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Zha A, Tu R, Qi M, Wang J, Tan B, Liao P, Wu C, Yin Y. Mannan oligosaccharides selenium ameliorates intestinal mucosal barrier, and regulate intestinal microbiota to prevent Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli -induced diarrhea in weaned piglets. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115448. [PMID: 37696080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common diarrheal pathogen in humans and animals. To prevent and treat ETEC induced diarrhea, we synthesized mannan oligosaccharide selenium (MOSS) and studied its beneficial effect on ETEC-induced diarrhea. A total of 32 healthy weaned piglets (6.69 ± 0.01 kg) were randomly divided into four groups: NC group (Basal diet), MOSS group (0.4 mg/kg MOSS supplemented diet), MOET group (0.4 mg/kg MOSS supplemented diet + ETEC treatment), ETEC group (ETEC treatment). NC and ETEC group fed with basal diet, MOSS and MOET group fed with the MOSS supplemented diet. On the 8th and 15th day of the experiment, MOET and ETEC group were gavaged with ETEC, and NC and MOSS group were gavaged with stroke-physiological saline solution. Our data showed that dietary MOSS supplementation increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) and significantly decreased diarrhea index and frequency in ETEC-treated piglets. MOSS did not affect the α diversity and β diversity of ileal microbial community, but it significantly decreased the proportion of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in ileal microbial community. MOSS supplementation regulated colonic microbiota community composition, which significantly increased carbohydrate metabolism, and inhibited lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway in colonic microbial community. Moreover, MOSS significantly decreased inflammatory stress, and oxidative stress in ETEC treated piglets. Furthermore, dietary MOSS supplementation significantly decreased intestinal barrier permeability, and alleviated ETEC induced intestinal mucosa barrier irritation. In conclusion, our study showed that dietary MOSS supplementation ameliorated intestinal mucosa barrier, and regulated intestinal microbiota to prevent ETEC induced diarrhea in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zha
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Ruiqi Tu
- College of veterinary medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ming Qi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of animal science and technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Bie Tan
- College of animal science and technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Chenchen Wu
- College of veterinary medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; College of animal science and technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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2
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Palmioli A, Moretti L, Vezzoni CA, Legnani L, Sperandeo P, Baldini L, Sansone F, Airoldi C, Casnati A. Multivalent calix[4]arene-based mannosylated dendrons as new FimH ligands and inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106613. [PMID: 37224739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological characterization of a novel class of multivalent glycoconjugates as hit compounds for the design of new antiadhesive therapies against urogenital tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic E. coli strains (UPEC). The first step of UTIs is the molecular recognition of high mannose N-glycan expressed on the surface of urothelial cells by the bacterial lectin FimH, allowing the pathogen adhesion required for mammalian cell invasion. The inhibition of FimH-mediated interactions is thus a validated strategy for the treatment of UTIs. To this purpose, we designed and synthesized d-mannose multivalent dendrons supported on a calixarene core introducing a significant structural change from a previously described family of dendrimers bearing the same dendrons units on a flexible pentaerythritol scaffold core. The new molecular architecture increased the inhibitory potency against FimH-mediated adhesion processes by about 16 times, as assessed by yeast agglutination assay. Moreover, the direct molecular interaction of the new compounds with FimH protein was assessed by on-cell NMR experiments acquired in the presence of UPEC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Palmioli
- BioOrg NMR Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Moretti
- BioOrg NMR Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Vezzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Legnani
- BioOrg NMR Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sperandeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9/11/13, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Baldini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Airoldi
- BioOrg NMR Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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3
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Faustino M, Silva S, Costa EM, Pereira AM, Pereira JO, Oliveira AS, Ferreira CMH, Pereira CF, Durão J, Pintado ME, Carvalho AP. Effect of Mannan Oligosaccharides Extracts in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Adhesion in Human Bladder Cells. Pathogens 2023; 12:885. [PMID: 37513732 PMCID: PMC10384913 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common public health problem, mainly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Patients with chronic UTIs are usually treated with long-acting prophylactic antibiotics, which promotes the development of antibiotic-resistant UPEC strains and may complicate their long-term management. D-mannose and extracts rich in D-mannose such as mannan oligosaccharides (MOS; D-mannose oligomers) are promising alternatives to antibiotic prophylaxis due to their ability to inhibit bacterial adhesion to urothelial cells and, therefore, infection. This highlights the therapeutic potential and commercial value of using them as health supplements. Studies on the effect of MOS in UTIs are, however, scarce. Aiming to evaluate the potential benefits of using MOS extracts in UTIs prophylaxis, their ability to inhibit the adhesion of UPEC to urothelial cells and its mechanism of action were assessed. Additionally, the expression levels of the pro-inflammatory marker interleukin 6 (IL-6) were also evaluated. After characterizing their cytotoxic profiles, the preliminary results indicated that MOS extracts have potential to be used for the handling of UTIs and demonstrated that the mechanism through which they inhibit bacterial adhesion is through the competitive inhibition of FimH adhesins through the action of mannose, validated by a bacterial growth impact assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Faustino
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Silva
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo M Costa
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Pereira
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Odila Pereira
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Oliveira
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos M H Ferreira
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla F Pereira
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Durão
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Pintado
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Carvalho
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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Bhowmik A, Chunhavacharatorn P, Bhargav S, Malhotra A, Sendrayakannan A, Kharkar PS, Nirmal NP, Chauhan A. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Potential Antibiofilm Agents: A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235112. [PMID: 36501142 PMCID: PMC9737902 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-associated bacterial communities called biofilms are ubiquitous in nature. Biofilms are detrimental in medical settings due to their high tolerance to antibiotics and may alter the final pathophysiological outcome of many healthcare-related infections. Several innovative prophylactic and therapeutic strategies targeting specific mechanisms and/or pathways have been discovered and exploited in the clinic. One such emerging and original approach to dealing with biofilms is the use of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are the third most abundant solid component in human milk after lactose and lipids. HMOs are safe to consume (GRAS status) and act as prebiotics by inducing the growth and colonization of gut microbiota, in addition to strengthening the intestinal epithelial barrier, thereby protecting from pathogens. Moreover, HMOs can disrupt biofilm formation and inhibit the growth of specific microbes. In the present review, we summarize the potential of HMOs as antibacterial and antibiofilm agents and, hence, propose further investigations on using HMOs for new-age therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankurita Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University, Agartala 799022, India
| | | | - Sharanya Bhargav
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yuvaraja’s College, Mysuru 570005, India
| | - Akshit Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University, Agartala 799022, India
- Invisiobiome, New Delhi 110066, India
| | - Akalya Sendrayakannan
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Prashant S. Kharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
- Correspondence: (P.S.K.); (N.P.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.S.K.); (N.P.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Ashwini Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University, Agartala 799022, India
- Correspondence: (P.S.K.); (N.P.N.); (A.C.)
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5
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N-glycosylation of cervicovaginal fluid reflects microbial community, immune activity, and pregnancy status. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16948. [PMID: 36216861 PMCID: PMC9551102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) is a complex, functionally important and glycan rich biological fluid, fundamental in mediating physiological events associated with reproductive health. Using a comprehensive glycomic strategy we reveal an extremely rich and complex N-glycome in CVF of pregnant and non-pregnant women, abundant in paucimannose and high mannose glycans, complex glycans with 2-4 N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) antennae, and Poly-LacNAc glycans decorated with fucosylation and sialylation. N-glycosylation profiles were observed to differ in relation to pregnancy status, microbial composition, immune activation, and pregnancy outcome. Compared to CVF from women experiencing term birth, CVF from women who subsequently experienced preterm birth showed lower sialylation, which correlated to the presence of a diverse microbiome, and higher fucosylation, which correlated positively to pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration. This study is the first step towards better understanding the role of cervicovaginal glycans in reproductive health, their contribution to the mechanism of microbial driven preterm birth, and their potential for preventative therapy.
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6
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Murugaiyan J, Kumar PA, Rao GS, Iskandar K, Hawser S, Hays JP, Mohsen Y, Adukkadukkam S, Awuah WA, Jose RAM, Sylvia N, Nansubuga EP, Tilocca B, Roncada P, Roson-Calero N, Moreno-Morales J, Amin R, Kumar BK, Kumar A, Toufik AR, Zaw TN, Akinwotu OO, Satyaseela MP, van Dongen MBM. Progress in Alternative Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Focus on Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:200. [PMID: 35203804 PMCID: PMC8868457 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance, and, in a broader perspective, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), continues to evolve and spread beyond all boundaries. As a result, infectious diseases have become more challenging or even impossible to treat, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Despite the failure of conventional, traditional antimicrobial therapy, in the past two decades, no novel class of antibiotics has been introduced. Consequently, several novel alternative strategies to combat these (multi-) drug-resistant infectious microorganisms have been identified. The purpose of this review is to gather and consider the strategies that are being applied or proposed as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics. These strategies include combination therapy, techniques that target the enzymes or proteins responsible for antimicrobial resistance, resistant bacteria, drug delivery systems, physicochemical methods, and unconventional techniques, including the CRISPR-Cas system. These alternative strategies may have the potential to change the treatment of multi-drug-resistant pathogens in human clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaseelan Murugaiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur District, Amaravati 522240, India;
| | - P. Anand Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Gannavaram 521102, India;
| | - G. Srinivasa Rao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati 517502, India;
| | - Katia Iskandar
- Department of Mathématiques Informatique et Télécommunications, Université Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, INSERM, UMR 1295, 31000 Toulouse, France;
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573, Lebanon
| | | | - John P. Hays
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC), 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Yara Mohsen
- Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt;
- Infectious Disease Clinical Pharmacist, Antimicrobial Stewardship Department, International Medical Center Hospital, Cairo 11511, Egypt
| | - Saranya Adukkadukkam
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur District, Amaravati 522240, India;
| | - Wireko Andrew Awuah
- Faculty of Medicine, Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (W.A.A.); (A.-R.T.)
| | - Ruiz Alvarez Maria Jose
- Research Coordination and Support Service, National Institute of Health (ISS) Viale Regina -Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nanono Sylvia
- Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala 7072, Uganda;
| | | | - Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (B.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Science, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (B.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Natalia Roson-Calero
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Javier Moreno-Morales
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (N.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Rohul Amin
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Division of Infectious Diseases, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, India;
| | - Abishek Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India;
| | - Abdul-Rahman Toufik
- Faculty of Medicine, Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine; (W.A.A.); (A.-R.T.)
| | - Thaint Nadi Zaw
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Oluwatosin O. Akinwotu
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, India;
- Environmental and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, 200132 Ibadan, Nigeria
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Palmioli A, Sperandeo P, Bertuzzi S, Polissi A, Airoldi C. On-cell saturation transfer difference NMR for the identification of FimH ligands and inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104876. [PMID: 33845337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of an on-cell NMR method for the rapid screening of FimH ligands and the structural identification of ligand binding epitopes. FimH is a mannose-binding bacterial adhesin expressed at the apical end of type 1 pili of uropathogenic bacterial strains and responsible for their d-mannose sensitive adhesion to host mammalian epithelial cells. Because of these properties, FimH is a key virulence factor and an attractive therapeutic target for urinary tract infection. We prepared synthetic d-mannose decorated dendrimers, we tested their ability to prevent the FimH-mediated yeast agglutination, and thus we used the compounds showing the best inhibitory activity as models of FimH multivalent ligands to set up our NMR methodology. Our experimental protocol, based on on-cell STD NMR techniques, is a suitable tool for the screening and the epitope mapping of FimH ligands aimed at the development of new antiadhesive and diagnostic tools against urinary tract infection pathogens. Notably, the study is carried out in a physiological environment, i.e. at the surface of living pathogen cells expressing FimH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Palmioli
- BioOrg NMR Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Sperandeo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9/11/13, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Bertuzzi
- BioOrg NMR Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; Chemical Glycobiology Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC-bioGUNE), 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Alessandra Polissi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9/11/13, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Airoldi
- BioOrg NMR Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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Sarshar M, Behzadi P, Ambrosi C, Zagaglia C, Palamara AT, Scribano D. FimH and Anti-Adhesive Therapeutics: A Disarming Strategy Against Uropathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E397. [PMID: 32664222 PMCID: PMC7400442 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-usher fimbrial adhesins are powerful weapons against the uropathogens that allow the establishment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). As the antibiotic therapeutic strategy has become less effective in the treatment of uropathogen-related UTIs, the anti-adhesive molecules active against fimbrial adhesins, key determinants of urovirulence, are attractive alternatives. The best-characterized bacterial adhesin is FimH, produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Hence, a number of high-affinity mono- and polyvalent mannose-based FimH antagonists, characterized by different bioavailabilities, have been reported. Given that antagonist affinities are firmly associated with the functional heterogeneities of different FimH variants, several FimH inhibitors have been developed using ligand-drug discovery strategies to generate high-affinity molecules for successful anti-adhesion therapy. As clinical trials have shown d-mannose's efficacy in UTIs prevention, it is supposed that mannosides could be a first-in-class strategy not only for UTIs, but also to combat other Gram-negative bacterial infections. Therefore, the current review discusses valuable and effective FimH anti-adhesive molecules active against UTIs, from design and synthesis to in vitro and in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Sarshar
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia- Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 37541-374, Iran
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia- Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Dani Di Giò Foundation-Onlus, 00193 Rome, Italy
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9
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Anti-Pathogenic Functions of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides In Vitro. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061789. [PMID: 32560186 PMCID: PMC7353314 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs), complex carbohydrates that resist hydrolysis by salivary and intestinal digestive enzymes, fulfill a diversity of important biological roles. A lot of NDOs are known for their prebiotic properties by stimulating beneficial bacteria in the intestinal microbiota. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) represent the first prebiotics that humans encounter in life. Inspired by these HMO structures, chemically-produced NDO structures (e.g., galacto-oligosaccharides and chito-oligosaccharides) have been recognized as valuable food additives and exert promising health effects. Besides their apparent ability to stimulate beneficial microbial species, oligosaccharides have shown to be important inhibitors of the development of pathogenic infections. Depending on the type and structural characteristics, oligosaccharides can exert a number of anti-pathogenic effects. The most described effect is their ability to act as a decoy receptor, thereby inhibiting adhesion of pathogens. Other ways of pathogenic inhibition, such as interference with pathogenic cell membrane and biofilm integrity and DNA transcription, are less investigated, but could be equally impactful. In this review, a comprehensive overview of In vitro anti-pathogenic properties of different NDOs and associated pathways are discussed. A framework is created categorizing all anti-pathogenic effects and providing insight into structural necessities for an oligosaccharide to exert one of these effects.
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Scribano D, Sarshar M, Prezioso C, Lucarelli M, Angeloni A, Zagaglia C, Palamara AT, Ambrosi C. d-Mannose Treatment neither Affects Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Properties nor Induces Stable FimH Modifications. Molecules 2020; 25:E316. [PMID: 31941080 PMCID: PMC7024335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are mainly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Acute and recurrent UTIs are commonly treated with antibiotics, the efficacy of which is limited by the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. The natural sugar d-mannose is considered as an alternative to antibiotics due to its ability to mask the bacterial adhesin FimH, thereby preventing its binding to urothelial cells. Despite its extensive use, the possibility that d-mannose exerts "antibiotic-like" activity by altering bacterial growth and metabolism or selecting FimH variants has not been investigated yet. To this aim, main bacterial features of the prototype UPEC strain CFT073 treated with d-mannose were analyzed by standard microbiological methods. FimH functionality was analyzed by yeast agglutination and human bladder cell adhesion assays. Our results indicate that high d-mannose concentrations have no effect on bacterial growth and do not interfere with the activity of different antibiotics. d-mannose ranked as the least preferred carbon source to support bacterial metabolism and growth, in comparison with d-glucose, d-fructose, and l-arabinose. Since small glucose amounts are physiologically detectable in urine, we can conclude that the presence of d-mannose is irrelevant for bacterial metabolism. Moreover, d-mannose removal after long-term exposure did not alter FimH's capacity to bind to mannosylated proteins. Overall, our data indicate that d-mannose is a good alternative in the prevention and treatment of UPEC-related UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Scribano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (C.P.); (C.Z.)
- Dani Di Giò Foundation-Onlus, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (A.T.P.)
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (C.P.); (C.Z.)
| | - Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.L.); (A.A.)
- Pasteur Institute Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.S.); (C.P.); (C.Z.)
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (A.T.P.)
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Ambrosi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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11
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Strategies for the Development of Glycomimetic Drug Candidates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020055. [PMID: 30978966 PMCID: PMC6631974 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a structurally-diverse group of natural products which play an important role in numerous biological processes, including immune regulation, infection, and cancer metastasis. Many diseases have been correlated with changes in the composition of cell-surface glycans, highlighting their potential as a therapeutic target. Unfortunately, native carbohydrates suffer from inherently weak binding affinities and poor pharmacokinetic properties. To enhance their usefulness as drug candidates, 'glycomimetics' have been developed: more drug-like compounds which mimic the structure and function of native carbohydrates. Approaches to improve binding affinities (e.g., deoxygenation, pre-organization) and pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., limiting metabolic degradation, improving permeability) have been highlighted in this review, accompanied by relevant examples. By utilizing these strategies, high-affinity ligands with optimized properties can be rationally designed and used to address therapies for novel carbohydrate-binding targets.
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12
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Kittana H, Quintero-Villegas MI, Bindels LB, Gomes-Neto JC, Schmaltz RJ, Segura Munoz RR, Cody LA, Moxley RA, Hostetter J, Hutkins RW, Ramer-Tait AE. Galactooligosaccharide supplementation provides protection against Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis without limiting pathogen burden. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 164:154-162. [PMID: 29256851 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many enteric pathogens, including Salmonella and enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, express adhesins that recognize and bind to carbohydrate moieties expressed on epithelial cells. An attractive strategy for inhibiting bacterial adherence employs molecules that mimic these epithelial binding sites. Prebiotic oligosaccharides are non-digestible, fermentable fibres capable of modulating the gut microbiota. Moreover, they may act as molecular decoys that competitively inhibit adherence of pathogens to host cells. In particular, galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and other prebiotic fibres have been shown to inhibit pathogen adherence to epithelial cells in vitro. In the present study, we determined the ability of prophylactic GOS administration to reduce enteric pathogen adherence both in vitro and in vivo as well as protect against intestinal inflammation. GOS supplementation significantly reduced the adherence of the epithelial-adherent murine bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in a dose-dependent manner to the surface of epithelial cells in vitro. A 1- to 2-log reduction in bacterial adherence was observed at the lowest and highest doses tested, respectively. However, mouse studies revealed that treatment with GOS neither reduced the adherence of C. rodentium to the distal colon nor decreased its dissemination to systemic organs. Despite the absence of adherence inhibition, colonic disease scores for GOS-treated, C. rodentium-infected mice were significantly lower than those of untreated C. rodentium-infected animals (P=0.028). Together, these data suggest that GOS has a direct protective effect in ameliorating disease severity following C. rodentium infection through an anti-adherence-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Kittana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Laure B Bindels
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - João Carlos Gomes-Neto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robert J Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rafael R Segura Munoz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Liz A Cody
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jesse Hostetter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert W Hutkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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13
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Mydock-McGrane LK, Hannan TJ, Janetka JW. Rational design strategies for FimH antagonists: new drugs on the horizon for urinary tract infection and Crohn's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:711-731. [PMID: 28506090 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1331216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bacterial adhesin FimH is a virulence factor and an attractive therapeutic target for urinary tract infection (UTI) and Crohn's Disease (CD). Located on type 1 pili of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), the FimH adhesin plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of UPEC. Recent efforts have culminated in the development of small-molecule mannoside FimH antagonists that target the mannose-binding lectin domain of FimH, inhibiting its function and preventing UPEC from binding mannosylated host cells in the bladder, thereby circumventing infection. Areas covered: The authors describe the structure-guided design of mannoside ligands, and review the structural biology of the FimH lectin domain. Additionally, they discuss the lead optimization of mannosides for therapeutic application in UTI and CD, and describe various assays used to measure mannoside potency in vitro and mouse models used to determine efficacy in vivo. Expert opinion: To date, mannoside optimization has led to a diverse set of small-molecule FimH antagonists with oral bioavailability. With clinical trials already initiated in CD and on the horizon for UTI, it is the authors, opinion that mannosides will be a 'first-in-class' treatment strategy for UTI and CD, and will pave the way for treatment of other Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James W Janetka
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics , Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis , MO , USA
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14
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2- C -Branched mannosides as a novel family of FimH antagonists—Synthesis and biological evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pisc.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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16
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Schönemann W, Kleeb S, Dätwyler P, Schwardt O, Ernst B. Prodruggability of carbohydrates — oral FimH antagonists. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial lectin FimH is a promising therapeutic target for the nonantibiotic prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. In this communication, an ester prodrug approach is described to achieve oral bioavailability for FimH antagonists. By introducing short-chain acyl promoieties at the C-6 position of a biphenyl α-d-mannopyranoside, prodrugs with an excellent absorption potential were obtained. The human carboxylesterase 2 was identified as a main enzyme mediating rapid bioconversion to the active principle. Despite their propensity to hydrolysis within the enterocytes during absorption, these ester prodrugs present a considerable progress in the development of orally available FimH antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Schönemann
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kleeb
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Dätwyler
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Mydock-McGrane L, Cusumano Z, Han Z, Binkley J, Kostakioti M, Hannan T, Pinkner JS, Klein R, Kalas V, Crowley J, Rath NP, Hultgren SJ, Janetka JW. Antivirulence C-Mannosides as Antibiotic-Sparing, Oral Therapeutics for Urinary Tract Infections. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9390-9408. [PMID: 27689912 PMCID: PMC5087331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Gram-negative
uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)
bacteria are a causative pathogen of urinary tract infections
(UTIs). Previously developed antivirulence inhibitors of the type
1 pilus adhesin, FimH, demonstrated oral activity in animal models
of UTI but were found to have limited compound exposure due to the
metabolic instability of the O-glycosidic bond (O-mannosides). Herein, we disclose that compounds having
the O-glycosidic bond replaced with carbon linkages
had improved stability and inhibitory activity against FimH. We report
on the design, synthesis, and in vivo evaluation of this promising
new class of carbon-linked C-mannosides that show
improved pharmacokinetic (PK) properties relative to O-mannosides. Interestingly, we found that FimH binding is stereospecifically
modulated by hydroxyl substitution on the methylene linker, where
the R-hydroxy isomer has a 60-fold increase in potency.
This new class of C-mannoside antagonists have significantly
increased compound exposure and, as a result, enhanced efficacy in
mouse models of acute and chronic UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary Cusumano
- Fimbrion Therapeutics, Inc. , Saint Louis, Missouri 63108 United States
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Hannan
- Fimbrion Therapeutics, Inc. , Saint Louis, Missouri 63108 United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Nigam P Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri , Saint Louis, Missouri 63121 United States
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Fimbrion Therapeutics, Inc. , Saint Louis, Missouri 63108 United States
| | - James W Janetka
- Fimbrion Therapeutics, Inc. , Saint Louis, Missouri 63108 United States
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18
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Ferenczi S, Szegi K, Winkler Z, Barna T, Kovács KJ. Oligomannan Prebiotic Attenuates Immunological, Clinical and Behavioral Symptoms in Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34132. [PMID: 27658624 PMCID: PMC5034233 DOI: 10.1038/srep34132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease shows increasing prevalence, however its pathomechanism and treatment is not fully resolved. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which might provide an alternative to treat inflammatory conditions in the gut due to their positive effects either on the microbiome or through their direct effect on macrophages and mucosa. To test the protective effects of an oligomannan prebiotic, yeast cell wall mannooligosaccharide (MOS) was administered in dextran-sulphate-sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of acute colitis. MOS reduced DSS-induced clinical- (weight loss, diarrhea) and histological scores (mucosal damage) as well as sickness-related anxiety. DSS treatment resulted in changes in colon microbiome with selective increase of Coliform bacteria. MOS administration attenuated colitis-related increase of Coliforms, normalized colonic muc2 expression and attenuated local expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1a, IL1b, IL6, KC, G-CSF and MCP1 as well as toll-like receptor TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome. Some of the protective effects of MOS were likely be mediated directly through local macrophages because MOS dose-dependently inhibited IL-1b and G-CSF induction following in vitro DSS challenge and IL1a, IL1b, G-SCF-, and IL6 increases after LPS treatment in mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7. These results highlight oligomannan prebiotics as therapeutic functional food for testing in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilamér Ferenczi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Szegi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Winkler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teréz Barna
- Department of Genetics and Applied Biochemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina J Kovács
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Kleeb S, Jiang X, Frei P, Sigl A, Bezençon J, Bamberger K, Schwardt O, Ernst B. FimH Antagonists: Phosphate Prodrugs Improve Oral Bioavailability. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3163-82. [PMID: 26959338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of urinary tract infections has resulted in frequent antibiotic treatment, contributing to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Alternative approaches are therefore required. In the initial step of colonization, FimH, a lectin located at the tip of bacterial type 1 pili, interacts with mannosylated glycoproteins on the urothelial mucosa. This initial pathogen/host interaction is efficiently antagonized by biaryl α-d-mannopyranosides. However, their poor physicochemical properties, primarily resulting from low aqueous solubility, limit their suitability as oral treatment option. Herein, we report the syntheses and pharmacokinetic evaluation of phosphate prodrugs, which show an improved aqueous solubility of up to 140-fold. In a Caco-2 cell model, supersaturated solutions of the active principle were generated through hydrolysis of the phosphate esters by brush border-associated enzymes, leading to a high concentration gradient across the cell monolayer. As a result, the in vivo application of phosphate prodrugs led to a substantially increased Cmax and prolonged availability of FimH antagonists in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kleeb
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Priska Frei
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Sigl
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Bezençon
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Bamberger
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Uberos J, Molina-Oya M, Martinez-Serrano S, Fernández-López L. Surface adhesion and host response as pathogenicity factors of Neisseria meningitidis. World J Clin Infect Dis 2015; 5:37-43. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v5.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis) is an exclusively human pathogen that has been identified in 10%-35% of the adult population and in 5.9% of the child population. Despite the high prevalence of carriers of N. meningitidis, it only occasionally causes meningococcal disease in the context of endemic disease, in certain geographic areas or in isolated epidemic outbreaks. After the N. meningitidis genome is described, progress has been made toward understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of the bacteria, although some aspects concerning its interaction with the environment and the host remain unclear. Some studies have reported that oxidative stress in the environment can modify the surface characteristics of N. meningitidis, increasing its adhesive properties and favouring an asymptomatic carrier state. The antigenic structure of N. meningitidis can be modified by its importing genetic material from other bacteria in its ecological niche. Some structures of lipopolysaccharides help it to evade the immune response, and these are observed more frequently in N. meningitidis isolated from blood than in healthy nasopharyngeal carriers. There is evidence that pili and capsule are downregulated upon contact with target cells. This paper reviews current knowledge on host-environment-bacteria mechanisms and interactions, with the aim of contributing to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of N. meningitidis.
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21
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Kleeb S, Pang L, Mayer K, Eris D, Sigl A, Preston RC, Zihlmann P, Sharpe T, Jakob RP, Abgottspon D, Hutter AS, Scharenberg M, Jiang X, Navarra G, Rabbani S, Smiesko M, Lüdin N, Bezençon J, Schwardt O, Maier T, Ernst B. FimH antagonists: bioisosteres to improve the in vitro and in vivo PK/PD profile. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2221-39. [PMID: 25666045 DOI: 10.1021/jm501524q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs), predominantly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), belong to the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide. The attachment of UPEC to host cells is mediated by FimH, a mannose-binding adhesin at the tip of bacterial type 1 pili. To date, UTIs are mainly treated with antibiotics, leading to the ubiquitous problem of increasing resistance against most of the currently available antimicrobials. Therefore, new treatment strategies are urgently needed. Here, we describe the development of an orally available FimH antagonist. Starting from the carboxylate substituted biphenyl α-d-mannoside 9, affinity and the relevant pharmacokinetic parameters (solubility, permeability, renal excretion) were substantially improved by a bioisosteric approach. With 3'-chloro-4'-(α-d-mannopyranosyloxy)biphenyl-4-carbonitrile (10j) a FimH antagonist with an optimal in vitro PK/PD profile was identified. Orally applied, 10j was effective in a mouse model of UTI by reducing the bacterial load in the bladder by about 1000-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kleeb
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Cecioni S, Imberty A, Vidal S. Glycomimetics versus Multivalent Glycoconjugates for the Design of High Affinity Lectin Ligands. Chem Rev 2014; 115:525-61. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500303t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy Cecioni
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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23
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Kehr NS, Ergün B, Lülf H, De Cola L. Spatially controlled channel entrances functionalization of zeolites L. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:3248-3252. [PMID: 24510774 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The spatially controlled channel entrances functionalization of disk shaped zeolite L crystals is described. Fluorescent dye or bioactive molecules are immobilized at one end of the channels of zeolite crystals and subsequently the other side of the crystals is derivatized with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The asymmetrically functionalized crystals were used for the control of the movement of bacteria in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin Seda Kehr
- Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str.2, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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24
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Pera NP, Pieters RJ. Towards bacterial adhesion-based therapeutics and detection methods. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is an important first step towards bacterial infection and plays a role in colonization, invasion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Parera Pera
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- 3508 TB Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Roland J. Pieters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Utrecht University
- 3508 TB Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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Tomašić T, Rabbani S, Gobec M, Raščan IM, Podlipnik Č, Ernst B, Anderluh M. Branched α-d-mannopyranosides: a new class of potent FimH antagonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report branched α-d-mannopyranosides as potent FimH antagonists that exploit the previously unexplored lipophilic region formed by Phe142 and Ile13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Tomašić
- University of Ljubljana
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy
- Pharmacenter
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Martina Gobec
- University of Ljubljana
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | | | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- University of Ljubljana
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy
- Pharmacenter
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Marko Anderluh
- University of Ljubljana
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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26
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Gouin SG, Roos G, Bouckaert J. Discovery and Application of FimH Antagonists. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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27
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Moonens K, Bouckaert J, Coddens A, Tran T, Panjikar S, De Kerpel M, Cox E, Remaut H, De Greve H. Structural insight in histo-blood group binding by the F18 fimbrial adhesin FedF. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:82-95. [PMID: 22812428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
F18-positive enterotoxigenic and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are responsible for post-weaning diarrhoea and oedema disease in pigs and lead to severe production losses in the farming industry. F18 fimbriae attach to the small intestine of young piglets by latching onto glycosphingolipids with A/H blood group determinants on type 1 core. We demonstrate the N-terminal domain of the F18 fimbrial subunit FedF to be responsible for ABH-mediated attachment and present its X-ray structure in ligand-free form and bound to A and B type 1 hexaoses. The FedF lectin domain comprises a 10-stranded immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich. Three linear motives, Q(47) -N(50), H(88) -S(90) and R(117) -T(119), form a shallow glycan binding pocket near the tip of the domain that is selective for type 1 core glycans in extended conformation. In addition to the glycan binding pocket, a polybasic loop on the membrane proximal surface of FedF lectin domain is shown to be required for binding to piglet enterocytes. Although dispensable for ABH glycan recognition, the polybasic surface adds binding affinity in the context of the host cell membrane, a mechanism that is proposed to direct ABH-glycan binding to cell-bound glycosphingolipids and could allow bacteria to avoid clearance by secreted glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Moonens
- Structural & Molecular Microbiology, VIB Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Mamvura TA, Iyuke SE, Sibanda V, Yah CS. Immobilisation of yeast cells on carbon nanotubes. S AFR J SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.4102/sajs.v108i7/8.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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29
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Stereoselective propargylation of glycals with allenyltributyltin(IV) via a Ferrier type reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Pang L, Kleeb S, Lemme K, Rabbani S, Scharenberg M, Zalewski A, Schädler F, Schwardt O, Ernst B. FimH antagonists: structure-activity and structure-property relationships for biphenyl α-D-mannopyranosides. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1404-22. [PMID: 22644941 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which encode filamentous surface-adhesive organelles called type 1 pili. FimH is located at the tips of these pili. The initial attachment of UPEC to host cells is mediated by the interaction of the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of FimH with oligomannosides on urothelial cells. Blocking these lectins with carbohydrates or analogues thereof prevents bacterial adhesion to host cells and therefore offers a potential therapeutic approach for prevention and/or treatment of UTIs. Although numerous FimH antagonists have been developed so far, few of them meet the requirement for clinical application due to poor pharmacokinetics. Additionally, the binding mode of an antagonist to the CRD of FimH can switch from an in-docking mode to an out-docking mode, depending on the structure of the antagonist. In this communication, biphenyl α-D-mannosides were modified to improve their binding affinity, to explore their binding mode, and to optimize their pharmacokinetic properties. The inhibitory potential of the FimH antagonists was measured in a cell-free competitive binding assay, a cell-based flow cytometry assay, and by isothermal titration calorimetry. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic properties such as log D, solubility, and membrane permeation were analyzed. As a result, a structure-activity and structure-property relationships were established for a series of biphenyl α-D-mannosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Pang
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Jiang X, Abgottspon D, Kleeb S, Rabbani S, Scharenberg M, Wittwer M, Haug M, Schwardt O, Ernst B. Antiadhesion Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections—A Balanced PK/PD Profile Proved To Be Key for Success. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4700-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300192x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Jiang
- Institute
of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Abgottspon
- Institute
of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kleeb
- Institute
of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Institute
of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meike Scharenberg
- Institute
of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wittwer
- Institute
of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina Haug
- Institute
of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- Institute
of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute
of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Schwardt O, Rabbani S, Hartmann M, Abgottspon D, Wittwer M, Kleeb S, Zalewski A, Smieško M, Cutting B, Ernst B. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of mannosyl triazoles as FimH antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6454-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Klein T, Abgottspon D, Wittwer M, Rabbani S, Herold J, Jiang X, Kleeb S, Lüthi C, Scharenberg M, Bezençon J, Gubler E, Pang L, Smiesko M, Cutting B, Schwardt O, Ernst B. FimH Antagonists for the Oral Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections: From Design and Synthesis to in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8627-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101011y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Klein
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Abgottspon
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wittwer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janno Herold
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Kleeb
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Lüthi
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meike Scharenberg
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Bezençon
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich Gubler
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lijuan Pang
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Smiesko
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Cutting
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abgottspon D, Rölli G, Hosch L, Steinhuber A, Jiang X, Schwardt O, Cutting B, Smiesko M, Jenal U, Ernst B, Trampuz A. Development of an aggregation assay to screen FimH antagonists. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 82:249-55. [PMID: 20620174 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-D-mannopyranosides are potent FimH antagonists, which inhibit the adhesion of Escherichia coli to highly mannosylated uroplakin Ia on the urothelium and therefore offer an efficient therapeutic opportunity for the treatment and prevention of urinary tract infection. For the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of FimH antagonists, their effect on the disaggregation of E. coli from Candida albicans and guinea pig erythrocytes (GPE) was studied. The mannose-specific binding of E. coli to yeast cells and erythrocytes is mediated by type 1 pili and can be monitored by aggregometry. Maximal aggregation of C. albicans or GPE to E. coli is reached after 600 s. Then the FimH antagonist was added and disaggregation determined by light transmission over a period of 1400 s. A FimH-deleted mutant of E. coli, which does not induce any aggregation, was used in a control experiment. The activities of FimH antagonists are expressed as IC(50)s, the half maximal inhibitory concentration of the disaggregation potential. n-Heptyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (1) was used as a reference compound and exhibits an IC(50) of 77.14 microM , whereas methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (2) does not lead to any disaggregation at concentrations up to 800 microM. o-Chloro-p-[N-(2-ethoxy-3,4-dioxocyclobut-1-enyl)amino]phenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (3) shows a 90-fold and 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (4) a 6-fold increased affinity compared to 1. Finally, 4-nitrophenyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (5) exhibits an activity similar to 1. As negative control, D-galactose (6) was used. The standardized aggregation assay generates concentration-dependent, reproducible data allowing the evaluation of FimH antagonists according to their potency to inhibit E. coli adherence and can therefore be employed to select candidates for experimental and clinical studies for treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Abgottspon
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Haahtela K, Tarkka E, Korhonen TK. Type 1 fimbria-mediated adhesion of enteric bacteria to grass roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 49:1182-5. [PMID: 16346792 PMCID: PMC238526 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.5.1182-1185.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 fimbriae of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter agglomerans mediated bacterial adhesion to the roots of bluegrass, Poa pratensis. Purified, radiolabeled fimbriae bound to grass roots in vitro; binding was inhibited by alpha-methyl-d-mannoside or Fab fragments to the fimbriae. Anti-type 1 fimbriae Fab fragments and alpha-methyl-d-mannoside also inhibited adhesion of type 1-fimbriated bacteria to P. pratensis roots. It is proposed that associative nitrogen fixation by Klebsiella and Enterobacter strains also involves type 1 fimbriae, in addition to the type 3 fimbriae of Klebsiella spp. (T. K. Korhonen, E. Tarkka, H. Ranta, and K. Haahtela, J. Bacteriol. 155:860-865, 1983).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Haahtela
- Department of General Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Mannerheimintie 172, SF-00280, Helsinki 28, Finland
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36
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Borowsky L, Corção G, Cardoso M. Mannanoligosaccharide agglutination by Salmonella enterica strains isolated from carrier pigs. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:458-64. [PMID: 24031388 PMCID: PMC3768530 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822009000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-1 fimbriae are associated with most Salmonella enterica serovars and are an essential factor for host colonization. Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), a prebiotic that is agglutinated by type-1 fimbriae, are proposed for the control of enterobacteria colonization and may be an alternative to Salmonella control in pigs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of porcine Salmonella strains to adhere to MOS in vitro. A total of 108 strains of Salmonella sp. isolated from carrier pigs were evaluated for the amplification of fimA and fimH genes, agglutination of MOS and hemagglutination. In all tested strains, amplicons of expected size were detected for both fimA and fimH gene. In the hemagglutination assays, 31 (28.7%) strains presented mannose-sensitive agglutination of erythrocytes, indicating that the strains were expressing type-1 fimbriae. Considering only strains expressing the type-1 fimbriae, 23 (74.2%) presented a strong agglutination of MOS, 3 (9.6%) a weak reaction and 5 (16.2%) none. The results indicate that Salmonella enterica strains expressing type-1 fimbriae can agglutinate effectively in vitro to MOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Borowsky
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil
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37
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Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant natural products. Besides their role in metabolism and as structural building blocks, they are fundamental constituents of every cell surface, where they are involved in vital cellular recognition processes. Carbohydrates are a relatively untapped source of new drugs and therefore offer exciting new therapeutic opportunities. Advances in the functional understanding of carbohydrate-protein interactions have enabled the development of a new class of small-molecule drugs, known as glycomimetics. These compounds mimic the bioactive function of carbohydrates and address the drawbacks of carbohydrate leads, namely their low activity and insufficient drug-like properties. Here, we examine examples of approved carbohydrate-derived drugs, discuss the potential of carbohydrate-binding proteins as new drug targets (focusing on the lectin families) and consider ways to overcome the challenges of developing this unique class of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, Switzerland.
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38
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Adlerberth, Marina Cerquetti, Isabe I. Mechanisms of Colonisation and Colonisation Resistance of the Digestive Tract Part 1: Bacteria/host Interactions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/089106000750060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingegerd Adlerberth, Marina Cerquetti, Isabe
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratorio di Batteriologia e Micologia Medica, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
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Knight SD, Bouckaert J. Structure, Function, and Assembly of Type 1 Fimbriae. GLYCOSCIENCE AND MICROBIAL ADHESION 2009; 288:67-107. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Feizi T. Glycoprotein oligosaccharides as recognition structures. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 145:62-74, discussion 74-9. [PMID: 2551609 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513828.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of observations--the pronounced changes in the expression and distribution of oligosaccharide antigens during embryonic development, cell differentiation and oncogenesis, the prominence of these changing structures (oncodevelopmental antigens) on the receptor for epidermal growth factor, and the stimulation of receptor autophosphorylation following their perturbation with antibodies--has suggested that the oligosaccharides of growth factor receptors and complementary lectins may be intimately involved in molecular recognition events in growth and differentiation processes. For elucidating oligosaccharide recognition by diverse cellular and secreted proteins and microbial adhesins, a new technique has been developed which involves the overlay of immobilized oligosaccharide probes (neoglycolipids) derived from glycoproteins and other sources. New insights have been gained into carbohydrate recognition by several mammalian lectins, and a novel receptor system has been discovered in Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. This new technique seems ideal for elucidating oligosaccharide recognition in diverse biological settings, and for 'quality control' of the sugar chains of recombinant glycoproteins engineered for the purpose of administration to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Feizi
- MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
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41
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Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is often a prelude to infection. In many cases, this process is governed by protein-carbohydrate interactions. Intervention at this early stage of infection is a conceptually highly attractive alternative to conventional antibiotics that are increasingly prone to resistance. The lack of high-affinity inhibitors of adhesion has proven to be a hurdle for further exploitation of this concept; however, new developments indicate a positive change. Structure-based design at the monovalent level and also evaluation of glycodendrimers and glycopolymers have yielded structures of high affinity. In addition to the development of inhibitors, topics of this review include available structural information of adhesion proteins, carbohydrate specificities of the various pathogens and their adhesion proteins. Other new developments aimed at affecting bacterial adhesion and the use of the adhesins for bacterial detection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland J Pieters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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42
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Bouckaert J, Mackenzie J, de Paz JL, Chipwaza B, Choudhury D, Zavialov A, Mannerstedt K, Anderson J, Piérard D, Wyns L, Seeberger PH, Oscarson S, De Greve H, Knight SD. The affinity of the FimH fimbrial adhesin is receptor-driven and quasi-independent of Escherichia coli pathotypes. Mol Microbiol 2006; 61:1556-68. [PMID: 16930149 PMCID: PMC1618777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Type-1 fimbriae are important virulence factors for the establishment of Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. Bacterial adhesion to the high-mannosylated uroplakin Ia glycoprotein receptors of bladder epithelium is mediated by the FimH adhesin. Previous studies have attributed differences in mannose-sensitive adhesion phenotypes between faecal and uropathogenic E. coli to sequence variation in the FimH receptor-binding domain. We find that FimH variants from uropathogenic, faecal and enterohaemorrhagic isolates express the same specificities and affinities for high-mannose structures. The only exceptions are FimHs from O157 strains that carry a mutation (Asn135Lys) in the mannose-binding pocket that abolishes all binding. A high-mannose microarray shows that all substructures are bound by FimH and that the largest oligomannose is not necessarily the best binder. Affinity measurements demonstrate a strong preference towards oligomannosides exposing Manalpha1-3Man at their non-reducing end. Binding is further enhanced by the beta1-4-linkage to GlcNAc, where binding is 100-fold better than that of alpha-d-mannose. Manalpha1-3Manbeta1-4GlcNAc, a major oligosaccharide present in the urine of alpha-mannosidosis patients, thus constitutes a well-defined FimH epitope. Differences in affinities for high-mannose structures are at least 10-fold larger than differences in numbers of adherent bacteria between faecal and uropathogenic strains. Our results imply that the carbohydrate expression profile of targeted host tissues and of natural inhibitors in urine, such as Tamm-Horsfall protein, are stronger determinants of adhesion than FimH variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bouckaert
- Department of Ultrastructure, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jenny Mackenzie
- Department of Ultrastructure, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - José L de Paz
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI F315, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Chipwaza
- Department of Ultrastructure, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Devapriya Choudhury
- Department of Ultrastructure, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anton Zavialov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Biomedical CenterPO Box 590, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Mannerstedt
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm UniversitySE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Denis Piérard
- Department of Microbiology, Academisch Ziekenhuis-Vrije Universiteit BrusselLaarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lode Wyns
- Department of Ultrastructure, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, HCI F315, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm UniversitySE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henri De Greve
- Department of Ultrastructure, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- *For correspondence. E-mail ; Tel. (+32) 2 629 1844; Fax (+32) 2 629 1988; and E-mail ; Tel (+46) 18 471 4554; Fax (+46) 18 536 971
| | - Stefan D Knight
- Department of Ultrastructure, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- *For correspondence. E-mail ; Tel. (+32) 2 629 1844; Fax (+32) 2 629 1988; and E-mail ; Tel (+46) 18 471 4554; Fax (+46) 18 536 971
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43
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Bouckaert J, Berglund J, Schembri M, De Genst E, Cools L, Wuhrer M, Hung CS, Pinkner J, Slättegård R, Zavialov A, Choudhury D, Langermann S, Hultgren SJ, Wyns L, Klemm P, Oscarson S, Knight SD, De Greve H. Receptor binding studies disclose a novel class of high-affinity inhibitors of the Escherichia coli FimH adhesin. Mol Microbiol 2005; 55:441-55. [PMID: 15659162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding type 1 pili are important virulence factors for the establishment of Escherichia coli urinary tract infections (UTIs). These infections are initiated by adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli to uroplakin receptors in the uroepithelium via the FimH adhesin located at the tips of type 1 pili. Blocking of bacterial adhesion is able to prevent infection. Here, we provide for the first time binding data of the molecular events underlying type 1 fimbrial adherence, by crystallographic analyses of the FimH receptor binding domains from a uropathogenic and a K-12 strain, and affinity measurements with mannose, common mono- and disaccharides, and a series of alkyl and aryl mannosides. Our results illustrate that the lectin domain of the FimH adhesin is a stable and functional entity and that an exogenous butyl alpha-D-mannoside, bound in the crystal structures, exhibits a significantly better affinity for FimH (Kd = 0.15 microM) than mannose (Kd = 2.3 microM). Exploration of the binding affinities of alpha- d-mannosides with longer alkyl tails revealed affinities up to 5 nM. Aryl mannosides and fructose can also bind with high affinities to the FimH lectin domain, with a 100-fold improvement and 15-fold reduction in affinity, respectively, compared with mannose. Taken together, these relative FimH affinities correlate exceptionally well with the relative concentrations of the same glycans needed for the inhibition of adherence of type 1 piliated E. coli. We foresee that our findings will spark new ideas and initiatives for the development of UTI vaccines and anti-adhesive drugs to prevent anticipated and recurrent UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bouckaert
- Laboratorium voor Ultrastructuur, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Building E, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- T Feizi
- Glycoconjugates Section, Clinical Research Centre, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, UK
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Novel multivalent mannose compounds and their inhibition of the adhesion of type 1 fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Agnani G, Tricot-Doleux S, Houalet S, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Epithelial cell surface sites involved in the polyvalent adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis: a convincing role for neuraminic acid and glucuronic acid. Infect Immun 2003; 71:991-6. [PMID: 12540582 PMCID: PMC145354 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.2.991-996.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the target structures of the epithelial cells responsible for the attachment of Porphyromonas gingivalis by immunocytofluorimetry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and confocal microscopy. Integrins (beta1, beta3, and alphaV) and E-cadherin played no significant role. Carbohydrates (such as alpha-D-methylglucoside, L-fucose, D- and L-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylgalactosamine) had little inhibitory effect on bacterial binding. Enzymatic treatments of the epithelial membranes and sugar competition studies showed that N-acetylneuraminic acid and glucuronic acid were involved in binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Agnani
- Equipe de Biologie Buccale, UPRES-EA 1256, 35000 Rennes, France
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Berglund J, Knight SD. Structural Basis for Bacterial Adhesion in the Urinary Tract. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 535:33-52. [PMID: 14714887 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0065-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Berglund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences/Structural Biology, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 590, SE-753 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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White LA, Newman MC, Cromwell GL, Lindemann MD. Brewers dried yeast as a source of mannan oligosaccharides for weanling pigs1,2. J Anim Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/ansci/80.10.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Peng X, Sun J, Michiels C, Iserentant D, Verachtert H. Decrease in cell surface galactose residues of Schizosaccharomyces pombe enhances its coflocculation with Pediococcus damnosus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:3413-7. [PMID: 11472912 PMCID: PMC93036 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.8.3413-3417.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediococcus damnosus can coflocculate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cause beer acidification that may or may not be desired. Similar coflocculations occur with other yeasts except for Schizosaccharomyces pombe which has galactose-rich cell walls. We compared coflocculation rates of S. pombe wild-type species TP4-1D, having a mannose-to-galactose ratio (Man:Gal) of 5 to 6 in the cell wall, with its glycosylation mutants gms1-1 (Man:Gal = 5:1) and gms1Delta (Man:Gal = 1:0). These mutants coflocculated at a much higher level (30 to 45%) than that of the wild type (5%). Coflocculation of the mutants was inhibited by exogenous mannose but not by galactose. The S. cerevisiae mnn2 mutant, with a mannan content similar to that of gms1Delta, also showed high coflocculation (35%) and was sensitive to mannose inhibition. Coflocculation of P. damnosus and gms1Delta (or mnn2) also could be inhibited by gms1Delta mannan (with unbranched alpha-1,6-linked mannose residues), concanavalin A (mannose and glucose specific), or NPA lectin (specific for alpha-1,6-linked mannosyl units). Protease treatment of the bacterial cells completely abolished coflocculation. From these results we conclude that mannose residues on the cell surface of S. pombe serve as receptors for a P. damnosus lectin but that these receptors are shielded by galactose residues in wild-type strains. Such interactions are important in the production of Belgian acid types of beers in which mixed cultures are used to improve flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Peng
- Department of Food and Microbial Technology, KULeuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Schaeffer AJ, Rajan N, Cao Q, Anderson BE, Pruden DL, Sensibar J, Duncan JL. Host pathogenesis in urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 17:245-51. [PMID: 11295403 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the result of an interaction between bacterial virulence and host defense factors that compete to invade or protect the host, respectively. Research over the past 30 years has demonstrated that vaginal colonization with uropathogens precedes most UTIs. Receptivity of the vaginal mucosa for uropathogens is an essential initial step in vaginal mucosa colonization. When vaginal and buccal epithelial cells were collected from patients susceptible to reinfection and compared with such cells obtained from controls resistant to UTIs, the strains that caused cystitis adhered much more avidly to the epithelial cells from susceptible women. These genotypic traits for epithelial cell receptivity may be a major susceptibility factor in UTIs. The presence or absence of blood group determinants on the surface of uroepithelial cells may influence an individual's susceptibility to UTIs. The protective effect in women with the secretor phenotype may be due to fucosylated structures at the cell surface which decrease the availability of putative receptors for Escherichia coli. Susceptibility among women who do not secrete blood group antigens may be due to specific E. coli-binding glycolipids that are absent in women who secrete blood group antigens. Recent studies have shown that the vaginal fluid, which forms an interface between uropathogens and epithelial cells, also influences vaginal colonizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Tarry 11-715, 300 East Superior Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-3009, USA.
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