1
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Kim N, Yang C. Sodium Butyrate Inhibits the Expression of Thymidylate Synthase and Induces Cell Death in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1572. [PMID: 38338851 PMCID: PMC10855029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) is the application of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) expression appears to be a promising strategy to overcome the decreased sensitivity to 5-FU caused by high expression of TYMS, which can be induced by 5-FU treatment. Several compounds have been shown to potentially inhibit the expression of TYMS, but it is unclear whether short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are naturally produced by bacteria in the human intestine, can regulate the expression of TYMS. Sodium butyrate (NaB) is the most widely known SCFA for its beneficial effects. Therefore, we investigated the enhancing effects on inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis after co-treatment of NaB with 5-FU in two CRC cell lines, HCT116 and LoVo. This study suggests that the effect of NaB in improving therapeutic sensitivity to 5-FU in CRC cells may result from a mechanism that strongly inhibits the expression of TYMS. This study also shows that NaB inhibits the migration of CRC cells and can cause cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. These results suggest that NaB could be developed as a potential therapeutic adjuvant to improve the therapeutic effect of 5-FU in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changwon Yang
- Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Wan Y, Mu Q, Krzysztoń R, Cohen J, Coraci D, Helenek C, Tompkins C, Lin A, Farquhar K, Cross E, Wang J, Balázsi G. Adaptive DNA amplification of synthetic gene circuit opens a way to overcome cancer chemoresistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303114120. [PMID: 38019857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303114120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance continues to impede the success of cancer treatments, creating a need for experimental model systems that are broad, yet simple, to allow the identification of mechanisms and novel countermeasures applicable to many cancer types. To address these needs, we investigated a set of engineered mammalian cell lines with synthetic gene circuits integrated into their genome that evolved resistance to Puromycin. We identified DNA amplification as the mechanism underlying drug resistance in 4 out of 6 replicate populations. Triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) treatment combined with Puromycin could efficiently suppress the growth of cell populations with DNA amplification. Similar observations in human cancer cell lines suggest that TFOs could be broadly applicable to mitigate drug resistance, one of the major difficulties in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Quanhua Mu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China
| | - Rafał Krzysztoń
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Joseph Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Damiano Coraci
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Christopher Helenek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | | | - Annie Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Kevin Farquhar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | | | - Jiguang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 999077, China
| | - Gábor Balázsi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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3
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Liu H, Liu H, Zhou Z, Chung J, Zhang G, Chang J, Parise RA, Chu E, Schmitz JC. Scutellaria baicalensis enhances 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy via inhibition of proliferative signaling pathways. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:147. [PMID: 37337282 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoropyridine-based chemotherapy remains the most widely used treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which the natural product Scutellaria baicalensis (Huang Qin; HQ) and one of its main components baicalin enhanced 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) antitumor activity against CRC. Cell proliferation assays, cell cycle analysis, reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) analysis, immunoblot analysis, and qRT-PCR were performed to investigate the mechanism(s) of action of HQ and its active components on growth of CRC cells. HQ exhibited in vitro antiproliferative activity against drug resistant human CRC cells, against human and mouse CRC cells with different genetic backgrounds and normal human colon epithelial cells. In vivo animal models were used to document the antitumor activity of HQ and baicalin. The mechanism of growth inhibitory activity of HQ is due to inhibition of proliferative signaling pathways including the CDK-RB pathway. In addition, HQ enhanced the antitumor effects of 5-FU and capecitabine in vivo. Furthermore, we identified baicalin as an active component of HQ. The combination of baicalin and 5-FU demonstrated synergistic activity against 5-FU-resistant RKO-R10 cells. The combination significantly inhibited in vivo tumor growth greater than each treatment alone. RPPA results showed that the signaling pathway alterations in CRC cells were similar following HQ and baicalin treatment. Together, these results indicate that HQ and its component baicalin enhance the effect of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy via inhibition of CDK-RB pathway. These findings may provide the rational basis for developing agents that can overcome the development of cellular drug resistance. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Oncology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jessica Chung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Abington-Jefferson Health, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Guojing Zhang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jin Chang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Robert A Parise
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Edward Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John C Schmitz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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4
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Gmeiner WH, Okechukwu CC. Review of 5-FU resistance mechanisms in colorectal cancer: clinical significance of attenuated on-target effects. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:257-272. [PMID: 37457133 PMCID: PMC10344727 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of chemoresistant disease during chemotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil-based (5-FU-based) regimens is an important factor in the mortality of metastatic CRC (mCRC). The causes of 5-FU resistance are multi-factorial, and besides DNA mismatch repair deficiency (MMR-D), there are no widely accepted criteria for determining which CRC patients are not likely to be responsive to 5-FU-based therapy. Thus, there is a need to systematically understand the mechanistic basis for 5-FU treatment failure and an urgent need to develop new approaches for circumventing the major causes of 5-FU resistance. In this manuscript, we review mechanisms of 5-FU resistance with an emphasis on: (1) altered anabolic metabolism limiting the formation of the primary active metabolite Fluorodeoxyuridylate (5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate; FdUMP); (2) elevated expression or activity of the primary enzymatic target thymidylate synthase (TS); and (3) dysregulated programmed cell death as important causes of 5-FU resistance. Importantly, these causes of 5-FU resistance can potentially be overcome through the use of next-generation fluoropyrimidine (FP) polymers (e.g., CF10) that display reduced dependence on anabolic metabolism and more potent TS inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Gmeiner
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Institution, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Charles Chidi Okechukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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5
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Nishizawa N, Kurasaka C, Ogino Y, Sato A. Regulation of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate-thymidylate synthase ternary complex levels by autophagy confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 5:43-51. [PMID: 36643896 PMCID: PMC9832531 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a cornerstone drug used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the prolonged exposure of CRC cells to 5-FU results in acquired resistance. We have previously demonstrated that levels of the 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP) covalent complex with thymidylate synthase (FdUMP-TS) and free-TS (native enzyme) are higher in 5-FU-resistant CRC cells than in the parental cell line (HCT116). Accordingly, resistant cells may have an efficient system for trapping and removing FdUMP-TS, thus imparting resistance. In this study, using a model of 5-FU-resistant CRC cells generated by repeated exposure, the role of autophagy in the elimination of FdUMP-TS in resistant cells was investigated. The resistant cells showed greater sensitivity to autophagy inhibitors than that of parental cells. Autophagy inhibition increased 5-FU cytotoxicity more substantially in resistant cells than in parental cells. Furthermore, autophagy inhibition increased FdUMP-TS protein accumulation in resistant cells. Our findings suggest that resistance to 5-FU is mediated by autophagy as a system to eliminate FdUMP-TS and may guide the use and optimization of combination therapies involving autophagy inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Nishizawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
| | - Chinatsu Kurasaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan,Present address:
Kowa Company Ltd.Nihonbashi‐HonchoTokyoJapan
| | - Yoko Ogino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan,Present address:
Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
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6
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Kurasaka C, Nishizawa N, Ogino Y, Sato A. Trapping of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine Monophosphate by Thymidylate Synthase Confers Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6046-6052. [PMID: 35224365 PMCID: PMC8868108 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major metabolite of the anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), which is a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS). Recently, we hypothesized that 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have increased levels of TS protein relative to 5-FU-sensitive CRC cells and use a fraction of their TS to trap FdUMP, which results in resistance to 5-FU. In this study, we analyzed the difference between the regulation of the balance of the free, active form of TS and the inactive FdUMP-TS form in 5-FU-resistant HCT116 cells and parental HCT116 cells. Silencing of TYMS, the gene that encodes TS, resulted in greater enhancement of the anticancer effect of 5-FU in the 5-FU-resistant HCT116RF10 cells than in the parental HCT116 cells. In addition, the trapping of FdUMP by TS was more effective in the 5-FU-resistant HCT116RF10 cells than in the parental HCT116 cells. Our observations suggest that the regulation of the balance between the storage of the active TS form and the accumulation of FdUMP-TS is responsible for direct resistance to 5-FU. The findings provide a better understanding of 5-FU resistance mechanisms and may enable the development of anticancer strategies that reverse the sensitivity of 5-FU resistance in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kurasaka
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Nana Nishizawa
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogino
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department
of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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7
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Fu Y, Huang R, Li J, Xie X, Deng Y. LncRNA ENSG00000254615 Modulates Proliferation and 5-FU Resistance by Regulating p21 and Cyclin D1 in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Invest 2021; 39:696-710. [PMID: 33938344 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1923727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance is an urgent problem of colorectal cancer (CRC) chemotherapy that needs to be resolved. To investigate 5-FU-associated lncRNAs for CRC might be of great significant. LncRNA ENSG00000254615 was detected by RNA-sequencing. ENSG00000254615 were detected highly expressed in 5-FU-sensitive CRC cells and tissue specimens, and inhibited cell proliferation and attenuated 5-FU resistance in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ENSG00000254615 participated in the regulation of p21 and Cyclin D1. Taken together, we proposed that ENSG00000254615 inhibits proliferation and attenuates 5-FU resistance of CRC by regulating p21 and Cyclin D1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Runqing Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianxia Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Research Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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8
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O'Connell E, Reynolds IS, Salvucci M, McNamara DA, Burke JP, Prehn JHM. Mucinous and non-mucinous colorectal cancers show differential expression of chemotherapy metabolism and resistance genes. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:510-519. [PMID: 33731881 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has identified differences in mutation frequency in genes implicated in chemotherapy resistance between mucinous and non-mucinous colorectal cancers (CRC). We hypothesized that outcomes in mucinous and non-mucinous CRC may be influenced by expression of genes responsible for chemotherapy resistance. Gene expression data from primary tumor samples were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas PanCancer Atlas. The distribution of clinical, pathological, and gene expression variables was compared between 74 mucinous and 521 non-mucinous CRCs. Predictors of overall survival (OS) were assessed in a multivariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to compare survival according to gene expression using the log rank test. The median expression of 5-FU-related genes TYMS, TYMP, and DYPD was significantly higher in mucinous CRC compared to non-mucinous CRC (p < 0.001, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, respectively). The median expression of oxaliplatin-related genes ATP7B and SRPK1 was significantly reduced in mucinous versus non-mucinous CRC (p = 0.004, p = 0.007, respectively). At multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio (OR) = 0.96, p < 0.001), node positive disease (OR = 0.49, p = 0.005), and metastatic disease (OR = 0.32, p < 0.001) remained significant negative predictors of OS, while high SRPK1 remained a significant positive predictor of OS (OR = 1.59, p = 0.037). Subgroup analysis of rectal cancers demonstrated high SRPK1 expression was associated with significantly longer OS compared to low SRPK1 expression (p = 0.011). This study highlights that the molecular differences in mucinous CRC and non-mucinous CRC extend to chemotherapy resistance gene expression. SRPK1 gene expression was associated with OS, with a prognostic role identified in rectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O'Connell
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - I S Reynolds
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M Salvucci
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D A McNamara
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.,Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - J P Burke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - J H M Prehn
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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9
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Kurasaka C, Ogino Y, Sato A. Molecular Mechanisms and Tumor Biological Aspects of 5-Fluorouracil Resistance in HCT116 Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062916. [PMID: 33805673 PMCID: PMC8002131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a cornerstone drug used in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the development of resistance to 5-FU and its analogs remain an unsolved problem in CRC treatment. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and tumor biological aspects of 5-FU resistance in CRC HCT116 cells. We established an acquired 5-FU-resistant cell line, HCT116RF10. HCT116RF10 cells were cross-resistant to the 5-FU analog, fluorodeoxyuridine. In contrast, HCT116RF10 cells were collaterally sensitive to SN-38 and CDDP compared with the parental HCT16 cells. Whole-exome sequencing revealed that a cluster of genes associated with the 5-FU metabolic pathway were not significantly mutated in HCT116 or HCT116RF10 cells. Interestingly, HCT116RF10 cells were regulated by the function of thymidylate synthase (TS), a 5-FU active metabolite 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) inhibiting enzyme. Half of the TS was in an active form, whereas the other half was in an inactive form. This finding indicates that 5-FU-resistant cells exhibited increased TS expression, and the TS enzyme is used to trap FdUMP, resulting in resistance to 5-FU and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kurasaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yoko Ogino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (C.K.); (Y.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-7121-3620
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10
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Tian J, Zhang D, Kurbatov V, Wang Q, Wang Y, Fang D, Wu L, Bosenberg M, Muzumdar MD, Khan S, Lu Q, Yan Q, Lu J. 5-Fluorouracil efficacy requires anti-tumor immunity triggered by cancer-cell-intrinsic STING. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106065. [PMID: 33615517 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug, but the mechanisms underlying 5-FU efficacy in immunocompetent hosts in vivo remain largely elusive. Through modeling 5-FU response of murine colon and melanoma tumors, we report that effective reduction of tumor burden by 5-FU is dependent on anti-tumor immunity triggered by the activation of cancer-cell-intrinsic STING. While the loss of STING does not induce 5-FU resistance in vitro, effective 5-FU responsiveness in vivo requires cancer-cell-intrinsic cGAS, STING, and subsequent type I interferon (IFN) production, as well as IFN-sensing by bone-marrow-derived cells. In the absence of cancer-cell-intrinsic STING, a much higher dose of 5-FU is needed to reduce tumor burden. 5-FU treatment leads to increased intratumoral T cells, and T-cell depletion significantly reduces the efficacy of 5-FU in vivo. In human colorectal specimens, higher STING expression is associated with better survival and responsiveness to chemotherapy. Our results support a model in which 5-FU triggers cancer-cell-initiated anti-tumor immunity to reduce tumor burden, and our findings could be harnessed to improve therapeutic effectiveness and toxicity for colon and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dingyao Zhang
- Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vadim Kurbatov
- Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qinrong Wang
- Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yadong Wang
- Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dorthy Fang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lizhen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Mandar D Muzumdar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sajid Khan
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hospital of Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Yale Stem Cell Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Center for RNA Science and Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cooperative Center of Excellence in Hematology, New Haven, CT, USA
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11
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Gorgulho CM, Krishnamurthy A, Lanzi A, Galon J, Housseau F, Kaneno R, Lotze MT. Gutting it Out: Developing Effective Immunotherapies for Patients With Colorectal Cancer. J Immunother 2021; 44:49-62. [PMID: 33416261 PMCID: PMC8092416 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC) include proinflammatory diets, sedentary habits, and obesity, in addition to genetic syndromes that predispose individuals to this disease. Current treatment relies on surgical excision and cytotoxic chemotherapies. There has been a renewed interest in immunotherapy as a treatment option for CRC given the success in melanoma and microsatellite instable (MSI) CRC. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors only plays a role in the 4%-6% of patients with MSIhigh tumors and even within this subpopulation, response rates can vary from 30% to 50%. Most patients with CRC do not respond to this modality of treatment, even though colorectal tumors are frequently infiltrated with T cells. Tumor cells limit apoptosis and survive following intensive chemotherapy leading to drug resistance and induction of autophagy. Pharmacological or molecular inhibition of autophagy improves the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy in murine models. The microbiome clearly plays an etiologic role, in some or most colon tumors, realized by elegant findings in murine models and now investigated in human clinical trials. Recent results have suggested that cancer vaccines may be beneficial, perhaps best as preventive strategies. The search for therapies that can be combined with current approaches to increase their efficacy, and new knowledge of the biology of CRC are pivotal to improve the care of patients suffering from this disease. Here, we review the basic immunobiology of CRC, current "state-of-the-art" immunotherapies and define those areas with greatest therapeutic promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mendonça Gorgulho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh - PA, USA
| | | | - Anastasia Lanzi
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Franck Housseau
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, CRB-I Room 4M59, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh - PA, USA
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12
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Ishibashi M, Ishii M, Yamamoto S, Mori Y, Shimizu S. Possible involvement of TRPM2 activation in 5-fluorouracil-induced myelosuppression in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 891:173671. [PMID: 33131720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is an oxidative stress-sensitive Ca2+-permeable channel. The activation of TRPM2 by H2O2 causes cell death in various types of cells. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an important anticancer drug, but myelosuppression is one of the most frequent adverse effects. The involvement of oxidative stress in 5-FU-induced myelosuppression has been reported, and bone marrow cells are known to express TRPM2. The aim of this study was to investigate whether TRPM2 is involved in 5-FU-induced myelosuppression. Enhancement of H2O2-induced intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) increase by 5-FU treatment was observed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) cells stably expressing TRPM2 but not in HEK cells, indicating that 5-FU stimulates TRPM2 activation. In CD117 positive cells from wild type (WT) mouse bone marrow, 5-FU also enhanced the H2O2-induced [Ca2+]i increases, but not in cells from Trpm2 knockout (KO) mice. In the CFU-GM colony assay, the 5-FU-induced reduction of colony number was alleviated by Trpm2 deficiency. Moreover, the reduction of leukocytes in blood by administration with 5-FU in WT mice was also alleviated in Trpm2 KO mice. The activation of TRPM2 in bone marrow cells seems to be involved in 5-FU-induced myelosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ishibashi
- Division of Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan; Division of Physiology and Pathology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ishii
- Division of Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan; Division of Physiology and Pathology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamamoto
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shunichi Shimizu
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano, Tokyo, 164-8530, Japan.
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13
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Sabeti Aghabozorgi A, Moradi Sarabi M, Jafarzadeh-Esfehani R, Koochakkhani S, Hassanzadeh M, Kavousipour S, Eftekhar E. Molecular determinants of response to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in colorectal cancer: The undisputable role of micro-ribonucleic acids. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:942-956. [PMID: 33005290 PMCID: PMC7510001 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i9.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
5-flurouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy is the main pharmacological therapy for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite significant progress in the treatment of CRC during the last decades, 5-FU drug resistance remains the most important cause of failure in CRC therapy. Resistance to 5-FU is a complex and multistep process. Different mechanisms including microsatellite instability, increased expression level of key enzyme thymidylate synthase and its polymorphism, increased level of 5-FU-activating enzymes and mutation of TP53 are proposed as the main determinants of resistance to 5-FU in CRC cells. Recently, micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNA) and their alterations were found to have a crucial role in 5-FU resistance. In this regard, the miRNA-mediated mechanisms of 5-FU drug resistance reside among the new fields of pharmacogenetics of CRC drug response that has not been completely discovered. Identification of the biological markers that are related to response to 5-FU-based chemotherapy is an emerging field of precision medicine. This approach will have an important role in defining those patients who are most likely to benefit from 5-FU-based chemotherapy in the future. Thereby, the identification of 5-FU drug resistance mechanisms is an essential step to predict and eventually overcome resistance. In the present comprehensive review, we will summarize the latest knowledge regarding the molecular determinants of response to 5-FU-based chemotherapy in CRC by emphasizing the role of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Moradi Sarabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 381251698, Iran
| | - Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 1394491388, Iran
| | - Shabnaz Koochakkhani
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7919915519, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Hassanzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7919915519, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Kavousipour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7919915519, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Eftekhar
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas 7919915519, Iran
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14
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Blondy S, David V, Verdier M, Mathonnet M, Perraud A, Christou N. 5-Fluorouracil resistance mechanisms in colorectal cancer: From classical pathways to promising processes. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3142-3154. [PMID: 32536012 PMCID: PMC7469786 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a public health problem. It is the third most common cancer in the world, with nearly 1.8 million new cases diagnosed in 2018. The only curative treatment is surgery, especially for early tumor stages. When there is locoregional or distant invasion, chemotherapy can be introduced, in particular 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). However, the disease can become tolerant to these pharmaceutical treatments: resistance emerges, leading to early tumor recurrence. Different mechanisms can explain this 5-FU resistance. Some are disease-specific, whereas others, such as drug efflux, are evolutionarily conserved. These mechanisms are numerous and complex and can occur simultaneously in cells exposed to 5-FU. In this review, we construct a global outline of different mechanisms from disruption of 5-FU-metabolic enzymes and classic cellular processes (apoptosis, autophagy, glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, respiration, and cell cycle perturbation) to drug transporters and epithelial-mesenchymal transition induction. Particular interest is directed to tumor microenvironment function as well as epigenetic alterations and miRNA dysregulation, which are the more promising processes that will be the subject of much research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Blondy
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratoire EA3842 CAPTuR "Control of cell activation, Tumor progression and Therapeutic resistance", Limoges cedex, France
| | - Valentin David
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratoire EA3842 CAPTuR "Control of cell activation, Tumor progression and Therapeutic resistance", Limoges cedex, France.,Department of pharmacy, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Mireille Verdier
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratoire EA3842 CAPTuR "Control of cell activation, Tumor progression and Therapeutic resistance", Limoges cedex, France
| | - Muriel Mathonnet
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratoire EA3842 CAPTuR "Control of cell activation, Tumor progression and Therapeutic resistance", Limoges cedex, France.,Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Department of Digestive, General and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Aurélie Perraud
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratoire EA3842 CAPTuR "Control of cell activation, Tumor progression and Therapeutic resistance", Limoges cedex, France.,Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Department of Digestive, General and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Niki Christou
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratoire EA3842 CAPTuR "Control of cell activation, Tumor progression and Therapeutic resistance", Limoges cedex, France.,Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Department of Digestive, General and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
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15
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Sakatani A, Sonohara F, Goel A. Melatonin-mediated downregulation of thymidylate synthase as a novel mechanism for overcoming 5-fluorouracil associated chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:422-431. [PMID: 30590435 PMCID: PMC6514450 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been established as the first-line chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC); however, acquired chemoresistance is often the cause of poor therapeutic response. Melatonin is a molecule that is associated with circadian rhythms. Although antitumor effects of melatonin have been shown, the underlying mechanism(s) for its activity and its effect, if any, in chemoresistant CRC has not been studied. We aimed to investigate antitumor effects of melatonin, and more specifically its effect on molecular mechanisms in 5-FU resistant CRC cells. METHODS The cell growth was assessed in CRC cells, patient-derived organoids and 5-FU resistant CRC cells after treatments with melatonin. In addition, the expression of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are targeting TYMS were examined. RESULTS We observed that melatonin inhibited the cell growth in 5-FU resistant CRC cells. In addition, we found that melatonin significantly promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, a combination of melatonin and 5-FU markedly enhanced 5-FU-mediated cytotoxicity in 5-FU resistant cells. In addition, melatonin significantly decreased the expression of TYMS. Interestingly, this effect was manifested through the simultaneous increase in the expression of miR-215-5p, for which, TYMS serves as the direct downstream target for this miRNA. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin facilitates overcoming 5-FU resistance through downregulation of TYMS. Melatonin may serve as a potential therapeutic option on its own, or in conjunction with 5-FU, in the treatment of patients with advanced or chemoresistant CRC.Melatonin inhibits the growth of 5-FU resistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells through upregulation of miR-215-5p and a concomitant downregulation of TYMS. Melatonin may serve as a potential therapeutic option in the treatment of patients with advanced or chemoresistant CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sakatani
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sonohara
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research; Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Intuyod K, Saavedra-García P, Zona S, Lai CF, Jiramongkol Y, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Pairojkul C, Yao S, Yong JS, Trakansuebkul S, Waraasawapati S, Luvira V, Wongkham S, Pinlaor S, Lam EWF. FOXM1 modulates 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in cholangiocarcinoma through thymidylate synthase (TYMS): implications of FOXM1-TYMS axis uncoupling in 5-FU resistance. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1185. [PMID: 30538221 PMCID: PMC6290025 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first-line chemotherapeutic drug for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), but its efficacy has been compromised by the development of resistance. Development of 5-FU resistance is associated with elevated expression of its cellular target, thymidylate synthase (TYMS). E2F1 transcription factor has previously been shown to modulate the expression of FOXM1 and TYMS. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed a strong correlated upregulation of FOXM1 (78%) and TYMS (48%) expression at the protein levels in CCA tissues. In agreement, RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of four human CCA cell lines at the baseline level and in response to high doses of 5-FU revealed good correlations between FOXM1 and TYMS expression in the CCA cell lines tested, except for the highly 5-FU-resistant HuCCA cells. Consistently, siRNA-mediated knockdown of FOXM1 reduced the clonogenicity and TYMS expression in the relatively sensitive KKU-D131 but not in the highly resistant HuCCA cells. Interestingly, silencing of TYMS sensitized both KKU-D131 and HuCCA to 5-FU treatment, suggesting that resistance to very high levels of 5-FU is due to the inability of the genotoxic sensor FOXM1 to modulate TYMS expression. Consistently, ChIP analysis revealed that FOXM1 binds efficiently to the TYMS promoter and modulates TYMS expression at the promoter level upon 5-FU treatment in KKU-D131 but not in HuCCA cells. In addition, E2F1 expression did not correlate with either FOXM1 or TYMS expression and E2F1 depletion has no effects on the clonogenicity and TYMS expression in the CCA cells. In conclusion, our data show that FOXM1 regulates TYMS expression to modulate 5-FU resistance in CCA and that severe 5-FU resistance can be caused by the uncoupling of the regulation of TYMS by FOXM1. Our findings suggest that the FOXM1–TYMS axis can be a novel diagnostic, predictive and prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Intuyod
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Paula Saavedra-García
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stefania Zona
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Chun-Fui Lai
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yannasittha Jiramongkol
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Shang Yao
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jay-Sze Yong
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sasanan Trakansuebkul
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sakda Waraasawapati
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Vor Luvira
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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17
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Park JB, Lee JS, Lee MS, Cha EY, Kim S, Sul JY. Corosolic acid reduces 5‑FU chemoresistance in human gastric cancer cells by activating AMPK. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2880-2888. [PMID: 30015846 PMCID: PMC6102703 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
5‑Fluorouracil (5‑FU) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents for gastric cancer. Resistance to 5‑FU‑based chemotherapy remains the major obstacle in the treatment of gastric cancer. A growing body of evidence has suggested that adenosine monophosphate‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) is pivotal for chemoresistance. However, the mechanism by which AMPK regulates the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer remains unclear. In the present study, how corosolic acid enhanced the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5‑FU via AMPK activation was investigated. A 5‑FU‑resistant gastric cancer cell line (SNU‑620/5‑FUR) was established, which had a marked increase in thymidine synthase (TS) expression but reduced AMPK phosphorylation when compared with the parental cell line, SNU‑620. AMPK regulation by 5‑aminoimidazole‑4‑carboxamide ribonucleotide or compound c was revealed to be markedly associated with TS expression and 5‑FU‑resistant cell viability. In addition, corosolic acid activated AMPK, and decreased TS expression and the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin/4E‑binding protein 1 in a dose‑dependent manner. Corosolic acid treatment significantly reduced cell viability while compound c reversed corosolic acid‑induced cell growth inhibition. The 5‑FU‑resistance sensitization effect of corosolic acid was determined by the synergistic reduction of TS expression and inhibition of cell viability in the presence of 5‑FU. The corosolic acid‑induced AMPK activation was markedly increased by additional 5‑FU treatment, while compound c reversed AMPK phosphorylation. In addition, compound c treatment reversed corosolic acid‑induced apoptotic markers such as capase‑3 and PARP cleavage, and cytochrome c translocation to cytosol, in the presence of 5‑FU. Corosolic acid treatment in the presence of 5‑FU induced an increase in the apoptotic cell population based on flow cytometry analysis. This increase was abolished by compound c. In conclusion, these results implied that corosolic acid may have therapeutic potential to sensitize the resistance of gastric cancer to 5‑FU by activating AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Beom Park
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sun Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Cha
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Sul
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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18
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Cytotoxic response of 5-fluorouracil-resistant cells to gene- and cell-directed enzyme/prodrug treatment. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 25:285-299. [DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Liu H, Liu H, Zhou Z, Parise RA, Chu E, Schmitz JC. Herbal formula Huang Qin Ge Gen Tang enhances 5-fluorouracil antitumor activity through modulation of the E2F1/TS pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:7. [PMID: 29458395 PMCID: PMC5819251 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) remains the most widely used agent to treat colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its clinical efficacy is currently limited by the development of drug resistance. Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine (TCM) has been shown to enhance the efficacy of standard anticancer agents. However, there are only a limited number of well-controlled preclinical and clinical studies documenting the potential benefit of TCM. Herein, we screened a series of TCM formulas in in vitro and in vivo animal models to identify biologically active formulas that were effective against CRC. METHODS Cell proliferation and clonogenic assays, cell cycle analysis, immunoblot analysis and qRT-PCR were performed to investigate the mechanism(s) of action of the most active formula Huang-Qin-Ge-Gen-Tang (HQGGT) on growth of human CRC cells. In vivo animal models were used to document the antitumor activity of HQGGT alone and HQGGT in combination with 5-FU. RESULTS We identified HQGGT, which suppressed the in vivo growth of human colon cancer HT-29 xenografts without associated toxicities. HQGGT displayed anti-proliferative activity against a wide range of CRC cell lines. This growth suppression correlated with induction of apoptosis. HQGGT enhanced the cytotoxicity of 5-FU against human 5-FU-resistant cells (H630R1) and mouse colon cancer cells (MC38). Our studies showed that the mechanism of action of this synergism was the result of suppression of thymidylate synthase (TS) expression by HQGGT. We analyzed different batches of HQGGT and observed consistent chemical fingerprints and biological activity. Finally, we show that orally administered HQGGT significantly enhanced the antitumor effect of 5-FU in mice bearing MC38 xenografts. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide support for the potential role of HQGGT as a novel modulator of fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert A Parise
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Edward Chu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - John C Schmitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Cancer Therapeutics Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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20
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Chen X, Yang Y, Katz S. Early detection of thymidylate synthase resistance in non-small cell lung cancer with FLT-PET imaging. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82705-82713. [PMID: 29137296 PMCID: PMC5669922 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) results in a transient compensatory "flare" in thymidine salvage pathway activity measureable with 18F-thymidine (FLT)- positron emission tomography (PET) at 2hrs. of therapy which may predict non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) sensitivity to TS inhibition. Materials and Methods Resistance to TS inhibition by pemetrexed was induced in NSCLC cell lines H460 and H1299 through TS overexpression. TS overexpression was confirmed with RT-PCR and Western blotting and pemetrexed resistance confirmed with IC50 assays. The presence of a pemetrexed-induced thymidine salvage pathway "flare" was then measured using 3H-thymidine in both pemetrexed sensitive (H460 and H1299) and resistant (H460R, H1299R, CALU-6, H522, H650, H661, H820, H1838) lines in vitro, and validated with FLT-PET in vivo using H460 and H460R xenografts. Results Overexpression of TS induced pemetrexed resistance with IC50 for H460, H1299, H460R and H1299R measured as 0.141 μM, 0.656 μM, 22.842 μM, 213.120 μM, respectively. Thymidine salvage pathway 3H-thymidine "flare" was observed following pemetrexed in H460 and H1299 but not H460R, H1299R, CALU-6, H522, H650, H661, H820 or H1838 in vitro. Similarly, a FLT "flare" was observed in vivo following pemetrexed therapy in H460 but not H460R tumor-bearing xenografts. Conclusions Imaging of TS inhibition is predictive of NSCLC sensitivity to pemetrexed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yizeng Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharyn Katz
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhang C, Ma Q, Shi Y, Li X, Wang M, Wang J, Ge J, Chen Z, Wang Z, Jiang H. A novel 5-fluorouracil-resistant human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line Eca-109/5-FU with significant drug resistance-related characteristics. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2942-2954. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Xu W, Jiang H, Zhang F, Gao J, Hou J. MicroRNA-330 inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer by directly targeting thymidylate synthase. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3387-3394. [PMID: 28521444 PMCID: PMC5431319 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in males and the second most common in females, worldwide. Currently, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-mediated chemotherapy is the adjuvant treatment for patients with CRC following surgical resection. However, a number of patients with CRC develop 5-FU resistance, which is a major challenge for the effective treatment of cancer. Therefore, it is important to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying chemoresistance and the therapeutic treatments that may improve the treatment of CRC. The present study demonstrated that microRNA (miR)-330 was significantly downregulated in CRC tissues and cell lines. Ectopic miR-330 expression decreased cell proliferation and enhanced cell chemosensitivity to 5-FU via the cell apoptosis pathway in CRC. In addition, thymidylate synthase (TYMS) was revealed to be a direct target gene of miR-330 in CRC. Knockdown of TYMS inhibited CRC cell proliferation, and enhanced cell chemosensitivity to 5-FU by promoting cell apoptosis. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that miR-330 targeted TYMS to inhibit the proliferation and enhance the chemosensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU by promoting cell apoptosis. The present study provided important insight into the molecular mechanism underlying 5-FU-mediated chemoresistance and a novel therapeutic strategy for the enhancement of efficacy in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Huayong Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Junmao Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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23
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Expression analysis of microRNA as prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 8:52403-52412. [PMID: 28881738 PMCID: PMC5581037 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNA (miRNA) based biomarkers have unique advantages due to their critical regulatory function, superior stability, and relatively small number compared to mRNAs. A number of miRNAs play key roles in colon cancer stem cell chemoresistance and have clinical potential as prognostic biomarkers. The purpose of this study is to systematically validate the prognostic potential of miRNAs in colorectal cancer. In this study, we validated the prognostic potential of a panel of miRNAs using 205 stage II, III, and IV colorectal cancer specimens by qRT-PCR analysis. We cross validated our results using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Many of the miRNAs we investigated have been functionally validated to be important in contributing to chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) based chemotherapy. We determined that miR-16 is the most consistent miRNA for expression normalization in colorectal cancer. We have validated several miRNAs (miR-15b, miR-215, miR-145, miR-192, let-7g) that are significantly associated with progression free survival (PFS) and/or overall survival (OS) of colorectal cancer patients independent of tumor stage and age at diagnosis. These 5 miRNAs are significantly associated with OS of colorectal cancer even after tumor location (left side vs. right side) is adjusted for. Furthermore, the prognostic value of let-7g for overall survival was independently validated using the RNA-Seq results from TCGA colorectal cancer database. These results, taken together, establish a solid foundation towards miRNA based precision management of colorectal cancer.
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24
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Chen J, Shao R, Li F, Monteiro M, Liu JP, Xu ZP, Gu W. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway dual inhibitor BEZ235 suppresses the stemness of colon cancer stem cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:1317-26. [PMID: 26399781 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide with high mortality. A major issue in colon cancer treatment is drug-resistance and metastasis that have been ascribed to the cancer stem cells. In this study, colon cancer stem cells were isolated through sphere culture and verified with the cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44, and CD24. It was demonstrated that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was highly activated in the colon cancer stem cells and that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by the inhibitor BEZ235 suppressed the colon cancer stem cell proliferation with reduced stemness indicated by CD133 and Lgr5 expressions. Treatment with insulin as a known activator of the PI3K/Akt pathway increased CD133 expression and decreased the effects of BEZ235 on colon cancer proliferation and survival. The data presented here collectively suggest that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway underpins the stemness of colon cancer stem cells and BEZ235 is potentially a good drug candidate for treatment of colon cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Renfu Shao
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezhi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Michael Monteiro
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- Aging Research Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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25
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Ledderhof NJ, Caminiti MF, Bradley G, Lam DK. Topical 5-Fluorouracil is a Novel Targeted Therapy for the Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016; 75:514-524. [PMID: 27789270 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antimetabolite drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is used in the treatment of various cancers, including basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). The authors hypothesized that keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KOTs) would respond to 5-FU treatment because of their similarities to BCCs in molecular etiopathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ambispective cohort study of the treatment efficacy of topical 5-FU on KOTs was conducted. Independent variables included the topical application of 5% 5-FU or modified Carnoy's solution (MC) after enucleation and peripheral ostectomy at the University of Toronto from 2006 through 2014. Outcome variables included time to recurrence and peripheral nerve injury. KOT specimens in these patients were immunostained with p53, Ki-67, thymidylate synthetase (TS), thymidylate phosphorylase (TP), and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) antibodies. Semiquantitative staining scores were calculated for all immunohistochemistry sections examined. Descriptive statistics were computed using Fisher exact test and Kaplan-Meier analysis as appropriate with the P value set at .05. RESULTS Thirty-two patients with 32 KOTs were reviewed (41% in women and 59% in men). There were no KOT recurrences in the 5-FU group (n = 11), whereas there were 4 recurrences in the MC group (n = 21; P = .190). There was a significantly lower incidence of inferior alveolar nerve paresthesia with 5-FU treatment (P = .039). Immunohistochemical staining showed upregulation of TP (P < .0001) and DPD (P < .0001) and no change in TS (P > .05) in inflamed KOTs. CONCLUSIONS 5-FU effectively treats KOTs with less postoperative morbidity than conventional treatment with MC. Low TS and upregulated TP expressions in inflamed KOTs suggest increased 5-FU efficacy in inflamed KOTs. Topical 5-FU is a novel therapy for KOTs and provides a targeted molecular approach to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ledderhof
- Chief Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marco F Caminiti
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grace Bradley
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David K Lam
- Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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26
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Negrei C, Hudita A, Ginghina O, Galateanu B, Voicu SN, Stan M, Costache M, Fenga C, Drakoulis N, Tsatsakis AM. Colon Cancer Cells Gene Expression Signature As Response to 5- Fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, and Folinic Acid Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:172. [PMID: 27445811 PMCID: PMC4917556 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
5-FU cytotoxicity mechanism has been assigned both to the miss-incorporation of fluoronucleotides into RNA and DNA and to the inhibition of thymidylate synthase. 5-FU is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs, although it has severe side effects that may vary between patients. Pharmacogenetic studies related to 5-FU have been traditionally focused on the rate-limiting catabolic enzyme, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase that breaks 80–85% of 5-FU into its inactive metabolite. Choosing the right dosing scheme and chemotherapy strategy for each individual patient remains challenging for personalized chemotherapy management. In the general effort toward reduction of colorectal cancer mortality, in vitro screening studies play a very important role. To accelerate translation research, increasing interest has been focused on using in vivo-like models such as three-dimensional spheroids. The development of higher throughput assays to quantify phenotypic changes in spheroids is an active research area. Consequently, in this study we used the microarray technology to reveal the HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells gene expression signature as response to 5-FU/OXP/FA treatment in a state of the art 3D culture system. We report here an increased reactive oxygen species production under treatment, correlated with a decrease in cell viability and proliferation potential. With respect to the HT-29 cells gene expression under the treatment with 5-FU/OXP/FA, we found 15.247 genes that were significantly differentially expressed (p < 0.05) with a fold change higher that two-fold. Among these, 7136 genes were upregulated and 8111 genes were downregulated under experimental conditions as compared to untreated cells. The most relevant and statistic significant (p < 0.01) pathways in the experiment are associated with the genes that displayed significant differential expression and are related to intracellular signaling, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Negrei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ariana Hudita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octav Ginghina
- Department of Surgery, "Sf. Ioan" Clinical Emergency HospitalBucharest, Romania; Department II, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest, Romania
| | - Bianca Galateanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina Nicoleta Voicu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
| | - Miriana Stan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marieta Costache
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Occupational Medicine Section, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete Heraklion, Greece
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27
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Ganguly K, Kulkarni AR, Aminabhavi TM. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo efficacy of 5-fluorouracil-loaded enteric-coated PEG-cross-linked chitosan microspheres in colorectal cancer therapy in rats. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2838-2851. [PMID: 26530807 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Microspheres of chitosan (CS) cross-linked with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were prepared by emulsion-cross-linking followed by the solvent evaporation technique. The formulations were characterized and subjected to in vitro and in vivo tests to assess cell growth, changes in cell morphology, and activities by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on human HT-29 colon cancer cell-lines. METHODS In vivo activity was evaluated for dimethyl hydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in albino male Wistar rats. Biochemical and histological parameters were evaluated to understand their effectiveness for colon cancer therapy. RESULTS The 5-FU immediate release (IR) formulations suspended in SCMC produced an immediate cytotoxic effect, whereas microspheres inhibited proliferation of tumor cells to induce apoptosis over an extended time. Minimum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for both standard plain 5-FU and 5-FU-loaded microspheres were respectively 5.00 ± 0.004 µg/mL and 165 ± 1.9 µg/mL which showed the improved safety profile of the microsphere formulation. Tissue distribution showed high concentration of 5-FU in colon that was higher than IC50 value required to stop the growth or death of colon cancer cells from the colonic dysplasia in Duke's stage A. Significant reduction in tumor volume and multiplicity was observed with increased levels of liver enzymes in animals when treated with standard 5-FU formulation compared with 5-FU loaded microspheres. Elevated levels of serum albumin, creatinine, leukocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia were observed in animals for the standard 5-FU formulation. CONCLUSION The PEG cross-linked CS microspheres of this study slowly released 5-FU up to 24 h to colonic region and enhanced the antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Ganguly
- a Department of Pharmacology , Soniya Education Trust's College of Pharmacy , Dharwad , Karnataka , India and
| | - Anandrao R Kulkarni
- a Department of Pharmacology , Soniya Education Trust's College of Pharmacy , Dharwad , Karnataka , India and
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- a Department of Pharmacology , Soniya Education Trust's College of Pharmacy , Dharwad , Karnataka , India and.,b Department of Pharmaceutics , All India Council for Technical Education , New Delhi , India
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Murray V, Taylor CB, Gero AM, Lutze-Mann LH. The influence of p53 status on the cytotoxicity of fluorinated pyrimidine L-nucleosides. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:102-9. [PMID: 26296760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated nucleoside analogues are a major class of cancer chemotherapy agents, and include the drugs 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd). The aim of this study was to examine the cellular toxicity of two novel fluorinated pyrimidine L-nucleosides that are enantiomers of D-nucleosides and may be able to increase selectivity for cancer cells as a result of their unnatural L-configuration. Two fluorinated pyrimidine L-nucleosides were examined in this study, L110 ([β-L, β-D]-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine) and L117 (β-L-deoxyuridine:β-D-5'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine). The cytotoxicity of these L-nucleoside was determined in primary mouse fibroblasts and was compared with 5FU and FdUrd. In addition, the influence of p53 status on cytotoxicity was investigated. These cytotoxicity assays were performed on a matched set of primary mouse fibroblasts that were either wild type or null for the p53 tumour suppressor gene. It was found that cells lacking functional p53 were over 7500 times more sensitive to the drugs L110, L117 and FdUrd than cells containing wild type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Murray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Christina B Taylor
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Annette M Gero
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Louise H Lutze-Mann
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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29
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Islam Z, Strutzenberg TS, Ghosh AK, Kohen A. Activation of Two Sequential H-transfers in the Thymidylate Synthase Catalyzed Reaction. ACS Catal 2015; 5:6061-6068. [PMID: 26576323 PMCID: PMC4643671 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TSase) catalyzes the de novo biosynthesis of thymidylate, a precursor for DNA, and is thus an important target for chemotherapeutics and antibiotics. Two sequential C-H bond cleavages catalyzed by TSase are of particular interest: a reversible proton abstraction from the 2'-deoxy-uridylate substrate, followed by an irreversible hydride transfer forming the thymidylate product. QM/MM calculations of the former predicted a mechanism where the abstraction of the proton leads to formation of a novel nucleotide-folate intermediate that is not covalently bound to the enzyme (Wang, Z.; Ferrer, S.; Moliner, V.; Kohen, A. Biochemistry2013, 52, 2348-2358). Existence of such intermediate would hold promise as a target for a new class of drugs. Calculations of the subsequent hydride transfer predicted a concerted H-transfer and elimination of the enzymatic cysteine (Kanaan, N.; Ferrer, S.; Marti, S.; Garcia-Viloca, M.; Kohen, A.; Moliner, V. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2011, 133, 6692-6702). A key to both C-H activations is a highly conserved arginine (R166) that stabilizes the transition state of both H-transfers. Here we test these predictions by studying the R166 to lysine mutant of E. coli TSase (R166K) using intrinsic kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and their temperature dependence to assess effects of the mutation on both chemical steps. The findings confirmed the predictions made by the QM/MM calculations, implicate R166 as an integral component of both reaction coordinates, and thus provide critical support to the nucleotide-folate intermediate as a new target for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahidul Islam
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | | | - Ananda K. Ghosh
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | - Amnon Kohen
- The Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
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30
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Ganguly K, Kulkarni AR, Aminabhavi TM. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo efficacy of 5-fluorouracil-loaded enteric-coated PEG-crosslinked chitosan microspheres in colorectal cancer therapy in rats. Drug Deliv 2015:1-14. [PMID: 26394122 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1089955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Microspheres of chitosan (CS) crosslinked with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were prepared by emulsion crosslinking followed by solvent evaporation technique. The formulations were characterized and subjected to in vitro and in vivo tests to assess cell growth, changes in cell morphology and activities by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on human HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. METHODS In vivo activity was evaluated for dimethyl hydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in albino male Wistar rats. Biochemical and histological parameters were evaluated to understand their effectiveness for colon cancer therapy. RESULTS The 5-FU immediate release (IR) formulations suspended in sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) produced an immediate cytotoxic effect, whereas microspheres inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells to induce apoptosis over an extended time. Minimum inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for both standard plain 5-FU and 5-FU-loaded microspheres were, respectively, 5.00 ± 0.004 µg/mL and 165 ± 1.9 µg/mL which showed the improved safety profile of the microsphere formulation. Tissue distribution showed high concentration of 5-FU in colon that was higher than IC50 required to stop the growth or death of colon cancer cells from the colonic dysplasia in Duke's Stage A. Significant reduction in tumor volume and multiplicity was observed with increased levels of liver enzymes in animals when treated with standard 5-FU formulation compared to 5-FU-loaded microspheres. Elevated levels of serum albumin, creatinine, leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in animals for the standard 5-FU formulation. CONCLUSION The PEG-crosslinked CS microspheres of this study slowly released 5-FU up to 24 h to colonic region and enhanced the antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Ganguly
- a Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Soniya Education Trust's College of Pharmacy , Dharwad , Karnataka , India and
| | - Anandrao R Kulkarni
- a Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Soniya Education Trust's College of Pharmacy , Dharwad , Karnataka , India and
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- a Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Soniya Education Trust's College of Pharmacy , Dharwad , Karnataka , India and
- b All India Council for Technical Education , New Delhi , India
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Balboa-Beltrán E, Duran G, Lamas MJ, Carracedo A, Barros F. Long Survival and Severe Toxicity Under 5-Fluorouracil-Based Therapy in a Patient With Colorectal Cancer Who Harbors a Germline Codon-Stop Mutation in TYMS. Mayo Clin Proc 2015. [PMID: 26210704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the first clinical description of a patient with cancer with a heterozygous germline codon-stop mutation in the TYMS gene. The mutation g.657795_657826del, c.53_84del (NM_001071.2), p.Gln18Argfs*42 causes loss of function of one of the TYMS alleles, resulting in a truncated protein. This gene codifies for the target enzyme of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the basic treatment in colorectal cancer. The patient, diagnosed with metastatic colorectal cancer, had diarrhea and neutropenia grade 4 and mucositis and neurological toxicity grade 3 under 5-FU-based therapy and exceeded by more than 50% the average survival after metastasectomy. On the basis of the patient's characteristics and the key role of TYMS in 5-FU activity, we hypothesize that this mutation may contribute to the drug response and toxicities suffered by the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Balboa-Beltrán
- Genomic Medicine Group, CIBERER, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Goretti Duran
- Hospital Pharmacy Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Jesús Lamas
- Hospital Pharmacy Service, University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Genomic Medicine Group, CIBERER, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Galician Public Foundation for Genomic Medicine, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Francisco Barros
- Galician Public Foundation for Genomic Medicine, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Abstract
Allelic imbalance of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is attributed to polymorphisms in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated region (UTR). These polymorphisms have been related to the risk of suffering different cancers, for example leukemia, breast or gastric cancer, and response to different drugs, among which are methotrexate glutamates, stavudine, and specifically 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), as TYMS is its direct target. A vast literature has been published in relation to 5-FU, even suggesting the sole use of these polymorphisms to effectively manage 5-FU dosage. Estimates of the extent to which these polymorphisms influence in TYMS expression have in the past been based on functional analysis by luciferase assays and quantification of TYMS mRNA, but both these studies, as the association studies with cancer risk or with toxicity or response to 5-FU, are very contradictory. Regarding functional assays, the artificial genetic environment created in luciferase assay and the problems derived from quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs), for example the use of a reference gene, may have distorted the results. To avoid these sources of interference, we have analyzed the allelic imbalance of TYMS by allelic-specific analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients.Allelic imbalance in PBMCs, taken from 40 patients with suspected myeloproliferative haematological diseases, was determined by fluorescent fragment analysis (for the 3'-UTR polymorphism), Sanger sequencing and allelic-specific qPCR in multiplex (for the 5'-UTR polymorphisms).For neither the 3'- nor the 5'-UTR polymorphisms did the observed allelic imbalance exceed 1.5 fold. None of the TYMS polymorphisms is statistically associated with allelic imbalance.The results acquired allow us to deny the previously established assertion of an influence of 2 to 4 fold of the rs45445694 and rs2853542 polymorphisms in the expression of TYMS and narrow its allelic imbalance to 1.5 fold, in our population. These data circumscribe the influence of these polymorphisms in the clinical outcome of 5-FU and question their use for establishing 5-FU dosage, above all when additional genetic factors are not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Balboa-Beltrán
- From the Grupo de Medicina Xenómica (EB-B, RC, AC), CIBERER, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (AC, FB), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR) (AC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
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De Mattia E, Cecchin E, Toffoli G. Pharmacogenomics of intrinsic and acquired pharmacoresistance in colorectal cancer: Toward targeted personalized therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 20:39-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Slug-dependent upregulation of L1CAM is responsible for the increased invasion potential of pancreatic cancer cells following long-term 5-FU treatment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123684. [PMID: 25860483 PMCID: PMC4393253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a lethal disease with 5-year survival of less than 5%. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a principal first-line therapy, but treatment only extends survival modestly and is seldom curative. Drug resistance and disease recurrence is typical and there is a pressing need to overcome this. To investigate acquired 5-FU resistance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, we established chemoresistant monoclonal cell lines from the Panc 03.27 cell line by long-term exposure to increasing doses of 5-FU. Results 5-FU-resistant cell lines exhibited increased expression of markers associated with multidrug resistance explaining their reduced sensitivity to 5-FU. In addition, 5-FU-resistant cell lines showed alterations typical for an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), including upregulation of mesenchymal markers and increased invasiveness. Microarray analysis revealed the L1CAM pathway as one of the most upregulated pathways in the chemoresistant clones, and a significant upregulation of L1CAM was seen on the RNA and protein level. In pancreatic cancer, expression of L1CAM is associated with a chemoresistant and migratory phenotype. Using esiRNA targeting L1CAM, or by blocking the extracellular part of L1CAM with antibodies, we show that the increased invasiveness observed in the chemoresistant cells functionally depends on L1CAM. Using esiRNA targeting β-catenin and/or Slug, we demonstrate that in the chemoresistant cell lines, L1CAM expression depends on Slug rather than β-catenin. Conclusion Our findings establish Slug-induced L1CAM expression as a mediator of a chemoresistant and migratory phenotype in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
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Lee SL, Dempsey-Hibbert NC, Vimalachandran D, Wardle TD, Sutton P, Williams JHH. Targeting Heat Shock Proteins in Colorectal Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17211-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li T, Gao F, Zhang XP. miR-203 enhances chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil by targeting thymidylate synthase in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:607-14. [PMID: 25482885 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a conserved class of small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in diverse biological processes, including chemoresistance. However, the molecular mechanism as to how miR-203 modulates the chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in colorectal cancer is poorly known. In the present study, we found that miR-203 was downregulated in the 5-FU-resistant cell line LoVo/5-Fu, and was inversely correlated with the extent of 5-FU chemoresistance. Cytotoxicity assay showed that the inhibition of miR-203 expression enhanced 5-FU chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells, while miR-203 overexpression increased 5-FU chemosensitivity. We then validated that thymidylate synthase (TYMS) was a direct target of miR-203 and miR-203 suppressed TYMS protein levels. Silencing of TYMS enhanced 5-FU chemosensitivity, similar to the roles of miR-203. Finally, we discovered that miR-203 increased the inhibitory effects of 5-FU on tumor growth in vivo. Overall, our data indicate that miR-203 enhances 5-FU chemosensitivity via the downregulation of TYMS in colorectal cancer and provide important insight into the mechanism of 5-FU resistance in colorectal cancer patients. More important, the present study suggests that miR-203 has the potential as a therapeutic strategy for 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Colorectal Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Peng Zhang
- Colorectal Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China
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Chen J, Shao R, Li L, Xu ZP, Gu W. Effective inhibition of colon cancer cell growth with MgAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) loaded 5-FU and PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor BEZ-235 through apoptotic pathways. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3403-11. [PMID: 25075187 PMCID: PMC4107171 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s61633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common cancer and the third largest cause of cancer-related death. Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the front-line chemotherapeutic agent for colon cancer. However, its response rate is less than 60%, even in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. The side effects of 5-FU also limit its application. Nanoparticles have been used to deliver 5-FU, to increase its effectiveness and reduce side effects. Another common approach for colon cancer treatment is targeted therapy against the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. A recently-invented inhibitor of this pathway, BEZ-235, has been tested in several clinical trials and has shown effectiveness and low side effects. Thus, it is a very promising drug for colon cancer treatment. The combination of these two drugs, especially nanoparticle-packed 5-FU and BEZ-235, has not been studied. In the present study, we demonstrated that nanoparticles of layered double hydroxide (LDH) loaded with 5-FU were more effective than a free drug at inhibiting colon cancer cell growth, and that a combination treatment with BEZ-235 further increased the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to the treatment of LDH-packed 5-FU (LDH-5-FU). BEZ-235 alone can decrease colon cancer HCT-116 cell viability to 46% of the control, and the addition of LDH-5-FU produced a greater effect, reducing cell survival to 8% of the control. Our data indicate that the combination therapy of nanodelivered 5-FU with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor, BEZ-235, may promise a more effective approach for colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia ; Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Renfu Shao
- GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Li Li
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Chemoresistance of breast cancer is a worldwide problem for breast cancer and the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents frequently led to the subsequent recurrence and metastasis. In our previous study, we have found that 53BP1 showed a gradual decrease during the progression of breast cancer and loss of 53BP1 was associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in breast cancer. Here we aimed to reveal whether 53BP1 could sensitize breast cancer to 5-Fu. We found that ectopic expression of 53BP1 can significantly sensitize breast cancer cells to 5-Fu while knockdown of 53BP1 conferred the resistance. The in vivo experiments confirmed that overexpression of 53BP1 in combination with 5-Fu markedly inhibited growth of xenotransplanted tumors in nude mice when compared to either agent alone. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 53BP1 regulated the sensitivity to 5-Fu through thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD). The present studies provide a new clue that combination of 5-Fu and 53BP1 could be a potential novel targeted strategy for overcoming breast cancer chemoresistance.
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Gotanda K, Hirota T, Matsumoto N, Ieiri I. MicroRNA-433 negatively regulates the expression of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) responsible for 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in HeLa cells. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:369. [PMID: 23915286 PMCID: PMC3750578 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is an important folate-dependent enzyme in DNA synthesis and an important target for cancer chemotherapy. High TYMS expression levels in tumors are generally associated with resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The cause of the variability in TYMS expression is still not fully understood, however, only a small proportion of the TYMS expression can be explained by TYMS genetic polymorphisms. The purpose of this study is to identify novel microRNAs (miRNAs) which regulate the expression of TYMS and to determine whether miRNAs binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of TYMS mRNA affect the proliferation of HeLa cells treated with 5-FU. METHODS An in silico search was performed to find potential binding sites of miRNAs in TYMS mRNA. The efficacy of predicted miRNAs at the 3'-UTR of TYMS mRNA was evaluated using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. TYMS mRNA and protein expression in HeLa cells was quantified with real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The effects of miR-433 on cell proliferative activity were determined by WST-8 assay. RESULTS The overexpression of miR-433 was associated with significantly decreased reporter activity in the plasmid containing the 3'-UTR of TYMS mRNA (P < 0.01). The levels of TYMS mRNA and protein in HeLa cells were significantly decreased by the overexpression of miR-433 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, miR-433 increased inhibition of cell proliferation in HeLa cells treated with 5-FU at over 2.0 μM. CONCLUSION The results indicate that miR-433 post-transcriptionally regulates the expression of TYMS mRNA and protein, and increases sensitivity to 5-FU in HeLa cells. This is the first report showing that a miRNA regulating TYMS expression has a significant impact on sensitivity to 5-FU treatment.
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Lima A, Azevedo R, Sousa H, Seabra V, Medeiros R. Current approaches for TYMS polymorphisms and their importance in molecular epidemiology and pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:1337-51. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TS is critical for providing the requisite nucleotide precursors in order to maintain DNA synthesis and repair. Furthermore, it is an important target for several drugs such as 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate. However, several mechanisms of resistance to TS inhibitors have been explained as linked to TYMS overexpression. Some authors have described the relationship between genetic polymorphisms on TYMS, in particular rs34743033, rs2853542 and rs34489327, with the development of several diseases and with the clinical response to drug therapy and/or survival. Nevertheless, the obtained results described in the literature are controversial, which has lead to a search strategy to understand the impact of these polymorphisms on molecular epidemiology and pharmacogenetics. With the progress of these scientific areas, early identification of individuals at risk of disease along with improvement in the prediction of patients’ outcome will offer a powerful tool for the translation of TYMS polymorphisms into clinical practice and individualization of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Lima
- Molecular Oncology Group CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Higher Institute of Health Sciences – North (ISCS-N), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Rita Azevedo
- Molecular Oncology Group CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto (FMUP), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Molecular Oncology Group CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto (FMUP), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Seabra
- CESPU, Health Sciences Research Center (CICS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Higher Institute of Health Sciences – North (ISCS-N), Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology Group CI, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Research Department – Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Estrada Interior da Circunvalação, 6657, 4200-177, Porto, Portugal
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de la Cueva A, Ramírez de Molina A, Álvarez-Ayerza N, Ramos MA, Cebrián A, del Pulgar TG, Lacal JC. Combined 5-FU and ChoKα inhibitors as a new alternative therapy of colorectal cancer: evidence in human tumor-derived cell lines and mouse xenografts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64961. [PMID: 23762272 PMCID: PMC3677921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third major cause of cancer related deaths in the world. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used for the treatment of colorectal cancer but as a single-agent renders low response rates. Choline kinase alpha (ChoKα), an enzyme that plays a role in cell proliferation and transformation, has been reported overexpressed in many different tumors, including colorectal tumors. ChoKα inhibitors have recently entered clinical trials as a novel antitumor strategy. Methodology/Principal Findings ChoKα specific inhibitors, MN58b and TCD-717, have demonstrated a potent antitumoral activity both in vitro and in vivo against several tumor-derived cell line xenografts including CRC-derived cell lines. The effect of ChoKα inhibitors in combination with 5-FU as a new alternative for the treatment of colon tumors has been investigated both in vitro in CRC-tumour derived cell lines, and in vivo in mouse xenografts models. The effects on thymidilate synthase (TS) and thymidine kinase (TK1) levels, two enzymes known to play an essential role in the mechanism of action of 5-FU, were analyzed by western blotting and quantitative PCR analysis. The combination of 5-FU with ChoKα inhibitors resulted in a synergistic effect in vitro in three different human colon cancer cell lines, and in vivo against human colon xenografts in nude mice. ChoKα inhibitors modulate the expression levels of TS and TK1 through inhibition of E2F production, providing a rational for its mechanism of action. Conclusion/Significance Our data suggest that both drugs in combination display a synergistic antitumoral effect due to ChoKα inhibitors-driven modulation of the metabolization of 5-FU. The clinical relevance of these findings is strongly supported since TCD-717 has recently entered Phase I clinical trials against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana de la Cueva
- Traslational Oncology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Traslational Oncology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Néstor Álvarez-Ayerza
- Traslational Oncology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Angeles Ramos
- Traslational Oncology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Cebrián
- Traslational Oncology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Lacal
- Traslational Oncology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Zhai JM, Yin XY, Lai YR, Hou X, Cai JP, Hao XY, Liang LJ, Zhang LJ. Sorafenib enhances the chemotherapeutic efficacy of S-1 against hepatocellular carcinoma through downregulation of transcription factor E2F-1. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71:1255-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Vinod BS, Antony J, Nair HH, Puliyappadamba VT, Saikia M, Narayanan SS, Bevin A, Anto RJ. Mechanistic evaluation of the signaling events regulating curcumin-mediated chemosensitization of breast cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e505. [PMID: 23429291 PMCID: PMC3734809 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first rationally designed antimetabolite, which achieves its therapeutic efficacy through inhibition of the enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS), which is essential for the synthesis and repair of DNA. However, prolonged exposure to 5-FU induces TS overexpression, which leads to 5-FU resistance in cancer cells. Several studies have identified curcumin as a potent chemosensitizer against chemoresistance induced by various chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we report for the first time, with mechanism-based evidences, that curcumin can effectively chemosensitize breast cancer cells to 5-FU, thereby reducing the toxicity and drug resistance. We found that 10 μM 5-FU and 10 μM curcumin induces a synergistic cytotoxic effect in different breast cancer cells, independent of their receptor status, through the enhancement of apoptosis. Curcumin was found to sensitize the breast cancer cells to 5-FU through TS-dependent downregulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and this observation was confirmed by silencing TS and inactivating NF-κB, both of which reduced the chemosensitizing efficacy of curcumin. Silencing of TS suppressed 5-FU-induced NF-κB activation, whereas inactivation of NF-κB did not affect 5-FU-induced TS upregulation, confirming that TS is upstream of NF-κB and regulates the activation of NF-κB in 5-FU-induced signaling pathway. Although Akt/PI3kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are activated by 5-FU and downregulated by curcumin, they do not have any role in regulating the synergism. As curcumin is a pharmacologically safe and cost-effective compound, its use in combination with 5-FU may improve the therapeutic index of 5-FU, if corroborated by in vivo studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Vinod
- Cancer Research Program, Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
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Li LH, Dong H, Zhao F, Tang J, Chen X, Ding J, Men HT, Luo WX, Du Y, Ge J, Tan BX, Cao D, Liu JY. The upregulation of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in liver is involved in acquired resistance to 5-fluorouracil. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1752-60. [PMID: 23313143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the important reasons for failure in 5-FU-based chemotherapy. The upregulation of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in tumours was reported as an important factor for acquired 5-FU resistance. The aim of this study is to examine whether intra-hepatic DPD was involved in acquired 5-FU resistance. METHODS HT-29 human colorectal xenograft tumours were established in nude mice. After long-term exposure to 5-FU, some of the tumour became "resistant" and the others remained "sensitive" to 5-FU. DPD expression levels in the livers and tumours of "resistant", "sensitive" or untreated mice were examined, and pharmacokinetics of 5-FU in rats' plasma were investigated. Gimeracil, a DPD inhibitor, was checked whether it could reverse the reduced bioavailability of 5-FU. RESULTS DPD expression was upregulated obviously in tumours of "resistant" mice as reported previously. Importantly, DPD expression was also upregulated significantly in livers of "resistant" mice, compared with those of "sensitive" or untreated mice. Furthermore, the upregulation of DPD expression in livers led to accelerated metabolism of 5-FU. Gimeracil was found to reverse the reduced serum 5-FU concentration. The cultured tumour cells from 5-FU treated mice showed relative sensitivity to higher concentration of 5-FU, even the "resistant" tumour cells. CONCLUSION Our study suggested that the upregulation of DPD in liver may be involved in acquired resistance to 5-FU, and DPD inhibitors or increasing 5-FU dosage may have potential application in overcoming 5-FU acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Hao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Ayers D, Nasti A. Utilisation of nanoparticle technology in cancer chemoresistance. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2012; 2012:265691. [PMID: 23213536 PMCID: PMC3505656 DOI: 10.1155/2012/265691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs in the fight against cancer has played an invariably essential role for minimizing the extent of tumour progression and/or metastases in the patient and thus allowing for longer event free survival periods following chemotherapy. However, such therapeutics are nonspecific and bring with them dose-dependent cumulative adverse effects which can severely exacerbate patient suffering. In addition, the emergence of innate and/or acquired chemoresistance to the exposed cytotoxic agents undoubtedly serves to thwart effective clinical efficacy of chemotherapy in the cancer patient. The advent of nanotechnology has led to the development of a myriad of nanoparticle-based strategies with the specific goal to overcome such therapeutic hurdles in multiple cancer conditions. This paper aims to provide a brief overview and recollection of all the latest advances in the last few years concerning the application of nanoparticle technology to enhance the safe and effective delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the tumour site, together with providing possible solutions to circumvent cancer chemoresistance in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Ayers
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2060, Malta
| | - Alessandro Nasti
- School of Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, University of Kanazawa, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Chaturvedi K, Tripathi SK, Kulkarni AR, Aminabhavi TM. Cytotoxicity and antitumour activity of 5-fluorouracil-loaded polyhydroxybutyrate and cellulose acetate phthalate blend microspheres. J Microencapsul 2012; 30:356-68. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.735263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Saglam S, Aykan NF, Sakar B, Gulluoglu M, Balik E, Karanlik H. A pilot study evaluating the safety and toxicity of epirubicin, cisplatin, and UFT (ECU regimen) in advanced gastric carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 2:19-26. [PMID: 22811823 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2010.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Best response rates have been achieved with three-drug regimens containing 5-FU in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) and oral fluoropyrimidines are the best alternatives as substitutes for infusional 5-FU. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and toxicity of epirubicin, cisplatin, and UFT (ECU regimen) regimens in AGC outpatients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one patients with AGC received epirubicin, cisplatin, and oral UFT plus leucovorin. Epirubicin 50 mg/m(2) and cisplatin 60mg/m(2) were administered on Day 1. Three hundreds (300) mg/m(2)/day UFT was administered with leucovorin at a fixed oral dose of 90 mg/day for 21 days, followed by a 7-day rest period. Cycles were repeated every 4 weeks. Performance status was either as 0 and 1. RESULTS Among the 41 patients enrolled, complete and partial response was achieved in 7.3% and 36.6% of patients, respectively, with an overall response rate of 43.9%. Stable disease was observed in 34.1% of patients and 22% showed disease progression. Median time to progression was 5.2 months and median survival was 12.3 months. A median of 4 cycles (range: 1-6) of chemotherapy were administered. The main grade III-IV toxicities were nausea/vomiting (19.4%) and neutropenia (12.1%). Grade IV toxicities were gastric perforation and renal failure. CONCLUSION ECU appears to be an effective regimen in the treatment of AGC, with acceptable tolerability and manageable toxicity. In three-drug regimens, substitution of infusional 5-FU by UFT offers the possibility of increased AGC outpatient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezer Saglam
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Istanbul University Oncology Institue
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Uchibori K, Kasamatsu A, Sunaga M, Yokota S, Sakurada T, Kobayashi E, Yoshikawa M, Uzawa K, Ueda S, Tanzawa H, Sato N. Establishment and characterization of two 5-fluorouracil-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1005-10. [PMID: 22179686 PMCID: PMC3584526 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy is the first choice treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and resistance is the major obstacle to successful treatment. Recent studies have reported that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with chemoresistance in cancers. We speculated that EMT and 5-FU metabolism are related to the mechanism of 5-FU resistance. First, two 5-FU-resistant cell lines, HLF-R4 and HLF-R10, were established from the HLF undifferentiated human HCC cell line. Whereas cell growth was similar in the HLF and HLF-R cell lines, HLF-Rs are about 4- and 10-fold more resistant compared with the HLF cells; thus, we named these cell lines HLF-R4 and HLF-R10, respectively. The terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay also showed a dramatically decreased number of apoptotic cells in the HLF-Rs after treatment with 5-FU. We next assessed the characteristics of the HLF, HLF-R4 and HLF-R10 cells. Consistent with our hypothesis, the HLF-Rs had typical morphologic phenotypes of EMT, loss of cell-cell adhesion, spindle-shaped morphology and increased formation of pseudopodia. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction data showed downregulated E-cadherin and upregulated Twist-1 and also indicated that EMT changes occurred in the HLF-Rs. We also found decreased ribonucleotide reductase and increased multidrug resistance protein 5 genes in the HLF-R cells. Our results suggested that the metabolism of EMT and 5-FU has important roles in 5-FU chemoresistance in the HLF-R cells, and that the HLF-R cells would be useful in vitro models for understanding the 5-FU-resistant mechanisms in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Uchibori
- Department of Clinical Education and Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Molife LR, de Bono JS. Belinostat: clinical applications in solid tumors and lymphoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1723-32. [PMID: 22046971 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.629604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have recently emerged as a novel and active class of anticancer agents. Belinostat is one member of the class that has been tested as a single agent and in combination with other chemotherapies and biological agents in the treatment of solid tumors and lymphoma. AREAS COVERED A literature search of pre-clinical and clinical studies of belinostat was performed. The data from these studies were analysed to summarise the progress of belinostat from Phase I to a current pivotal trial in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The parallel development of appropriate biomarker analysis is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Belinostat has demonstrated significant clinical activity in T-cell lymphomas. Although its activity as a single agent in solid tumors has been less compelling, the emerging results from combination trials are promising. However, the basis for the activity of belinostat, like that of other HDAC inhibitors, remains to be truly defined and the identification of predictive and prognostic biomarkers of activity should be established to further progress the development of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rhoda Molife
- Drug Development Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK.
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Epigenetics and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer: an opportunity for treatment tailoring and novel therapeutic strategies. Drug Resist Updat 2011; 14:280-96. [PMID: 21955833 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Despite many therapeutic opportunities, prognosis remains dismal for patients with metastatic disease, and a significant portion of early-stage patients develop recurrence after chemotherapy. Epigenetic gene regulation is a major mechanism of cancer initiation and progression, through the inactivation of several tumor suppressor genes. Emerging evidence indicates that epigenetics may also play a key role in the development of chemoresistance. In the present review, we summarize epigenetic mechanisms triggering resistance to three commonly used agents in colorectal cancer: 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Those epigenetic biomarkers may help stratify colorectal cancer patients and develop a tailored therapeutic approach. In addition, epigenetic modifications are reversible through specific drugs: histone-deacetylase and DNA-methyl-transferase inhibitors. Preclinical studies suggest that these drugs may reverse chemoresistance in colorectal tumors. In conclusion, an epigenetic approach to colorectal cancer chemoresistance may pave the way to personalized treatment and to innovative therapeutic strategies.
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