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Impact of Media Heat Treatment on Cell Morphology and Stability of L. acidophilus, L. johnsonii and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii during Fermentation and Processing. FERMENTATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation6040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Manufacturers of starter cultures and probiotics aim to provide preparations with the highest possible amount of living cells and assurance of long-term storage stability. Thereby the industrial economy and thus an efficient outcome of the processes is of utmost importance. Earlier research has shown that the sterilization procedure of the microbial culture medium tremendously impacts growth performance of heating product-sensitive Lactobacillus strains. Thus, three different strains, i.e., L. acidophilus NCFM, L. johnsonii La-2801 and L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii La-0704, were investigated for the influence of media heat pretreatment on cell morphology and stability during fermentation and further freeze drying and storage. The data indicate a relationship between the heating time of the culture medium, which is associated with an increase in browning reactions, and the cultural characteristics of the three strains. The resulting characteristic cell sizes of the cultures could be a major reason for the different stability properties during processing and storage that were observed. Besides the obvious relevance of the results for the production of starter cultures and probiotics, the pleomorphic phenomenon described here could also be a subject for other biotechnological processes, where heat-mediated media conversions, and thereby related cellular effects, could be a topic. Future studies have to show if further functional properties are influenced by the cell morphology and which cellular mechanisms lead to the observed pleomorphism.
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Rajab S, Tabandeh F, Shahraky MK, Alahyaribeik S. The effect of lactobacillus cell size on its probiotic characteristics. Anaerobe 2020; 62:102103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Carell EF, Johnston PL, Christopher AR. Vitamin b(12) and the macromolecular composition of euglena. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 47:525-30. [PMID: 19866750 PMCID: PMC2108092 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.47.2.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E F Carell
- Department of Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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WILLIAMS AM, CHOSY JJ, SCHILLING RF. Effect of vitamin B12 in vitro on incorporation of nucleic acid precursors by pernicious anemia bone marrow. J Clin Invest 1998; 42:670-4. [PMID: 14000820 PMCID: PMC289332 DOI: 10.1172/jci104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Goss, William A. (Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, N.Y.), William H. Dietz, and Thomas M. Cook. Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid on Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 88:1112-1118. 1964.-Nalidixic acid was lethal for proliferating cultures of Escherichia coli. Associated with this lethal effect was the formation of elongated, serpentine forms. Cultures treated with nalidixic acid were osmotically stable; lethality was observed in the presence of stabilizers. Although it was possible to demonstrate leakage of intracellular components from treated cells, this effect occurred only after 99% of the cells were nonviable. Nalidixic acid had little or no effect on respiration with glucose as substrate. If cellular growth was restricted by suboptimal temperature or nutritional deficiencies, the drug was not lethal. Chemical analysis of cellular constituents revealed that lipid, protein, and ribonucleic acid levels were of the same order of magnitude in control and drug-treated cells. Only deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) levels were markedly lowered in drug-treated cells. These facts are consistent with the view that nalidixic acid interferes with the synthesis of E. coli DNA.
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Abstract
Cobalamin derivatives serve as coenzymes for the body's two cobalamin-dependent enzymes--adenosylcobalamin-dependent methylmalonyl CoA mutase, and methylcobalamin-dependent methionine methyltransferase. This essay reviews, in brief form and in personal terms, the history, beginning in the mid-1950s, of how these enzymes and coenzymes were discovered and what has been learned of their reaction mechanisms. It is clear that because of the fragility of the unique carbon-cobalt bond in cobalamin coenzymes, they serve primarily as free radical formers. This accounts for their efficiency in abstracting hydrogen from substrate molecules and for a subsequent chain of events that results in the isomerization of methylmalonyl CoA, the transfer of methyl groups, and (in certain bacteria) the reduction of ribonucleotides. Some thoughts are offered on the possible evolutionary significance of these facts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Beck
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Dobrosielski-Vergona K. Vitamin B12 dependent protozoa: A model system for aging. J Am Aging Assoc 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02431766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Beck WS, Thorndike J. Differences in coenzyme specificity of the N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferases of various species: implications for corrin binding loci. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984; 120:74-80. [PMID: 6370260 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)91415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of the coenzyme specificity of N5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferases of diverse biological origin revealed previously unrecognized differences between Escherichia coli methyltransferase and the corresponding enzymes of other species. Cyanocobalamin (CNCbl) actively supports methyltransferase in extracts of animal tissues and E. coli. Cobinamide is more active than CNCbl with rat liver methyltransferase; however, it is non-competitively inhibitory with E. coli enzyme. E. coli methyltransferase, but not rat liver enzyme, is competitively inhibited by alpha-ribazole 3'-phosphate and 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazole, two moieties of the nucleotide loop. This suggests that animal enzyme binds its corrinoid coenzyme at a site on the corrin macro-ring, while E. coli enzyme binds to the nucleotide loop as well as the macro-ring.
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Schimpff-Weiland G, Follmann H, Auling G. A new manganese-activated ribonucleotide reductase found in gram-positive bacteria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 102:1276-82. [PMID: 7032519 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(81)80149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Although readily treatable with vitamin B12, pernicious anemia continues to captivate investigative endeavors of those interested in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this disorder. Notable advances have been made in understanding properties of intrinsic factor, vitamin B12-binding proteins, structure and de novo synthesis of vitamin B12, mechanism of action of vitamin B12-dependent enzymes in man, and metabolic consequences of reduced activities of these enzymes in pernicious anemia. Similarly, newer morphological observations have given information regarding pathogenesis of some of the cytological abnormalities found in megaloblasts, and recent cytochemical studies have shed light on abnormalities of nuclear and cytoplasmic constituents in vitamin B12-deficient cells. Both cellular and humoral factors may contribute to immune-mediated processes in pernicious anemia, although as yet, it has not been established with certainty that pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder. As we look ahead, it will be important to define the process or processes responsible for atrophic gastritis, which is the pathophysiological basis of pernicious anemia. Likewise, advances in biophysics used in the study of cell membranes, cell surface phenomena, and metallic ion transport may find applicability in the study of pernicious anemia and perhaps provide further insights into metabolic abnormalities responsible for the development of megaloblastosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kass
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Ohta H, Beck WS. Studies of the ribosome-associated vitamin B12S adenosylating enzyme of Lactobacillus leichmannii. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:713-25. [PMID: 1230016 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid. Blood 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-595705-2.50020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Johnston PL, Carell EF. Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1973; 57:668-74. [PMID: 4633443 PMCID: PMC2109004 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.57.3.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
When vitamin B(12) is added to B(12)-deficient cultures of Euglena gracilis, the cells undergo two relatively synchronous cell divisions within a shorter than usual period of time, apparently as a result of a transitory shortening of the cell cycle. The first cell division pulse, occurring 4.5 h after addition of B(12), is preceded by the completion of DNA duplication, but appears to involve no net synthesis of RNA or protein. Before the second round of cell division at about 11 h, a significant amount of DNA synthesis is observed. This time it is accompanied by a minor increase in the RNA and protein content of the culture. The cellular contents of RNA and protein were observed to decrease steadily after the resumption of cell division in B(12)-depleted cultures receiving the vitamin. Ultimately all three macromolecules returned to their nondeficient, plateau stage levels; by this time, cell division had ceased.
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Gleason F, Hogenkamp H. Ribonucleotide Reductase from Euglena gracilis, a Deoxyadenosylcobalamin-dependent Enzyme. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Cowles JR, Evans HJ, Russell SA. B12 coenzyme-dependent ribonucleotide reductase in Rhizobium species and the effects of cobalt deficiency on the activity of the enzyme. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:1460-5. [PMID: 5780513 PMCID: PMC249869 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.3.1460-1465.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation revealed that the ribonucleotide reductases in extracts of Rhizobium leguminosarum, R. trifolii, R. phaseoli, R. japonicum, and R. meliloti 3DOal (ineffective in nitrogen fixation) are dependent upon B(12) coenzyme for activity. Rhizobium and certain Lactobacillus species are the only two groups of organisms known to contain B(12) coenzyme-dependent ribonucleotide reductases. Extracts of cobalt-deficient R. meliloti cells assayed in the presence of optimum B(12) coenzyme showed a 5- to 10-fold greater ribonucleotide reductase activity than comparable extracts from cells grown on a complete medium. Furthermore, cobalt-deficient cells were abnormally elongated and contained reduced contents of deoxyribonucleic acid. The addition of purified deoxyribonucleosides to cobalt-deficient cultures of R. meliloti failed to alleviate deficiency symptoms.
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Beck WS. Deoxyribonucleotide synthesis and the role of vitamin B12 in erythropoiesis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1969; 26:413-42. [PMID: 4305972 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Variations of intracellular deoxyribosyl compounds in deficiencies of vitamin B12, folic acid and thymine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(66)90376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Goulian M, Beck WS. Storage of folate by Lactobacillus leichmannii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 124:423-6. [PMID: 5968916 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Beck WS, Hardy J. Requirement of ribonucleotide reductase for cobamide coenzyme, a product of ribosomal activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:286-93. [PMID: 5216364 PMCID: PMC285835 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.1.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Beck WS, Levin M. Purification, Kinetics, and Repression Control of Bacterial Trans-N-deoxyribosylase. J Biol Chem 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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