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Alvarez-Buylla A, Fischer MT, Moya Garzon MD, Rangel AE, Tapia EE, Tanzo JT, Soh HT, Coloma LA, Long JZ, O'Connell LA. Binding and sequestration of poison frog alkaloids by a plasma globulin. eLife 2023; 12:e85096. [PMID: 38206862 PMCID: PMC10783871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are important bioactive molecules throughout the natural world, and in many animals they serve as a source of chemical defense against predation. Dendrobatid poison frogs bioaccumulate alkaloids from their diet to make themselves toxic or unpalatable to predators. Despite the proposed roles of plasma proteins as mediators of alkaloid trafficking and bioavailability, the responsible proteins have not been identified. We use chemical approaches to show that a ~50 kDa plasma protein is the principal alkaloid-binding molecule in blood of poison frogs. Proteomic and biochemical studies establish this plasma protein to be a liver-derived alkaloid-binding globulin (ABG) that is a member of the serine-protease inhibitor (serpin) family. In addition to alkaloid-binding activity, ABG sequesters and regulates the bioavailability of 'free' plasma alkaloids in vitro. Unexpectedly, ABG is not related to saxiphilin, albumin, or other known vitamin carriers, but instead exhibits sequence and structural homology to mammalian hormone carriers and amphibian biliverdin-binding proteins. ABG represents a new small molecule binding functionality in serpin proteins, a novel mechanism of plasma alkaloid transport in poison frogs, and more broadly points toward serpins acting as tunable scaffolds for small molecule binding and transport across different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Dolores Moya Garzon
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Wu Tsai Institute for Neuroscience, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Alexandra E Rangel
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Elicio E Tapia
- Department of Radiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Julia T Tanzo
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Wu Tsai Institute for Neuroscience, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - H Tom Soh
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity ChangeHamburgGermany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | | | - Jonathan Z Long
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Wu Tsai Institute for Neuroscience, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios, Fundación JambatuSan RafaelEcuador
| | - Lauren A O'Connell
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Wu Tsai Institute for Neuroscience, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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2
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Giglio ML, Boland W, Heras H. Egg toxic compounds in the animal kingdom. A comprehensive review. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1938-1969. [PMID: 35916025 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00029f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1951 to 2022Packed with nutrients and unable to escape, eggs are the most vulnerable stage of an animal's life cycle. Consequently, many species have evolved chemical defenses and teamed up their eggs with a vast array of toxic molecules for defense against predators, parasites, or pathogens. However, studies on egg toxins are rather scarce and the available information is scattered. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of animal egg toxins and to analyze the trends and patterns with respect to the chemistry and biosynthesis of these toxins. We analyzed their ecology, distribution, sources, occurrence, structure, function, relative toxicity, and mechanistic aspects and include a brief section on the aposematic coloration of toxic eggs. We propose criteria for a multiparametric classification that accounts for the complexity of analyzing the full set of toxins of animal eggs. Around 100 properly identified egg toxins are found in 188 species, distributed in 5 phyla: cnidarians (2) platyhelminths (2), mollusks (9), arthropods (125), and chordates (50). Their scattered pattern among animals suggests that species have evolved this strategy independently on numerous occasions. Alkaloids are the most abundant and widespread, among the 13 types of egg toxins recognized. Egg toxins are derived directly from the environment or are endogenously synthesized, and most of them are transferred by females inside the eggs. Their toxicity ranges from ρmol kg-1 to mmol kg-1, and for some species, experiments support their role in predation deterrence. There is still a huge gap in information to complete the whole picture of this field and the number of toxic eggs seems largely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías L Giglio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr Rodolfo R. Brenner", INIBIOLP, CONICET CCT La Plata - Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. .,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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3
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Zvejniece L, Dambrova M, Smits G. Total synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 8-deoxypumiliotoxin 193H. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35:440-446. [PMID: 31264906 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1636244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of both the double bond isomers of indolizine alkaloid 8-deoxypumiliotoxin 193H has been accomplished. Both the double bond isomers Z-4 and E-4 induced convulsions and inhibited neuro-muscular activity at a dose of 25 mg/kg after intraperitoneal injection in mice. The lethal dose of Z-4 and E-4 was 100 mg/kg, indicating that 8-deoxypumiliotoxin 193H is 10-times less toxic than the known pumiliotoxin (+)-251 D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gints Smits
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
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4
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Zhang J, Morris-Natschke SL, Ma D, Shang XF, Yang CJ, Liu YQ, Lee KH. Biologically active indolizidine alkaloids. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:928-960. [PMID: 33128409 DOI: 10.1002/med.21747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Indolizidine alkaloids are chemical constituents isolated from various marine and terrestrial plants and animals, including but not limited to trees, fungi, ants, and frogs, with a myriad of important biological activities. In this review, we discuss the biological activity and pharmacological effects of indolizidine alkaloids and offer new avenues toward the discovery of new and better drugs based on these naturally occurring compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Di Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Chen-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Heravi MM, Momeni T, Zadsirjan V, Mohammadi L. Application of The Dess-Martin Oxidation in Total Synthesis of Natural Products. Curr Org Synth 2020; 18:125-196. [PMID: 32940184 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200917102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP), a commercially available chemical, is frequently utilized as a mild oxidative agent for the selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones, respectively. DMP shows several merits over other common oxidative agents such as chromiumand DMSO-based oxidants; thus, it is habitually employed in the total synthesis of natural products. In this review, we try to underscore the applications of DMP as an effective oxidant in an appropriate step (steps) in the multi-step total synthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebe Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University, POBox 1993891176, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Moskowitz NA, Roland AB, Fischer EK, Ranaivorazo N, Vidoudez C, Aguilar MT, Caldera SM, Chea J, Cristus MG, Crowdis JP, DeMessie B, desJardins-Park CR, Effenberger AH, Flores F, Giles M, He EY, Izmaylov NS, Lee CC, Pagel NA, Phu KK, Rosen LU, Seda DA, Shen Y, Vargas S, Murray AW, Abebe E, Trauger SA, Donoso DA, Vences M, O’Connell LA. Seasonal changes in diet and chemical defense in the Climbing Mantella frog (Mantella laevigata). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207940. [PMID: 30586404 PMCID: PMC6306172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poison frogs acquire chemical defenses from the environment for protection against potential predators. These defensive chemicals are lipophilic alkaloids that are sequestered by poison frogs from dietary arthropods and stored in skin glands. Despite decades of research focusing on identifying poison frog alkaloids, we know relatively little about how environmental variation and subsequent arthropod availability impacts alkaloid loads in poison frogs. We investigated how seasonal environmental variation influences poison frog chemical profiles through changes in the diet of the Climbing Mantella (Mantella laevigata). We collected M. laevigata females on the Nosy Mangabe island reserve in Madagascar during the wet and dry seasons and tested the hypothesis that seasonal differences in rainfall is associated with changes in diet composition and skin alkaloid profiles of M. laevigata. The arthropod diet of each frog was characterized into five groups (i.e. ants, termites, mites, insect larvae, or 'other') using visual identification and cytochrome oxidase 1 DNA barcoding. We found that frog diet differed between the wet and dry seasons, where frogs had a more diverse diet in the wet season and consumed a higher percentage of ants in the dry season. To determine if seasonality was associated with variation in frog defensive chemical composition, we used gas chromatography / mass spectrometry to quantify alkaloids from individual skin samples. Although the assortment of identified alkaloids was similar across seasons, we detected significant differences in the abundance of certain alkaloids, which we hypothesize reflects seasonal variation in the diet of M. laevigata. We suggest that these variations could originate from seasonal changes in either arthropod leaf litter composition or changes in frog behavioral patterns. Although additional studies are needed to understand the consequences of long-term environmental shifts, this work suggests that alkaloid profiles are relatively robust against short-term environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A. Moskowitz
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandre B. Roland
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eva K. Fischer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ndimbintsoa Ranaivorazo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Charles Vidoudez
- FAS Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marianne T. Aguilar
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sophia M. Caldera
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Chea
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Miruna G. Cristus
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jett P. Crowdis
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bluyé DeMessie
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline R. desJardins-Park
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Audrey H. Effenberger
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Felipe Flores
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Giles
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emma Y. He
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nike S. Izmaylov
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - ChangWon C. Lee
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Pagel
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Krystal K. Phu
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leah U. Rosen
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Danielle A. Seda
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yong Shen
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Santiago Vargas
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Murray
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eden Abebe
- Cambridge Rindge and Latin High School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sunia A. Trauger
- FAS Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David A. Donoso
- Departamento de Biología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Vences
- Braunschweig University of Technology, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lauren A. O’Connell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- LS50: Integrated Science Freshman Class, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Tarvin RD, Santos JC, O'Connell LA, Zakon HH, Cannatella DC. Convergent Substitutions in a Sodium Channel Suggest Multiple Origins of Toxin Resistance in Poison Frogs. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1068-81. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Complex phenotypes typically have a correspondingly multifaceted genetic component. However, the genotype–phenotype association between chemical defense and resistance is often simple: genetic changes in the binding site of a toxin alter how it affects its target. Some toxic organisms, such as poison frogs (Anura: Dendrobatidae), have defensive alkaloids that disrupt the function of ion channels, proteins that are crucial for nerve and muscle activity. Using protein-docking models, we predict that three major classes of poison frog alkaloids (histrionicotoxins, pumiliotoxins, and batrachotoxins) bind to similar sites in the highly conserved inner pore of the muscle voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.4. We predict that poison frogs are somewhat resistant to these compounds because they have six types of amino acid replacements in the Nav1.4 inner pore that are absent in all other frogs except for a distantly related alkaloid-defended frog from Madagascar, Mantella aurantiaca. Protein-docking models and comparative phylogenetics support the role of these replacements in alkaloid resistance. Taking into account the four independent origins of chemical defense in Dendrobatidae, phylogenetic patterns of the amino acid replacements suggest that 1) alkaloid resistance in Nav1.4 evolved independently at least five times in these frogs, 2) variation in resistance-conferring replacements is likely a result of differences in alkaloid exposure across species, and 3) functional constraint shapes the evolution of the Nav1.4 inner pore. Our study is the first to demonstrate the genetic basis of autoresistance in frogs with alkaloid defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan C Santos
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | | | - Harold H Zakon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas—Austin
| | - David C Cannatella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas—Austin
- Biodiversity Collections, University of Texas—Austin
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8
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Jeckel AM, Grant T, Saporito RA. Sequestered and Synthesized Chemical Defenses in the Poison Frog Melanophryniscus moreirae. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:505-12. [PMID: 25902958 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bufonid poison frogs of the genus Melanophryniscus contain alkaloid-based chemical defenses that are derived from a diet of alkaloid-containing arthropods. In addition to dietary alkaloids, bufadienolide-like compounds and indolealkylamines have been identified in certain species of Melanophryniscus. Our study reports, for the first time, the co-occurrence of large quantities of both alkaloids sequestered from the diet and an endogenously biosynthesized indolalkylamine in skin secretions from individual specimens of Melanophryniscus moreirae from Brazil. GC/MS analysis of 55 individuals of M. moreirae revealed 37 dietary alkaloids and the biosynthesized indolealkylamine bufotenine. On average, pumiliotoxin 267C, bufotenine, and allopumilitoxin 323B collectively represent ca. 90 % of the defensive chemicals present in an individual. The quantity of defensive chemicals differed between sexes, with males possessing significantly less dietary alkaloid and bufotenine than females. Most of the dietary alkaloids have structures with branched-chains, indicating they are likely derived from oribatid mites. The ratio of bufotenine:alkaloid quantity decreased with increasing quantities of dietary alkaloids, suggesting that M. moreirae might regulate bufotenine synthesis in relation to sequestration of dietary alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Jeckel
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Zhang J, Zhang HK, Huang PQ. Towards stereochemical control: A short formal enantioselective total synthesis of pumiliotoxins 251D and 237A. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2358-66. [PMID: 24367400 PMCID: PMC3869269 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A concise enantioselective synthesis of the advanced intermediate 5 for the synthesis of pumiliotoxins (Gallagher's intermediate) is described. The synthesis started from the regio- and trans-diastereoselective (dr = 98:2) reductive 3-butenylation of (R)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)glutarimide 14. After O-desilylation and Dess-Martin oxidation, the resulting keto-lactam 10 was subjected to a highly trans-stereoselective addition of the methylmagnesium iodide to give carbinol 11 as sole diastereomer. An efficient ring closure procedure consisting of ozonolysis and reductive dehydroxylation provided the indolizidine derivative 5, which completed the formal enantioselective total synthesis of pumiliotoxins 251D and 237A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Kui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Qiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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10
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Modulation of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels by pumiliotoxin 251D: A “joint venture” alkaloid from arthropods and amphibians. Toxicon 2008; 51:334-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Weldon PJ, Kramer M, Gordon S, Spande TF, Daly JW. A common pumiliotoxin from poison frogs exhibits enantioselective toxicity against mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17818-21. [PMID: 17095598 PMCID: PMC1693830 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608646103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neotropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) contain a variety of lipophilic alkaloids in their diffusely distributed cutaneous glands, including a major class of compounds known as pumiliotoxins. Pumiliotoxins are highly toxic and are believed to protect frogs against predators. Their potential activity against ectoparasites, however, has not been investigated. We tested female yellow fever mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) for responses to 8-hydroxy-8-methyl-6-(2'-methylhexylidene)-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane, designated pumiliotoxin 251D [PTX (+)-251D], a skin alkaloid present in all genera of dendrobatids and in other anurans, and to its unnatural enantiomer, PTX (-)-251D. Both enantiomers of PTX 251D presented on silicone feeding membranes reduced landing and feeding by A. aegypti, but PTX (+)-251D did so at lower concentrations. PTX (+)-251D also induced toxicosis, shown when mosquitoes failed to fly off membranes. Similarly, mosquitoes confined with copper wires coated with PTX (+)-251D exhibited greater latencies to fly off the substrate and a higher incidence of leg autotomy than did those confined with the (-)-enantiomer. Our results on the contact toxicities of PTX 251D enantiomers parallel those reported for mice injected with them. The presentation of serial dilutions of PTX (+)-251D to A. aegypti revealed a minimum toxic concentration of 0.1 microg/cm2. This value is substantially lower than that estimated for the cutaneous abundance of this compound in some frogs, an observation consistent the function of PTX 251D in anuran chemical defense against ectoparasitic arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Weldon
- *Conservation and Research Center, Smithsonian Institution, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Matthew Kramer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Biometrical Consulting Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Scott Gordon
- Department of Entomology, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307; and
| | - Thomas F. Spande
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Building 8, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John W. Daly
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Building 8, Bethesda, MD 20892
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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12
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Saporito RA, Garraffo HM, Donnelly MA, Edwards AL, Longino JT, Daly JW. Formicine ants: An arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:8045-50. [PMID: 15128938 PMCID: PMC419554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402365101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A remarkable diversity of bioactive lipophilic alkaloids is present in the skin of poison frogs and toads worldwide. Originally discovered in neotropical dendrobatid frogs, these alkaloids are now known from mantellid frogs of Madagascar, certain myobatrachid frogs of Australia, and certain bufonid toads of South America. Presumably serving as a passive chemical defense, these alkaloids appear to be sequestered from a variety of alkaloid-containing arthropods. The pumiliotoxins represent a major, widespread, group of alkaloids that are found in virtually all anurans that are chemically defended by the presence of lipophilic alkaloids. Identifying an arthropod source for these alkaloids has been a considerable challenge for chemical ecologists. However, an extensive collection of neotropical forest arthropods has now revealed a putative arthropod source of the pumiliotoxins. Here we report on the presence of pumiliotoxins in formicine ants of the genera Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina, as well as the presence of these ants in the stomach contents of the microsympatric pumiliotoxin-containing dendrobatid frog, Dendrobates pumilio. These pumiliotoxins are major alkaloids in D. pumilio, and Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina ants now represent the only known dietary sources of these toxic alkaloids. These findings further support the significance of ant-specialization and alkaloid sequestration in the evolution of bright warning coloration in poison frogs and toads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Saporito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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13
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Daly JW, Garraffo HM, Spande TF, Clark VC, Ma J, Ziffer H, Cover JF. Evidence for an enantioselective pumiliotoxin 7-hydroxylase in dendrobatid poison frogs of the genus Dendrobates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11092-7. [PMID: 12960405 PMCID: PMC196932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1834430100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobatid poison frogs readily accumulate alkaloids from diet into skin, where such compounds serve as a chemical defense against predators. Arthropods seem to be the source of decahydroquinolines (DHQs), several izidines, coccinellines, spiropyrrolizidines, pumiliotoxins (PTXs), and allopumiliotoxins (aPTXs). A DHQ iso-223F, and PTX (+)-251D were fed to poison frogs of the dendrobatid genera Dendrobates, Epipedobates, and Phyllobates. The two alkaloids were accumulated in skin unchanged except for the three species of Dendrobates, where approximately 80% of accumulated PTX (+)-251D was stereoselectively hydroxylated to aPTX (+)-267A. The unnatural enantiomer PTX (-)-251D was accumulated efficiently when fed to Dendrobates auratus, but was not hydroxylated. The enantiomers of PTX 251D and their desmethyl analogs were synthesized from N-Boc-protected (-)- and (+)-proline methyl esters. Both PTX (+)-251D and aPTX (+)-267A proved to be potent convulsants in mice, with (+)-267A being approximately 5-fold more toxic than (+)-251D. Both alkaloids were hyperalgesic at the site of injection. The unnatural PTX (-)-251D caused no overt effect in mice. Thus, the evolutionary development of a pumiliotoxin 7-hydroxylase would have provided frogs of the genus Dendrobates with a means of enhancing the antipredator potency of ingested PTXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Daly
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-0820, USA.
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Approach towards C12 oxo analogues of the side chain of pumiliotoxin B/allopumiliotoxin 339A and B. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Interference of alkaloids with neuroreceptors and ion channels. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART B) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Lin NH, Overman LE, Rabinowitz MH, Robinson LA, Sharp MJ, Zablocki J. Efficient Total Syntheses of Pumiliotoxins A and B. Applications of Iodide-Promoted Iminium Ion−Alkyne Cyclizations in Alkaloid Construction. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961641q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Horng Lin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Michael H. Rabinowitz
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Leslie A. Robinson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Matthew J. Sharp
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Jeffery Zablocki
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
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Caderas C, Lett R, Overman LE, Rabinowitz MH, Robinson LA, Sharp MJ, Zablocki J. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Allopumiliotoxins 267A, 323B‘, and 339A. Application of Iodide-Promoted Iminium Ion−Alkyne Cyclizations for Forming Allopumiliotoxin A Alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961640y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Caderas
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Renee Lett
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Michael H. Rabinowitz
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Leslie A. Robinson
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Matthew J. Sharp
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
| | - Jeffery Zablocki
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
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Franklin AS, Overman LE. Total Syntheses of Pumiliotoxin A and Allopumiliotoxin Alkaloids. Interplay of Pharmacologically Active Natural Products and New Synthetic Methods and Strategies. Chem Rev 1996; 96:505-522. [PMID: 11848762 DOI: 10.1021/cr950021p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison S. Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92717-2025
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Schiffman SS, Suggs MS, Losee ML, Gatlin LA, Stagner WC, Bell RM. Effect of lipid-derived second messengers on electrophysiological taste responses in the gerbil. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995; 52:49-58. [PMID: 7501678 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(94)00429-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Integrated chorda tympani (CT) recordings were made to salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and glutamate tastants before and after a 4-min application of modulators of lipid-derived second messenger systems. The modulators included two membrane-permeable analogues of DAG, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl glycerol (OAG) and dioctanoyl glycerol (DiC8); thapsigargin, which releases Ca++ from intracellular stores; ionomycin, a calcium ionophore; lanthanum chloride, an inorganic calcium channel blocker; nifedipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker; quinacrine diHCl, a phospholipase A2 antagonist; melittin, a phospholipase A2 agonist; and indomethacin, which decreases the release of prostaglandins by inhibiting the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase. The main findings were: OAG (125 microM) and DiC8 (100 microM) blocked the responses of several bitter compounds while enhancing the taste response to several sweeteners. Lanthanum chloride blocked all responses, which may be due to the fact that it blocks tight junctions. Quinacrine (1 mM) suppressed several bitter responses while enhancing the response to several sweeteners. The enhancement of sweet taste responses by DAG analogues suggests that there is cross-talk between the adenylate cyclase system and one (or more) pathways involving lipid-derived second messengers in taste cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Schiffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Schiffman SS, Gatlin LA, Sattely-Miller EA, Graham BG, Heiman SA, Stagner WC, Erickson RP. The effect of sweeteners on bitter taste in young and elderly subjects. Brain Res Bull 1994; 35:189-204. [PMID: 7812797 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(94)90122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify the degree of reduction in perceived bitterness by sweeteners at both threshold and suprathreshold concentrations of bitter compounds. Detection and recognition thresholds were determined for six bitter compounds (caffeine, denatonium benzoate, magnesium chloride, quinine hydrochloride, sucrose octaacetate, and urea) in the absence and presence of several suprathreshold concentrations of five sweeteners. The sweeteners were: sucrose, aspartame, sodium saccharin, mannitol, and sorbitol. Polycose was also tested along with the sweeteners. The degree to which bitter thresholds were affected by the addition of sweeteners was dependent on the chemical classification of the sweeteners and their concentrations. In general, the natural sweeteners, sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol, were more effective than the noncaloric sweeteners, aspartame and sodium saccharin, in elevating the detection and recognition thresholds of the bitter compounds. A sweetness intensity approximating that of 6% sucrose (0.175 M sucrose) or greater was required to elevate thresholds. For elderly subjects, sweeteners did not significantly elevate thresholds for denatonium benzoate and sucrose octaacetate. The degree to which sorbitol and sucrose can decrease the perceived bitterness intensity of suprathreshold concentrations of the six bitter compounds was also determined. The concentrations of sweeteners and bitter compounds were selected to be of moderate to high subjective intensity. The levels of sweeteners used in the mixtures were: sucrose (none, 0.946 M, and 2.13 M) and sorbitol (none, 2.1 M, and 3.68 M). Both sweeteners significantly reduced the bitterness ratings of almost every concentration of the six bitter compounds. The greatest reductions in bitterness were 87.0% for 0.192 microM denatonium benzoate mixed with 2.13 M sucrose and 84.7% for 1.8 M urea mixed with 3.68 M sorbitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Schiffman
- Department of Psychology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086
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Casebolt TL, Brown GB. Batrachotoxinin-A-ortho-azidobenzoate: a photoaffinity probe of the batrachotoxin binding site of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Toxicon 1993; 31:1113-22. [PMID: 8266344 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Batrachotoxin (BTX) is one of a group of potent lipid-soluble neurotoxins which binds voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Here we show that [3H]batrachotoxinin-A-ortho-azidobenzoate ([3H]BTX-OAB), a photolabile derivative of BTX, binds covalently upon irradiation to the BTX sodium channel site of rat cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. Another ligand specific for the BTX sodium channel receptor, batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate (BTX-B), competitively inhibited the specific binding of [3H]BTX-OAB. The specific binding of [3H]BTX-OAB was increased by the addition of Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus scorpion venom (ScTx) and inhibited by veratridine, a member of the same class of sodium channel activators. Examination of the [3H]BTX-OAB-labeled components revealed that over 90% of the specifically incorporated [3H]BTX-OAB was recovered in lipid extracts of photolabeled synaptoneurosomes. Addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to the binding mixture increased the specific incorporation of [3H]BTX-OAB into protein components as much as 15-fold. Increasing the incubation temperature from 25 degree C to 37 degrees C had a similar but less marked effect. We conclude that the BTX binding site lies at a lipid-protein interface and that treatments which induce conformational changes in the sodium channel protein (i.e. addition of TTX) can result in a reorientation of BTX at its binding site relative to the protein and lipid domains of voltage-sensitive sodium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Casebolt
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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Takahata H, Momose T. Chapter 3 Simple Indolizidine Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Sacchi O, Bardoni R, Magherini PC, Belluzzi O. Electrophysiological effects of a neurotoxin extracted from the skin of the Australian frog Pseudophryne coriacea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 103:291-7. [PMID: 1360386 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The electrophysiological effects of a pumiliotoxin-B-like alkaloid extracted from the skin of the Australian frog Pseudophryne coriacea (PsC) have been studied in rat superior cervical ganglia at 37 degrees C. 2. PsC (50 mg/ml) elicits a broadening of the evoked compound action potential and, at rest, the appearance of spontaneous spike discharge at 10-20 Hz. Action potentials presumably originate far away from the soma, which is invaded in a typical IS-SD sequence. 3. The toxin effect is not related to any direct action on the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic trunk, and does not involve synaptic mechanisms. 4. Two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments showed that the main properties of the major voltage-dependent ionic currents are apparently unaffected by the toxin, while the cell input resistance is considerably reduced. 5. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that PsC elicits a cationic permeability increase generating a pacemaker current in a region close to the cell soma.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sacchi
- Istituto di Fisiologia Generale dell'Università, Ferrara, Italy
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Batrachotoxinin A [3H]Benzoate Binding to Sodium Channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-185266-5.50008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tokuyama T, Tsujita T, Garraffo H, Spande T, Daly J. Alkaloids from dendrobatid poison frogs: Further pumiliotoxins and allopumiliotoxins and a reassignment of the keto function in pumiliotoxin 307F. Tetrahedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)80975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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