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Abstract
Extracellular hydrogen peroxide is required for thyroperoxidase-mediated thyroid hormone synthesis in the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland. Among the NADPH oxidases, dual oxidases, DUOX1 and DUOX2, constitute a distinct subfamily initially identified as thyroid oxidases, based on their level of expression in the thyroid. Despite their high sequence similarity, the two isoforms present distinct regulations, tissue expression, and catalytic functions. Inactivating mutations in many of the genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis cause thyroid dyshormonogenesis associated with iodide organification defect. This chapter provides an overview of the genetic alterations in DUOX2 and its maturation factor, DUOXA2, causing inherited severe hypothyroidism that clearly demonstrate the physiological implication of this oxidase in thyroid hormonogenesis. Mutations in the DUOX2 gene have been described in permanent but also in transient forms of congenital hypothyroidism. Moreover, accumulating evidence demonstrates that the high phenotypic variability associated with altered DUOX2 function is not directly related to the number of inactivated DUOX2 alleles, suggesting the existence of other pathophysiological factors. The presence of two DUOX isoforms and their corresponding maturation factors in the same organ could certainly constitute an efficient redundant mechanism to maintain sufficient H2O2 supply for iodide organification. Many of the reported DUOX2 missense variants have not been functionally characterized, their clinical impact in the observed phenotype remaining unresolved, especially in mild transient congenital hypothyroidism. DUOX2 function should be carefully evaluated using an in vitro assay wherein (1) DUOXA2 is co-expressed, (2) H2O2 production is activated, (3) and DUOX2 membrane expression is precisely analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier De Deken
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Françoise Miot
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium
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Wang Y, Zhang S. Expression and regulation by thyroid hormone (TH) of zebrafish IGF-I gene and amphioxus IGFl gene with implication of the origin of TH/IGF signaling pathway. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 160:474-9. [PMID: 21867768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway has been identified in all the vertebrates, but its evolutionary origin remains elusive. In this study we examined the expression profiles in vitro as well as in vivo of the IGF-I gene of fish Danio rerio (vertebrate) and the IGF-like gene (IGFl) of amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum (protochordate) following T(3) treatment. Our results showed that T(3) was able to enhance hepatic IGF-I/IGFl gene expression in vitro in both zebrafish and amphioxus in a dose-dependent manner. This T(3)-induced hepatic expression of IGF-I/IGFl genes in both species was significantly inhibited by the T(3)-specific inhibitor DEA, indicating the specificity of IGF-I/IGFl gene regulation by T(3). At 100nM T(3), in both the long (42h) and short (8h) time course experiments, the IGF-I/IGFl gene expression profiles following T(3) treatment in the tissue cultures of both species exhibited closely similar pattern and trend. Moreover, exposure of zebrafish and amphioxus to T(3)in vivo for 72h induced a significant increase in the expression of IGF-I/IGFl genes in both the liver and the hepatic caecum. These data together suggest that amphioxus and zebrafish both share a similar regulatory mechanism of IGF gene expression in response to T(3), providing an evidence for the presence of a vertebrate-like TH/IGF signaling pathway in the protochordate amphioxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao
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Paris M, Hillenweck A, Bertrand S, Delous G, Escriva H, Zalko D, Cravedi JP, Laudet V. Active metabolism of thyroid hormone during metamorphosis of amphioxus. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:63-74. [PMID: 21558188 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs), and more precisely the 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)) acetic derivative 3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC), have been shown to activate metamorphosis in amphioxus. However, it remains unknown whether TRIAC is endogenously synthesized in amphioxus and more generally whether an active TH metabolism is regulating metamorphosis. Here we show that amphioxus naturally produces TRIAC from its precursors T(3) and l-thyroxine (T(4)), supporting its possible role as the active TH in amphioxus larvae. In addition, we show that blocking TH production inhibits metamorphosis and that this effect is compensated by exogenous T(3), suggesting that a peak of TH production is important for advancement of proper metamorphosis. Moreover, several amphioxus genes encoding proteins previously proposed to be involved in the TH signaling pathway display expression profiles correlated with metamorphosis. In particular, thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and deiodinases gene expressions are either up- or down-regulated during metamorphosis and by TH treatments. Overall, these results suggest that an active TH metabolism controls metamorphosis in amphioxus, and that endogenous TH production and metabolism as well as TH-regulated metamorphosis are ancestral in the chordate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Paris
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Paris M, Laudet V. The history of a developmental stage: Metamorphosis in chordates. Genesis 2008; 46:657-72. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Holland LZ, Albalat R, Azumi K, Benito-Gutiérrez E, Blow MJ, Bronner-Fraser M, Brunet F, Butts T, Candiani S, Dishaw LJ, Ferrier DEK, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Gibson-Brown JJ, Gissi C, Godzik A, Hallböök F, Hirose D, Hosomichi K, Ikuta T, Inoko H, Kasahara M, Kasamatsu J, Kawashima T, Kimura A, Kobayashi M, Kozmik Z, Kubokawa K, Laudet V, Litman GW, McHardy AC, Meulemans D, Nonaka M, Olinski RP, Pancer Z, Pennacchio LA, Pestarino M, Rast JP, Rigoutsos I, Robinson-Rechavi M, Roch G, Saiga H, Sasakura Y, Satake M, Satou Y, Schubert M, Sherwood N, Shiina T, Takatori N, Tello J, Vopalensky P, Wada S, Xu A, Ye Y, Yoshida K, Yoshizaki F, Yu JK, Zhang Q, Zmasek CM, de Jong PJ, Osoegawa K, Putnam NH, Rokhsar DS, Satoh N, Holland PWH. The amphioxus genome illuminates vertebrate origins and cephalochordate biology. Genome Res 2008; 18:1100-11. [PMID: 18562680 DOI: 10.1101/gr.073676.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cephalochordates, urochordates, and vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor over 520 million years ago. To improve our understanding of chordate evolution and the origin of vertebrates, we intensively searched for particular genes, gene families, and conserved noncoding elements in the sequenced genome of the cephalochordate Branchiostoma floridae, commonly called amphioxus or lancelets. Special attention was given to homeobox genes, opsin genes, genes involved in neural crest development, nuclear receptor genes, genes encoding components of the endocrine and immune systems, and conserved cis-regulatory enhancers. The amphioxus genome contains a basic set of chordate genes involved in development and cell signaling, including a fifteenth Hox gene. This set includes many genes that were co-opted in vertebrates for new roles in neural crest development and adaptive immunity. However, where amphioxus has a single gene, vertebrates often have two, three, or four paralogs derived from two whole-genome duplication events. In addition, several transcriptional enhancers are conserved between amphioxus and vertebrates--a very wide phylogenetic distance. In contrast, urochordate genomes have lost many genes, including a diversity of homeobox families and genes involved in steroid hormone function. The amphioxus genome also exhibits derived features, including duplications of opsins and genes proposed to function in innate immunity and endocrine systems. Our results indicate that the amphioxus genome is elemental to an understanding of the biology and evolution of nonchordate deuterostomes, invertebrate chordates, and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, USA.
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Paris M, Escriva H, Schubert M, Brunet F, Brtko J, Ciesielski F, Roecklin D, Vivat-Hannah V, Jamin EL, Cravedi JP, Scanlan TS, Renaud JP, Holland ND, Laudet V. Amphioxus Postembryonic Development Reveals the Homology of Chordate Metamorphosis. Curr Biol 2008; 18:825-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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ROCHE J, SALVATORE G, RAMETTA G. [On the presence and the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones in a tunicate, Ciona intestinalis L]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 63:154-65. [PMID: 13974546 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(62)90348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fredriksson G, Ericson LE, Olsson R. Iodine binding in the endostyle of larval Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Cephalochordata). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1984; 56:177-84. [PMID: 6510680 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(84)90028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetrical endostyle of Branchiostoma larvae contains two different zones of mucus-producing cells which metamorphose to the paired zones 2 and 4 respectively in the endostyle of the adult. In both the larva and the adult these zones are parts of the food-trapping mechanism. An endostyle zone, which has a position corresponding to that of the paired iodinating zones in the endostyle of the adult, binds iodine selectively. The ultrastructure and labeling pattern indicate that the labeled cells in the larval endostyle belong to functionally different types. In one region of the iodinating zone iodine is mainly bound extracellularly at the apical cell surface. Also in the second region grains are located at the apical cell surface as well as over the cytoplasm and extracellularly at the basal plasma membrane. It is possible that iodination takes place in the lumen close to cells in the first region and that the labeled product is taken up and eventually released by cells of the second region. Our observations show that this primitive endostyle already has iodinating capacity and may synthesize and release thyroid hormones.
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Tsuneki K, Kobayashi H, Ouji M. Histochemical distribution of peroxidase in amphioxus and cyclostomes with special reference to the endostyle. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1983; 50:188-200. [PMID: 6862168 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(83)90219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The histochemical distribution of peroxidase was studied in amphioxus, ammocoetes larvae, adult lampreys, and hagfish. The endostyle of amphioxus displayed peroxidase activity in zone 5 and, in some individuals, in zone 1 as well. The endostyle of ammocoetes exhibited strong peroxidase activity in type 2c and type 3 cells. These peroxidase-positive regions coincide well with radioiodine-binding regions previously described. Thyroid follicles of adult lampreys stained strongly for peroxidase, but those of the hagfish did not. The branchial sac of amphioxus showed peroxidase activity, but the gill sac of cyclostomes did not. The intestine did not show peroxidase activity in amphioxus or in cyclostomes.
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Dunn AD. Ultrastructural autoradiography and cytochemistry of the iodine-binding cells in the ascidian endostyle. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1974; 188:103-23. [PMID: 4822543 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401880111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rahmann H, Voigtländer R. [Comparative histophysiological tracer studies of various organ systems of Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Cephalochordata) and brachydanio rerio (Teleostei)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1973; 137:399-419. [PMID: 4120948 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Spangenberg DB. Thyroxine induced metamorphosis in Aurelia. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1971; 178:183-94. [PMID: 4398853 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401780205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fujita H, Nanba H. Fine structure and its functional properties of the endostyle of ascidians, Ciona intestinalis. A part of phylogenetic studies of the thyroid gland. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 121:455-69. [PMID: 4330242 DOI: 10.1007/bf00560154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Barrington EJ. Opening address at the Fifth Conference of European Comparative Endocrinologists, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 24-29 August 1969. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1969; 13:482-8. [PMID: 4933206 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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BARRINGTON EJ, THORPE A. Comparative observations on iodine binding by Saccoglossus horsti Brambell and Goodhart, and by the tunic of Ciona intestinalis (L). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1963; 3:166-75. [PMID: 13969551 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(63)90036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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