidase. J Inorg Biochem 1981; 14:209-22. [PMID: 7196436 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(00)80001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state kinetics of four redox reactions catalyzed by galactose oxidase have been determined. The alcohol substrate used in each case was galactose; the four oxidant substrates used were O2, IrCl6(2)-, porphyrexide, and Fe(CN)6(3)-. With the exception of the last reagent, saturation behavior is exhibited by all substrates. Double reciprocal plots of rate data obtained varying one substrate at various concentrations of the other are intersecting for all parsi that exhibited saturation behavior. Thus, these reactions are kinetically sequential processes involving single central complexes. These complexes involve enzyme, galactose, and one molecule of oxidant, whether or not the oxidant is a one- or two-electron acceptor. This result indicates that for one-electron oxidants, an enzyme.alcohol-derived radical species may exist as a transient prior to the reaction of the second electron equivalent of oxidant. A similar substrate radical.O2- transient is postulated in the reaction involving O2. The inhibition by H2O2 has also been studied in detail. H2O2 apparently binds to the enzyme at two sites. The nature of alcohol and O2 binding to the enzyme Cu(II) is discussed in light of these kinetic results.
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20
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21
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22
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Tressel P, Kosman DJ. o,o-Dityrosine in native and horseradish peroxidase-activated galactose oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 92:781-6. [PMID: 7362603 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)90771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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24
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Symonyan MA, Nalbandyan RM. The effects of oxygen on alkaline solutions of superoxide dismutase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 71:1131-8. [PMID: 9934 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Hamilton GA, Dyrkacz GR, Libby RD. The involvement of superoxide and trivalent copper in the galactose oxidase reaction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 74:489-504. [PMID: 183480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3270-1_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Cleveland L, Coffman RE, Coon P, Davis L. An investigation of the role of the copper in galactose oxidase. Biochemistry 1975; 14:1108-15. [PMID: 164209 DOI: 10.1021/bi00677a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galactose oxidase is a metalloenzyme containing a single copper atom per molecule. The mechanism of action of galactose oxidase is studied in this paper by investigating substrate specificity and activation by peroxidase, and probing the copper site by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Line-shape simulation of ESR spectra are also reported and a comparison is made between observed and simulated spectra for galactose oxidase. A comparison is also reported for the enzyme from various commercial sources and enzyme isolated from a fungus in this laboratory. The results of this investigation suggest that the copper is in an environment of four in-plane nitrogens with axial symmetry.
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27
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28
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Kosman DJ, Ettinger MJ, Weiner RE, Massaro EJ. The molecular properties of the copper enzyme galactose oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 165:456-67. [PMID: 4441089 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Cleveland L, Davis L. Superoxide dismutase activity of galactose oxidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 341:517-23. [PMID: 4134121 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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