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Savage Z, Duggan C, Toufexi A, Pandey P, Liang Y, Segretin ME, Yuen LH, Gaboriau DCA, Leary AY, Tumtas Y, Khandare V, Ward AD, Botchway SW, Bateman BC, Pan I, Schattat M, Sparkes I, Bozkurt TO. Chloroplasts alter their morphology and accumulate at the pathogen interface during infection by Phytophthora infestans. Plant J 2021; 107:1771-1787. [PMID: 34250673 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Upon immune activation, chloroplasts switch off photosynthesis, produce antimicrobial compounds and associate with the nucleus through tubular extensions called stromules. Although it is well established that chloroplasts alter their position in response to light, little is known about the dynamics of chloroplast movement in response to pathogen attack. Here, we report that during infection with the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans, chloroplasts accumulate at the pathogen interface, associating with the specialized membrane that engulfs the pathogen haustorium. The chemical inhibition of actin polymerization reduces the accumulation of chloroplasts at pathogen haustoria, suggesting that this process is partially dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. However, chloroplast accumulation at haustoria does not necessarily rely on movement of the nucleus to this interface and is not affected by light conditions. Stromules are typically induced during infection, embracing haustoria and facilitating chloroplast interactions, to form dynamic organelle clusters. We found that infection-triggered stromule formation relies on BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1)-mediated surface immune signaling, whereas chloroplast repositioning towards haustoria does not. Consistent with the defense-related induction of stromules, effector-mediated suppression of BAK1-mediated immune signaling reduced stromule formation during infection. On the other hand, immune recognition of the same effector stimulated stromules, presumably via a different pathway. These findings implicate chloroplasts in a polarized response upon pathogen attack and point to more complex functions of these organelles in plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Savage
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cian Duggan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexia Toufexi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pooja Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yuxi Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - María Eugenia Segretin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular 'Dr Héctor N. Torres' (INGEBI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Lok Him Yuen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David C A Gaboriau
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, South Kensington, SAF building, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexandre Y Leary
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Virendrasinh Khandare
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew D Ward
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Benji C Bateman
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Indranil Pan
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering and Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, London, NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Martin Schattat
- Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, University of Bristol, St Michael's Hill, Bristol, BS8 8DZ, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus, London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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2
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Hameed A, Ahmed MZ, Hussain T, Aziz I, Ahmad N, Gul B, Nielsen BL. Effects of Salinity Stress on Chloroplast Structure and Function. Cells 2021; 10:2023. [PMID: 34440792 PMCID: PMC8395010 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a growing problem affecting soils and agriculture in many parts of the world. The presence of salt in plant cells disrupts many basic metabolic processes, contributing to severe negative effects on plant development and growth. This review focuses on the effects of salinity on chloroplasts, including the structures and function of these organelles. Chloroplasts house various important biochemical reactions, including photosynthesis, most of which are considered essential for plant survival. Salinity can affect these reactions in a number of ways, for example, by changing the chloroplast size, number, lamellar organization, lipid and starch accumulation, and interfering with cross-membrane transportation. Research has shown that maintenance of the normal chloroplast physiology is necessary for the survival of the entire plant. Many plant species have evolved different mechanisms to withstand the harmful effects of salt-induced toxicity on their chloroplasts and its machinery. The differences depend on the plant species and growth stage and can be quite different between salt-sensitive (glycophyte) and salt-tolerant (halophyte) plants. Salt stress tolerance is a complex trait, and many aspects of salt tolerance in plants are not entirely clear yet. In this review, we discuss the different mechanisms of salt stress tolerance in plants with a special focus on chloroplast structure and its functions, including the underlying differences between glycophytes and halophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hameed
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Muhammad Zaheer Ahmed
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Tabassum Hussain
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Irfan Aziz
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 44000, Pakistan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Bilquees Gul
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan Institute for Sustainable Halophyte Utilization, University of Karachi, Sindh 75270, Pakistan; (A.H.); (M.Z.A.); (T.H.); (I.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Brent L. Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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3
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Nosek M, Gawrońska K, Rozpądek P, Sujkowska-Rybkowska M, Miszalski Z, Kornaś A. At the Edges of Photosynthetic Metabolic Plasticity-On the Rapidity and Extent of Changes Accompanying Salinity Stress-Induced CAM Photosynthesis Withdrawal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168426. [PMID: 34445127 PMCID: PMC8395101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) is a facultative crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant, and its ability to recover from stress-induced CAM has been confirmed. We analysed the photosynthetic metabolism of this plant during the 72-h response period following salinity stress removal from three perspectives. In plants under salinity stress (CAM) we found a decline of the quantum efficiencies of PSII (Y(II)) and PSI (Y(I)) by 17% and 15%, respectively, and an increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) by almost 25% in comparison to untreated control. However, 48 h after salinity stress removal, the PSII and PSI efficiencies, specifically Y(II) and Y(I), elevated nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and donor side limitation of PSI (YND), were restored to the level observed in control (C3 plants). Swelling of the thylakoid membranes, as well as changes in starch grain quantity and size, have been found to be components of the salinity stress response in CAM plants. Salinity stress induced an over 3-fold increase in average starch area and over 50% decline of average seed number in comparison to untreated control. However, in plants withdrawn from salinity stress, during the first 24 h of recovery, we observed chloroplast ultrastructures closely resembling those found in intact (control) ice plants. Rapid changes in photosystem functionality and chloroplast ultrastructure were accompanied by the induction of the expression (within 24 h) of structural genes related to the PSI and PSII reaction centres, including PSAA, PSAB, PSBA (D1), PSBD (D2) and cp43. Our findings describe one of the most flexible photosynthetic metabolic pathways among facultative CAM plants and reveal the extent of the plasticity of the photosynthetic metabolism and related structures in the common ice plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Nosek
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (K.G.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Gawrońska
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (K.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Piotr Rozpądek
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Marzena Sujkowska-Rybkowska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Miszalski
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (K.G.); (A.K.)
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4
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Zhuang Y, Wei M, Ling C, Liu Y, Amin AK, Li P, Li P, Hu X, Bao H, Huo H, Smalle J, Wang S. EGY3 mediates chloroplastic ROS homeostasis and promotes retrograde signaling in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109384. [PMID: 34260941 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast is the main organelle for stress-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, how chloroplastic ROS homeostasis is maintained under salt stress is largely unknown. We show that EGY3, a gene encoding a chloroplast-localized protein, is induced by salt and oxidative stresses. The loss of EGY3 function causes stress hypersensitivity while EGY3 overexpression increases the tolerance to both salt and chloroplastic oxidative stresses. EGY3 interacts with chloroplastic Cu/Zn-SOD2 (CSD2) and promotes CSD2 stability under stress conditions. In egy3-1 mutant plants, the stress-induced CSD2 degradation limits H2O2 production in chloroplasts and impairs H2O2-mediated retrograde signaling, as indicated by the decreased expression of retrograde-signal-responsive genes required for stress tolerance. Both exogenous application of H2O2 (or APX inhibitor) and CSD2 overexpression can rescue the salt-stress hypersensitivity of egy3-1 mutants. Our findings reveal that EGY3 enhances the tolerance to salt stress by promoting the CSD2 stability and H2O2-mediated chloroplastic retrograde signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhuang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ming Wei
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengcheng Ling
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yangxuan Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Abdul Karim Amin
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Penghui Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Pengwei Li
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xufan Hu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Huaxu Bao
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Heqiang Huo
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Jan Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Songhu Wang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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5
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Ugalde JM, Fuchs P, Nietzel T, Cutolo EA, Homagk M, Vothknecht UC, Holuigue L, Schwarzländer M, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Meyer AJ. Chloroplast-derived photo-oxidative stress causes changes in H2O2 and EGSH in other subcellular compartments. Plant Physiol 2021; 186:125-141. [PMID: 33793922 PMCID: PMC8154069 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic fluctuations in chloroplasts and mitochondria can trigger retrograde signals to modify nuclear gene expression. Mobile signals likely to be involved are reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can operate protein redox switches by oxidation of specific cysteine residues. Redox buffers, such as the highly reduced glutathione pool, serve as reservoirs of reducing power for several ROS-scavenging and ROS-induced damage repair pathways. Formation of glutathione disulfide and a shift of the glutathione redox potential (EGSH) toward less negative values is considered as hallmark of several stress conditions. Here we used the herbicide methyl viologen (MV) to generate ROS locally in chloroplasts of intact Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings and recorded dynamic changes in EGSH and H2O2 levels with the genetically encoded biosensors Grx1-roGFP2 (for EGSH) and roGFP2-Orp1 (for H2O2) targeted to chloroplasts, the cytosol, or mitochondria. Treatment of seedlings with MV caused rapid oxidation in chloroplasts and, subsequently, in the cytosol and mitochondria. MV-induced oxidation was significantly boosted by illumination with actinic light, and largely abolished by inhibitors of photosynthetic electron transport. MV also induced autonomous oxidation in the mitochondrial matrix in an electron transport chain activity-dependent manner that was milder than the oxidation triggered in chloroplasts by the combination of MV and light. In vivo redox biosensing resolves the spatiotemporal dynamics of compartmental responses to local ROS generation and provides a basis for understanding how compartment-specific redox dynamics might operate in retrograde signaling and stress acclimation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Ugalde
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe Fuchs
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Nietzel
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Edoardo A Cutolo
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Homagk
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute C Vothknecht
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Loreto Holuigue
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
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6
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Tieu Ngoc LN, Jung Park S, Thi Huong T, Lee KH, Kang H. N4-methylcytidine ribosomal RNA methylation in chloroplasts is crucial for chloroplast function, development, and abscisic acid response in Arabidopsis. J Integr Plant Biol 2021; 63:570-582. [PMID: 32876986 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the essential role of messenger RNA methylation in the nucleus is increasingly understood, the nature of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) methyltransferases and the role of rRNA methylation in chloroplasts remain largely unknown. A recent study revealed that CMAL (for Chloroplast mr aW- Like) is a chloroplast-localized rRNA methyltransferase that is responsible for N4-methylcytidine (m4 C) in 16S chloroplast rRNA in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we further examined the role of CMAL in chloroplast biogenesis and function, development, and hormone response. The cmal mutant showed reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthetic activity, and growth-defect phenotypes, including severely stunted stems, fewer siliques, and lower seed yield. The cmal mutant was hypersensitive to chloroplast translation inhibitors, such as lincomycin and erythromycin, indicating that the m4 C-methylation defect in the 16S rRNA leads to a reduced translational activity in chloroplasts. Importantly, the stunted stem of the cmal mutant was partially rescued by exogenous gibberellic acid or auxin. The cmal mutant grew poorer than wild type, whereas the CMAL-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants grew better than wild type in the presence of abscisic acid. Altogether, these results indicate that CMAL is an indispensable rRNA methyltransferase in chloroplasts and is crucial for chloroplast biogenesis and function, photosynthesis, and hormone response during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Nguyen Tieu Ngoc
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Forestry Agriculture, Tay Nguyen University, BuonMaThuot, DakLak, 63000, Vietnam
| | - Su Jung Park
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Trinh Thi Huong
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Lee
- Center for Research Facilities, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
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7
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Dos Santos Araújo G, de Oliveira Paula-Marinho S, de Paiva Pinheiro SK, de Castro Miguel E, de Sousa Lopes L, Camelo Marques E, de Carvalho HH, Gomes-Filho E. H 2O 2 priming promotes salt tolerance in maize by protecting chloroplasts ultrastructure and primary metabolites modulation. Plant Sci 2021; 303:110774. [PMID: 33487358 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide priming has emerged as a powerful strategy to trigger multiple responses involved in plant acclimation that reinforce tolerance to abiotic stresses, including salt stress. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impact of foliar H2O2 priming on the physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural traits related to photosynthesis of salt-stressed plants. Besides, we provided comparative leaf metabolomic profiles of Zea mays plants under such conditions. For this, H2O or H2O2 pretreated plants were grown under saline conditions for 12-days. Salinity drastically affected photosynthetic parameters and structural chloroplasts integrity, also increased reactive oxygen species contents promoting disturbance in the plant metabolism when compared to non-saline conditions. Our results suggest that H2O2-pretreated plants improved photosynthetic performance avoiding salinity-induced energy excess and ultrastructural damage by preserving stacking thylakoids. It displayed modulation of some metabolites, as arabitol, glucose, asparagine, and tyrosine, which may contribute to the maintenance of osmotic balance and reduced oxidative stress. Hence, our study brings new insights into an understanding of plant acclimation to salinity by H2O2 priming based on photosynthesis maintenance and metabolite modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emílio de Castro Miguel
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering and Analytical Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | | | - Elton Camelo Marques
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Enéas Gomes-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and National Institute of Science and Technology in Salinity (INCTSal/CNPq), Federal University of Ceará, Pici Campus St., 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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8
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Ahuja I, Kissen R, Hoang L, Sporsheim B, Halle KK, Wolff SA, Ahmad SJN, Ahmad JN, Bones AM. The Imaging of Guard Cells of thioglucosidase ( tgg) Mutants of Arabidopsis Further Links Plant Chemical Defence Systems with Physical Defence Barriers. Cells 2021; 10:227. [PMID: 33503919 PMCID: PMC7911204 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is a well-known plant chemical defence system. Two functional myrosinase-encoding genes, THIOGLUCOSIDASE 1 (TGG1) and THIOGLUCOSIDASE 2 (TGG2), express in aerial tissues of Arabidopsis. TGG1 expresses in guard cells (GCs) and is also a highly abundant protein in GCs. Recently, by studying wild type (WT), tgg single, and double mutants, we showed a novel association between the glucosinolate-myrosinase system defence system, and a physical barrier, the cuticle. In the current study, using imaging techniques, we further analysed stomata and ultrastructure of GCs of WT, tgg1, tgg2 single, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The tgg mutants showed distinctive features of GCs. The GCs of tgg1 and tgg1 tgg2 mutants showed vacuoles that had less electron-dense granular material. Both tgg single mutants had bigger stomata complexes. The WT and tgg mutants also showed variations for cell wall, chloroplasts, and starch grains of GCs. Abscisic acid (ABA)-treated stomata showed that the stomatal aperture was reduced in tgg1 single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The data provides a basis to perform comprehensive further studies to find physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with ultrastructure differences in tgg mutants. We speculate that the absence of myrosinase alters the endogenous chemical composition, hence affecting the physical structure of plants and the plants' physical defence barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Linh Hoang
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
- Central Administration, St Olavs Hospital, The University Hospital in Trondheim, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari K. Halle
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Silje Aase Wolff
- National Centre for STEM Recruitment, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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Kawai-Yamada M, Miyagi A, Sato Y, Hosoi Y, Hashida SN, Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi M. Altered metabolism of chloroplastic NAD kinase-overexpressing Arabidopsis in response to magnesium sulfate supplementation. Plant Signal Behav 2021; 16:1844509. [PMID: 33210985 PMCID: PMC7781788 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1844509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)/NAD phosphate (NADPH) is essential for numerous redox reactions and serve as co-factors in multiple metabolic processes in all organisms. NAD kinase (NADK) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of NADP+ from NAD+ and ATP. Arabidopsis NADK2 (AtNADK2) is a chloroplast-localizing enzyme that provides recipients of reducing power in photosynthetic electron transfer. When Arabidopsis plants were grown on MS medium supplemented with 5 mM MgSO4, an AtNADK2-overexpressing line exhibited higher glutathione and total sulfur accumulation than control plants. Metabolomic analysis of major amino acids and organic acids using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry demonstrated that overexpression of AtNADK2 affected a range of metabolic processes in response to MgSO4 supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama-city, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama-city, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama-city, Japan
| | - Yuki Hosoi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama-city, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Hashida
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama-city, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama-city, Japan
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10
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Jiang D, Hou J, Gao W, Tong X, Li M, Chu X, Chen G. Exogenous spermidine alleviates the adverse effects of aluminum toxicity on photosystem II through improved antioxidant system and endogenous polyamine contents. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111265. [PMID: 32920313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major yield-limiting factor for crops in acidic soils. In this work, we have investigated the potential role of spermidine (Spd) on Al toxicity in rice chloroplasts. Exogenous Spd markedly reduced Al concentration and elevated other nutrient elements such as Mn, Mg, Fe, K, Ca, and Mo in chloroplasts of Al-treated plants. Meanwhile, Spd further activated arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity of key enzyme in polyamine (PA) synthesis, and enhanced PA contents in chloroplasts. Spd application dramatically addressed Al-induced chlorophyll (Chl) losses, inhibited thylakoid membrane protein complexes degradation, especially photosystem II (PSII), and significantly depressed the accumulations of superoxide radical (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in chloroplasts. Spd addition activated antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased soluble sugar content in chloroplasts compared with Al treatment alone. Spd not only reversed the inhibition of photosynthesis-related gene transcript levels induced by Al toxicity, but diminished the increased expression of Chl catabolism-related genes. Furthermore, Chl fluorescence analysis showed that Spd protected PSII reaction centers and photosynthetic electron transport chain under Al stress, thus improving photosynthetic performance. These results suggest that PAs are involved in Al tolerance in rice chloroplasts and can effectively protect the integrity and function of photosynthetic apparatus, especially PSII, by mitigating oxidative damage induced by Al toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Junjie Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xi Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Meng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guoxiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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11
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Adamakis IDS, Sperdouli I, Hanć A, Dobrikova A, Apostolova E, Moustakas M. Rapid Hormetic Responses of Photosystem II Photochemistry of Clary Sage to Cadmium Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E41. [PMID: 33375193 PMCID: PMC7793146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-day exposure of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) to 100 μM cadmium (Cd) in hydroponics was sufficient to increase Cd concentrations significantly in roots and aboveground parts and affect negatively whole plant levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), since Cd competes for Ca channels, while reduced Mg concentrations are associated with increased Cd tolerance. Total zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) uptake increased but their translocation to the aboveground parts decreased. Despite the substantial levels of Cd in leaves, without any observed defects on chloroplast ultrastructure, an enhanced photosystem II (PSII) efficiency was observed, with a higher fraction of absorbed light energy to be directed to photochemistry (ΦPSΙΙ). The concomitant increase in the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis (NPQ) resulted in an important decrease in the dissipated non-regulated energy (ΦNO), modifying the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), through a decreased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation. A basal ROS level was detected in control plant leaves for optimal growth, while a low increased level of ROS under 5 days Cd exposure seemed to be beneficial for triggering defense responses, and a high level of ROS out of the boundaries (8 days Cd exposure), was harmful to plants. Thus, when clary sage was exposed to Cd for a short period, tolerance mechanisms were triggered. However, exposure to a combination of Cd and high light or to Cd alone (8 days) resulted in an inhibition of PSII functionality, indicating Cd toxicity. Thus, the rapid activation of PSII functionality at short time exposure and the inhibition at longer duration suggests a hormetic response and describes these effects in terms of "adaptive response" and "toxicity", respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilektra Sperdouli
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Anelia Dobrikova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Emilia Apostolova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Khan S, Zhou JL, Ren L, Mojiri A. Effects of glyphosate on germination, photosynthesis and chloroplast morphology in tomato. Chemosphere 2020; 258:127350. [PMID: 32554012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of glyphosate herbicide on plants are well recognised, however, potential hormetic effects have not been well studied. This study aimed to use tomato as a model organism to explore the potential hormetic effects of glyphosate in water (0-30 mg L-1) and in compost soil (0-30 mg kg-1). The growth-promoting effects of glyphosate at concentrations of 0.03-1 mg L-1 in water or 0.03-1 mg kg-1 in compost were demonstrated in tomato for the first time. These hormetic effects were manifest as increased hypocotyl and radicle growth of seedlings germinated on paper towel soaked in glyphosate solution and also in crops which had been sprayed with glyphosate. Increased rates of photosynthesis (up to 2-fold) were observed in 4-week old crops when seeds were sown in compost amended with glyphosate and also when leaves were sprayed with glyphosate. The examination of chloroplast morphology using transmission electron microscopy revealed that the hormetic effects were associated with elongation of chloroplasts, possibly due to lateral expansion of thylakoid grana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Khan
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China; School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - John L Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China; School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Lei Ren
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China; College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Amin Mojiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Hiroshima, Japan
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Shi D, Zhuang K, Chen Y, Xu F, Hu Z, Shen Z. Effects of excess ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 4+-N) on pigments, photosynthetic rates, chloroplast ultrastructure, proteomics, formation of reactive oxygen species and enzymatic activity in submerged plant Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 226:105585. [PMID: 32763644 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although excess ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4+-N) results in the disturbance of various important biochemical and physiological processes, a detailed study on the effects of NH4+-N stress on the photosynthesis and global changes in protein levels in submerged macrophytes is still lacking. Here, the changes of excess NH4+-N on physiological parameters in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, a submerged macrophyte were investigated, including the contents of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, net photosynthesis and respiration, glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities, chloroplast ultrastructure, chloroplast reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and protein levels. Our results showed that the net photosynthetic rate and pigment content reached maximum values when the plants were treated with 1 and 2 mg L-1 NH4+-N, respectively, and decreased at NH4+-N concentrations at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L-1. This decrease might be caused by ROS accumulation. Compared that in 0.02 mg L-1 NH4+-N as a control, ROS generation in chloroplasts significantly increased in the presence of more than 2 mg L-1 NH4+-N. Consistently, the damages caused by over-accumulated ROS were observed in chloroplast ultrastructure, showing a loose thylakoid membranes and swollen grana/stroma lamellae. Furthermore, through proteomic analysis, we identified 91 differentially expressed protein spots. Among them, six proteins involved in photosynthesis decreased in abundance in response to excess NH4+-N. Surprisingly, the abundance of all the identified proteins that were involved in nitrogen assimilation and amino acid metabolism tended to increase under excess NH4+-N compared with the control, suggestive of the imbalanced carbon and nitrogen (C-N) metabolisms. In support, activated GS and GOGAT cycle was observed, evidenced by higher activities of GS and GOGAT enzymes. To our knowledge, this work is the first description that excess NH4+-N results in chloroplast ultrastructural damages and the first proteomic evidence to support that excess NH4+-N can lead to a decline in photosynthesis and imbalance of C-N metabolism in submerged macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlu Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Takagi D, Miyagi A, Tazoe Y, Suganami M, Kawai-Yamada M, Ueda A, Suzuki Y, Noguchi K, Hirotsu N, Makino A. Phosphorus toxicity disrupts Rubisco activation and reactive oxygen species defence systems by phytic acid accumulation in leaves. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:2033-2053. [PMID: 32281116 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral nutrient for plants. Nevertheless, excessive P accumulation in leaf mesophyll cells causes necrotic symptoms in land plants; this phenomenon is termed P toxicity. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying P toxicity in plants have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of P toxicity in rice. We found that under excessive inorganic P (Pi) application, Rubisco activation decreased and photosynthesis was inhibited, leading to lipid peroxidation. Although the defence systems against reactive oxygen species accumulation were activated under excessive Pi application conditions, the Cu/Zn-type superoxide dismutase activities were inhibited. A metabolic analysis revealed that excessive Pi application led to an increase in the cytosolic sugar phosphate concentration and the activation of phytic acid synthesis. These conditions induced mRNA expression of genes that are activated under metal-deficient conditions, although metals did accumulate. These results suggest that P toxicity is triggered by the attenuation of both photosynthesis and metal availability within cells mediated by phytic acid accumulation. Here, we discuss the whole phenomenon of P toxicity, beginning from the accumulation of Pi within cells to death in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takagi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Youshi Tazoe
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mao Suganami
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Naoki Hirotsu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura-machi, Japan
| | - Amane Makino
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Chen B, Dong J, Li B, Xue C, Tetteh PA, Li D, Gao K, Deng X. Using a freshwater green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa to evaluate the biotoxicity of ionic liquids with different cations and anions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 198:110604. [PMID: 32339924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
With the extensive use of ionic liquids (ILs) in various industrial fields, their potential toxicity to aquatic ecosystem has attracted considerable attention. In this work, biotoxicity of ILs with different cations and anions was evaluated by using a freshwater green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Results showed that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C8mim]Cl), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([C8mim]NO3), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C8mim]BF4), and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C12mim]Cl) had a significant inhibition on the algal growth with EC50 values of 23.48, 4.72, 3.80, 4.44, and 0.10 mg L-1 at the 72 h of exposure, respectively. These data suggested that the toxicity of ILs increased with the increase of side alkyl chain length, while anions had little influences on their toxicity to this alga. Moreover, changes in chlorophyll a content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and ΦPSII) indicated that the five ILs could damage the photosynthetic system of this alga resulting in the decrease of photosynthetic efficiency. The increased soluble protein content and antioxidase activity could be considered as an active response mechanism of this alga against the exposure of ILs. Content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in this alga increased significantly when it was exposed to ILs, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were accumulated in the algal cells, which would cause injury of the algal biofilm and chloroplast. Therefore, results obtained in this work would help to explain the possible underlying toxic mechanisms of ILs to C. pyrenoidosa, and provide a significant theoretical support for assessing the toxicity of ILs to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunye Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Pius Abraham Tetteh
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericulture Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, People's Republic of China.
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Huihui Z, Xin L, Zisong X, Yue W, Zhiyuan T, Meijun A, Yuehui Z, Wenxu Z, Nan X, Guangyu S. Toxic effects of heavy metals Pb and Cd on mulberry (Morus alba L.) seedling leaves: Photosynthetic function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism responses. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 195:110469. [PMID: 32179235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To explore the mechanism of how lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) stress affects photosynthesis of mulberry (Morus alba L.), we looked at the effects of different concentrations of Pb and Cd stress (at 100 and 200 μmol L-1), which are two heavy metal elements, on leaf chlorophyll (Chl), photosynthesis gas exchange, Chl fluorescence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in mulberry leaves. The results showed that higher concentrations of Pb and Cd reduced leaf Chl content, especially in Chl a where content was more sensitive than in Chl b. Under Pb and Cd stress, the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity of mulberry leaves was reduced, which was a consequence of combined limitations of stomatal and non-stomatal factors. The main non-stomatal factors were decreased photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) activity and carboxylation efficiency (CE). Damage to the donor side of the PSII reaction center was greater than the acceptor side. After being treated with 100 μmol L-1 of Pb and Cd, mulberry leaves continued to be able to dissipate excess excitation energy by starting non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), but when Pb and Cd concentrations were increased to 200 μmol L-1, the protection mechanism that depends on NPQ was impaired. Excessive excitation energy from chloroplasts promoted a great increase of ROS, such as superoxide anion (O2•-) and H2O2. Moreover, under high Pb and Cd stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were also inhibited to some extent, and excessive ROS also resulted in a significantly higher degree of oxidative damage. Compared with Cd, the effect of Pb stress at the same concentration level displayed a significantly lower impact on Chl content, photosynthetic carbon assimilation, and stomatal conductance. Meanwhile, Pb stress mainly damaged activity of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) located on PSII donor side, but it reduced the electronic pressure on the PSII acceptor side and PSI. Furthermore, under Pb stress, the NPQ, SOD, and APX activity were all significantly higher than those under Cd stress. Thus under Pb stress, the degree of photoinhibition and oxidative damage of PSII and PSI in mulberry leaves were significantly lower than under Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Huihui
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Xin
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xu Zisong
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Teng Zhiyuan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - An Meijun
- Developmental Center of Heilongjiang Provincial Sericulture and Bee Industry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhang Yuehui
- Developmental Center of Heilongjiang Provincial Sericulture and Bee Industry, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhu Wenxu
- School of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Nan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China; Natural Resources and Ecology Institute, Heilongjiang Sciences Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Sun Guangyu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Bidabadi SS, VanderWeide J, Sabbatini P. Exogenous melatonin improves glutathione content, redox state and increases essential oil production in two Salvia species under drought stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6883. [PMID: 32327687 PMCID: PMC7181808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was conducted to understand the influence of foliar applied melatonin (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μM) on two Salvia species (Salvia nemorosa L., and Salvia reuterana Boiss) under conditions of water stress. Water stress was applied using a reduced irrigation strategy based on re-watering at 80%, 60% and 40% of the field capacity (FC). Increasing water stress, while significantly enhancing malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, electrolyte leakage, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and total glutathione (GT), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, which led to a marked reduction in fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Foliar application of melatonin alleviated the oxidative stress by increasing GT, CAT, POD, SOD and GR activities and reducing GSSG. In particular, melatonin heightened GSH content as well as the ratio of GSH/GSSG when compared to non-sprayed water stressed plants. Melatonin-treated plants had significantly lower SOD and POD activities than control plants under drought stress, while the CAT activity was enhanced with the foliar treatment. Essential oil yield of both Salvia species increased with the decrease in irrigation from 80% to 60% FC but diminished with the more severe water deficit (40% FC). Essential oil components of Salvia nemorosa were β- caryophyllene, germacrene- B, spathulenol, and cis- β- farnesene, while (E) - β- ocimene, α- gurjnnene, germacrene-D, hexyl acetate and aromadendrene was the major constituents of Salvia reuterana. When plants were subjected to water deficit, melatonin treatment increased the concentration and composition of the essential oil. In particular, melatonin treatments improved the primary oil components in both species when compared to non-melatonin treated plants. In conclusion, reduced irrigation regimes as well as melatonin treatments resulted in a significant improvement of essential oil production and composition in both Salvia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Shirani Bidabadi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Joshua VanderWeide
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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18
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Ozfidan-Konakci C, Yildiztugay E, Elbasan F, Kucukoduk M, Turkan I. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) and nitric oxide (NO) alleviate cobalt toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by modulating photosynthesis, chloroplastic redox and antioxidant capacity. J Hazard Mater 2020; 388:122061. [PMID: 31954305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/nitric oxide (NO) in mitigating stress-induced damages has gained interest in the past few years. However, the protective mechanism H2S and/or NO has towards the chloroplast system through the regulation of redox status and activation of antioxidant capacity in cobalt-treated wheat remain largely unanswered. Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ekiz was treated with alone/in combination of a H2S donor (sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS,600μM)), a NO donor (sodium nitroprusside (SNP,100μM)) and a NO scavenger (rutin hydrate (RTN,50μM)) to assess how the donors affect growth, water relations, redox and antioxidant capacity in chloroplasts, under cobalt (Co) concentrations of 150-300 μM. Stress decreased a number of parameters (growth, water content (RWC), osmotic potential (ΨΠ), carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentrations, transpiration rate and the transcript levels of rubisco, which subsequently disrupt the photosynthetic capacity). However, SNP/NaHS counteracted the negative effects of stress on these aforementioned parameters and RTN application with stress/non-stress was reversed these effects. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TBARS were induced under stress in spite of activated ascorbate peroxidase (APX). SNP/NaHS under stress increased activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), APX, glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), ascorbate (tAsA) and glutathione (GSH). In conclusion, NaHS/SNP are involved in the regulation and modification of growth, water content, rubisco activity and up-regulation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH) in chloroplast under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, 42090, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Evren Yildiztugay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Fevzi Elbasan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Kucukoduk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42250, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ismail Turkan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
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19
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Awad N, Vega-Estévez S, Griffiths G. Salicylic acid and aspirin stimulate growth of Chlamydomonas and inhibit lipoxygenase and chloroplast desaturase pathways. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 149:256-265. [PMID: 32087537 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical stimulants, used to enhance biomass yield, are highly desirable for the commercialisation of algal products for a wide range of applications in the food, pharma and biofuels sectors. In the present study, phenolic compounds, varying in substituents and positional isomers on the arene ring have been evaluated to determine structure-activity relationship and growth. The phenols, catechol, 4-methylcatechol and 2, 4-dimethyl phenol were generally inhibitory to growth as were the compounds containing an aldehyde function. By contrast, the phenolic acids, salicylic acid, aspirin and 4-hydroxybenzoate markedly stimulated cell proliferation enhancing cell numbers by 20-45% at mid-log phase. The order of growth stimulation was ortho > para > meta with respect to the position of the OH group. Both SA and aspirin reduced 16:3 in chloroplast galactolipids. In addition, both compounds inhibited lipoxygenase activity and lowered the levels of lipid hydroperoxides and malondialdehydes in the cells. The present study has demonstrated the possibility of using SA or aspirin to promote algal growth through the manipulation of lipid metabolising enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Awad
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Energy and Bioproducts Research Institute, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Samuel Vega-Estévez
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Energy and Bioproducts Research Institute, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Energy and Bioproducts Research Institute, Aston University, B4 7ET, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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20
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So WM, Kim SY, Hyoung S, Shin JS. The novel protein CSAP accelerates leaf senescence and is negatively regulated by SAUL1 in the dark. Plant Cell Rep 2020; 39:325-334. [PMID: 31773253 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast-localized protein CSAP is an ABA-responsive factor and positively regulates dark-induced senescence. This phenomenon is controlled by SAUL1 in Arabidopsis. We report here that CSAP (Chloroplast-localized Senescence-Associated Protein, AT5G39520) functions as a positive regulator of senescence and is controlled by SAUL1 (Senescence Associated E3 Ubiquitin Ligase 1) in Arabidopsis. CSAP transcript level was gradually increased when senescence was progressed. Under dark conditions, the csap mutant showed delayed leaf senescence and reduced chlorophyll breakdown, but overexpression of CSAP accelerated leaf senescence and expressions of chlorophyll catabolic genes were up-regulated compared to the wild-type (WT). NCED3 and AAO3, which are involved in ABA biosynthesis, also showed higher expression in the overexpression lines than the WT. It is known that the CSAP transcript is increased in the saul1 mutant that shows precocious senescence. In our experiments, we confirmed that CSAP interacts with SAUL1 by the yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays. In addition, we found that SAUL1 decreases the stability of CSAP in the presence of ABA. Taken together, we suggest that CSAP accelerates leaf senescence in the dark and this process is controlled by SAUL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Mi So
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Soo Youn Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
- Cloning Department, Bionics, Seoul, 04778, Korea
| | - Sujin Hyoung
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jeong Sheop Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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21
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Lysenko EA, Klaus AA, Kartashov AV, Kusnetsov VV. Specificity of Cd, Cu, and Fe effects on barley growth, metal contents in leaves and chloroplasts, and activities of photosystem I and photosystem II. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 147:191-204. [PMID: 31865165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cd, Cu, and Fe were used to reveal the specificity of their toxic actions. We studied the effects of heavy metals on the growth of barley seedlings, contents of cations in leaves and chloroplasts, induced chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 light absorption. Differences were found at each level of research. We measured the contents of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg, and K. The proportion of cations in leaves targeted to chloroplasts varied from 0.1% (K) to >90% (Fe). Their levels changed in different ways. We found no correlation between changes in cation contents in leaves and chloroplasts. Treatment with Cd, Cu, and Fe increased the contents of some cations. The extra portions were targeted primarily out of chloroplasts, which was most noticeable in the case of Cu and Fe. Cd treatment decreased non-photochemical quenching with concomitant increases in closed photosystem II. We introduced new coefficients qC for closed photosystem II and X(II) to compare the yields of photosystem II and photosystem I. Cd likely decreased both PSI content in leaves and its quantum yield. In control plants, the quantum yield ratio of PSI/PSII increased gradually from 1.25 under low light to 4 under high light. Cd treatment prevented the increase under moderate light; under high light the ratio reached 2. Cu treatment increased the acceptor side limitation of photosystem I under low light; components of the Calvin cycle likely demand more light for activation in Cu-treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Lysenko
- Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia; Centre for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143026, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Klaus
- Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | | | - Victor V Kusnetsov
- Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia
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22
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Chen HC, Zhang SL, Wu KJ, Li R, He XR, He DN, Huang C, Wei H. The effects of exogenous organic acids on the growth, photosynthesis and cellular ultrastructure of Salix variegata Franch. Under Cd stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 187:109790. [PMID: 31639642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of three organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid and malic acid) on the biomass, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic parameters of Salix variegata under Cd stress and observed the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells in each treatment. Cd stress significantly reduced photosynthesis by reducing the content of pigments and disrupting chloroplast structure, which consequently decreased the biomass. However, respective addition of three organic acids greatly increased the biomass of S. variegata under Cd stress. Among them, the effect of malic acid or tartaric acid on shoot and total biomass accumulation was greater than that of citric acid. The alleviation of biomass probably related with the photosynthetic process. Results revealed that treatment with each organic acid enhanced the net photosynthesis rate under Cd stress. Malic acid promoted plant growth and biomass by increasing the chlorophyll content and mitigating damage to the photosynthetic apparatus resulting from Cd stress. Tartaric acid had little impact on the photosynthetic pigment content, but it was important in mitigating the ultrastructural damage of plants caused by Cd. Addition of citric acid significantly increased the carotenoid as well as the number and volume of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells, while the mitigation of structural damage in the photosynthetic apparatus was weaker than that in tartaric acid or malic acid treatment. It is concluded that application of tartaric acid or malic acid is effective in increasing the growth potential of S. variegata under Cd stress and thus can be a promising approach for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Guizhou Provincial Water Conservancy Research Institute, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Song-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ke-Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xin-Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dan-Ni He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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23
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Liu R, Deng Y, Zhang W, Zhang L, Wang Z, Li B, Diao J, Zhou Z. Enantioselective mechanism of toxic effects of triticonazole against Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 185:109691. [PMID: 31563746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rational use and the environmental safety of chiral pesticides have attracted significant research interest. Here, enantioselective toxic effects and the selective toxic mechanism of triticonazole (TRZ) against the aquatic microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa were studied. The 96h-EC50 values of rac-, (R)-(-)-, and (S)-(+)-TRZ were 1.939, 0.853, and 22.002 mg/L, respectively. At a concentration of 1 mg/L, the contents of photosynthetic pigments of C. pyrenoidosa exposed to (R)-(-)-TRZ were lower than if exposed to S-(+)-form and racemate. Transmission electron microscopic images showed that the R-(-)-form compromised the integrity of cells and disrupted the chloroplast structure. R-(-)-TRZ stimulated vast reactive oxygen species (ROS) and significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content. For lipid accumulation experiments, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulations in algal cells treated with R-(-)-TRZ were 171.50% and 280.76%, respectively, compared with the control group. This far exceeded levels of algal cells treated with S-(+)- and rac-TRZ. Based on these data, R-(-)-TRZ was concluded to selectively affect the photosynthetic system, antioxidant system, and lipid synthesis of algal cells, thus causing enantioselective toxic effects of TRZ against C. pyrenoidosa, which indicating that the use of racemate may cause unpredictable environmental harm. Therefore, to reduce the hidden dangers of chiral pesticides for the ecological environment, the environmental risk of TRZ should be evaluated at the stereoselective level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zikang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bingyan Li
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Mingxian South Road 1, Shanxi, 030800, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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24
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Chmeliov J, Gelzinis A, Franckevičius M, Tutkus M, Saccon F, Ruban AV, Valkunas L. Aggregation-Related Nonphotochemical Quenching in the Photosynthetic Membrane. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7340-7346. [PMID: 31710503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic apparatus of plants is a robust self-adjustable molecular system, able to function efficiently under varying environmental conditions. Under strong sunlight, it switches into photoprotective mode to avoid overexcitation by safely dissipating the excess absorbed light energy via nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Unfortunately, heterogeneous organization and simultaneous occurrence of multiple processes within the thylakoid membrane impede the study of natural NPQ under in vivo conditions; thus, usually artificially prepared antennae have been studied instead. However, it has never been shown directly that the origin of fluorescence quenching observed in these artificial systems underlies natural NPQ. Here we report the time-resolved fluorescence measurements of the dark-adapted and preilluminated-to induce NPQ-intact chloroplasts, performed over a broad temperature range. We show that their spectral response matches that observed in the LHCII aggregates, thus demonstrating explicitly for the first time that the latter in vitro system preserves essential properties of natural photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jevgenij Chmeliov
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics , Vilnius University , Saulėtekio Avenue 9 , LT-10222 Vilnius , Lithuania
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Avenue 3 , LT-10257 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Andrius Gelzinis
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics , Vilnius University , Saulėtekio Avenue 9 , LT-10222 Vilnius , Lithuania
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Avenue 3 , LT-10257 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Marius Franckevičius
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Avenue 3 , LT-10257 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Marijonas Tutkus
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Avenue 3 , LT-10257 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Francesco Saccon
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary, University of London , Mile End Road , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary, University of London , Mile End Road , London E1 4NS , United Kingdom
| | - Leonas Valkunas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics , Vilnius University , Saulėtekio Avenue 9 , LT-10222 Vilnius , Lithuania
- Department of Molecular Compound Physics , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Avenue 3 , LT-10257 Vilnius , Lithuania
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25
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Bychkov I, Kudryakova N, Andreeva A, Pojidaeva E, Kusnetsov V. Melatonin modifies the expression of the genes for nuclear- and plastid-encoded chloroplast proteins in detached Arabidopsis leaves exposed to photooxidative stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 144:404-412. [PMID: 31629225 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a potent regulator during plant development and stress responses, affects diverse plastid-related processes. However, its role in the regulation of plastid gene expression is largely unknown. In this study, exogenous melatonin was shown to reduce the negative influence of excess light by increasing the efficiency of the photosystems and rearranging the expression of chloroplast- and nuclear-encoded genes in detached Arabidopsis leaves. The positive effects of melatonin predominantly occurred at lower concentrations, while high doses had an inhibitory effect. The impact of melatonin was not straightforward. It mainly influenced the expression of the genes encoding the chloroplast transcription machinery and housekeeping genes involved in maintaining transcriptional activity and the functional state of chloroplasts. Despite the fact that melatonin treatment improved photosynthetic parameters, the levels of photosynthesis gene transcripts and photosynthetic proteins remained practically unaltered suggesting that melatonin impact on photosynthetic apparatus which would allow the balancing of chloroplast functions with stress responses is highly complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bychkov
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Natalia Kudryakova
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra Andreeva
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Elena Pojidaeva
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Victor Kusnetsov
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow, 127276, Russia.
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26
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Ferreira S, Moreira E, Amorim I, Santos C, Melo P. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants devoid of chloroplast glutamine synthetase (GS2) have non-lethal phenotype under photorespiratory conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 144:365-374. [PMID: 31622939 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast located Glutamine Synthetase (GS2) is believed to play a major role in the reassimilation of ammonium generated by photorespiration, being GS2 knockout mutants unable to grow under photorespiratory conditions (low-CO2 atmosphere) in the species characterized so far (Barley, Lotus). To investigate the importance of GS2 in A. thaliana nitrogen metabolism mutant plants devoid of this GS isoenzyme were characterized. It was shown that GS2 mutants although smaller, slightly chlorotic and with the nitrogen metabolism impaired, were able to grow and complete their life cycle under ordinary air conditions. Surprisingly, GS2 mutants were more tolerant to salt stress than wild-type plants. The lack of GS2 seems to be compensated by higher expression of some GS cytosolic isogenes, namely GLN1;2 and GLN1;3 and by glutamate dehydrogenase, whose activity and expression is enhanced in the GS2 mutant plants and might account for the increased tolerance to salt stress. Under conditions that minimize photorespiration (CO2-enriched atmosphere) plant growth and ammonium assimilation impairment is less evident in the GS2 mutant plants and is accompanied by an adjustment of levels of expression of the cytosolic isogenes, with an increase in the expression of GLN1;3 and a decrease in the expression of the GLN1;1 and GLN1;2. Altogether the results confirm a major role of GS2 in the assimilation of ammonium released during photorespiration, but suggest a redundancy of activity with cytosolic GSs and GDH and further support the involvement of the chloroplastic isoenzyme in primary nitrogen assimilation and plant growth and development in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Ferreira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emanuel Moreira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Amorim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Research Centre on Sustainable Agri-food Production & Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Conceição Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Melo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; GreenUPorto - Research Centre on Sustainable Agri-food Production & Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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27
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Abdel-Aziz HMM, Rizwan M. Chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles induced physio-chemical and chloroplast ultrastructural changes in broad bean seedlings. Chemosphere 2019; 235:1066-1072. [PMID: 31561296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the effects of priming of seven-year-old aged seeds with different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on growth of broad bean (Vicia faba L.). Seeds were primed with different concentrations of AgNPs for 6 h before growing in the plastic trays. Different growth parameters like growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, antioxidant enzymes and chloroplast ultrastructure were estimated after 14 days of germination. Priming with AgNPs affected the root and shoot growth attributes as compared with control depending upon concentrations of AgNPs. In all treatments, photosynthetic pigments increased significantly above control levels, but total soluble sugars decreased in 10 and 50 ppm AgNPs and slightly increased in 100 ppm AgNPs as compared with control. Starch accumulation was apparent in all treated seedlings above that of control levels. Mesophyll cells of all treated seedlings were altered with electron dense particles than control. Priming with AgNPs affected the chloroplast structure which appeared in the form of less stacking of Greene, formation of protrusions and extensions, irregular shape of chloroplasts as compared with spindle shaped regular chloroplasts of control. In all treatments, total phenols were slightly affected as compared with control. The antioxidant enzyme activities in seedlings varied with the dose and type of antioxidants. Overall, AgNPs adversely affected the chloroplast ultrastructure, but increased growth of seedlings and starch accumulation. Further studies are required to explore the effects of AgNPs on the long-term on crop productivity of aged seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M M Abdel-Aziz
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Sha S, Cheng M, Hu K, Zhang W, Yang Y, Xu Q. Toxic effects of Pb on Spirodela polyrhiza (L.): Subcellular distribution, chemical forms, morphological and physiological disorders. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 181:146-154. [PMID: 31177079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of lead (Pb) on Spirodela polyrhiza was studied to determine the subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and resulting morphophysiological modifications after treatments with 20 or 80 μM Pb(NO3)2 for 10 days. At the subcellular level, the Pb uptake by S. polyrhiza was mainly compartmentalized in the cell walls (70%), and the majority of Pb (approximately 70%) was extracted using 1 M NaCl and 2% acetic acid (HAc). Visual symptoms of phytotoxcity, surface roughness and closure of stomata, were observed in Pb-treated fronds. Electron-dense precipitates were present in cell walls, and changes to the ultrastructure were most noticeably exhibited in organelle shape, internal organization, and size of the plastoglobules of chloroplasts. Toxic concentrations of Pb induced oxidative stress in fronds, characterized by an accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased chlorophyll and unsaturated fatty acid contents. Pb exposure increased ABS/RC, TRo/RC, DIo/RC, Vj, and φDo (Fv/Fm), indicating that reaction centers were transformed to dissipation sinks, leading to a decrease in the efficiency of photosystem II, which was evident from the decreased values of Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ψEo, φEo, RC/ABS, and PIabs. These results indicated that decreased photosynthesis in Pb-treated fronds was partially ascribed to the lower pigment content, inhibition of electron transport, inactivation of the reaction centers, damage to the chloroplast ultrastructure, and stomatal closure. The physiological implications of subcellular distribution and chemical forms are discussed in relation to Pb accumulation and detoxification. However, Pb accumulation significantly impaired photosynthesis and membrane integrity in the fronds of S. polyrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Menghua Cheng
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kaijie Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaru Yang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qinsong Xu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Mizokami Y, Sugiura D, Watanabe CKA, Betsuyaku E, Inada N, Terashima I. Elevated CO2-induced changes in mesophyll conductance and anatomical traits in wild type and carbohydrate-metabolism mutants of Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:4807-4818. [PMID: 31056658 PMCID: PMC6760322 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Decreases in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance (gs), and mesophyll conductance (gm) are often observed under elevated CO2 conditions. However, which anatomical and/or physiological factors contribute to the decrease in gm is not fully understood. Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and carbon-metabolism mutants (gwd1, pgm1, and cfbp1) with different accumulation patterns of non-structural carbohydrates were grown at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (800 ppm) CO2. Anatomical and physiological traits of leaves were measured to investigate factors causing the changes in gm and in the mesophyll resistance (expressed as the reciprocal of mesophyll conductance per unit chloroplast surface area facing to intercellular space, Sc/gm). When grown at elevated CO2, all the lines showed increases in cell wall mass, cell wall thickness, and starch content, but not in leaf thickness. gm measured at 800 ppm CO2 was significantly lower than at 400 ppm CO2 in all the lines. Changes in Sc/gm were associated with thicker cell walls rather than with excess starch content. The results indicate that the changes in gm and Sc/gm that occur in response to elevated CO2 are independent of non-structural carbohydrates, and the cell wall represents a greater limitation factor for gm than starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizokami
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, Aix Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro K A Watanabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Betsuyaku
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Michnová H, Pospíšilová Š, Goněc T, Kapustíková I, Kollár P, Kozik V, Musioł R, Jendrzejewska I, Vančo J, Trávníček Z, Čížek A, Bąk A, Jampílek J. Bioactivity of Methoxylated and Methylated 1-Hydroxynaphthalene-2-Carboxanilides: Comparative Molecular Surface Analysis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24162991. [PMID: 31426567 PMCID: PMC6720605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of twenty-six methoxylated and methylated N-aryl-1-hydroxynaphthalene- 2-carboxanilides was prepared and characterized as potential anti-invasive agents. The molecular structure of N-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxamide as a model compound was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All the analysed compounds were tested against the reference strain Staphylococcus aureus and three clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S.aureus as well as against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. kansasii. In addition, the inhibitory profile of photosynthetic electron transport in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts was specified. In vitro cytotoxicity of the most effective compounds was tested on the human monocytic leukaemia THP-1 cell line. The activities of N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-, N-(3-fluoro-5-methoxy-phenyl)- and N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carbox- amide were comparable with or even better than the commonly used standards ampicillin and isoniazid. All promising compounds did not show any cytotoxic effect at the concentration >30 µM. Moreover, an in silico evaluation of clogP features was performed for the entire set of the carboxamides using a range of software lipophilicity predictors, and cross-comparison with the experimentally determined lipophilicity (log k), in consensus lipophilicity estimation, was conducted as well. Principal component analysis was employed to illustrate noticeable variations with respect to the molecular lipophilicity (theoretical/experimental) and rule-of-five violations. Additionally, ligand-oriented studies for the assessment of the three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship profile were carried out with the comparative molecular surface analysis to determine electron and/or steric factors that potentially contribute to the biological activities of the investigated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Michnová
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého třída 1/3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Pospíšilová
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého třída 1/3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Goněc
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého třída 1/3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Kapustíková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Kollár
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého třída 1/3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Violetta Kozik
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Musioł
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Ján Vančo
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Čížek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého třída 1/3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrzej Bąk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Josef Jampílek
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Zhang H, Wang R, Wang T, Fang C, Wang J. Methyl salicylate delays peel yellowing of 'Zaosu' pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) during storage by regulating chlorophyll metabolism and maintaining chloroplast ultrastructure. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:4816-4824. [PMID: 30980406 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some cultivars, yellowing resulting from chlorophyll breakdown has a direct and negative effect on food supply and health. The 'Zaosu' pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.), a commercial Asian pear cultivar in China, rapidly turns yellow when stored at room temperature after harvest. To develop techniques that delay or suppress chlorophyll degradation, the effects of methyl salicylate (MeSA) on yellowing in 'Zaosu' pear fruit during storage were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the untreated fruit, the application of 0.05 mmol L-1 MeSA delayed the decline of the total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content, and maintained more intact chloroplasts with fewer and smaller plastoglobuli. Methyl salicylate suppressed enzyme activities, including chlorophyllase, chlorophyll-degrading peroxidase, Mg dechelatase, and pheophytinase, and the expression levels of NYC, NOL, CLH, SGR, PPH, PAO and RCCR in treated fruit. CONCLUSION Methyl salicylate could delay chlorophyll breakdown in the fruit. The results also suggested that the conversion from chlorophyll a to pheophorbide a could proceed via two pathways, and that alternative pathways for the breakdown of chlorophyll a exist in 'Zaosu' pears. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chunxia Fang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
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Liu M, Korpelainen H, Dong L, Yi L. Physiological responses of Elaeocarpus glabripetalus seedlings exposed to simulated acid rain and cadmium. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 175:118-127. [PMID: 30897410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Combined effects of cadmium (Cd) and acid rain on physiological characteristics in Eleocarpus glabripetalus seedlings were investigated under controlled conditions. The single Cd treatment and the combined Cd and acid rain treatment increased growth at low Cd concentrations, while decreased growth and photosynthesis at high Cd2+ concentrations. A low Cd2+ concentration (50 mg kg-1) combined with different acid rain treatments increased the seedling biomass. A high Cd2+ concentration (100 mg kg-1) under different acid rain treatments significantly decreased the biomass, the Fe content, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters. Relative electric conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and peroxidase (POD) activity were increased while the reduced glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT) activity were significantly lower at high Cd2+ concentration under acid rain. The results indicated that the combination of a high concentration of Cd2+ and acid rain aggravated the toxic effect of Cd2+ or acid rain alone on the growth and physiological parameters of E. glabripetalus due to serious damage to the chloroplast structure. These results provide novel insights into the combined effects of Cd2+and acid rain on woody plants and might also serve as a guide to evaluate forest restoration and biological safety in areas with Cd2+and acid rain pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Liu
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Lianchun Dong
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
| | - Lita Yi
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
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Alkhatib R, Alkhatib B, Abdo N, AL-Eitan L, Creamer R. Physio-biochemical and ultrastructural impact of (Fe 3O 4) nanoparticles on tobacco. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:253. [PMID: 31196035 PMCID: PMC6567911 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of their broad applications in our life, nanoparticles are expected to be present in the environment raising many concerns about their possible adverse effects on the ecosystem of plants. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different sizes and concentrations of iron oxide nanoparticles [(Fe3O4) NPs] on morphological, physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural parameters in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var.2 Turkish). RESULTS Lengths of shoots and roots of 5 nm-treated plants were significantly decreased in all nanoparticle-treated plants compared to control plants or plants treated with any concentration of 10 or 20 nm nanoparticles. The photosynthetic rate and leaf area were drastically reduced in 5 nm (Fe3O4) NP-treated plants of all concentrations compared to control plants and plants treated with 10 or 20 nm (Fe3O4) NPs. Accumulation of sugars in leaves showed no significant differences between the control plants and plants treated with iron oxide of all sizes and concentrations. In contrast, protein accumulation in plants treated with 5 nm iron oxide dramatically increased compared to control plants. Moreover, light and transmission electron micrographs of roots and leaves revealed that roots and chloroplasts of 5 nm (Fe3O4) NPs-treated plants of all concentrations were drastically affected. CONCLUSIONS The size and concentration of nanoparticles are key factors affecting plant growth and development. The results of this study demonstrated that the toxicity of (Fe3O4) NPs was clearly influenced by size and concentration. Further investigations are needed to elucidate more about NP toxicity in plants, especially at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Alkhatib
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110 Jordan
| | - Batool Alkhatib
- Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA
| | - Nour Abdo
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110 Jordan
| | - Laith AL-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110 Jordan
| | - Rebecca Creamer
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA
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Hájková M, Kummerová M, Zezulka Š, Babula P, Váczi P. Diclofenac as an environmental threat: Impact on the photosynthetic processes of Lemna minor chloroplasts. Chemosphere 2019; 224:892-899. [PMID: 30986895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of pharmaceuticals action on biochemical and physiological processes in plants that determine plant growth and development are still mostly unknown. This study deals with the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) on photosynthesis as an essential anabolic process. Changes in primary and secondary photosynthetic processes were assessed in chloroplasts isolated from Lemna minor exposed to 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μM DCF. Decreases in the potential and effective quantum yields of photosystem II (FV/FM by 21%, ΦII by 44% compared to control), changes in non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ), and a substantial drop in Hill reaction activity (by 73%), especially under 1000 μM DCF, were found. Limitation of electron transport through photosystem II was confirmed by increased fluorescence signals in steps J and I (by 50% and 23%, respectively, under 1000 μM DCF) in OJIP fluorescence transient. Photosystem I exhibited changes only in the redox state of P700 reaction centres (decrease in Pm by 10%, increase in reduced P700 by 5% under 1000 μM DCF). Similarly, RuBisCO activity was only lowered by 30% under 1000 μM DCF. In contrast, a significant increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (by 116% and 157%, respectively) was observed under 10 μM DCF, and lipid peroxidation increased even at 1 μM DCF (by nearly seven times compared to the control). Results demonstrate the ability of environmentally relevant DCF concentrations to induce oxidative stress in isolated duckweed chloroplasts; however, photosynthetic processes were affected considerably only by the highest DCF treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Hájková
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Kummerová
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Štěpán Zezulka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Váczi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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El-Banna MF, Mosa A, Gao B, Yin X, Wang H, Ahmad Z. Scavenging effect of oxidized biochar against the phytotoxicity of lead ions on hydroponically grown chicory: An anatomical and ultrastructural investigation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 170:363-374. [PMID: 30550966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the scavenging effect of functionalized biochar against the phytotoxicity of Pb2+, original biochar (O-B) was chemically oxidized with either HNO3 or KMnO4 to serve as biofilters (O-BF, HNO3-BF and KMnO4-BF) to hydroponically grown chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. intybus). Plants subjected to Pb-stress showed various deteriorations in cell organelles including visible alterations in chloroplasts, malformations in plant cells, abnormalities in the mitochondrial system, inward invagination of cell walls, distortions in the plasma membrane, oversized vacuoles and irregular increase in plastoglobuli formation. In addition, disorganization in xylem and phloem tissues and numerous variations in the stomatal number, density and dimensions as well as stomata movement were noticeable in the abaxial leaf surface. Pb-stressed plants showed increments in root diameter, vascular cylinder and metaxylem vessels as well as an obvious increase in the thickness of cortex, intercellular aerenchyma and endodermis layer. Furthermore, a noticeable disturbance in macro-and micronutrient concentrations was recorded in Pb-stressed plants due to the defect in their water status. O-BF showed a limited scavenging effect against the phytotoxicity of Pb2+. However, oxidized biochar filters (particularly KMnO4-BF) recorded a noticeable safeguard effect due to their high affinity to Pb2+ ions. The higher sorption capacity of KMnO4-BF reduced the concentration of Pb in leaf tissues compared to the unequipped filtration treatment (117 vs. 19 µg g-1). In conclusion, data of this hydroponic study provides baseline information regarding the detoxification mechanisms of functionalized biochar against the phytotoxicity of trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa F El-Banna
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mosa
- Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Xianqiang Yin
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zahoor Ahmad
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Department of Soil Science, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Cui F, Brosché M, Shapiguzov A, He XQ, Vainonen JP, Leppälä J, Trotta A, Kangasjärvi S, Salojärvi J, Kangasjärvi J, Overmyer K. Interaction of methyl viologen-induced chloroplast and mitochondrial signalling in Arabidopsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:555-566. [PMID: 30738155 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signalling intermediates in plant metabolism, defence, and stress adaptation. In plants, both the chloroplast and mitochondria are centres of metabolic control and ROS production, which coordinate stress responses in other cell compartments. The herbicide and experimental tool, methyl viologen (MV) induces ROS generation in the chloroplast under illumination, but is also toxic in non-photosynthetic organisms. We used MV to probe plant ROS signalling in compartments other than the chloroplast. Taking a genetic approach in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), we used natural variation, QTL mapping, and mutant studies with MV in the light, but also under dark conditions, when the chloroplast electron transport is inactive. These studies revealed a light-independent MV-induced ROS-signalling pathway, suggesting mitochondrial involvement. Mitochondrial Mn SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE was required for ROS-tolerance and the effect of MV was enhanced by exogenous sugar, providing further evidence for the role of mitochondria. Mutant and hormone feeding assays revealed roles for stress hormones in organellar ROS-responses. The radical-induced cell death1 mutant, which is tolerant to MV-induced ROS and exhibits altered mitochondrial signalling, was used to probe interactions between organelles. Our studies suggest that mitochondria are involved in the response to ROS induced by MV in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Cui
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xin-Qiang He
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Julia P Vainonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Leppälä
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Filek M, Sieprawska A, Kościelniak J, Oklestkova J, Jurczyk B, Telk A, Biesaga-Kościelniak J, Janeczko A. The role of chloroplasts in the oxidative stress that is induced by zearalenone in wheat plants - The functions of 24-epibrassinolide and selenium in the protective mechanisms. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 137:84-92. [PMID: 30769236 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the idea that the toxic effect of zearalenone (ZEA) and the protective actions of the brassinosteroid - 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) as well as selenium are dependent on its accumulation in chloroplasts to a high degree. These organelles were isolated from the leaves of oxidative stress-sensitive and stress-tolerant wheat cultivars that had been grown from grains that had been incubated in a solution of ZEA (30 μM), Na2SeO4 (Se, 10 μM), EBR (0.1 μM) or in a mixture of ZEA with Se or EBR. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography techniques indicated that ZEA was adsorbed in higher amounts in the chloroplasts in the sensitive rather than tolerant cultivar. Although the brassinosteroids and Se were also accumulated in the chloroplasts, higher levels were only found in the tolerant cultivar. The application of EBR increased the homocastasterone content, especially in the chloroplasts of the tolerant plant and after the addition of ZEA. The presence of both protectants caused a decrease in the ZEA content in studied organelles and resulted in diminishing of the oxidative stress (i.e. changes in the activity of the antioxidative enzymes). Moreover, a recovery of photosystem II and decrease in the negative impact of ZEN on Hsp90 transcript accumulation was observed in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filek
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland; Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Apolonia Sieprawska
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Kościelniak
- Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Jurczyk
- Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Telk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Biesaga-Kościelniak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Janeczko
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
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Xie T, Gu W, Wang M, Zhang L, Li C, Li C, Li W, Li L, Wei S. Exogenous 2-(3,4-Dichlorophenoxy) triethylamine ameliorates the soil drought effect on nitrogen metabolism in maize during the pre-female inflorescence emergence stage. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:107. [PMID: 30890144 PMCID: PMC6425708 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) metabolism plays an important role in plant drought tolerance. 2-(3,4-Dichlorophenoxy) triethylamine (DCPTA) regulates many aspects of plant development; however, the effects of DCPTA on soil drought tolerance are poorly understood, and the possible role of DCPTA on nitrogen metabolism has not yet been explored. RESULTS In the present study, the effects of DCPTA on N metabolism in maize (Zea mays L.) under soil drought and rewatering conditions during the pre-female inflorescence emergence stage were investigated in 2016 and 2017. The results demonstrated that the foliar application of DCPTA (25 mg/L) significantly alleviated drought-induced decreases in maize yield, shoot and root relative growth rate (RGR), leaf relative water content (RWC), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr), and nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), soluble protein contents, and nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) activities. In addition, the foliar application of DCPTA suppressed the increases of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), ammonium (NH4+) and free amino acid contents, and the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and protease activities of the maize. Simultaneously, under drought conditions, the DCPTA application improved the spatial and temporal distribution of roots, increased the root hydraulic conductivity (Lp), flow rate of root-bleeding sap and NO3- delivery rates of the maize. Moreover, the DCPTA application protected the chloroplast structure from drought injury. CONCLUSIONS The data show, exogenous DCPTA mitigates the repressive effects of drought on N metabolism by maintained a stabilized supply of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and reducing equivalents provided by photosynthesis via favorable leaf water status and chloroplast structure, and NO3- uptake and long-distance transportation from the roots to the leaves via the production of excess roots, as a result, DCPTA application enhances drought tolerance during the pre-female inflorescence emergence stage of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenglong Xie
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Wanrong Gu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Mingquan Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368, Xuefu Street, Nangang District, Harbin, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368, Xuefu Street, Nangang District, Harbin, China
| | - Congfeng Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12, Zhongguancunnan Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Caifeng Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 368, Xuefu Street, Nangang District, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Shi Wei
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600, Changjiang Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
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Tabatabaei I, Dal Bosco C, Bednarska M, Ruf S, Meurer J, Bock R. A highly efficient sulfadiazine selection system for the generation of transgenic plants and algae. Plant Biotechnol J 2019; 17:638-649. [PMID: 30144344 PMCID: PMC6381783 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The genetic transformation of plant cells is critically dependent on the availability of efficient selectable marker gene. Sulfonamides are herbicides that, by inhibiting the folic acid biosynthetic pathway, suppress the growth of untransformed cells. Sulfonamide resistance genes that were previously developed as selectable markers for plant transformation were based on the assumption that, in plants, the folic acid biosynthetic pathway resides in the chloroplast compartment. Consequently, the Sul resistance protein, a herbicide-insensitive dihydropteroate synthase, was targeted to the chloroplast. Although these vectors produce transgenic plants, the transformation efficiencies are low compared to other markers. Here, we show that this inefficiency is due to the erroneous assumption that the folic acid pathway is located in chloroplasts. When the RbcS transit peptide was replaced by a transit peptide for protein import into mitochondria, the compartment where folic acid biosynthesis takes place in yeast, much higher resistance to sulfonamide and much higher transformation efficiencies are obtained, suggesting that current sul vectors are likely to function due to low-level mistargeting of the resistance protein to mitochondria. We constructed a series of optimized transformation vectors and demonstrate that they produce transgenic events at very high frequency in both the seed plant tobacco and the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Co-transformation experiments in tobacco revealed that sul is even superior to nptII, the currently most efficient selectable marker gene, and thus provides an attractive marker for the high-throughput genetic transformation of plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Tabatabaei
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Cristina Dal Bosco
- Department für Biologie ILudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMünchenGermany
- Present address:
Pioneer Hi‐Bred Northern Europe Service Division GmbHEschbachGermany
| | - Marta Bednarska
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Department für Biologie ILudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMünchenGermany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
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Shen Y, Li J, Gu R, Zhan X, Xing B. Proteomic analysis for phenanthrene-elicited wheat chloroplast deformation. Environ Int 2019; 123:273-281. [PMID: 30553200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can cause wheat leaf chlorosis. Thus, we hypothesize that chloroplast inner structure damage is the reason for leaf chlorosis. This study was conducted with the wheat seedlings exposed to Hoagland nutrient solution containing 1.0 mg L-1 phenanthrene for 9 days. Subcellular observation showed that chloroplast turns round and loses its structural integrity. Herein, iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification) was applied to analyze the changes of protein profile in chloroplast exposed to phenanthrene. A total of 517 proteins are identified, 261 of which are up-regulated. Eight proteins related with thylakoid (the structural component of chloroplast) are down-regulated and the expression of related genes further confirms the proteomic results through real-time PCR under phenanthrene treatment, suggesting that the thylakoid destruction is the reason for chloroplast deformation. Four proteins related with envelope and stroma are up-regulated, and this is the reason why chloroplast remains round. This study is useful in discussing the carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of PAHs in plant cells in the environment, and provides necessary knowledge for improving crop resistance to PAH pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jinfeng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Ruochen Gu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Zhuang K, Shi D, Hu Z, Xu F, Chen Y, Shen Z. Subcellular accumulation and source of O 2- and H 2O 2 in submerged plant Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle under NH 4+-N stress condition. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 207:1-12. [PMID: 30500560 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of excess NH4+-N on the subcellular accumulation of O2- and H2O2 in submerged plant Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle were investigated using both histochemical and cytochemical methods. Treatments with ≥ 2.00 and ≥ 5.00 mg L-1 NH4+-N for 5 d significantly increased production of O2- and H2O2, respectively. The activities of plasma membrane-bound NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidases and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase) were also increased correspondingly. This study also provides the first cytochemical evidence of subcellular accumulation of O2- and H2O2 in the submerged plants. In the leaves of H. verticillata treated with 20.0 mg L-1 NH4+-N, O2- dependent DAB precipitates were found primarily on the inner side of the plasma membrane, extracellular space and chloroplasts. H2O2-CeCl3 precipitates were mainly localized on the inner side of the plasma membrane and extracellular space of the mesophyll cells. Treatments with the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenylene iodonium and imidazole) indicate that NH4+-N-induced production of O2- and H2O2 in H. verticillata leaves may involve plasma membrane-bound NADPH oxidase. Moreover, low-light treatment decreased NH4+-induced O2- production, suggesting that alterations in the photosynthetic electron transfer chain due to NH4+ toxicity could lead to O2- production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Danlu Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- Beijing MOE Lab for Earth Surface Proc., College of Urban and Environmental Sci., Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agiricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agiricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Nawaz G, Kang H. Rice OsRH58, a chloroplast DEAD-box RNA helicase, improves salt or drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis by affecting chloroplast translation. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:17. [PMID: 30626336 PMCID: PMC6327599 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing characterization of DEAD-box RNA helicases (RHs) in chloroplast gene expression regulation at posttranscriptional levels in plants, their functional roles in growth responses of crops, including rice (Oryza sativa), to abiotic stresses are yet to be characterized. In this study, rice OsRH58 (LOC_Os01g73900), a chloroplast-localized DEAD-box RH, was characterized for its expression patterns upon stress treatment and its functional roles using transgenic Arabidopsis plants under normal and abiotic stress conditions. RESULTS Chloroplast localization of OsRH58 was confirmed by analyzing the expression of OsRH58-GFP fusion proteins in tobacco leaves. Expression of OsRH58 in rice was up-regulated by salt, drought, or heat stress, whereas its expression was decreased by cold, UV, or ABA treatment. The OsRH58-expressing Arabidopsis plants were taller and had more seeds than the wild type under favorable conditions. The transgenic plants displayed faster seed germination, better seedling growth, and a higher survival rate than the wild type under high salt or drought stress. Importantly, levels of several chloroplast proteins were increased in the transgenic plants under salt or dehydration stress. Notably, OsRH58 harbored RNA chaperone activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the chloroplast-transported OsRH58 possessing RNA chaperone activity confers stress tolerance by increasing translation of chloroplast mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Nawaz
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 South Korea
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Indus Highway Kohat, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000 Pakistan
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 South Korea
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Figlioli F, Sorrentino MC, Memoli V, Arena C, Maisto G, Giordano S, Capozzi F, Spagnuolo V. Overall plant responses to Cd and Pb metal stress in maize: Growth pattern, ultrastructure, and photosynthetic activity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:1781-1790. [PMID: 30456613 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a full description of the responses of the crop energy plant Zea mays to stress induced by Cd and Pb, in view of a possible extensive use in phytoattenuation of metal-polluted soils. In this perspective, (i) the uptake capability in root and shoot, (ii) the changes in growth pattern and cytological traits, and (iii) the photosynthetic efficiency based on photochemistry and the level of key proteins were investigated in hydroponic cultures. Both metals were uptaken by maize, with a translocation factor higher for Cd than Pb, but only Cd-treated plants showed a reduced growth compared to control (i.e., a lower leaf number and a reduced plant height), with a biomass loss up to 40%, at the highest concentration of metal (10-3 M). The observation of cytological traits highlighted ultrastructural damages in the chloroplasts of Cd-treated plants. A decline of Rubisco and D1 was observed in plants under Cd stress, while a relevant increase of the same proteins was found in Pb-treated plants, along with an increase of chlorophyll content. Fluorescent emission measurements indicated that both metals induced an increase of NPQ, but only Cd at the highest concentration determined a significant decline of Fv/Fm. These results indicate a different response of Z. mays to individual metals, with Pb triggering a compensative response and Cd inducing severe morpho-physiological alterations at all investigated levels. Therefore, Z. mays could be successfully exploited in phytoattenuation of Pb-polluted soil, but only at very low concentrations of Cd to avoid severe plant damages and biomass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Figlioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Sorrentino
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Memoli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Arena
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Maisto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Giordano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Fiore Capozzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria Spagnuolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
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Chen H, Shen C, Chen Z, Ali BA, Wen Y. Dichlorprop induced structural changes of LHCⅡ chiral macroaggregates associated with enantioselective toxicity to Scnedesmus obliquus. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 206:54-60. [PMID: 30448745 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective toxic mechanisms of chiral herbicides in photosynthetic organisms are closely related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, however, there are few reports on how the enantioselective production of ROS can be triggered. In suboptimal conditions, photosynthesis is one of the most important processes in the production of ROS, especially in the process of light utilization and electron transfer. In this study, we investigated the interactions between chiral herbicide dichlorprop (DCPP) enantiomers and the chiral macroaggregates of the photosynthetic light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b pigment-protein complexes (LHCII) in Scenedesmus obliquus, which is of great significance in capturing and utilizing sun light, and also in dissipating the excess excitation energy. The results of the circular dichroism indicated that DCPP induced the structural changes of the LHCII chiral macroaggregates in an enantioselective manner and that the (R)-DCPP treated-group showed a bigger change accompanied by a changed enantioselective dissipation of the excitation energy. The excitation energy was excessed in DCPP treated-groups and the degree of excess was enantioselective and the detrimental non-chemical energy triggered the enantioselective production of ROS, that induced the enantioselective toxicity to green algae S. obliquus. Overall, this study has identified that how the enantioselective production of ROS can be triggered in chloroplasts; this can help to reveal the enantioselective mechanisms of chiral herbicides to photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chensi Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Babar Aijaz Ali
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Fan X, Chang W, Feng F, Song F. Responses of photosynthesis-related parameters and chloroplast ultrastructure to atrazine in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 166:102-108. [PMID: 30253284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine is an ingredient in photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides and has been widely used to combat weeds in farmland. However, most atrazine that is applied fails to degrade in the soil and subsequently affects non-target plants. In this study, we investigated the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Funneliformis mosseae on the photosynthesis-related parameters, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure in alfalfa plants, some of which had been exposed to atrazine. Our results showed that the percentage of AMF hyphal colonization reached 91.23% 35 days after the alfalfa was planted, which suggests a symbiotic relationship between F. mosseae and alfalfa roots. F. mosseae alleviated the inhibition of net photosynthesis and stomatal function significantly in alfalfa exposed to atrazine for 24 h. A chlorophyll fluorescence analysis revealed that F. mosseae prevented a major reduction in the performance of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in the presence of atrazine, such as the relative decrease of Fv/Fm between the non-mycorrhizal and F. mosseae mycorrhizal treatments was 4.4% and 5.8% after 24 and 48 h of atrazine exposure time. However, F. mosseae has no significant alleviation on a sharp reduction in the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid content in alfalfa exposed to atrazine. For the chloroplast ultrastructure in alfalfa exposed to atrazine, the number of both plastoglobules and partial granal stacks was greater in the presence of F. mosseae. In general, our results indicate that the F. mosseae inoculation was beneficial to sustain photosynthesis-related performance, such as net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (ΦPSII) of PSII photochemistry in alfalfa after exposure to atrazine, because the mycorrhizal alfalfa had a greater number of plastoglobules and granal stacks in the chloroplast, thereby enhancing its resistance to the oxidative damage induced by atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Fan
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Fujuan Feng
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Fuqiang Song
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150500, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
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Wang P, Chen X, Xu X, Lu C, Zhang W, Zhao FJ. ARSENATE INDUCED CHLOROSIS 1/ TRANSLOCON AT THE OUTER ENVOLOPE MEMBRANE OF CHLOROPLASTS 132 Protects Chloroplasts from Arsenic Toxicity. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:1568-1583. [PMID: 30309965 PMCID: PMC6288752 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is highly toxic to plants and detoxified primarily through complexation with phytochelatins (PCs) and other thiol compounds. To understand the mechanisms of As toxicity and detoxification beyond PCs, we isolated an arsenate-sensitive mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), arsenate induced chlorosis1 (aic1), in the background of the PC synthase-defective mutant cadmium-sensitive1-3 (cad1-3). Under arsenate stress, aic1 cad1-3 showed larger decreases in chlorophyll content and the number and size of chloroplasts than cad1-3 and a severely distorted chloroplast structure. The aic1 single mutant also was more sensitive to arsenate than the wild type (Columbia-0). As concentrations in the roots, shoots, and chloroplasts were similar between aic1 cad1-3 and cad1-3 Using genome resequencing and complementation, TRANSLOCON AT THE OUTER ENVOLOPE MEMBRANE OF CHLOROPLAST132 (TOC132) was identified as the mutant gene, which encodes a translocon protein involved in the import of preproteins from the cytoplasm into the chloroplasts. Proteomic analysis showed that the proteome of aic1 cad1-3 chloroplasts was more affected by arsenate stress than that of cad1-3 A number of proteins related to chloroplast ribosomes, photosynthesis, compound synthesis, and thioredoxin systems were less abundant in aic1 cad1-3 than in cad1-3 under arsenate stress. Our results indicate that chloroplasts are a sensitive target of As toxicity and that AIC1/Toc132 plays an important role in protecting chloroplasts from As toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Meng Y, Wang S, Wang Z, Ye N, Fang H. Algal toxicity of binary mixtures of zinc oxide nanoparticles and tetrabromobisphenol A: Roles of dissolved organic matters. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 64:78-85. [PMID: 30308412 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the impacts of dissolved organic matters (DOM) on joint toxicity involved in zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) at relevant low-exposure concentrations (<1 mg/L). It was found that ZnO NPs in single and combined systems exhibited severe inhibition effects on a freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus. However, the presence of DOM slightly alleviated the growth inhibition toxicity induced by the binary mixtures of ZnO NPs and TBBPA. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that ZnO NPs caused structural damage to cells, including plasmolysis, membrane destruction, and the disruption of thylakoid in the chloroplast, regardless of the presence of coexisting substances. Oxidative stress biomarker quantitative analysis and in situ observations indicated that the massive accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the binary mixtures of ZnO NPs and TBBPA caused severe oxidative damage, but the presence of DOM significantly mitigated the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Meng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Se Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China.
| | - Nan Ye
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Hao Fang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
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Ahmed IM, Nadira UA, Qiu CW, Cao F, Zhang G, Holford P, Wu F. Tolerance to Drought, Low pH and Al Combined Stress in Tibetan Wild Barley Is Associated with Improvement of ATPase and Modulation of Antioxidant Defense System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113553. [PMID: 30423885 PMCID: PMC6274725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity and drought are two major constraints on plant growth in acidic soils, negatively affecting crop performance and yield. Genotypic differences in the effects of Al/low pH and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) induced drought stress, applied either individually or in combination, were studied in Tibetan wild (XZ5, drought-tolerant; XZ29, Al-tolerant) and cultivated barley (Al-tolerant Dayton; drought-tolerant Tadmor). Tibetan wild barley XZ5 and XZ29 had significantly higher H+-ATPase, Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase, and Na+K+-ATPase activities at pH 4.0+Al+PEG than Dayton and Tadmor. Moreover, XZ5 and XZ29 possessed increased levels in reduced ascorbate and glutathione under these conditions, and antioxidant enzyme activities were largely stimulated by exposure to pH 4.0+PEG, pH 4.0+Al, and pH 4.0+Al+PEG, compared to a control and to Dayton and Tadmor. The activity of methylglyoxal (MG) was negatively correlated with increased levels of glyoxalase (Gly) I and Gly II in wild barley. Microscopic imaging of each genotype revealed DNA damage and obvious ultrastructural alterations in leaf cells treated with drought or Al alone, and combined pH 4.0+Al+PEG stress; however, XZ29 and XZ5 were less affected than Dayton and Tadmor. Collectively, the authors findings indicated that the higher tolerance of the wild barley to combined pH 4.0+Al+PEG stress is associated with improved ATPase activities, increased glyoxalase activities, reduced MG, and lower reactive oxygen species levels (like O2− and H2O2) due to increased antioxidant enzyme activities. These results offer a broad comprehension of the mechanisms implicated in barley’s tolerance to the combined stress of Al/low pH and drought, and may provide novel insights into the potential utilization of genetic resources, thereby facilitating the development of barley varieties tolerant to drought and Al/low pH stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imrul Mosaddek Ahmed
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Plant Physiology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh.
| | - Umme Aktari Nadira
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fangbin Cao
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Paul Holford
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Feibo Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Bulychev AA, Rybina AA. Long-range interactions of Chara chloroplasts are sensitive to plasma-membrane H + flows and comprise separate photo- and dark-operated pathways. Protoplasma 2018; 255:1621-1634. [PMID: 29704048 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Local illumination of the characean internode with a 30-s pulse of white light was found to induce the delayed transient increase of modulated chlorophyll fluorescence in shaded cell parts, provided the analyzed region is located downstream in the cytoplasmic flow at millimeter distances from the light spot. The fluorescence response to photostimulation of a remote cell region indicates that the metabolites produced by source chloroplasts in an illuminated region are carried downstream with the cytoplasmic flow, thus ensuring long-distance communications between anchored plastids in giant internodal cells. The properties of individual stages of metabolite signaling are not yet well known. We show here that the export of assimilates and/or reducing equivalents from the source chloroplasts into the flowing cytoplasm is largely insensitive to the direction of plasma-membrane H+ flows, whereas the events in sink regions where these metabolites are delivered to the acceptor chloroplasts under dim light are controlled by H+ fluxes across the plasma membrane. The fluorescence response to local illumination of remote cell regions was best pronounced under weak background light and was also observed in a modified form within 1-2 min after the transfer of cell to darkness. The fluorescence transients in darkened cells were suppressed by antimycin A, an inhibitor of electron transfer from ferredoxin to plastoquinone, whereas the fluorescence response under background light was insensitive to this inhibitor. We conclude that the accumulation of reduced metabolites in the stroma leads to the reduction of photosystem II primary quinone acceptor (QA) via two separate (photochemical and non-photochemical) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Bulychev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Anna A Rybina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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50
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Zhao X, Huang J, Chory J. genome uncoupled1 Mutants Are Hypersensitive to Norflurazon and Lincomycin. Plant Physiol 2018; 178:960-964. [PMID: 30154176 PMCID: PMC6236606 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis gun1 mutants show hypersensitive phenotypes to both norflurazon and lincomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhao
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jianyan Huang
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
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