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Luo J, Feng S, Li M, He Y, Deng Y, Cao M. Effect of magnetized water irrigation on Cd subcellular allocation and chemical forms in leaves of Festuca arundinacea during phytoremediation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 277:116376. [PMID: 38657453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The application of an external magnetic field has been shown to improve the Cd phytoremediation efficiency of F. arundinacea by leaf harvesting. However, the influencing mechanisms of the promoting effect have not yet been revealed. This study evaluated variations in the Cd subcellular allocation and fractions in various F. arundinacea leaves, with or without magnetized water irrigation. Over 50 % of the metal were sequestered within the cell wall in all tissues under all treatments, indicating that cell wall binding was a critical detoxification pathway for Cd. After magnetized water treatment, the metal stored in the cytoplasm of roots raised from 33.1 % to 45.3 %, and the quantity of soluble Cd in plant roots enhanced from 53.4 % to 59.0 %. The findings suggested that magnetized water mobilized Cd in the roots, and thus drove it into the leaves. In addition, the proportion of Cd in the organelles, and the concentration of ethanol-extracted Cd in emerging leaves, decreased by 13.0 % and 47.1 %, respectively, after magnetized water treatment. These results explained why an external field improved the phytoextraction effect of the plant through leaf harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Yangtze University, University Road, No.1, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyao Feng
- Yangtze University, University Road, No.1, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mingpo Li
- The South of Zhejiang Comprehensive Engineering Survey and Mapping Institute Co., Ltd, China
| | - Yue He
- Yangtze University, University Road, No.1, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuping Deng
- Yangtze University, University Road, No.1, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cao
- University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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2
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Li H, Zeng Y, Wang C, Chen W, Zou M. Variation in the burden and chemical forms of thallium in non-detoxified tissues of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from waterborne exposure. Chemosphere 2023; 333:138884. [PMID: 37187377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is highly toxic to aquatic ecosystems, but information about its concentration and distribution characteristics in different fish tissues is limited. In this study, juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to Tl solutions with different sub-lethal concentrations for 28 days, and the Tl concentrations and distribution patterns in the fish non-detoxified tissues (gills, muscle, and bone) were analyzed. The Tl chemical form fractions, Tl-ethanol, Tl-HCl, and Tl-residual, corresponding to easy, moderate, and difficult migration fraction, respectively, in the fish tissues were obtained by sequential extractant approach. The Tl concentrations of different fractions and total burden were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Exposure-concentration effect determined the Tl burden in the fish tissues. The average Tl-total concentration factors were 360, 447, and 593 in the bone, gills, and muscle, respectively, and the limited variation during the exposure period indicates that tilapia have a strong ability to self-regulate and achieve Tl homeostasis. However, Tl fractions varied in tissues, and the Tl-HCl fraction dominated in the gills (60.1%) and bone (59.0%), switchover Tl-ethanol fraction dominated in the muscle (68.3%). This study has shown that Tl can be easily taken up by fish during 28-days-period and largely distributed in non-detoxified tissues especially muscle, in which concurrent risks of high Tl-total burden and high levels of Tl in the form of easy migration fraction, posing possible risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yanyi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Aquatic Invasive Alien Species, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mengyao Zou
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
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3
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Zheng MM, Feng D, Liu HJ, Yang GL. Subcellular distribution, chemical forms of cadmium and rhizosphere microbial community in the process of cadmium hyperaccumulation in duckweed. Sci Total Environ 2023; 859:160389. [PMID: 36423841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Duckweed is a newly reported Cd hyperaccumulator that grow rapidly; however, little is known about its tolerance and detoxification mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the tissue, subcellular, and chemical form distribution of the Cd in duckweed and studied the influences of Cd on duckweed growth, ultrastructure, and rhizosphere microbial community. The results showed that Cd could negatively affect the growth of duckweed and shorten the root length. More Cd accumulated in the roots than in the leaves, and Cd was transferred from the roots to the leaves with time. During 12-24 h, Cd mainly existed in the cell wall fraction (2.05 %-95.52 %) and the organelle fraction (5.03 %-97.80 %), followed the soluble fraction (0.14 %-16.98 %). Over time, the proportion of Cd in the organelles increased (46.64 %-92.83 %), exceeding that in the cell wall (6.79 %-66.23 %), which indicated that duckweed detoxification mechanism may be related to the retention of cell wall and vacuole. The main chemical form of Cd was the NaCl-extracted state (30.15 %-88.66 %), which was integrated with pectate and protein. With increasing stress concentration and time, the proportion of the HCl-extracted state and HAc-extracted state increased, and they were low-toxic Cd oxalate and Cd phosphate, respectively. Cd damaged the ultrastructure of cells such as chloroplasts and mitochondria and inhibited the diversity of microbial communities in the duckweed rhizosphere; however, the dominant populations that could tolerate heavy metals increased. It was speculated that duckweed distributed Cd in a less toxic chemical form in a less active location, mainly through retention in the root cell wall and sequestration in the leaf vacuoles, and is dynamically adjusted. The rhizosphere microbial communities tolerate heavy metals may also be one of the mechanisms by which duckweed can tolerate Cd. This study revealed the mechanism of duckweed tolerance and detoxification of Cd at the molecular level and provides a theoretical basis for further development of duckweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Zheng
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), CollaborativeInnovation Center forMountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), CollaborativeInnovation Center forMountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Hui-Jiao Liu
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), CollaborativeInnovation Center forMountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Gui-Li Yang
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), CollaborativeInnovation Center forMountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, Guizhou Province, China.
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Yu Z, Liu E, Lin Q, Zhang Q, Yuan H, Zhang E, Shen J. Integrating indices based on different chemical extractions and bioaccumulation in Bellamya aeruginosa to assess metal pollution and ecological risk in sediment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 242:113853. [PMID: 35809396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Various indices based on metal chemical data are used to evaluate pollution and ecological risk, but the consistency of the assessment results is usually unsatisfactory, and it is unclear if the ecological risk from sediment metals is accurately represented in in situ zoobenthos. Herein, the pollution and ecological risk associated with As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sediments of two adjacent lakes (Datun (DT) and Changqiao (CQ)) were comprehensively evaluated by integrating metal concentrations, chemical forms and bioaccumulation in Bellamya aeruginosa (B. aeruginosa). The metal concentrations and chemical compositions varied widely in the sediments. Over 50% of the Cd, Pb and Zn in the sediments was present in bioavailable forms, followed by 28% of Cu and less than 25% of As, Cr and Ni. According to the enrichment factor (EF) and concentration enrichment ratio (CER) assessments, Cr and Ni were natural in origin, while the other metals were at minor to extremely high pollution levels, with average EFs of 1.5-77.6 and CERs of 1.1-113.4. The pollution levels for Cd, Cu and Pb from the EF and CER assessments were similar, while those for As and Zn were higher according to CER than EF (p = 0.05), likely due to the baseline underestimation associated with the potential diagenetic remobilization of bioavailable metals. The ecological risk index (Er), sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and risk assessment code (RAC) showed a high eco-risk for Cd, while no similar risk was found for the other metals. By integrating risk indices with the chemical forms and pollution levels of metals, we deduced high eco-risks for As and Pb and moderate eco-risks for Cu and Zn in DT Lake and moderate eco-risks for As, Pb and Zn in CQ Lake. The other metals in the sediments of the two lakes presented low eco-risks. No significant positive correlations (p = 0.05) between metal accumulation in B. aeruginosa and the indices of pollution and eco-risk were observed except for the case of As, implying that measuring the metal concentrations in B. aeruginosa would not accurately characterize the metal pollution and ecological risk of sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250358, PR China; Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Enfeng Liu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250358, PR China.
| | - Qi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Qinghui Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250358, PR China
| | - Hezhong Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Enlou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Ji Shen
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Dai L, Chen Y, Liu L, Sun P, Liu J, Wang B, Yang S. Effect of biochar on the uptake, translocation and phytotoxicity of chromium in a soil-barley pot system. Sci Total Environ 2022; 826:153905. [PMID: 35189220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of Cr-contaminated soils with biochar is an effective method, but its effect on plant detoxification has not been clarified, and the translocation pathways of different chemical forms of Cr in the soil-plant system have not been quantitatively evaluated. This study investigated the effects of magnetically modified Enteromorpha prolifera biochar (FBC) on Cr uptake, translocation and phytotoxicity in the soil and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). When the FBC dosage increased to 30 g·kg-1, the content of bioavailable Cr in the soil decreased by 56.82%. Additionally, the contents of Cr in H. vulgare decreased by 53.22%, and growth recovered to the normal level. Partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) was applied to establish two influence paths to explain how FBC impacted the whole system of soil and plants upon Cr exposure. The phytotoxic effect path of Cr suggested that FBC decreased the contents of Cr in soil and H. vulgare and then recovered growth by alleviating oxidative stress (β = -0.45) and promoting chlorophyll synthesis (β = 0.53) in shoots. The translocation and conversion path of Cr further indicated that Cr in the shoots was converted into low-migration forms and mainly trapped in cell walls and vacuoles rather than in organelles, consequently decreasing the phytotoxicity of Cr (β = -0.73). These two soil-plant paths offer new insights into the application of biochar and plants in Cr-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Dai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Youyuan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Lecheng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Baoying Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shiying Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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6
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Jia Y, Jiang X, Xu J, Cao M, Luo J. Cd and pb Co-Pollution Increased Ecological Risk and Changed Rhizosphere Characteristics of Arabidopsis Thaliana During Phytoremediation. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2022; 108:909-916. [PMID: 35234979 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that co-contamination can result in more complex effects on the phytoremediation efficiency of plants relative to those of a single pollutant. However, the effect of co-contamination on plant rhizosphere characteristics has rarely been revealed. This study was carried out to assess the changes in soil pH, the content and fractionation of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and the metal solubility in the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana when treated with Cd and Pb simultaneously. The results showed that co-contamination increased the concentrations of DOM by 24.8% and 30.9% in the rhizosphere soil of A. thaliana relative to individual Cd or Pb pollution, respectively. At the end of the experiment, co-contamination significantly decreased the initial soil pH from 6.6 ± 0.3 to 5.5 ± 0.4, whereas a decrease was not observed under Pb pollution alone. Variations in soil pH and DOM can change the fractions of the two metals in the rhizosphere soil of A. thaliana. DOM in co-contaminated soil showed a higher Cd (1.05 mg L-1) and Pb (0.75 mg L-1) extraction ability relative to that in the Cd-polluted (0.89 mg Cd L-1 and 0.59 mg Pb L-1) or Pb-polluted (0.68 mg Cd L-1 and 0.63 mg Pb L-1) soils. The soluble Cd content in the co-contaminated (0.44 mg L-1) soil was significantly lower than that in the Cd-polluted (0.71 mg L-1) soil because A. thaliana is a Cd accumulator, whereas the soluble Pb content showed the opposite trend (47.0 mg L-1 vs. 37.4 mg L-1) because the species is a Pb excluder. Therefore, A. thaliana in co-contaminated soil would pose a leaching risk for the non-hyperaccumulated metals, thereby increasing the potential ecological risk during the phytoremediation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cao
- University of Leicester, University Road, LE1 7RH, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China
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Fu Q, Lai JL, Li C, Ji XH, Luo XG. Phytotoxicity mechanism of the natural radionuclide thorium in Vicia faba. J Hazard Mater 2022; 424:127718. [PMID: 34815127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of the phytotoxic mechanisms of thorium (Th) is important for controlling Th accumulation in crops and improving the efficiency of phytoremediation. Here, we analyzed the subcellular distribution of Th in Vicia faba seedlings and the toxic reaction of seedlings to Th (5-40 μmol·L-1) at the subcellular and cellular levels. Increasing the phosphate level in the culture medium from 0.01 to 0.1 mmol·L-1 decreased the Th accumulation by the roots by 47-57%. Th was mainly distributed in the root cell walls (94-96%) and existed mainly in the form of residue (92-94%). Th accumulation in the root was similar to the changes observed for P, Ni, Cu, and Fe. High concentrations of Th (40 μmol·L-1) induced abnormal root growth and leaf photosynthetic metabolism. At the cellular level, Th (40 μmol·L-1) induced root edge cell death and inhibited root respiration and cell mitosis. SOD, POD and CAT activities were involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species accumulation in the roots. Untargeted metabolomics identified 580 and 262 differentially expressed metabolites in roots and leaves. At the metabolic level, its toxicological mechanism involved a severe inhibition of the expression of nucleotides in roots and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Fu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jin-Long Lai
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China; Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ji
- College of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
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Lan J, Zhang S, Dong Y, Li J, Li S, Feng L, Hou H. Stabilization and passivation of multiple heavy metals in soil facilitating by pinecone-based biochar: Mechanisms and microbial community evolution. J Hazard Mater 2021; 420:126588. [PMID: 34252659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by multiple heavy metals and As is one of the major environmental hazards recognized worldwide. In this study, pinecone-biochar was used for stabilization and passivation of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, and As in contaminated soil around a smelter in Hubei province, China. The stabilization rate of heavy metals in soil can exceed 99%, and the leaching amount can meet the national standard of China (GB/T 5085.3-2007, less than 5, 100, 100, 15, and 5 mg/L, respectively.) within 90 days. The study confirmed that the addition of pinecone-biochar and the coexistence of indigenous microorganisms can effectively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals. Among the heavy metals, As(III) can be oxidized to As(V) and then stabilized, and other heavy metals can be stabilized in a complex and chelated state characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. After pinecone-biochar was added, the abundance of microbial community and intensity of metabolic activities became vigorous, the types and contents of dissolved organic matter increased significantly. A novel innovation is that the addition of pinecone-biochar increased the Bacillus and Acinetobacter in soil, which enhanced the function of inorganic ion transport and metabolism to promote the passivation and stabilization of heavy metals throughout the remediation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Lan
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Zhaoqing (Wuhan University) Environmental Technology Research Institute, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526200, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Zhaoqing (Wuhan University) Environmental Technology Research Institute, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526200, PR China
| | - Yiqie Dong
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Zhaoqing (Wuhan University) Environmental Technology Research Institute, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526200, PR China.
| | - Jiahao Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Zhaoqing (Wuhan University) Environmental Technology Research Institute, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526200, PR China
| | - Shiyao Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Lu Feng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Haobo Hou
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Zhaoqing (Wuhan University) Environmental Technology Research Institute, Zhaoqing, Guangdong 526200, PR China.
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Wan H, Yang F, Zhuang X, Cao Y, He J, Li H, Qin S, Lyu D. Malus rootstocks affect copper accumulation and tolerance in trees by regulating copper mobility, physiological responses, and gene expression patterns. Environ Pollut 2021; 287:117610. [PMID: 34174667 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the roles of rootstocks in Cu accumulation and tolerance in Malus plants by grafting 'Hanfu' (HF) scions onto M. baccata (Mb) and M. prunifolia (Mp) rootstocks, which have different Cu tolerances. The grafts were exposed to basal or excess Cu for 20 d. Excess Cu-treated HF/Mb had less biomass, and pronounced root architecture deformation and leaf ultrastructure damage than excess Cu-challenged HF/Mp. Root Cu concentrations and bio-concentration factor (BCF) were higher in HF/Mp than HF/Mb, whereas HF/Mb had higher stem and leaf Cu concentrations than HF/Mp. Excess Cu lowered root and aerial tissue BCF and translocation factor (Tf) in all plants; however, Tf was markedly higher in HF/Mb than in HF/Mp. The subcellular distribution of Cu in the roots and leaves indicated that excess Cu treatments increased Cu fixation in the root cell walls, which decreased Cu mobility. Compared to HF/Mb, HF/Mp sequestered more Cu in its root cell walls and less Cu in leaf plastids, nuclei, and mitochondria. Moreover, HF/Mp roots and leaves had higher concentrations of water-insoluble Cu compounds than HF/Mb, which reduced Cu mobility and toxicity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the carboxyl, hydroxyl and acylamino groups of the cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and proteins were the main Cu binding sites in the root cell walls. Excess Cu-induced superoxide anion and malondialdehyde were 28.6% and 5.1% lower, but soluble phenolics, ascorbate and glutathione were 10.5%, 41.9% and 17.7% higher in HF/Mp than HF/Mb leaves. Compared with HF/Mb, certain genes involved in Cu transport were downregulated, while other genes involved in detoxification were upregulated in HF/Mp roots and leaves. Our results show that Mp inhibited Cu translocation and mitigated Cu toxicity in Malus scions by regulating Cu mobility, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and transcription of key genes involved in Cu translocation and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixue Wan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Yang
- Dalian Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Zhuang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Cao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali He
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huifeng Li
- Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijun Qin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguo Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Fruit Quality Development and Regulation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
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Zhongping Y, Yao W, Xuyong L, Shupei R, Hui X, Jiazhuo C. The effect of long-term freeze-thaw cycles on the stabilization of lead in compound solidified/stabilized lead-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:37413-37423. [PMID: 33715119 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The solidification/stabilization (S/S) method is a common technique for the remediation of soils polluted by heavy metal. This study, thus, evaluated the long-term effectiveness, in term of the stabilization of lead in the solidified/stabilized soils, under freeze-thaw cycles, which are important physical processes that lead to material weathering. Three types of compound binders were obtained by mixing the three most commonly used binders (cement, quicklime, and fly ash) in varying proportions for the remediation of lead-contaminated soils. The leachability, chemical forms, and microstructure characteristics of the solidified/stabilized samples after various numbers freeze-thaw cycles (i.e., 0, 30, 90, and 180 times) were examined by utilizing the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test, chemical speciation analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the long-term freeze-thaw cycles lead to decreased leachate pH and increased lead concentration in the leachate. The larger the total mix quantities of cement and quicklime, the lower the concentration of lead was presented in the leachate, however, indicating that cement and quicklime are more effective in immobilizing lead ions than fly ash. Chemical speciation analysis revealed that the long-term freeze-thaw cycles did, however, reduce the content of carbonate-bound form lead while the quantity of the ion-exchange forms. SEM further confirmed the observed leaching characteristics and chemical speciation characteristics. In addition, it indicated that, at the same number of freeze-thaw cycles, high initial lead concentrations substantially delayed the hydration process of cement in solidified lead-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhongping
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
- Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400045, China.
- National Joint Engineering Research Centre for Prevention and Control of Environmental Geological Hazards in the TGR Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Wang Yao
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400045, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Centre for Prevention and Control of Environmental Geological Hazards in the TGR Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Li Xuyong
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400045, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Centre for Prevention and Control of Environmental Geological Hazards in the TGR Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Ren Shupei
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400045, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Centre for Prevention and Control of Environmental Geological Hazards in the TGR Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xu Hui
- Chongqing Geotechnical Engineering Testing Centre Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Jiazhuo
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400045, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Centre for Prevention and Control of Environmental Geological Hazards in the TGR Area, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
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11
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Yu H, Wang K, Huang H, Zhang X, Li T. The regulatory role of root in cadmium accumulation in a high cadmium-accumulating rice line (Oryza sativa L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:25432-25441. [PMID: 33462687 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There are some key processes that regulate cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice. Understanding the characteristics and mechanisms of Cd accumulation in high Cd-accumulating rice lines benefits for excavating relevant genes. Cd accumulation and distribution in roots of Lu527-8, a high Cd-accumulating rice line, were investigated by a hydroponic experiment, with a control of a normal rice line (Lu527-4). Lu527-8 showed significantly higher Cd concentrations in roots than Lu527-4. More than 81% of Cd in roots of two rice lines is distributed in soluble fraction and cell wall. In soluble fraction, there were more organic acids, amino acids, and phytochelatins in Lu527-8, benefiting Cd accumulation. Pectin and hemicellulose 1 (HC1), especially pectin, were main polysaccharides in cell wall. Lu527-8 showed more pectin and HC1 along with higher pectin methylesterase (PME) activity compared with Lu527-4, promoting Cd accumulation. Besides, Lu527-8 showed higher Cd translocation from root to shoot due to more amounts of ethanol-extractable Cd in roots than Lu527-4. In conclusion, specific characteristics of Cd chemical forms and subcellular distribution in roots of high Cd-accumulating rice line are important for Cd accumulation and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Yu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Keji Wang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huagang Huang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xizhou Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingxuan Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Chen J, Jin P, Huang S, Guo Y, Tan F, Wang J, Shu Y. Cabbage cultivars influence transfer and toxicity of cadmium in soil-Chinese flowering cabbage Brassica campestris-cutworm Spodoptera litura larvae. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 213:112076. [PMID: 33639562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We executed a pot experiment to examine the differences of absorption, chemical forms, subcellular distribution, and toxicity of Cd between two cultivars of Chinese flowering cabbage Brassica campestris [Lvbao701 (low-Cd cultivar) and Chicaixin No.4 (high-Cd cultivar)]. Compared to Chicaixin No.4, the presence of Lvbao701 enhanced the proportion of insoluble Cd forms in soil, Lvbao701 roots and leaves had higher proportion of Cd converted into insoluble phosphate precipitates and pectate-or protein-bound forms and lower proportion of inorganic Cd, which result in low accumulation and toxicity of Cd to Lvbao701 and cutworm Spodoptera litura fed on Lvbao701 leaves. Instead of total Cd, Cd transfer and toxicity in B. campestris-S. litura system depend on chemical Cd forms in soil and cabbages and subcellular Cd distributions in cabbages and insects, and the proportions of them were not the highest among all chemical forms and subcellular distributions of Cd. Although exchangeable Cd was major Cd chemical form in cabbage planted soil, Cd bound to iron and manganese oxides and to organic matter were significantly correlated with growth indices and photosynthesis parameters of cabbages. Despite major part of Cd was precipitated in cell wall of roots, Cd in organelle fraction was closely associated with the fitness of cabbages. Metal-rich granules, not cytosolic fraction (the major subcellular Cd distribution), affected the food utilization of S. litura. Therefore, cabbage cultivars significantly affected Cd transfer and toxicity in B. campestris-S. litura system, and the use of Lvbao701 in Cd polluted soil could reduce potential risks for Cd entering food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pan Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shimin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yeshan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengxiao Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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13
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Liu C, Xiao R, Dai W, Huang F, Yang X. Cadmium accumulation and physiological response of Amaranthus tricolor L. under soil and atmospheric stresses. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:14041-14053. [PMID: 33205273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cadmium (Cd) solution spraying and Cd-contaminated soil pot experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of Cd from atmospheric deposition and soil on the growth, cumulative distribution, chemical morphology, physiological, and biochemical responses of Amaranthus tricolor L. The results indicated that Cd in plants mainly came from soil (92-98%) and was stored in the roots in large quantities while the portion from atmospheric deposition could also effectively increase Cd content in stems and leaves (2-3%). Cd was mainly stored in plant cell walls and would transfer to the soluble part under high-concentration soil stress Cd from atmospheric deposition alone promoted the growth of plants, but high Cd concentrations from soil had the negative influence. The contents of H2O2 and MDA in plants increased under soil and atmospheric Cd stress, indicating that the plant cells were damaged by oxidative stress. The content of antioxidant enzymes such as POD, CAT, SOD, and antioxidants like AsA and GSH increased under low-concentration Cd stress but decreased under elevated stress, suggesting that high Cd-contaminated soil poses severe toxicity on the antioxidant system of the plants. Hence, the accumulation and physiological response of plants under multi-source Cd contamination were mainly affected by high soil Cd concentrations. Though the effect of atmospheric deposition is relatively less, it cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufan Liu
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongbo Xiao
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weijie Dai
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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14
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Huang WX, Zhang DM, Cao YQ, Dang BJ, Jia W, Xu ZC, Han D. Differential cadmium translocation and accumulation between Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana rustica L. by transcriptome combined with chemical form analyses. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111412. [PMID: 33039872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a severely toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal. Cigarette smoking is one of the major source of Cd exposure in humans. Nicotiana tabacum is primarily a leaf Cd accumulator, while Nicotiana rustica is a root Cd accumulator among Nicotiana species. However, little is known about the mechanisms of differential Cd translocation and accumulation in Nicotiana. To find the key factors, Cd concentration, Cd chemical forms, and transcriptome analysis were comparatively studied between N. tabacum and N. rustica under control or 10 μM Cd stress. The leaf/root Cd concentration ratio of N. tabacum was 2.26 and that of N. rustica was 0.14. The Cd concentration in xylem sap of N. tabacum was significantly higher than that of N. rustica. The root of N. tabacum had obviously higher proportion of ethanol extractable Cd (40%) and water extractable Cd (16%) than those of N. rustica (16% and 6%). Meanwhile the proportion of sodium chloride extracted Cd in N. rustica (71%) was significantly higher than that in N. tabacum (30%). A total of 30710 genes expressed differentially between the two species at control, while this value was 30,294 under Cd stress, among which 27,018 were collective genes, manifesting the two species existed enormous genetic differences. KEGG pathway analysis showed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was overrepresented between the two species under Cd stress. Several genes associated with pectin methylesterase, suberin and lignin synthesis, and heavy metal transport were discovered to be differential expressed genes between two species. The results suggested that the higher accumulation of Cd in the leaf of N. tabacum depends on a comprehensive coordination of Cd transport, including less cell wall binding, weaker impediment by the Casparian strip, and efficient xylem loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Xing Huang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo-Min Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiao Cao
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Jun Dang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Cheng Xu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Han
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Gong H, Chi J, Ding Z, Zhang F, Huang J. Removal of lead from two polluted soils by magnetic wheat straw biochars. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 205:111132. [PMID: 32836155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to high sorption capacity for heavy metals, magnetic biochar (MBC) has the potential to adsorb heavy metals in soils, which are then removed together with MBC from soils by a magnetic field. In this study, two magnetic biochars (MBC300 and MBC700) were derived from the magnetization of wheat straw biochars pyrolyzed at 300 and 700 °C. Strong binding of Pb with iron oxide particles deposited on biochar was observed. After the MBCs (7.5%, w/w) were applied to two naturally Pb-polluted soils (named as He-soil and Hu-soil) for 720 h, the removal efficiency of Pb from the soil by MBC300 (26.8-40.1%) was similar (p > 0.05) to that by MBC700 (25.1-42.1%). This is because MBC300 has lower sorption capacity for Pb but higher recovery percentage from soils as a result of lower saturation magnetization. The removal efficiencies of Pb by the two MBCs were 13-17% higher for He-soil than for Hu-soil, which was due to higher proportion of mobile forms of Pb in He-soil (82.3%) than in Hu-soil (51.5%). Spectroscopic analysis indicated that Pb in soils tended to bind onto the surface of MBC in more stable forms. Moreover, removing Pb from soils by MBC could decrease Pb concentration in ryegrass by about 30%. Therefore, it might be a potential method to remedy Pb-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Jie Chi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Zheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Jianjun Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
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16
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Lu RR, Hu ZH, Zhang QL, Li YQ, Lin M, Wang XL, Wu XN, Yang JT, Zhang LQ, Jing YX, Peng CL. The effect of Funneliformis mosseae on the plant growth, Cd translocation and accumulation in the new Cd-hyperaccumulator Sphagneticola calendulacea. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 203:110988. [PMID: 32678761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The screening and identification of hyperaccumulators is the key to the phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metal (HM). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) can improve plant growth and tolerance to HM; therefore, AMF-assisted phytoextraction has been regarded as a potential technique for the remediation of HM-polluted soils. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to determine whether Sphagneticola calendulacea is a Cd-hyperaccumulator and to investigate the effect of the AMF-Funneliformis mosseae (FM) on plant growth and on the accumulation, subcellular distribution and chemical form of Cd in S. calendulacea grown in soils supplemented with different Cd levels. At 25, 50 and 100 mg Cd kg-1 level, S. calendulacea showed high Cd tolerance, the translocation factor and the bioconcentration factor exceeded 1, and accumulation of more than 100 mg Cd kg-1 was observed in the aboveground parts of the plant, meeting the requirements for a Cd-hyperaccumulator. Moreover, FM colonization significantly increased both biomasses and Cd concentration in S. calendulacea. After FM inoculation, the Cd concentrations and proportions increased in the cell walls, but exhibited no significant change in the organelles of the shoots. Meanwhile, FM symbiosis contributed to the conversion of Cd from highly toxic chemical forms (extracted by 80% ethanol and deionized water) to less toxic chemical forms (extracted by 1 M NaCl, 2% acetic acid, 0.6 M HCl) of Cd in the shoots. Overall, S. calendulacea is a typical Cd-hyperaccumulator, and FM symbiosis relieved the phytotoxicity of Cd and promoted plant growth and Cd accumulation, and thus greatly increasing the efficiency of phytoextraction for Cd-polluted soil. Our study provides a theoretical basis and application guidance for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil by the symbiont of S. calendulacea with FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zun-He Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yu-Qi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Min Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xian-Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xue-Ni Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jie-Ting Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Li-Qin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yuan-Xiao Jing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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17
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Zhang Y, Chen Z, Xu W, Liao Q, Zhang H, Hao S, Chen S. Pyrolysis of various phytoremediation residues for biochars: Chemical forms and environmental risk of Cd in biochar. Bioresour Technol 2020; 299:122581. [PMID: 31855659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Various phytoremediation residues (PMRs), including Brassica napus L. (BN), Pennisetum sinese (PS) and Lolium perenne L.(LP), were pyrolyzed at 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C, respectively. A series of sequential and single extractions were employed to analyze the chemical speciation and potential environmental risk of Cadmium (Cd) in different phytoremediation residues-derived biochars (PMBs). The results showed that the exchangeable Cd fraction decreased but the residual Cd fraction increased, indicating the inhibition of bioavailability of Cd and low potential ecological risk index of PMBs. When the temperature was over 600 °C, the Cd in biochar was acceptable to the environment and the leaching concentration of Cd extracted by the three extraction methods (distilled water, SPLP and TCLP) were all under the standard limit. Findings from this study illustrated that the treatment of pyrolysis was feasible for the three kinds of PMRs at 600 °C with acceptable environment risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhenyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Qilin Liao
- Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Shefeng Hao
- Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Sihui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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18
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Hara T, Takenaka C, Tomioka R. Change in the chemical form of 137Cs with age in needles of Japanese cedar. J Environ Radioact 2020; 213:106137. [PMID: 31983446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiocesium (137Cs) derived from the accident of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant remains in forests. Although a large proportion of the 137Cs in forests has been transferred to soils, the rates of transfer to soils depend on the chemical form of 137Cs, which determines the mobility of 137Cs in plant tissues and subsequently during decomposition of leaf litter. In order to understand the dynamics of 137Cs in Sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica) forests, we identified the chemical forms, such as water soluble, ion-exchangeable, and residual of 137Cs, 133Cs, K, and Rb in needle-bearing Sugi branches of different ages across several years. Compared with the results for K and Rb, Cs (133Cs + 137Cs) tended to change from a water-soluble form to an immobilized form with aging of needle-bearing branch segments. In addition, it was observed that a larger proportion of the immobilized Cs were accumulated in the green outer portions of the stems through aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chisato Takenaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Rie Tomioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Chen F, Zeng S, Ma J, Li X, Zhang S, Zhu Q. Interactions between decabromodiphenyl ether and lead in soil-plant system. Chemosphere 2019; 236:124406. [PMID: 31545203 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pot experiments were conducted under abiotic conditions to investigate the interactive influence of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and lead (Pb) on the seed germination, germ length, root exudation and physiological characteristics of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae), and the uptake, accumulation of Pb and BDE-209 in the plant tissues. Results show that seed germination and germ length were impacted by Pb but less influenced by BDE-209. BDE-209 spiking (10 and 50 mg/L) could alleviate the toxicity of high Pb concentration on seed germination and growth. The chlorophyll content was significantly increased at 500 mg/kg Pb but declined at 2000 mg/kg Pb. Low-level Pb contamination (500 mg/kg) activated antioxidase activity; however, 2000 mg/kg Pb significantly reduced the antioxidase activity. Plant biomass slightly decreased at 500 mg/kg Pb but significantly declined at 2000 mg/kg Pb. The addition of a moderate dosage of BDE-209 (10-50 mg/kg) lessened Pb phytotoxicity, leading to improved plant growth relative to the case of Pb spiking alone. The exudate secretion was significantly enhanced by Pb addition, but BDE-209 spiking only caused slightly increased secretion. Pb could interfere with BDE-209 adsorption and translocation of tall fescue by affecting physiological behavior of the plant, but BDE-209 exhibited little influence on the Pb fate in the plant. Overall, BDE-209 had slight interference on the impact of Pb towards tall fescue. The results demonstrate the complex interactive effects of organic pollutants and heavy metals in the soil-plant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Chen
- Low Carbon Energy Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China.
| | - Siyan Zeng
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Low Carbon Energy Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China
| | - Shaoliang Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China
| | - Qianlin Zhu
- Low Carbon Energy Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221008, China
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Sha S, Cheng M, Hu K, Zhang W, Yang Y, Xu Q. Toxic effects of Pb on Spirodela polyrhiza (L.): Subcellular distribution, chemical forms, morphological and physiological disorders. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 181:146-154. [PMID: 31177079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of lead (Pb) on Spirodela polyrhiza was studied to determine the subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and resulting morphophysiological modifications after treatments with 20 or 80 μM Pb(NO3)2 for 10 days. At the subcellular level, the Pb uptake by S. polyrhiza was mainly compartmentalized in the cell walls (70%), and the majority of Pb (approximately 70%) was extracted using 1 M NaCl and 2% acetic acid (HAc). Visual symptoms of phytotoxcity, surface roughness and closure of stomata, were observed in Pb-treated fronds. Electron-dense precipitates were present in cell walls, and changes to the ultrastructure were most noticeably exhibited in organelle shape, internal organization, and size of the plastoglobules of chloroplasts. Toxic concentrations of Pb induced oxidative stress in fronds, characterized by an accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased chlorophyll and unsaturated fatty acid contents. Pb exposure increased ABS/RC, TRo/RC, DIo/RC, Vj, and φDo (Fv/Fm), indicating that reaction centers were transformed to dissipation sinks, leading to a decrease in the efficiency of photosystem II, which was evident from the decreased values of Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ψEo, φEo, RC/ABS, and PIabs. These results indicated that decreased photosynthesis in Pb-treated fronds was partially ascribed to the lower pigment content, inhibition of electron transport, inactivation of the reaction centers, damage to the chloroplast ultrastructure, and stomatal closure. The physiological implications of subcellular distribution and chemical forms are discussed in relation to Pb accumulation and detoxification. However, Pb accumulation significantly impaired photosynthesis and membrane integrity in the fronds of S. polyrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Menghua Cheng
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kaijie Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaru Yang
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qinsong Xu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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21
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Zhang X, Chen J, Liu X, Gao M, Chen X, Huang C. Nickel uptake and distribution in Agropyron cristatum L. in the presence of pyrene. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 174:370-376. [PMID: 30849657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PAHs affect the uptake of heavy metal by plants. The uptake pathway, distribution and detoxification of nickel (Ni) in Agropyron cristatum L. (A. cristatum) were investigated in the presence of pyrene in this study. Most of Ni was adsorbed on the cell wall in the insoluble phosphate (57.31-72.18%) form and pectate and protein integrated (38.27-38.98%) form. Ni was transferred to the organelle (from 37.84% to 40.52%) in the presence of pyrene. The concentration of Ni in A. cristatum decreased by 27.42%; it was affected by the ATP production inhibitor and 29.49% by the P-type ATPase inhibitor. The results indicated that the uptake of Ni related closely to the synthesis and decomposition of ATP and was an active uptake process. Contents of phytochelatins (PCs) in A. cristatum in Ni contaminated soils increased by 19.97%, and an additional 4.13% increase occurred in the presence of pyrene when compared to single Ni contamination. The content of malic acid in A. cristatum was the highest for 262.78 mg g-1 in shoots and 46.81 mg g-1 in roots with Ni contamination. Besides, acetic acid in shoots and roots increased by 40.25% and 102.63% with Ni contamination, and by 61.59% and 185.71% with Ni-pyrene co-contamination. This study preliminarily explored the inhibitory mechanism of pyrene on plant uptake of Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Mingjing Gao
- Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 99, Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
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22
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Huang W, Bai Z, Jiao J, Yuan H, Bao Z, Chen S, Ding M, Liang Z. Distribution and chemical forms of cadmium in Coptis chinensis Franch. determined by laser ablation ICP-MS, cell fractionation, and sequential extraction. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 171:894-903. [PMID: 30606507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coptis chinensis Franch., is a widely used medicinal plant in China. This plant is often contaminated by cadmium (Cd) and render health risk to human consumers. Understanding distribution of Cd and its chemical forms is important to evaluate accumulation of the metal and its detoxification mechanisms in this plant. Since few studies have focused on this aspect, we used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to spatially locate Cd in rhizome cross-sections, and ICP-MS to analyze the Cd subcellular distribution and the chemical forms of Cd in different tissues. Rhizome bioimaging results showed that Cd was distributed predominantly within the periderm, cortex, pith, and root trace vascular bundle. The LA-ICP-MS results suggested that Ca2+ channels might be a pathway for Cd entry into the plant. Subcellular distribution data indicated that most of Cd was associated with the cell wall (41.8-77.1%) and the soluble fraction (14.4-52.7%) in all tissues. Analysis of chemical forms revealed that majority Cd existed in less mobile and less toxic forms in all tissues, and P could convert to insoluble phosphate with Cd to moderate Cd toxicity. The new understanding of Cd accumulation and detoxification might provide novel strategies for reducing the levels of Cd in C. chinensis Franch., thereby mitigating its potential transfer to humans and providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the Cd status in other medicinal plants. Further, our findings might provide a basis for establishing a reasonable Cd limit level of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Zhenqing Bai
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Jie Jiao
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Honglin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, XI'an, 710069, China
| | - Zhian Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, XI'an, 710069, China
| | - Shaoning Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Meihai Ding
- Xi'an Ande Pharmaceutical Co; Ltd., Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310000, China; College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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23
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Shi X, Wang S, Wang D, Sun H, Chen Y, Liu J, Jiang Z. Woody species Rhus chinensis Mill. seedlings tolerance to Pb: Physiological and biochemical response. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 78:63-73. [PMID: 30665657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Screening potential plant species is a crucial consideration in phytoremediation technology. Our previous study demonstrated that Rhus chinensis Mill. seedlings had potentials for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil. However, its bioaccumulation and tolerance characteristics remain unclear. Seedling growth, LMWOAs secreted by roots, Pb subcellular distribution and chemical forms, and mineral elements in R. chinensis tissues were evaluated under different Pb concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L) in culture solution at 14 days after planting. R. chinensis did not show visual symptoms of Pb toxicity under lower Pb treatments; however, Pb significantly declined the growth of seedlings under higher Pb treatments. Higher Pb stress also decreased the concentrations of nitrogen in leaves, but increased the concentrations of P and K in roots. Pb stress also decreased Mn concentrations in leaves. A great quantity of Pb was uptake and mostly retained in R. chinensis roots. Nonetheless, R. chinensis can still concentrate 459.3 and 1102.7 mg/kg Pb in leaves and stems, respectively. Most of Pb in R. chinensis tissues was stored in the cell wall with HAc-, HCl-, and NaCl-extractable form. LMWOAs secreted by R. chinensis roots showed a strong positive correlation with Pb concentrations in all plant tissues and with P in roots. Our results suggested that Pb deposited in the cell wall and integration with phosphate or oxalate might be responsible for the tolerance of R. chinensis under Pb stress in short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shi
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; Forestry College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhehot 010019, China
| | - Haijing Sun
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yitai Chen
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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24
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Zhang HM, Geng G, Wang JJ, Xin Y, Zhang Q, Cao DJ, Ma YH. The remediation potential and kinetics of cadmium in the green alga Cladophora rupestris. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:775-783. [PMID: 30415361 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and effects of metal homeostasis of excess Cd in Cladophora rupestris. Biosorption data were analyzed with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models and kinetic equations. Results showed that C. rupestris can accumulate Cd. Cd mainly localized in the cell wall and debris (42.8-68.2%) of C. rupestris, followed by the soluble fraction (22.1-38.4%) observed in C. rupestris. A large quantity of Cd ions existed as insoluble CdHPO4 complexed with organic acids, Cd(H2PO4)2, Cd-phosphate complexes (FHAC) (43.2-56.0%), and pectate and protein-integrated Cd (FNaCl) (30.8-43.2%). The adsorption data were well fitted by the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.933) and could be described by the pseudo-second-order reaction rate (R2 = 0.997) and Elovich (R2 = 0.972) equations. Related parameters indicated that Cd adsorption by C. rupestris is a heterogeneous diffusion. Cd promoted Ca and Zn uptake by C. rupestris. Cu, Fe, Mn, and Mg adsorption was promoted by low Cd concentrations and inhibited by high Cd concentrations. Results suggested that cell wall sequestration, vacuolar compartmentalization, and chemical morphological transformation are important mechanisms of Cd stress tolerance by C. rupestris. This study suggests that C. rupestris has bioremediation potential of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Geng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Ju Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China.
| | - You-Hua Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
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25
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Qiao L, Tanveer M, Wang L, Tian C. Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of lithium in Li-accumulator Apocynum venetum. Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 132:341-344. [PMID: 30248520 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Apocynum venetum is a promising species to remediate an emerging environmental contaminant lithium (Li). However, no research has been conducted so far relating Li tolerance mechanism. In order to improve the understanding of Li transportation and detoxification, subcellular accumulation and distribution of different chemical forms of Li was studied in Apocynum venetum. Subcellular Li compartmentalization analysis showed that majority of Li was located in vacuole (45.52-72.65%) and cell wall (14.84-29.02%) under Li treatment. Furthermore, water soluble and ethonal extracted Li (inorganic Li) are the main chemical forms of Li taken up by A. venetum. With the increase of Li concentration in the medium, Li content in all subcellular fractions and proportion of F-ethanol form with high mobility increased. The greatest amount of Li was found in soluble fraction in leaves at 25 mg L-1 Li treatment, followed by soluble fraction in leaves at 2.5 mg L-1. These results suggest that Li compartmentation in leaf vacuoles is important in Li detoxification and Li accumulation of A. venetum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - Changyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
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26
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Lam CM, Lai HY. Effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and blanching on the bioaccessibility of heavy metals in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 162:563-570. [PMID: 30029102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A plant's tolerance to heavy metals (HMs) and its detoxification mechanisms are associated with the subcellular distribution of HMs and their chemical forms. In this study, water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) was grown in two soils contaminated with a single HM (cadmium, Cd) or combined HMs (Cd and nickel, Ni). Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrizal fungi (AMF) was conducted to increase the accumulation of phosphorus (P) in plants. One major exception was to decrease the migration and accumulation of HMs in edible parts by the formation of P-HM complexes. The effects of blanching and simulated digestion on bioaccessibility were also assessed. The experimental results showed that the water spinach species used in this study had a high capacity to accumulate HMs. AMF treatment improved water spinach growth and decreased the accumulation of Ni but not that of Cd. Soluble and inorganic Cd and Ni were the major subcellular fractions and chemical forms in water spinach; these two HMs also exhibited higher migration capacities in comparison to chromium (Cr). Relative to raw tissues, 45-84% of Cd, Cr, and Ni were leached after blanching. Approximately 32-55%, 16-50%, and 27-40% of Cd, Cr, and Ni, respectively, were bioaccessible and could be metabolized by in vitro digestive fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Lam
- Department of Post-Modern Agriculture, MingDao University, 369 Wenhua Rd., Peetow, Changhua County 523, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lai
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
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27
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Cao DJ, Yang X, Geng G, Wan XC, Ma RX, Zhang Q, Liang YG. Absorption and subcellular distribution of cadmium in tea plant (Camellia sinensis cv. "Shuchazao"). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:15357-15367. [PMID: 29564701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate the Cd absorption and subcellular distribution in tea plant, Camellia sinensis. Increased Cd accumulation potential was observed in the tea plant in a Cd-enriched environment, but most of the Cd was absorbed by the roots of C. sinensis. The Cd in all the root fractions was mostly distributed in the soluble fraction, followed by the cell wall fraction. By contrast, the Cd was least distributed in the organelle fraction. The adsorption of Cd onto the C. sinensis roots was described well by the Langmuir isotherm model than the Freundlich isotherm. Most of the Cd (38.6 to 59.4%) was integrated with pectates and proteins in the roots and leaves. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that small molecular organic substances, such as amino acids, organic acids, and carbohydrates with N-H, C=O, C-N, and O-H functional groups in the roots, bonded with Cd(II). The Cd accumulation in the C. sinensis leaves occurred in the cell wall and organelle fractions. C. sinensis has great capability to transport Cd, thereby indicating pollution risk. The metal homeostasis of Fe, Mn, Ca, and Mg in C. sinensis was affected when the Cd concentration was 1.0-15.0 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ju Cao
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Yang
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Geng
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Ru-Xiao Ma
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Gan Liang
- School of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
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28
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Zhu H, Wu C, Wang J, Zhang X. The effect of simulated acid rain on the stabilization of cadmium in contaminated agricultural soils treated with stabilizing agents. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:17499-17508. [PMID: 29658066 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization technology is one of widely used remediation technologies for cadmium (Cd)-contaminated agricultural soils, but stabilized Cd in soil may be activated again when external conditions such as acid rain occurred. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of acid rain on the performance of different stabilizing agents on Cd-polluted agriculture soils. In this study, Cd-contaminated soils were treated with mono-calcium phosphate (MCP), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), and artificial zeolite (AZ) respectively and incubated 3 months. These treatments were followed by two types of simulated acid rain (sulfuric acid rain and mixed acid rain) with three levels of acidity (pH = 3.0, 4.0, and 5.6). The chemical forms of Cd in the soils were determined by Tessier's sequential extraction procedure, and the leaching toxicities of Cd in the soils were assessed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The results show that the three stabilizing agents could decrease the mobility of Cd in soil to some degree with or without simulated acid rain (SAR) treatment. The stabilization performances followed the order of AZ < MAP < MCP. Acid rain soaking promoted the activation of Cd in stabilized soil, and both anion composition and pH of acid rain were two important factors that influenced the stabilization effect of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Chunfa Wu
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Xumei Zhang
- Taicang Soil and Fertilizer Station, Taicang, 215400, China
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29
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Hong C, Lu S. Does biochar affect the availability and chemical fractionation of phosphate in soils? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8725-8734. [PMID: 29327187 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar as a soil amendment has been reported to affect the content and availability of soil nutrients. In this study, we aimed to test whether the biochar addition to soils would change the availability and chemical fractionation of phosphate in soils. Two soils (Ultisol and Alfisol) were amended with five kinds of biochars at application rate of 0, 1, and 2% (w/w). After 3-month incubation, availability and chemical forms of P were measured to investigate the potential effect and role of biochar in improving P availability in soils. The biochars used here had a lager variation of P content, depending on their feedstocks. Compared to the untreated soils, application of biochars derived from deciduous tree leaves (DLB), reed (RB), and rice straw (RSB) significantly increased the pH of two soils. The total P content of biochar-amended soils was increased with the addition of biochars. However, only RSB exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.05) of total P content. Application of biochars significantly increased the NH4Cl-extractable P content of two soils, indicating that biochars were able to increase the availability of phosphate in soils, but the amount of available P was dependent on biochar types. Ultisol and Alfisol amended with RSB (2% w/w) showed an increase in the P availability (0.5 M NaHCO3-extractable P) by 46 and 39%, respectively. For strongly acidic Ultisol, addition of biochar significantly increased Al-P and Ca-P content, as well as decreased Fe-P content. The P desorption test indicated the release of P from soils increased with the addition of biochar. Results suggested that biochar would change the P sorption affinity of the soil and help to increase the availability of fixed P. The increase of P availability with biochar application was due to the pH change and direct P contribution from biochar. Our results concluded that biochar affected the availability, chemical forms, and sorption capability of phosphate in soil. The extent of biochar effects on soil P varied greatly with the type of feedstock of biochar and soil type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Hong
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shenggao Lu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Cheng Y, Wang C, Chai S, Shuai W, Sha L, Zhang H, Kang H, Fan X, Zeng J, Zhou Y, Wang Y. Ammonium N influences the uptakes, translocations, subcellular distributions and chemical forms of Cd and Zn to mediate the Cd/Zn interactions in dwarf polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.) seedlings. Chemosphere 2018; 193:1164-1171. [PMID: 29874745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) would influence the uptake and translocation of Cd and Zn to mediate their interactions in wheat. Thus, the effects of NH4+ on Cd and Zn uptake, translocation, subcellular distributions and Cd chemical forms in dwarf polish wheat (DPW, Triticum polonicum L.) under Cd, Zn and Cd + Zn stresses with lack or supply of NH4+ was investigated. The biomasses of root and shoot were reduced by NH4+. NH4+ enhanced Cd and Zn uptakes, but inhibited their translocations. Under lack and supply of NH4+, Zn inhibited Cd uptakes, but promoted Cd translocations. Meanwhile, NH4+ reinforced the inhibition of Cd uptake and the promotion of Cd translocation caused by Zn. Cd inhibited Zn uptake and promoted Zn translocation under lack of NH4+. Meanwhile, Cd slightly reduced the Zn uptake, but did not affect the translocation under supply of NH4+. Therefore, NH4+ alleviated the inhibition of Zn uptake and partly reduced the promotion of Zn translocation stimulated by Cd. NH4+ and Zn changed the subcellular distributions and chemical forms of Cd. NH4+ and Cd also influenced the subcellular distributions of Zn. The changed subcellular distributions and chemical forms were associated with Cd and Zn uptakes and translocations, which physiologically revealed and illustrated NH4+ participates in Cd/Zn interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Cheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Songyue Chai
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wendi Shuai
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lina Sha
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Tanaka M, Kato H, Yamamoto Y, Iwata C. Development of an active tritium sampler for discriminating chemical forms without the use of combustion gases in a fusion test facility. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 125:53-59. [PMID: 28411534 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new type of active tritium sampler that can discriminate between chemical forms in a fusion test facility without the use of combustion gases was developed. The proposed tritium sampler was operated using water vapour instead of combustion gases. To test the operation and performance of the device when water vapour is used, we evaluated the catalytic oxidation properties, and the evaporation and collection of water vapour under actual sampling conditions. The properties of the added water mass and the operation temperature of catalysts in the proposed sampling system were then determined. Thereafter, we carried out air sampling for tritium monitoring. The levels of tritium concentration measured by the proposed tritium sampling system were similar to the values measured by the conventional sampling system. Our findings show that the proposed tritium sampling system without combustion gases is a good replacement for the conventional tritium sampling system in a fusion test facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tanaka
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Kato
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - Yukie Yamamoto
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - Chie Iwata
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi-cho, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
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Lai HY, Lam CM, Wang WZ, Ji YJ. Cadmium Uptake by Cuttings of Impatiens walleriana in Response to Different Cadmium Concentrations and Growth Periods. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 98:317-322. [PMID: 27377752 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Impatiens walleriana (I. walleriana), a potential cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator, can propagate by cuttings, which are less expensive to grow than seedlings. Different growth periods for cuttings, however, may lead to different physiological characteristics. In this study, I. walleriana cuttings were hydroponically grown in Cd-containing solutions (1.0-10.0 μM) for various growth periods (10-60 days). Experimental results showed that the Cd treatments had negative effects on growth compared to the controls that were not spiked with Cd. The extension of the growth period promoted most of the growth exhibitions of I. walleriana, except for SPAD readings for cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 μM solutions. The accumulation of Cd also increased over time, except in the roots of the cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 μM solutions. The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd showed that I. walleriana developed better tolerance and detoxification capacities in the cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 μM solutions than in the cuttings grown in the other two Cd treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Lai
- Department of Post-Modern Agriculture, MingDao University, No. 369, Wenhua Rd., Peetow, Changhua County, 52345, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Ming Lam
- Department of Post-Modern Agriculture, MingDao University, No. 369, Wenhua Rd., Peetow, Changhua County, 52345, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhe Wang
- Department of Post-Modern Agriculture, MingDao University, No. 369, Wenhua Rd., Peetow, Changhua County, 52345, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jhu Ji
- Department of Post-Modern Agriculture, MingDao University, No. 369, Wenhua Rd., Peetow, Changhua County, 52345, Taiwan
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Yang K, Kim BC, Nam K, Choi Y. The effect of arsenic chemical form and mixing regime on arsenic mass transfer from soil to magnetite. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:8479-8488. [PMID: 28190228 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of chemical forms of arsenic (As) and soil-magnetite mixing regimes on As mass transfer in magnetite-amended soil. Two soil samples with different component ratios of As chemical forms were prepared. In the absence of magnetite, the amount of desorbable As was strongly dependent on the fraction of easily extractable As in soil. Contact of the soils with magnetite in a slurry phase significantly reduced soil As concentration for both soils. Changes in As concentrations in soil, magnetite, and water by the slurry phase contact were simulated using an As mass transfer model. The model parameters were determined independently for each process of As soil desorption and magnetite sorption. The experimentally measured As mass transfer from soil to magnetite was significantly greater than the simulation result. By sequential extraction, it was observed that the soil As concentration was significantly reduced not only for easily extractable As, but also for relatively strongly bound forms of As. Enclosing the magnetite in a dialysis bag substantially limited the As mass transfer from soil to magnetite. These results suggest that improving the mixture between Fe oxides and soils can facilitate the effectiveness of As stabilization using Fe oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Yang
- Division of Public Infrastructure Assessment, Environmental Assessment Group, Korea Environmental Institute, 370 Sicheong-daero, Sejong, 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungphile Nam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Yutong Z, Qing X, Shenggao L. Chemical fraction, leachability, and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in contaminated soils, Northeast China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:24107-24114. [PMID: 27640054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in urban soils may pose risks to both urban environment and human health. However, only a fraction of heavy metals in soil is mobile and/or bioavailable for plant uptake and human ingestion. This study evaluates the chemical fraction and potential mobility and bioaccessibility of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the contaminated urban topsoils from steel-industrial city (Anshan), Northeastern China. Chemical forms of heavy metals in soils are determined using Tessier sequential extraction technique. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and US Pharmacopeia methodology (USPM) are used to determine the operationally defined potentially mobile and bioaccessible metal fractions, respectively. Sequential extraction results show that Cd has the highest percentage of exchangeable form, whereas Cr primarily exists in residual form. The non-residual fraction of heavy metals increases in the order of Cr < Cu < Pb < Zn < Cd. The leachability of heavy metals evaluated by TCLP test indicates that Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb have much higher mobile than Cr. The bioavailability of heavy metals determined by EDTA extraction decreases in the order of Pb > Cu ≅ Zn > Cd > Cr. The order of bioaccessibility determined by USPM extraction is Pb = Cu > Zn > Cd > Cr. The Cr exhibits the lowest leachability and bioaccessibility among the investigated metals. The Pb has the highest bioaccessibility, indicating higher potential hazard for the human health. There are significant relationships between the EDTA- and USPM-extractable metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and the sum of first three steps of sequential extraction. Highly significant correlation is found between amounts of EDTA-extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn and USPM-extractable metals. The result suggests that EDTA extraction can be helpful to estimate the bioaccessibility of heavy metals for human ingestion. Introduction of mobile and human bioaccessible concentrations into risk assessments can give more realistic implications for urban environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Yutong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Qing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Shenggao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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35
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Zhou S, Kai H, Zha Z, Fang Z, Wang D, Du L, Zhang D, Feng X, Jin Y, Xia C. Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of thorium in Brassica juncea var. foliosa. J Environ Radioact 2016; 157:60-66. [PMID: 27010411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea var. foliosa (B. juncea var. foliosa) is a promising species for thorium (Th) phytoextraction due to its large biomass, fast growth rate and high tolerance toward Th. To further understand the mechanisms of Th tolerance, the present study investigated the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Th found in B. juncea var. foliosa Our results indicated that in both roots and leaves, Th contents in different parts of the cells follow the order of cell wall > membranes and soluble fraction > organelles. In particular, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis showed that Th was abundantly located in cell walls of the roots. Additionally, when plants were exposed to different concentrations of Th, we have found that Th existed in B. juncea var. foliosa with different chemical forms. Much of the Th extracted by 2% acetic acid (HAc), 1 M NaCl and HCl in roots with the percentage distribution varied from 47.2% to 62.5%, while in leaves, most of the Th was in the form of residue and the subdominant amount of Th was extracted by HCl, followed by 2% HAc. This suggested that Th compartmentation in cytosol and integration with phosphate or proteins in cell wall might be responsible for the tolerance of B. juncea var. foliosa to the stress of Th.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hailu Kai
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhongyong Zha
- Logistic Engineering University, Chongqing 401311, China
| | - Zhendong Fang
- Logistic Engineering University, Chongqing 401311, China
| | - Dingna Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Liang Du
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Xiaojie Feng
- Logistic Engineering University, Chongqing 401311, China.
| | - Yongdong Jin
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Chuanqin Xia
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Yin A, Yang Z, Ebbs S, Yuan J, Wang J, Yang J. Effects of phosphorus on chemical forms of Cd in plants of four spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivars differing in Cd accumulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:5753-5762. [PMID: 26585453 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify how cadmium (Cd) chemical forms in planta relate to the genotype difference in Cd accumulation of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), two low-Cd and two high-Cd cultivars were compared under a hydroponic experiment with two concentrations of Cd (8.98 or 44.71 μmol Cd L(-1)). The concentrations of phosphorus in the hydroponic system were also adjusted to two levels (0.5 and 1.0 mmol L(-1)) to investigate the influence of phosphorus on the forms and accumulation of Cd in the tested cultivars. Average Cd concentrations in shoots were 8.50-10.06 mg kg(-1) for high-Cd cultivars and 6.11-6.64 mg kg(-1) for low-Cd cultivars a under lower Cd treatment and were as high as 24.41-31.35 mg kg(-1) and 19.65-25.76 mg kg(-1), respectively, under a higher treatment. Phosphorus significantly decreased Cd accumulation in the tested cultivars, and the effect had superiority over the cultivar alternation under higher Cd stress. Cadmium in the NaCl-extractable fraction of the plant tissues showed the greatest relationship to genotype difference of Cd accumulation. The difference in the capacity to binding Cd into F HAc, F HCl, or F Residue was another important mechanism involving in the genotype difference in Cd accumulation of spinach. Among them, average proportion of Cd in F HAc in low-Cd cultivars was higher than that in high-Cd cultivars in association with the effect of phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Biological Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Stephen Ebbs
- Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, 420 Life Science II, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Jiangang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Huizhou University, Huizhou, 516007, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
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Wang P, Deng X, Huang Y, Fang X, Zhang J, Wan H, Yang C. Comparison of subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium among four soybean cultivars at young seedlings. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:19584-95. [PMID: 26272289 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The hydroponic experiment was carried out to investigate the Cd subcellular distribution and chemical forms in roots and shoots among four soybean seedling cultivars with two Cd treatments. HX3 and GC8, two tolerant and low-grain-Cd-accumulating cultivars, had the lowest Cd concentration in roots and high Cd concentration in shoots, while BX10 and ZH24, two sensitive and high-grain-Cd-accumulating cultivars, had the highest Cd concentration in roots and the lowest Cd concentration in shoots at young seedling stage. Furthermore, the sequence of Cd subcellular distribution in roots at two Cd levels was cell wall (53.4-75.5 %) > soluble fraction (15.8-40.4 %) > organelle fraction (2.0-14.7 %), but in shoots, was soluble fraction (39.3-74.8 %) > cell wall (16.0-52.0 %) > organelle (4.8-19.5 %). BX10 and ZH24 had higher Cd concentration in all subcellular fractions in roots, but HX3 and GC8 had higher Cd concentration of soluble fraction in shoots. The sequence of Cd chemical forms in roots was FNacl (64.1-79.5 %) > FHAC (3.4-21.5 %) > Fd-H2O (3.6-13.0 %) > Fethanol (1.4-21.8) > FHCl (0.3-1.6 %) > Fother (0.2-1.4 %) at two Cd levels but, in shoots, was FNacl (19.7-51.4 %) ≥ FHAC (10.2-31.4 %) ≥ Fd-H2O (8.8-28.2 %) ≥ Fethanol (8.9-38.6 %) > FHCl (0.2-9.6 %) > Fother (2.5-11.2 %). BX10 and ZH24 had higher Cd concentrations in each extracted solutions from roots, but from shoots for GC8 and HX3. Taken together, the results uncover that root cell walls and leaf vacuoles might play important roles in Cd detoxification and limiting the symplastic movement of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Sub-center of National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Sub-center of National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yian Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Sub-center of National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolong Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Sub-center of National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Sub-center of National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibo Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Sub-center of National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Cunyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, Guangdong Sub-center of National Center for Soybean Improvement, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Zhao Y, Wu J, Shang D, Ning J, Zhai Y, Sheng X, Ding H. Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium in the edible seaweed, Porphyra yezoensis. Food Chem 2015; 168:48-54. [PMID: 25172682 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd were investigated in the edible seaweed, Porphyra yezoensis. The seaweed was exposed to different Cd concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0mgl(-1)) for up to 96h. In both the controls (no Cd added) and treatment groups, 41.2-79.2% of Cd was localised in the cell wall, and the proportion of Cd in the cell wall increased with increasing concentrations of Cd and exposure time. In the control groups, 74.8% of Cd was extracted by 1M NaCl, followed by 2% acetic acid, HAC (18.9%). In the treatment groups, most Cd was extracted by 2% HAC. The proportion of Cd extracted by 2% HAC increased with exposure to increasing concentrations of Cd and over time. Cell wall deposition and forming of precipitates with phosphate may be a key strategy to reduce Cd toxicity in P. yezoensis.
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Zeng ZZ, Wang XL, Gou JF, Zhang HF, Wang HC, Nan ZR. Effects on Ni and Cd speciation in sewage sludge during composting and co-composting with steel slag. Waste Manag Res 2014; 32:179-185. [PMID: 24616342 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x14521682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge and industrial steel slag (SS) pose threats of serious pollution to the environment. The experiments aimed to improve the stabilizing effects of heavy metal Ni and Cd morphology in composting sludge. The total Ni and Cd species distribution and chemical forms in the compost sewage sludge were investigated with the use of compost and co-compost with SS, including degradation. The carbon/nitrogen ratio of piles was regulated with the use of sawdust prior to batch aerobic composting experiments. Results indicated that the co-composting with SS and organic matter humification can contribute to the formation of Fe and Mn hydroxides and that the humus colloid significantly changed Ni and Cd species distribution. The decreased content of Ni and Cd in an unstable state inhibited their biological activity. Conclusions were drawn that an SS amount equal to 7% of the dry sludge mass was optimal value to guarantee the lowest amount of Cd in an unstable state, whereas the amount was 14% for Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zhong Zeng
- 1College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
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Guo DL, Yuan HY, Yin XL, Wu CZ, Wu SB, Zhou ZQ. Effects of chemical form of sodium on the product characteristics of alkali lignin pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 2013; 152:147-153. [PMID: 24291315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Na as organic bound form or as inorganic salts form on the pyrolysis products characteristics of alkali lignin were investigated by using thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR), tube furnace and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Results of TG-FTIR and tube furnace indicated that the two chemical forms Na reduced the releasing peak temperature of CO and phenols leading to the peak temperature of the maximum mass loss rate shifted to low temperature zone. Furthermore, organic bound Na obviously improved the elimination of alkyl substituent leading to the yields of phenol and guaiacol increased, while inorganic Na increased the elimination of phenolic hydroxyl groups promoting the formation of ethers. It was also found the two chemical forms Na had different effects on the gasification reactivity of chars. For inorganic Na, the char conversion decreased with increasing the char forming temperature, while organic bound Na was opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-liang Guo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Hong-you Yuan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xiu-li Yin
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Chuang-zhi Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Shu-bin Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhao-qiu Zhou
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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