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Barnum C, Cho MJ, Markel K, Shih PM. Engineering Brassica Crops to Optimize Delivery of Bioactive Products Postcooking. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:736-744. [PMID: 38412618 PMCID: PMC10949231 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are plant-specialized metabolites that can be hydrolyzed by glycosyl hydrolases, called myrosinases, creating a variety of hydrolysis products that benefit human health. While cruciferous vegetables are a rich source of glucosinolates, they are often cooked before consumption, limiting the conversion of glucosinolates to hydrolysis products due to the denaturation of myrosinases. Here we screen a panel of glycosyl hydrolases for high thermostability and engineer the Brassica crop, broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.), for the improved conversion of glucosinolates to chemopreventive hydrolysis products. Our transgenic broccoli lines enabled glucosinolate hydrolysis to occur at higher cooking temperatures, 20 °C higher than in wild-type broccoli. The process of cooking fundamentally transforms the bioavailability of many health-relevant bioactive compounds in our diet. Our findings demonstrate the promise of leveraging genetic engineering to tailor crops with novel traits that cannot be achieved through conventional breeding and improve the nutritional properties of the plants we consume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin
R. Barnum
- Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
- Department
of Plant Biology, University of California
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Biochemistry,
Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Myeong-Je Cho
- Innovative
Genomics Institute, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kasey Markel
- Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
- Environmental
Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Department
of Plant and Microbial Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
- Innovative
Genomics Institute, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Environmental
Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
- Feedstocks
Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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2
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Púčiková V, Rohn S, Hanschen FS. Glucosinolate Accumulation and Hydrolysis in Leafy Brassica Vegetables Are Influenced by Leaf Age. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:11466-11475. [PMID: 37462686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The health-beneficial effects of Brassica vegetables are mainly attributed to their high contents of glucosinolates and the products of their hydrolysis, especially isothiocyanates. Distribution of glucosinolates across plant organs can strongly vary. Here, we investigated the effect of leaf age on glucosinolate accumulation and hydrolysis in two leafy Brassica vegetables, pak choi and giant red mustard. We also evaluated the activity of the hydrolyzing enzyme myrosinase across the leaves. Finally, we assessed whether glucosinolates are transported from older leaves to younger leaves. Young leaves of both species contained more than 3-fold more glucosinolates than older ones. Accordingly, more isothiocyanates were released in the young leaves. Myrosinases fully hydrolyzed all of the amounts of glucosinolates regardless of the leaf age. Moreover, older leaves were observed to supply younger leaves with glucosinolates. Thus, this study suggests that consumers can improve the nutritional value of food by incorporating young leaves of leafy Brassicas in their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Púčiková
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska S Hanschen
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
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3
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Nagia M, Morgan I, Gamel MA, Farag MA. Maximizing the value of indole-3-carbinol, from its distribution in dietary sources, health effects, metabolism, extraction, and analysis in food and biofluids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37051943 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2197065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a major dietary component produced in Brassica vegetables from glucosinolates (GLS) upon herbivores' attack. The compound is gaining increasing interest due to its anticancer activity. However, reports about improving its level in plants or other sources are still rare. Unfortunately, I3C is unstable in acidic media and tends to polymerize rendering its extraction and detection challenging. This review presents a multifaceted overview of I3C regarding its natural occurrence, biosynthesis, isolation, and extraction procedure from dietary sources, and optimization for the best recovery yield. Further, an overview is presented on its metabolism and biotransformation inside the body to account for its health benefits and factors to ensure the best metabolic yield. Compile of the different analytical approaches for I3C analysis in dietary sources is presented for the first time, together with approaches for its detection and its metabolism in body fluids for proof of efficacy. Lastly, the chemopreventive effects of I3C and the underlying action mechanisms are summarized. Optimizing the yield and methods for the detection of I3C will assist for its incorporation as a nutraceutical or adjuvant in cancer treatment programs. Highlighting the complete biosynthetic pathway and factors involved in I3C production will aid for its future biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nagia
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Morgan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mirette A Gamel
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Mordecai J, Ullah S, Ahmad I. Sulforaphane and Its Protective Role in Prostate Cancer: A Mechanistic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086979. [PMID: 37108142 PMCID: PMC10138336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of prostate cancer worldwide has spurred research into novel therapeutics for its treatment and prevention. Sulforaphane, derived from broccoli and other members of the Brassica genus, is a phytochemical shown to have anticancer properties. Numerous studies have shown that sulforaphane prevents the development and progression of prostatic tumors. This review evaluates the most recent published reports on prevention of the progression of prostate cancer by sulforaphane in vitro, in vivo and in clinical settings. A detailed description of the proposed mechanisms of action of sulforaphane on prostatic cells is provided. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges, limitations and future prospects of using sulforaphane as a therapeutic agent in treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mordecai
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleem Ullah
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Abdel-Massih RM, Debs E, Othman L, Attieh J, Cabrerizo FM. Glucosinolates, a natural chemical arsenal: More to tell than the myrosinase story. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1130208. [PMID: 37089539 PMCID: PMC10114928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1130208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are a group of thioglucosides that belong to the class of plant nitrogen-containing natural products. So far, very little biological activity has been associated with intact glucosinolates. The hydrolysis of glucosinolates has, for long, attracted attention because of the potent biological activity of the hydrolysis products. From allelopathic to antiparasitic, antimicrobial and antineoplastic effects, the activity spectrum of the degradation products of typical glucosinolates has been the subject of much research. The present review seeks to address the various means of glucosinolate degradation (thermal, enzymatic, or chemical degradation) and the ensuing products. It also aims to draw a comparative profile of the various antimicrobial effects of these degradation products to provide a further understanding of the biological function of these important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Leen Othman
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Jihad Attieh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Franco M. Cabrerizo
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, National Scientific and Technical Research Council – National University of General San Martín, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, National University of General San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Gao YQ, Jimenez-Sandoval P, Tiwari S, Stolz S, Wang J, Glauser G, Santiago J, Farmer EE. Ricca's factors as mobile proteinaceous effectors of electrical signaling. Cell 2023; 186:1337-1351.e20. [PMID: 36870332 PMCID: PMC10098372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-feeding insects trigger high-amplitude, defense-inducing electrical signals called slow wave potentials (SWPs). These signals are thought to be triggered by the long-distance transport of low molecular mass elicitors termed Ricca's factors. We sought mediators of leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana and identified them as β-THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE 1 and 2 (TGG1 and TGG2). SWP propagation from insect feeding sites was strongly attenuated in tgg1 tgg2 mutants and wound-response cytosolic Ca2+ increases were reduced in these plants. Recombinant TGG1 fed into the xylem elicited wild-type-like membrane depolarization and Ca2+ transients. Moreover, TGGs catalyze the deglucosidation of glucosinolates. Metabolite profiling revealed rapid wound-induced breakdown of aliphatic glucosinolates in primary veins. Using in vivo chemical trapping, we found evidence for roles of short-lived aglycone intermediates generated by glucosinolate hydrolysis in SWP membrane depolarization. Our findings reveal a mechanism whereby organ-to-organ protein transport plays a major role in electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Gao
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Sandoval
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satyam Tiwari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Stolz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Plaza-Vinuesa L, Hernandez-Hernandez O, Sánchez-Arroyo A, Cumella JM, Corzo N, Muñoz-Labrador AM, Moreno FJ, Rivas BDL, Muñoz R. Deciphering the Myrosinase-like Activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCFS1 among GH1 Family Glycoside Hydrolases. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:15531-15538. [PMID: 36454042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of plant glucosinolates by myrosinases (thioglucosidases) originates metabolites with chemopreventive properties. In this study, the ability to hydrolyze the glucosinolate sinigrin by cultures or protein extracts of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCFS1 was assayed. This strain possesses myrosinase-like activity as sinigrin was partly hydrolyzed by induced cultures but not by protein extracts. The 11 glycoside hydrolase GH1 family proteins, annotated as 6-phospho-β-glucosidases, were the proteins most similar to plant myrosinases. The activity of these proteins was assayed against sinigrin and synthetic glucosides. As expected, none of the proteins assayed possessed myrosinase activity against sinigrin or the synthetic β-thio-glucoside derivative or against the β-glucoside. However, all 11 proteins were active on the phosphorylated-β-glucoside derivative. Moreover, only eight of these proteins were active on phospho-β-thioglucose. These results supported that, in L. plantarum WCFS1, glucosinolates may undergo previous phosphorylation, and GH1 proteins are the glycosidases involved in the hydrolysis of phosphorylated glucosinolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Plaza-Vinuesa
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Hernandez-Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez-Arroyo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José M Cumella
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Nieves Corzo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ana M Muñoz-Labrador
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de La Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
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8
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Wang L, Jiang H, Qiu Y, Dong Y, Hamouda HI, Balah MA, Mao X. Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Myrosinase Rmyr from Rahnella inusitata for High-Level Preparation of Sulforaphene and Sulforaphane. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:2303-2311. [PMID: 35112855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Myrosinase is a biotechnological tool for the preparation of sulforaphane and sulforaphene with a variety of excellent biological activities. In this study, a gene encoding the novel glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) myrosinase Rmyr from Rahnella inusitata was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The purified Rmyr shows the highest activity at 40 °C and pH 7.0; meanwhile, its half-life at 30 °C reaches 12 days, indicating its excellent stability. Its sinigrin-, glucoraphenin-, and glucoraphanin-hydrolyzing activities were 12.73, 4.81, and 6.99 U/mg, respectively. Rmyr could efficiently degrade the radish seed-derived glucoraphenin and the broccoli seed-derived glucoraphanin into sulforaphene and sulforaphane within 10 min with the highest yields of 5.07 mg/g radish seeds and 9.56 mg/g broccoli seeds, respectively. The highest conversion efficiencies of sulforaphane from glucoraphanin and sulforaphene from glucoraphenin reached up to 92.48 and 97.84%, respectively. Therefore, Rmyr is a promising and potent biocatalyst for efficient and large-scale preparation of sulforaphane and sulforaphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanjun Qiu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yueyang Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hamed I Hamouda
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mohamed A Balah
- Soil Chemistry and Physics Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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9
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Shirakawa M, Tanida M, Ito T. The Cell Differentiation of Idioblast Myrosin Cells: Similarities With Vascular and Guard Cells. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:829541. [PMID: 35082820 PMCID: PMC8784778 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.829541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Idioblasts are defined by abnormal shapes, sizes, and contents that are different from neighboring cells. Myrosin cells are Brassicales-specific idioblasts and accumulate a large amount of thioglucoside glucohydrolases (TGGs, also known as myrosinases) in their vacuoles. Myrosinases convert their substrates, glucosinolates, into toxic compounds when herbivories and pests attack plants. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between myrosin cells and vascular cells/guard cells (GCs) because myrosin cells are distributed along vascular cells, especially the phloem parenchyma, and myrosin cells share the master transcription factor FAMA with GCs for their cell differentiation. In addition, we analyzed the overlap of cell type-specific genes between myrosin cells and GCs by using published single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) data, suggesting significant similarities in the gene expression patterns of these two specialized cells.
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10
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Tarar A, Alyami EM, Peng CA. Eradication of Myrosinase-Tethered Cancer Cells by Allyl Isothiocyanate Derived from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sinigrin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:144. [PMID: 35057038 PMCID: PMC8778717 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinigrin is present in significant amounts in cruciferous vegetables. Epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of such vegetables decreases the risk of cancer, and the effect is attributed mainly to allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a hydrolysis product of sinigrin catalyzed by myrosinase. Anticancer activity of AITC has been previously investigated for several cancer models, but less attention was paid to delivering AITC on the target site. In this study, the gene sequences of core streptavidin (coreSA) and myrosinase (MYR) were cloned in a pET-30a(+) plasmid and transformed into BL21(DE3) E. coli competent cells. The MYR-coreSA chimeric protein was expressed and purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and further characterized by gel electrophoresis, Western blot, and enzyme activity assay. The purified MYR-coreSA chimeric protein was tethered on the outer membrane of biotinylated adenocarcinoma A549 cells and then treated with various concentrations of sinigrin. Our results showed that 20 µM of sinigrin inhibited the growth of A549 cells tethered with myrosinase by ~60% in 48 h. Furthermore, the levels of treated cells undertaken apoptosis were determined by Caspase-3/7 activation and Annexin-V. In summary, sinigrin harnessed like a prodrug catalyzed by myrosinase to the production of AITC, which induced cell apoptosis and arrested the growth of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ching-An Peng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (A.T.); (E.M.A.)
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11
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Tie Y, Zhu W, Zhang C, Yin L, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yuan H. Identification of Two Myrosinases from a Leclercia adecarboxylata Strain and Investigation of Its Tolerance Mechanism to Glucosinolate Hydrolysate. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:14151-14164. [PMID: 34806371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs), secondary metabolites synthesized by cruciferous plants, can be hydrolyzed by myrosinase into compounds, such as isothiocyanates (ITCs), with various bioactivities. Thus, myrosinase plays an important role in the utilization of GSLs. We isolated a bacterial strain, which was identified as Leclercia adecarboxylata, from the rhizosphere soil of rape seedlings and identified two myrosinase genes and an ITC hydrolase gene. Both myrosinases are intracellular and have 658 amino acid residues. Via molecular docking and chemical modification assays investigating the active sites of the myrosinases, arginine was found to be essential for their catalytic activity. Transcriptomic analysis of the response to sinigrin revealed significant up-regulation of some genes involved in allyl-ITC detoxification, with metallo-β-lactamase 3836 having the highest fold change. Thus, we discovered two myrosinases from L. adecarboxylata and demonstrated that the mechanism of tolerance of the bacterium to allyl-ITC likely involved metallo-β-lactamase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tie
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Wenyou Zhu
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Liguo Yin
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Linpei Liu
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huawei Yuan
- Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
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12
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Shekarri Q, Dekker M. A Physiological-Based Model for Simulating the Bioavailability and Kinetics of Sulforaphane from Broccoli Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112761. [PMID: 34829040 PMCID: PMC8620288 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no known physiological-based digestion models that depict glucoraphanin (GR) to sulforaphane (SR) conversion and subsequent absorption. The aim of this research was to make a physiological-based digestion model that includes SR formation, both by endogenous myrosinase and gut bacterial enzymes, and to simulate the SR bioavailability. An 18-compartment model (mouth, two stomach, seven small intestine, seven large intestine, and blood compartments) describing transit, reactions and absorption was made. The model, consisting of differential equations, was fit to data from a human intervention study using Mathwork’s Simulink and Matlab software. SR urine metabolite data from participants who consumed different broccoli products were used to estimate several model parameters and validate the model. The products had high, medium, low, and zero myrosinase content. The model’s predicted values fit the experimental values very well. Parity plots showed that the predicted values closely matched experimental values for the high (r2 = 0.95), and low (r2 = 0.93) products, but less so for the medium (r2 = 0.85) and zero (r2 = 0.78) myrosinase products. This is the first physiological-based model to depict the unique bioconversion processes of bioactive SR from broccoli. This model represents a preliminary step in creating a predictive model for the biological effect of SR, which can be used in the growing field of personalized nutrition.
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Ugolini L, Cilia G, Pagnotta E, Malaguti L, Capano V, Guerra I, Zavatta L, Albertazzi S, Matteo R, Lazzeri L, Righetti L, Nanetti A. Glucosinolate Bioactivation by Apis mellifera Workers and Its Impact on Nosema ceranae Infection at the Colony Level. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111657. [PMID: 34827655 PMCID: PMC8615805 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsporidian fungus Nosema ceranae represents one of the primary bee infection threats worldwide and the antibiotic fumagillin is the only registered product for nosemosis disease control, while few alternatives are, at present, available. Natural bioactive compounds deriving from the glucosinolate–myrosinase system (GSL–MYR) in Brassicaceae plants, mainly isothiocyanates (ITCs), are known for their antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogens and for their health-protective effects in humans. This work explored the use of Brassica nigra and Eruca sativa defatted seed meal (DSM) GSL-containing diets against natural Nosema infection in Apis mellifera colonies. DSM patties from each plant species were obtained by adding DSMs to sugar candy at the concentration of 4% (w/w). The feeding was administered in May to mildly N. ceranae-infected honey bee colonies for four weeks at the dose of 250 g/week. In the treated groups, no significant effects on colony development and bee mortality were observed compared to the negative controls. The N. ceranae abundance showed a slight but significant decrease. Furthermore, the GSL metabolism in bees was investigated, and MYR hydrolytic activity was qualitatively searched in isolated bee midgut and hindgut. Interestingly, MYR activity was detected both in the bees fed DSMs and in the control group where the bees did not receive DSMs. In parallel, ITCs were found in gut tissues from the bees treated with DSMs, corroborating the presence of a MYR-like enzyme capable of hydrolyzing ingested GSLs. On the other hand, GSLs and other GSL hydrolysis products other than ITCs, such as nitriles, were found in honey produced by the treated bees, potentially increasing the health value of the final product for human consumption. The results are indicative of a specific effect on the N. ceranae infection in managed honey bee colonies depending on the GSL activation within the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ugolini
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (V.C.); (I.G.); (L.Z.); (S.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Eleonora Pagnotta
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-6316811
| | - Lorena Malaguti
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Vittorio Capano
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (V.C.); (I.G.); (L.Z.); (S.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Irene Guerra
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (V.C.); (I.G.); (L.Z.); (S.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Laura Zavatta
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (V.C.); (I.G.); (L.Z.); (S.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Sergio Albertazzi
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (V.C.); (I.G.); (L.Z.); (S.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Roberto Matteo
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Luca Lazzeri
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Laura Righetti
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (L.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Antonio Nanetti
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (V.C.); (I.G.); (L.Z.); (S.A.); (A.N.)
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14
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Rosenbergová Z, Hegyi Z, Ferko M, Andelová N, Rebroš M. Improved Production of Recombinant Myrosinase in Pichia pastoris. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11889. [PMID: 34769315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the deletion of a 57 bp native signal sequence, which transports the nascent protein through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in plants, on improved AtTGG1 plant myrosinase production in Pichia pastoris was studied. Myrosinase was extracellularly produced in a 3-liter laboratory fermenter using α-mating factor as the secretion signal. After the deletion of the native signal sequence, both the specific productivity (164.8 U/L/h) and volumetric activity (27 U/mL) increased more than 40-fold compared to the expression of myrosinase containing its native signal sequence in combination with α-mating factor. The deletion of the native signal sequence resulted in slight changes in myrosinase properties: the optimum pH shifted from 6.5 to 7.0 and the maximal activating concentration of ascorbic acid increased from 1 mM to 1.5 mM. Kinetic parameters toward sinigrin were determined: 0.249 mM (Km) and 435.7 U/mg (Vmax). These results could be applied to the expression of other plant enzymes.
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15
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Tříska J, Balík J, Houška M, Novotná P, Magner M, Vrchotová N, Híc P, Jílek L, Thorová K, Šnurkovič P, Soural I. Factors Influencing Sulforaphane Content in Broccoli Sprouts and Subsequent Sulforaphane Extraction. Foods 2021; 10:1927. [PMID: 34441704 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Broccoli sprouts contain 10–100 times higher levels of sulforaphane than mature plants, something that has been well known since 1997. Sulforaphane has a whole range of unique biological properties, and it is especially an inducer of phase 2 detoxication enzymes. Therefore, its use has been intensively studied in the field of health and nutrition. The formation of sulforaphane is controlled by the epithiospecifier protein, a myrosinase co-factor, which is temperature-specific. This paper studies the influence of temperature, heating time, the addition of myrosinase in the form of Raphanus sativus sprouts in constant ratio to broccoli sprouts, and other technological steps on the final sulforaphane content in broccoli sprout homogenates. These technological steps are very important for preserving sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts, but there are some limitations concerning the amount of sulforaphane. We focused, therefore, on the extraction process, using suitable β-cyclodextrin, hexane and ethanol, with the goal of increasing the amount of sulforaphane in the final extract, thus stabilizing it and reducing the required amount sulforaphane needed, e.g., as a dietary supplement.
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16
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Fahey JW, Kensler TW. The Challenges of Designing and Implementing Clinical Trials With Broccoli Sprouts… and Turning Evidence Into Public Health Action. Front Nutr 2021; 8:648788. [PMID: 33996874 PMCID: PMC8116591 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.648788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broccoli sprouts are a convenient and rich source of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin, which can generate the chemopreventive agent sulforaphane through the catalytic actions of plant myrosinase or β-thioglucosidases in the gut microflora. Sulforaphane, in turn, is an inducer of cytoprotective enzymes through activation of Nrf2 signaling, and a potent inhibitor of carcinogenesis in multiple murine models. Sulforaphane is also protective in models of diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and other inflammatory processes, likely reflecting additional actions of Nrf2 and interactions with other signaling pathways. Translating this efficacy into the design and implementation of clinical chemoprevention trials, especially food-based trials, faces numerous challenges including the selection of the source, placebo, and dose as well as standardization of the formulation of the intervention material. Unlike in animals, purified sulforaphane has had very limited use in clinical studies. We have conducted a series of clinical studies and randomized clinical trials to evaluate the effects of composition (glucoraphanin-rich [± myrosinase] vs. sulforaphane-rich or mixture beverages), formulation (beverage vs. tablet) and dose, on the efficacy of these broccoli sprout-based preparations to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic action, and clinical benefit. While the challenges for the evaluation of broccoli sprouts in clinical trials are themselves formidable, further hurdles must be overcome to bring this science to public health action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed W. Fahey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Thomas W. Kensler
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Rosenbergová Z, Kántorová K, Šimkovič M, Breier A, Rebroš M. Optimisation of Recombinant Myrosinase Production in Pichia pastoris. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073677. [PMID: 33916093 PMCID: PMC8037066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrosinase is a plant defence enzyme catalysing the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, a group of plant secondary metabolites, to a range of volatile compounds. One of the products, isothiocyanates, proved to have neuroprotective and chemo-preventive properties, making myrosinase a pharmaceutically interesting enzyme. In this work, extracellular expression of TGG1 myrosinase from Arabidopsis thaliana in the Pichia pastoris KM71H (MutS) strain was upscaled to a 3 L laboratory fermenter for the first time. Fermentation conditions (temperature and pH) were optimised, which resulted in a threefold increase in myrosinase productivity compared to unoptimised fermentation conditions. Dry cell weight increased 1.5-fold, reaching 100.5 g/L without additional glycerol feeding. Overall, a specific productivity of 4.1 U/Lmedium/h was achieved, which was 102.5-fold higher compared to flask cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Rosenbergová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Kristína Kántorová
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Martin Šimkovič
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.Š.); (A.B.)
| | - Albert Breier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.Š.); (A.B.)
| | - Martin Rebroš
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.R.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Shokri S, Jegasothy H, Augustin MA, Terefe NS. Thermosonication for the Production of Sulforaphane Rich Broccoli Ingredients. Biomolecules 2021; 11:321. [PMID: 33672547 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of broccoli biomass is lost during primary production, distribution, processing, and consumption. This biomass is rich in polyphenols and glucosinolates and can be used for the production of bioactive rich ingredients for food and nutraceutical applications. This study evaluated thermosonication (TS) (18 kHz, 0.6 W/g, 40–60 °C, 3–7 min) for the pre-treatment of broccoli florets to enhance enzymatic conversion of glucoraphanin into the bioactive sulforaphane. TS significantly increased sulforaphane yield, despite a decrease in myrosinase activity with increasing treatment intensity. The highest sulforaphane yield of ~2.9 times that of untreated broccoli was observed for broccoli thermosonicated for 7 min at 60 °C, which was 15.8% higher than the corresponding yield for thermal processing without sonication (TP) at the same condition. This was accompanied by increase in the residual level of glucoraphanin (~1.8 and 2.3 time respectively after TP and TS at 60 °C for 7 min compared to control samples) indicating that treatment-induced release of bound glucoraphanin from the cell wall matrix and improved accessibility could be at least partially responsible for the enhanced sulforaphane yield. The result indicates the potential of TS for the conversion of broccoli biomass into high sulforaphane broccoli-based ingredients.
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19
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Ahuja I, Kissen R, Hoang L, Sporsheim B, Halle KK, Wolff SA, Ahmad SJN, Ahmad JN, Bones AM. The Imaging of Guard Cells of thioglucosidase ( tgg) Mutants of Arabidopsis Further Links Plant Chemical Defence Systems with Physical Defence Barriers. Cells 2021; 10:227. [PMID: 33503919 PMCID: PMC7911204 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is a well-known plant chemical defence system. Two functional myrosinase-encoding genes, THIOGLUCOSIDASE 1 (TGG1) and THIOGLUCOSIDASE 2 (TGG2), express in aerial tissues of Arabidopsis. TGG1 expresses in guard cells (GCs) and is also a highly abundant protein in GCs. Recently, by studying wild type (WT), tgg single, and double mutants, we showed a novel association between the glucosinolate-myrosinase system defence system, and a physical barrier, the cuticle. In the current study, using imaging techniques, we further analysed stomata and ultrastructure of GCs of WT, tgg1, tgg2 single, and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The tgg mutants showed distinctive features of GCs. The GCs of tgg1 and tgg1 tgg2 mutants showed vacuoles that had less electron-dense granular material. Both tgg single mutants had bigger stomata complexes. The WT and tgg mutants also showed variations for cell wall, chloroplasts, and starch grains of GCs. Abscisic acid (ABA)-treated stomata showed that the stomatal aperture was reduced in tgg1 single and tgg1 tgg2 double mutants. The data provides a basis to perform comprehensive further studies to find physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with ultrastructure differences in tgg mutants. We speculate that the absence of myrosinase alters the endogenous chemical composition, hence affecting the physical structure of plants and the plants' physical defence barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Linh Hoang
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core Facility (CMIC), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (L.H.); (B.S.)
- Central Administration, St Olavs Hospital, The University Hospital in Trondheim, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari K. Halle
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Silje Aase Wolff
- National Centre for STEM Recruitment, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Samina Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Jam Nazeer Ahmad
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (S.J.N.A.); (J.N.A.)
- Integrated Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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20
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Malhotra B, Bisht NC. Editorial: Glucosinolates: Regulation of Biosynthesis and Hydrolysis. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:620965. [PMID: 33324442 PMCID: PMC7723995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.620965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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21
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Marcinkowska M, Jeleń HH. Inactivation of Thioglucosidase from Sinapis alba (White Mustard) Seed by Metal Salts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194363. [PMID: 32977439 PMCID: PMC7582697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucosinolates which are specialized plant metabolites of Brassica vegetables are prone to hydrolysis catalyzed by an endogenous enzyme myrosinase (thioglycoside hydrolase, thioglucosidase) that exists in Brassica plant tissue causing volatile isothiocyanates release. Currently existing literature data on the inactivation of myrosinase is insufficient in particular for use in the analysis of volatile and odor compounds in vegetables rich in glucosinolates. In this study, the impact of different metal salts in effective inactivation of enzyme activity was investigated by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC/MS system in aqueous samples and kohlrabi matrix. A saturated solution of calcium chloride which is commonly used to stop enzyme activity in plant tissue inactivates the myrosinase–glucosinolate system. However, even without the participation of myrosinase, it changes the reaction pathway towards nitrile formation. The model experiment shows that optimum efficiency in inhibition of the enzyme system shows iron(III) ions, silver ions, and anhydride sodium sulfate resulting in no volatile products derived from glucosinolates. However, in the kohlrabi matrix, the strongest enzyme inhibition effect was observed for silver salt resulting in no volatile products, also both anhydrous Na2SO4 and saturated CaCl2 solution seem to be useful inhibitors in flavor studies.
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22
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Liou CS, Sirk SJ, Diaz CAC, Klein AP, Fischer CR, Higginbottom SK, Erez A, Donia MS, Sonnenburg JL, Sattely ES. A Metabolic Pathway for Activation of Dietary Glucosinolates by a Human Gut Symbiont. Cell 2020; 180:717-728.e19. [PMID: 32084341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of glucosinolates, pro-drug-like metabolites abundant in Brassica vegetables, has been associated with decreased risk of certain cancers. Gut microbiota have the ability to metabolize glucosinolates, generating chemopreventive isothiocyanates. Here, we identify a genetic and biochemical basis for activation of glucosinolates to isothiocyanates by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a prominent gut commensal species. Using a genome-wide transposon insertion screen, we identified an operon required for glucosinolate metabolism in B. thetaiotaomicron. Expression of BT2159-BT2156 in a non-metabolizing relative, Bacteroides fragilis, resulted in gain of glucosinolate metabolism. We show that isothiocyanate formation requires the action of BT2158 and either BT2156 or BT2157 in vitro. Monocolonization of mice with mutant BtΔ2157 showed reduced isothiocyanate production in the gastrointestinal tract. These data provide insight into the mechanisms by which a common gut bacterium processes an important dietary nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Liou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shannon J Sirk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Camil A C Diaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew P Klein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Curt R Fischer
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven K Higginbottom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amir Erez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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23
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Tomasello B, Di Mauro MD, Malfa GA, Acquaviva R, Sinatra F, Spampinato G, Laudani S, Villaggio G, Bielak-Zmijewska A, Grabowska W, Barbagallo IA, Liuzzo MT, Sbisà E, Forte MG, Di Giacomo C, Bonucci M, Renis M. Rapha Myr ®, a Blend of Sulforaphane and Myrosinase, Exerts Antitumor and Anoikis-Sensitizing Effects on Human Astrocytoma Cells Modulating Sirtuins and DNA Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5328. [PMID: 32727075 PMCID: PMC7432334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain and other nervous system cancers are the 10th leading cause of death worldwide. Genome instability, cell cycle deregulation, epigenetic mechanisms, cytoarchitecture disassembly, redox homeostasis as well as apoptosis are involved in carcinogenesis. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables is inversely related with the risk of developing cancer. Several studies report that cruciferous vegetables exhibited antiproliferative effects due to the multi-pharmacological functions of their secondary metabolites such as isothiocyanate sulforaphane deriving from the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates. We treated human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells for 24 h with different concentrations (0.5, 1.25 and 2.5% v/v) of sulforaphane plus active myrosinase (Rapha Myr®) aqueous extract (10 mg/mL). Cell viability, DNA fragmentation, PARP-1 and γH2AX expression were examined to evaluate genotoxic effects of the treatment. Cell cycle progression, p53 and p21 expression, apoptosis, cytoskeleton morphology and cell migration were also investigated. In addition, global DNA methylation, DNMT1 mRNA levels and nuclear/mitochondrial sirtuins were studied as epigenetic biomarkers. Rapha Myr® exhibited low antioxidant capability and exerted antiproliferative and genotoxic effects on 1321N1 cells by blocking the cell cycle, disarranging cytoskeleton structure and focal adhesions, decreasing the integrin α5 expression, renewing anoikis and modulating some important epigenetic pathways independently of the cellular p53 status. In addition, Rapha Myr® suppresses the expression of the oncogenic p53 mutant protein. These findings promote Rapha Myr® as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for integrated cancer therapy of human astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Maria Domenica Di Mauro
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Antonio Malfa
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Fulvia Sinatra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.S.); (S.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Giorgia Spampinato
- Services Center B.R.I.T. of the University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Samuele Laudani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.S.); (S.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Giusy Villaggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.S.); (S.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Wioleta Grabowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Ignazio Alberto Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | | | - Elisabetta Sbisà
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies -National Research Council Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Claudia Di Giacomo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Massimo Bonucci
- Association Research Center for Integrative Oncology Treatments (ARTOI), 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marcella Renis
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
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Züst T, Strickler SR, Powell AF, Mabry ME, An H, Mirzaei M, York T, Holland CK, Kumar P, Erb M, Petschenka G, Gómez JM, Perfectti F, Müller C, Pires JC, Mueller LA, Jander G. Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants ( Erysimum, Brassicaceae). eLife 2020; 9:51712. [PMID: 32252891 PMCID: PMC7180059 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical diversity is thought to result from coevolutionary cycles as specialization in herbivores imposes diversifying selection on plant chemical defenses. Plants in the speciose genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) produce both ancestral glucosinolates and evolutionarily novel cardenolides as defenses. Here we test macroevolutionary hypotheses on co-expression, co-regulation, and diversification of these potentially redundant defenses across this genus. We sequenced and assembled the genome of E. cheiranthoides and foliar transcriptomes of 47 additional Erysimum species to construct a phylogeny from 9868 orthologous genes, revealing several geographic clades but also high levels of gene discordance. Concentrations, inducibility, and diversity of the two defenses varied independently among species, with no evidence for trade-offs. Closely related, geographically co-occurring species shared similar cardenolide traits, but not glucosinolate traits, likely as a result of specific selective pressures acting on each defense. Ancestral and novel chemical defenses in Erysimum thus appear to provide complementary rather than redundant functions. Plants are often attacked by insects and other herbivores. As a result, they have evolved to defend themselves by producing many different chemicals that are toxic to these pests. As producing each chemical costs energy, individual plants often only produce one type of chemical that is targeted towards their main herbivore. Related species of plants often use the same type of chemical defense so, if a particular herbivore gains the ability to cope with this chemical, it may rapidly become an important pest for the whole plant family. To escape this threat, some plants have gained the ability to produce more than one type of chemical defense. Wallflowers, for example, are a group of plants in the mustard family that produce two types of toxic chemicals: mustard oils, which are common in most plants in this family; and cardenolides, which are an innovation of the wallflowers, and which are otherwise found only in distantly related plants such as foxglove and milkweed. The combination of these two chemical defenses within the same plant may have allowed the wallflowers to escape attacks from their main herbivores and may explain why the number of wallflower species rapidly increased within the last two million years. Züst et al. have now studied the diversity of mustard oils and cardenolides present in many different species of wallflower. This analysis revealed that almost all of the tested wallflower species produced high amounts of both chemical defenses, while only one species lacked the ability to produce cardenolides. The levels of mustard oils had no relation to the levels of cardenolides in the tested species, which suggests that the regulation of these two defenses is not linked. Furthermore, Züst et al. found that closely related wallflower species produced more similar cardenolides, but less similar mustard oils, to each other. This suggests that mustard oils and cardenolides have evolved independently in wallflowers and have distinct roles in the defense against different herbivores. The evolution of insect resistance to pesticides and other toxins is an important concern for agriculture. Applying multiple toxins to crops at the same time is an important strategy to slow the evolution of resistance in the pests. The findings of Züst et al. describe a system in which plants have naturally evolved an equivalent strategy to escape their main herbivores. Understanding how plants produce multiple chemical defenses, and the costs involved, may help efforts to breed crop species that are more resistant to herbivores and require fewer applications of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Makenzie E Mabry
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Hong An
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | | | - Thomas York
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, United States
| | | | - Pavan Kumar
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, United States
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Institut für Insektenbiotechnologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - José-María Gómez
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Department of Genetics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - J Chris Pires
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
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Chen J, Chen Z, Li Z, Zhao Y, Chen X, Wang-Pruski G, Guo R. Effect of Photoperiod on Chinese Kale ( Brassica alboglabra) Sprouts Under White or Combined Red and Blue Light. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:589746. [PMID: 33510744 PMCID: PMC7835638 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.589746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To determine the response of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra) sprouts to photoperiods under different light sources, we used four photoperiods (0-h light/24-h dark, 8-h light/16-h dark, 12-h light/12-h dark, and 16-h light/8-h dark) to investigate their sprout growth and secondary metabolite glucosinolates (GSs) accumulation under white or combined red-and-blue (RB) light sources. We found that the 16-h light condition under RB light produced plants with the greatest dry matter. Sprouts grown under 16-h RB light condition achieved greater length than those under white light. To investigate the role of RB light in plant growth and GS accumulation, we applied RB light sources with different RB ratios (0:10, 2:8, 5:5, 8:2, and 10:0) to cultivate sprouts. The results showed that significant differential accumulation of GSs existed between sprouts grown under blue (RB, 0:10) and red (RB, 10:0) light; there was greater GS content under blue light. The underlying mechanism of differential GS content in sprouts under red or blue light condition was studied using RNA sequencing technique. Interestingly, abundant GS biosynthetic gene transcripts were observed in sprouts grown under red light compared with under blue light. The expression of β-glucosidase family homolog genes related to GS degradation differed under red and blue light conditions, among those TGG4 homolog was detected with higher expression under red light than with blue light. Taking into consideration, the lower GS accumulation in sprouts under red rather than blue light, we conclude that the degradation of GSs may play a key role in sprouts GS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Chen
- Joint FAFU-Dalhousie Lab, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zeyuan Chen
- Joint FAFU-Dalhousie Lab, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zunwen Li
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijiao Zhao
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gefu Wang-Pruski
- Joint FAFU-Dalhousie Lab, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
- Gefu Wang-Pruski,
| | - Rongfang Guo
- Joint FAFU-Dalhousie Lab, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rongfang Guo,
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Abstract
There is robust epidemiological evidence for the beneficial effects of broccoli consumption on health, many of them clearly mediated by the isothiocyanate sulforaphane. Present in the plant as its precursor, glucoraphanin, sulforaphane is formed through the actions of myrosinase, a β-thioglucosidase present in either the plant tissue or the mammalian microbiome. Since first isolated from broccoli and demonstrated to have cancer chemoprotective properties in rats in the early 1990s, over 3000 publications have described its efficacy in rodent disease models, underlying mechanisms of action or, to date, over 50 clinical trials examining pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease mitigation. This review evaluates the current state of knowledge regarding the relationships between formulation (e.g., plants, sprouts, beverages, supplements), bioavailability and efficacy, and the doses of glucoraphanin and/or sulforaphane that have been used in pre-clinical and clinical studies. We pay special attention to the challenges for better integration of animal model and clinical studies, particularly with regard to selection of dose and route of administration. More effort is required to elucidate underlying mechanisms of action and to develop and validate biomarkers of pharmacodynamic action in humans. A sobering lesson is that changes in approach will be required to implement a public health paradigm for dispensing benefit across all spectrums of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yagishita
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Jed W Fahey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Bertóti R, Böszörményi A, Alberti Á, Béni S, M-Hamvas M, Szőke É, Vasas G, Gonda S. Variability of Bioactive Glucosinolates, Isothiocyanates and Enzyme Patterns in Horseradish Hairy Root Cultures Initiated from Different Organs. Molecules 2019; 24:E2828. [PMID: 31382520 PMCID: PMC6696319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Horseradish hairy root cultures are suitable plant tissue organs to study the glucosinolate-myrosinase-isothiocyanate system and also to produce the biologically active isothiocyanates and horseradish peroxidase, widely used in molecular biology. Fifty hairy root clones were isolated after Agrobacterium rhizogenes infection of surface sterilized Armoracia rusticana petioles and leaf blades, from which 21 were viable after antibiotic treatment. Biomass properties (e.g. dry weight %, daily growth index), glucosinolate content (analyzed by liquid chromatography-electronspray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS)), isothiocyanate and nitrile content (analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)), myrosinase (on-gel detection) and horseradish peroxidase enzyme patterns (on-gel detection and spectrophotometry), and morphological features were examined with multi-variable statistical analysis. In addition to the several positive and negative correlations, the most outstanding phenomenon was many parameters of the hairy root clones showed dependence on the organ of origin. Among others, the daily growth index, sinigrin, glucobrassicin, 3-phenylpropionitrile, indole-3-acetonitrile and horseradish peroxidase values showed significantly higher levels in horseradish hairy root cultures initiated from leaf blades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Bertóti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Böszörményi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Alberti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Poveda J, Hermosa R, Monte E, Nicolás C. The Trichoderma harzianum Kelch Protein ThKEL1 Plays a Key Role in Root Colonization and the Induction of Systemic Defense in Brassicaceae Plants. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1478. [PMID: 31803213 PMCID: PMC6873215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The fungal genus Trichoderma includes strains with biocontrol and/or biostimulant potential and is recognized as a source of genes with biotechnological value. In a previous study the Kelch domain protein, encoded by the Thkel1 gene of Trichoderma harzianum T34, was found to confer tolerance to salt stress when expressed in plants of Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present work, we have overexpressed Thkel1 in rapeseed plants in order to generate an additional biotechnological tool for analyzing the role of this gene in Trichoderma-plant interactions. The overexpression of this gene in Brassicaceae plants improves responses to pathogens through the induction of systemic defenses mediated by jasmonic acid, facilitates root colonization by modulating the myrosinase activity, and, as a result, increases plant productivity. These effects were also observed in Thkel1 overexpressing plants subjected to abiotic stress conditions. Additionally, the differences detected in root colonization levels by T. harzianum wild type and Thkel1 silenced transformants between Arabidopsis or rapeseed and tomato plants indicate that ThKEL1 interacts in different ways in Brassicaceae and non-Brassicaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- *Correspondence: Enrique Monte,
| | - Carlos Nicolás
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Meier K, Ehbrecht MD, Wittstock U. Glucosinolate Content in Dormant and Germinating Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds Is Affected by Non-Functional Alleles of Classical Myrosinase and Nitrile-Specifier Protein Genes. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1549. [PMID: 31850033 PMCID: PMC6901928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
While the defensive function of glucosinolates is well established, their possible role as a nutrient reservoir is poorly understood and glucosinolate turnover pathways have not been elucidated. Previous research showed that glucosinolate content in germinating seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0 (Col-0) increases within the first two to four days on culture medium and then decreases below the level at day 0. In this study we used previously characterized T-DNA mutants to investigate if enzymes known to be involved in glucosinolate breakdown upon tissue damage affect the time course of glucosinolate content in germinating seeds. Besides dormant seeds, we analyzed seeds subjected to stratification in water for up to 72 h or germination on plates for up to ten days. Although seeds of tgg1 tgg2 (deficient in above-ground classical myrosinases) had higher glucosinolate levels than Col-0, the changes during germination were not different to those in seeds of Col-0. This demonstrates that TGG1/TGG2 are not responsible for the decline in glucosinolate content upon germination and suggests the involvement of other enzymes. Expression data extracted from publically available databases show a number of β-glucosidases of the BGLU18-BGLU33 clade to be expressed at specific time points of seed maturation and germination identifying them as good candidates for a role in glucosinolate turnover. Although nitrile-specifier proteins (NSPs) act downstream of myrosinases upon glucosinolate breakdown in tissue homogenates, mutants deficient in either seed-expressed NSP2 or seedling-expressed NSP1 were affected in glucosinolate content in seeds and during stratification or germination when compared to Col-0 indicating a direct role in turnover. The mutant lines nsp1-1, nsp2-1 and nsp2-2 had significantly higher glucosinolate levels in dry seeds than Col-0. After 24 h of stratification in water, nsp2-2 seeds contained 2.3 fold higher levels of glucosinolate than Col-0 seeds. This might indicate downregulation of hydrolytic enzymes when nitrile formation following glucosinolate hydrolysis is impaired. The time course of total glucosinolate content during ten days of germination depended on functional NSP1. Based on the present data, we propose a number of experiments that might aid in establishing the pathway(s) of glucosinolate turnover in germinating A. thaliana seeds.
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Chhajed S, Misra BB, Tello N, Chen S. Chemodiversity of the Glucosinolate- Myrosinase System at the Single Cell Type Resolution. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:618. [PMID: 31164896 PMCID: PMC6536577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLSs) are a well-defined group of specialized metabolites, and like any other plant specialized metabolites, their presence does not directly affect the plant survival in terms of growth and development. However, specialized metabolites are essential to combat environmental stresses, such as pathogens and herbivores. GLSs naturally occur in many pungent plants in the order of Brassicales. To date, more than 200 different GLS structures have been characterized and their distribution differs from species to species. GLSs co-exist with classical and atypical myrosinases, which can hydrolyze GLS into an unstable aglycone thiohydroximate-O-sulfonate, which rearranges to produce different degradation products. GLSs, myrosinases, myrosinase interacting proteins, and GLS degradation products constitute the GLS-myrosinase (GM) system ("mustard oil bomb"). This review discusses the cellular and subcellular organization of the GM system, its chemodiversity, and functions in different cell types. Although there are many studies on the functions of GLSs and/or myrosinases at the tissue and whole plant levels, very few studies have focused on different single cell types. Single cell type studies will help to reveal specific functions that are missed at the tissue and organismal level. This review aims to highlight (1) recent progress in cellular and subcellular compartmentation of GLSs, myrosinases, and myrosinase interacting proteins; (2) molecular and biochemical diversity of GLSs and myrosinases; and (3) myrosinase interaction with its interacting proteins, and how it regulates the degradation of GLSs and thus the biological functions (e.g., plant defense against pathogens). Future prospects may include targeted approaches for engineering/breeding of plants and crops in the cell type-specific manner toward enhanced plant defense and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Chhajed
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Biswapriya B. Misra
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Nathalia Tello
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Sixue Chen,
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Zhang K, Su H, Zhou J, Liang W, Liu D, Li J. Overexpressing the Myrosinase Gene TGG1 Enhances Stomatal Defense Against Pseudomonas syringae and Delays Flowering in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1230. [PMID: 31636648 PMCID: PMC6787276 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Myrosinase enzymes and their substrate glucosinolates provide a specific defensive mechanism against biotic invaders in the Brassicaceae family. In these plants, myrosinase hydrolyzes glucosinolates into diverse products, which can have direct antibiotic activity or function as signaling molecules that initiate a variety of defense reactions. A myrosinase, β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase 1 (TGG1) was previously found to be strikingly abundant in guard cells, and it is required for the abscisic acid (ABA) response of stomata. However, it remains unknown which particular physiological processes actually involve stomatal activity as modulated by TGG1. In this experimental study, a homologous TGG1 gene from broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), BoTGG1, was overexpressed in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 via improved stomatal defense. Upon Pst DC3000 infection, overexpressing BoTGG1 accelerated stomatal closure and inhibited the reopening of stomata. Compared with the wild type, 35S::BoTGG1 was more sensitive to ABA- and salicylic acid (SA)-induced stomatal closure but was less sensitive to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-inhibited stomatal closure, thus indicating these hormone signaling pathways were possibly involved in stomatal defense regulated by TGG1. Furthermore, overexpression of BoTGG1 delayed flowering by promoting the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), which encodes a MADS-box transcription factor known as floral repressor. Taken together, our study's results suggest glucosinolate metabolism mediated by TGG1 plays a role in plant stomatal defense against P. syringae and also modulates flowering time by affecting the FLC pathway.
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Sugiyama R, Hirai MY. Atypical Myrosinase as a Mediator of Glucosinolate Functions in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1008. [PMID: 31447873 PMCID: PMC6691170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLSs) are a well-known class of specialized plant metabolites, distributed mostly in the order Brassicales. A vast research field in basic and applied sciences has grown up around GLSs owing to their presence in important agricultural crops and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and their broad range of bioactivities beneficial to human health. The major purpose of GLSs in plants has been considered their function as a chemical defense against predators. GLSs are physically separated from a specialized class of beta-thioglucosidases called myrosinases, at the tissue level or at the single-cell level. They are brought together as a consequence of tissue damage, primarily triggered by herbivores, and their interaction results in the release of toxic volatile chemicals including isothiocyanates. In addition, recent studies have suggested that plants may adopt other strategies independent of tissue disruption for initiating GLS breakdown to cope with certain biotic/abiotic stresses. This hypothesis has been further supported by the discovery of an atypical class of GLS-hydrolyzing enzymes possessing features that are distinct from those of the classical myrosinases. Nevertheless, there is only little information on the physiological importance of atypical myrosinases. In this review, we focus on the broad diversity of the beta-glucosidase subclasses containing known atypical myrosinases in A. thaliana to discuss the hypothesis that numerous members of these subclasses can hydrolyze GLSs to regulate their diverse functions in plants. Also, the increasingly broadening functional repertoires of known atypical/classical myrosinases are described with reference to recent findings. Assessment of independent insights gained from A. thaliana with respect to (1) the phenotype of mutants lacking genes in the GLS metabolic/breakdown pathways, (2) fluctuation in GLS contents/metabolism under specific conditions, and (3) the response of plants to exogenous GLSs or their hydrolytic products, will enable us to reconsider the physiological importance of GLS breakdown in particular situations, which is likely to be regulated by specific beta-glucosidases.
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Vassão DG, Wielsch N, Gomes AMDMM, Gebauer-Jung S, Hupfer Y, Svatoš A, Gershenzon J. Plant Defensive β-Glucosidases Resist Digestion and Sustain Activity in the Gut of a Lepidopteran Herbivore. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1389. [PMID: 30349548 PMCID: PMC6186830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-component activated chemical defenses are a major part of many plants' strategies to disrupt herbivory. The activation step is often the β-glucosidase-catalyzed removal of a glucose moiety from a pro-toxin, leading to an unstable and toxic aglycone. While some β-glucosidases have been well studied, several aspects of their roles in vivo, such as their precise sites of enzymatic activity during and after ingestion, and the importance of particular isoforms in plant defense are still not fully understood. Here, plant defensive β-glucosidases from maize, white mustard and almonds were shown to resist digestion by larvae of the generalist lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis, and the majority of the ingested activities toward both general and plant pro-toxic substrates was recovered in the frass. Among other proteins potentially involved in defense, we identified specific plant β-glucosidases and a maize β-glucosidase aggregating factor in frass from plant-fed insects using proteomic methods. We therefore found that, while S. littoralis larvae efficiently degraded bulk food protein during digestion, β-glucosidases were among a small number of plant defensive proteins that resist insect digestive proteolysis. These enzymes remain intact in the gut lumen and frass and can therefore further catalyze the activation of plant defenses after ingestion, especially in pH-neutral regions of the digestive system. As most of the ingested enzymatic activity persists in the frass, and only particular β-glucosidases were detected via proteomic analyses, our data support the involvement of specific isoforms (maize ZmGlu1 and S. alba MA1 myrosinase) in defense in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Steffi Gebauer-Jung
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hupfer
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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34
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Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system in plants has been well studied over the years while relatively little research has been undertaken on the bacterial metabolism of glucosinolates. The products of myrosinase-based glucosinolate hydrolysis in the human gut are important to health, particularly the isothiocyanates, as they are shown to have anticancer properties as well as other beneficial roles in human health. This review is concerned with the bacterial metabolism of glucosinolates but is not restricted to the human gut. Isothiocyanate production and nitrile formation are discussed together with the mechanisms of the formation of these compounds. Side chain modification of the methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates is reviewed and the implications for bioactivity of the resultant products are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Food Innovation and Health ISPNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UAUK
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35
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Gonda S, Szűcs Z, Plaszkó T, Cziáky Z, Kiss-Szikszai A, Vasas G, M-Hamvas M. A Simple Method for On-Gel Detection of Myrosinase Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E2204. [PMID: 30200303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrosinase is an enzyme present in many functional foods and spices, particularly in Cruciferous vegetables. It hydrolyses glucosinolates which thereafter rearrange into bioactive volatile constituents (isothiocyanates, nitriles). We aimed to develop a simple reversible method for on-gel detection of myrosinase. Reagent composition and application parameters for native PAGE and SDS-PAGE gels were optimized. The proposed method was successfully applied to detect myrosinase (or sulfatase) on-gel: the detection solution contains methyl red which gives intensive red bands where the HSO₄- is enzymatically released from the glucosinolates. Subsequently, myrosinase was successfully distinguished from sulfatase by incubating gel bands in a derivatization solution and examination by LC-ESI-MS: myrosinase produced allyl isothiocyanate (detected in conjugate form) while desulfo-sinigrin was released by sulfatase, as expected. After separation of 80 µg protein of crude extracts of Cruciferous vegetables, intensive color develops within 10 min. On-gel detection was found to be linear between 0.031⁻0.25 U (pure Sinapis alba myrosinase, R² = 0.997). The method was successfully applied to detection of myrosinase isoenzymes from horseradish, Cruciferous vegetables and endophytic fungi of horseradish as well. The method was shown to be very simple, rapid and efficient. It enables detection and partial characterization of glucosinolate decomposing enzymes without protein purification.
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Urbancsok J, Bones AM, Kissen R. Benzyl Cyanide Leads to Auxin-Like Effects Through the Action of Nitrilases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1240. [PMID: 30197652 PMCID: PMC6117430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants within the Brassicales order generate glucosinolate hydrolysis products that can exert different biological effects on several organisms. Here, we evaluated the physiological effects of one of these compounds, benzyl cyanide (phenylacetonitrile), when exogenously applied on Arabidopsis thaliana. Treatment with benzyl cyanide led to a dose-dependent reduction of primary root length and total biomass. Further morphological changes like elongated hypocotyls, epinastic cotyledons, and increased formation of adventitious roots resembled a severe auxin-overproducer phenotype. The elevated auxin response was confirmed by histochemical staining and gene expression analysis of auxin-responsive genes. Nitriles are converted by specific enzymes, nitrilases (NIT1-3), to their corresponding carboxylic acids. The nitrilase mutants nit1 and nit2 tolerated benzyl cyanide treatments better than the wild type, with nit2 being less resistant than nit1. A NIT2RNAi line suppressing several nitrilases was resistant to all tested benzyl cyanide concentrations. When exposed to phenylacetic acid (PAA) - the corresponding carboxylic acid of benzyl cyanide - wild type and mutant seedlings were, however, equally susceptible and showed a more severe auxin phenotype than upon cyanide treatment. Here, we demonstrate that the auxin-like effects triggered by benzyl cyanide on Arabidopsis are due to its nitrilase-mediated conversion to the natural auxin PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Okunade O, Niranjan K, Ghawi SK, Kuhnle G, Methven L. Supplementation of the Diet by Exogenous Myrosinase via Mustard Seeds to Increase the Bioavailability of Sulforaphane in Healthy Human Subjects after the Consumption of Cooked Broccoli. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700980. [PMID: 29806738 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Broccoli contains glucosinolate glucoraphanin, which, in the presence of myrosinase, can hydrolyze to isothiocyanate sulforaphane, reported to have anticarcinogenic activity. However, the myrosinase enzyme is denatured on cooking. Addition of an active source of myrosinase, such as from powdered mustard seed, to cooked Brassica vegetables can increase the release of health beneficial isothiocyanates; however, this has not previously been proven in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The concentration of sulforaphane metabolite (sulforaphane N-acetyl-l-cysteine [SF-NAC]) in 12 healthy adults after the consumption of 200 g cooked broccoli, with and without 1 g powdered brown mustard, was studied in a randomized crossover design. During the 24-h period following the consumption of the study sample, all urine was collected. SF-NAC content was assayed by HPLC. When study subjects ingested cooked broccoli alone, mean urinary SF-NAC excreted was 9.8 ± 5.1 μmol per g creatinine, and when cooked broccoli was consumed with mustard powder, this increased significantly to 44.7 ± 33.9 μmol SF-NAC per gram creatinine. CONCLUSION These results conclude that when powdered brown mustard is added to cooked broccoli, the bioavailability of sulforaphane is over four times greater than that from cooked broccoli ingested alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukayode Okunade
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Keshavan Niranjan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Sameer K Ghawi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Gunter Kuhnle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
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Luang-In V, Deeseenthum S, Udomwong P, Saengha W, Gregori M. Formation of Sulforaphane and Iberin Products from Thai Cabbage Fermented by Myrosinase-Positive Bacteria. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040955. [PMID: 29671807 PMCID: PMC6017806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Myrosinase-positive bacteria from local fermented foods and beverages in Thailand with the capacity to metabolize glucosinolate and produce isothiocyanates (ITCs) were isolated and used as selected strains for Thai cabbage fermentation. Enterobacter xiangfangensis 4A-2A3.1 (EX) from fermented fish and Enterococcus casseliflavus SB2X2 (EC) from fermented cabbage were the two highest ITC producers among seventeen strains identified by 16S rRNA technique. EC and EX were used to ferment Thai cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) containing glucoiberin, glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin at 430.5, 615.1 and 108.5 µmol/100 g DW, respectively for 3 days at 25 °C. Different amounts of iberin nitrile, iberin, sulforaphane and indole 3-acetonitrile were produced by spontaneous, EX- and EC-induced cabbage fermentations, and significantly higher ITCs were detected (p < 0.01) with increased antioxidant activities. Iberin and sulforaphane production in EX-induced treatment peaked on day 2 at 117.4 and 294.1 µmol/100 g DW, respectively, significantly higher than iberin at 51.7 µmol/100 g DW but not significantly higher than sulforaphane at 242.6 µmol/100 g DW in EC-induced treatment at day 2. Maximum health-promoting benefits from this functional food can be obtained from consumption of a liquid portion of the fermented cabbage with higher ITC level along with a solid portion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijitra Luang-In
- Natural Antioxidant Innovation Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand.
| | - Sirirat Deeseenthum
- Natural Antioxidant Innovation Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand.
| | - Piyachat Udomwong
- Natural Antioxidant Innovation Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand.
| | - Worachot Saengha
- Natural Antioxidant Innovation Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand.
| | - Matteo Gregori
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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39
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Tian S, Liu X, Lei P, Zhang X, Shan Y. Microbiota: a mediator to transform glucosinolate precursors in cruciferous vegetables to the active isothiocyanates. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:1255-1260. [PMID: 28869285 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), such as sulforaphane (SFN), exhibit powerful biological functions in fighting cancers, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. They normally exist as glucosinolates (GLSs) in cruciferous vegetables, which are not themselves bioactive until they are degraded by myrosinase to form ITCs. Myrosinase coexists in the same plants but is normally kept apart from GLSs in different apparatus. A key point is that myrosinase is temperature sensitive and can be inactivated upon exposure to temperatures over 60 °, as typically occurs during cooking. However, studies using animal models and population trials have suggested that human gut bacteria might act like an 'organ' in that they can secrete their own myrosinase. In this review, the hydrolysis of GLS by myrosinase is discussed, with an important focus on the gut microflora and their myrosinase-producing roles. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Tian
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujuan Shan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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40
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Wu Y, Shen Y, Wu X, Zhu Y, Mupunga J, Bao W, Huang J, Mao J, Liu S, You Y. Hydrolysis before Stir-Frying Increases the Isothiocyanate Content of Broccoli. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:1509-1515. [PMID: 29357241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Broccoli is found to be a good source of glucosinolates, which can be hydrolyzed by endogenous myrosinase to obtain chemopreventive isothiocyanates (ITCs); among them, sulforaphane (SF) is the most important agent. Studies have shown that cooking greatly affects the levels of SF and total ITCs in broccoli. However, the stability of these compounds during cooking has been infrequently examined. In this study, we proved that the half-lives of SF and total ITCs during stir-frying were 7.7 and 5.9 min, respectively, while the myrosinase activity decreased by 80% after stir-frying for 3 min; SF and total ITCs were more stable than myrosinase. Thus, the contents of SF and total ITCs decreased during stir-frying largely because myrosinase was destroyed. Subsequently, it was confirmed that compared to direct stir-frying, hydrolysis of glucosinolates in broccoli for 90 min followed by stir-frying increased the SF and total ITC concentration by 2.8 and 2.6 times, respectively. This method provides large quantities of beneficial ITCs even after cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Wu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuke Shen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuping Wu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jothame Mupunga
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenna Bao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianwei Mao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiwang Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuru You
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Products , Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
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41
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Westphal A, Riedl KM, Cooperstone JL, Kamat S, Balasubramaniam VM, Schwartz SJ, Böhm V. High-Pressure Processing of Broccoli Sprouts: Influence on Bioactivation of Glucosinolates to Isothiocyanates. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8578-8585. [PMID: 28929757 PMCID: PMC7104659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Effects of high-pressure processing (HPP, 100-600 MPa for 3 min at 30 °C) on the glucosinolate content, conversion to isothiocyanates, and color changes during storage in fresh broccoli sprouts were investigated. A mild heat treatment (60 °C) and boiling (100 °C) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Glucosinolates were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and isothiocyanates were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection. A formation of isothiocyanates was observed in all high-pressure-treated sprouts. The highest degree of conversion (85%) was observed after the 600 MPa treatment. Increased isothiocyanate formation at 400-600 MPa suggests an inactivation of the epithiospecifier protein. During storage, color changed from green to brownish, reflected by increasing a* values and decreasing L* values. This effect was less pronounced for sprouts treated at 100 and 600 MPa, indicating an influence on the responsible enzymes. In summary, HPP had no negative effects on the glucosinolate-myrosinase system in broccoli sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Westphal
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kenneth M. Riedl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jessica L. Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Shreya Kamat
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - V. M. Balasubramaniam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Corresponding Author: Telephone: +49-3641-949633. Fax: +49-3641-949702.
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Abstract
Two plant species, arugula (Eruca sativa) and mustard (Brassica juncea) were field-grown under four soil management practices: soil mixed with municipal sewage sludge (SS), soil mixed with horse manure (HM), soil mixed with chicken manure (CM), and no-mulch bare soil (NM) to investigate the impact of soil amendments on the concentration of glucosinolates (GSLs) in their shoots. GSLs, hydrophilic plant secondary metabolites in arugula and mustard were extracted using boiling methanol and separated by adsorption on sephadex ion exchange disposable pipette tips filled with DEAE, a weak base, with a net positive charge that exchange anions such as GSLs. Quantification of GSLs was based on inactivation of arugula and mustard myrosinase and liberation of the glucose moiety from the GSLs molecule by addition of standardized myrosinase (thioglucosidase) and spectrophotometric quantification of the liberated glucose moiety. Overall, GSLs concentrations were significantly greater (1287 µg g-1 fresh shoots) in plants grown in SS compared to 929, 890, and 981 µg g-1 fresh shoots in plants grown in CM, HM, and NM soil, respectively. Results also revealed that mustard shoots contained greater concentrations of GSLs (974 µg g-1 fresh shoots) compared to arugula (651 µg g-1 fresh shoots).
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Antonious
- a Division of Environmental Studies , College of Agriculture, Food Science, and Sustainable Systems, Kentucky State University , Frankfort , Kentucky , USA
| | - Eric Turley
- a Division of Environmental Studies , College of Agriculture, Food Science, and Sustainable Systems, Kentucky State University , Frankfort , Kentucky , USA
| | - Alexander Antonious
- a Division of Environmental Studies , College of Agriculture, Food Science, and Sustainable Systems, Kentucky State University , Frankfort , Kentucky , USA
| | - Thomas Trivette
- a Division of Environmental Studies , College of Agriculture, Food Science, and Sustainable Systems, Kentucky State University , Frankfort , Kentucky , USA
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43
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Strauss SY, Siemens DH, Decher MB, Mitchell-Olds T. ECOLOGICAL COSTS OF PLANT RESISTANCE TO HERBIVORES IN THE CURRENCY OF POLLINATION. Evolution 2017; 53:1105-1113. [PMID: 28565516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/1998] [Accepted: 03/12/1999] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine how ecological costs of resistance might be manifested through plant relationships with pollinators. If defensive compounds are incorporated into floral structures or if they are sufficiently costly that fewer rewards are offered to pollinators, pollinators may discriminate against more defended plants. Here we consider whether directional selection for increased resistance to herbivores could be constrained by opposing selection through pollinator discrimination against more defended plants. We used artificial selection to create two populations of Brassica rapa plants that had high and low myrosinase concentrations and, consequently, high and low resistance to flea beetle herbivores. We measured changes in floral characters of plants in both damaged and undamaged states from these populations with different resistances to flea beetle attack. We also measured pollinator visitation to plants, including numbers of pollinators and measures of visit quality (numbers of flowers visited and time spent per flower). Damage from herbivores resulted in reduced petal size, as did selection for high resistance to herbivores later in the plant lifetime. In addition, floral display (number of open flowers) was also altered by an interaction between these two effects. Changes in floral traits translated into overall greater use of low-resistance, undamaged plants based on total amount of time pollinators spent foraging on plants. Total numbers of pollinators attracted to plants did not differ among treatments; however, pollinators spent significantly more time per flower on plants from the low-resistance population and tended to visit more flowers on these plants as well. Previous work by other investigators on the same pollinator taxa has shown that longer visit times are associated with greater male and female plant fitness. Because initial numbers of pollinators did not differ between selection regimes, palatability and/or amount of rewards offered by high- and low-resistance populations are likely to be responsible for these patterns. During periods of pollinator limitation, less defended plants may have a selective advantage and pollinator preferences may mediate directional selection imposed by herbivores. In addition, if pollinator preferences limit seed set in highly defended plants, then lower seed set previously attributed to allocation costs of defense may also reflect greater pollinator limitation in these plants relative to less defended plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Y Strauss
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - David H Siemens
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Tatzendpromenade 1A, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Meika B Decher
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Thomas Mitchell-Olds
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Tatzendpromenade 1A, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Nakano RT, Piślewska-Bednarek M, Yamada K, Edger PP, Miyahara M, Kondo M, Böttcher C, Mori M, Nishimura M, Schulze-Lefert P, Hara-Nishimura I, Bednarek P. PYK10 myrosinase reveals a functional coordination between endoplasmic reticulum bodies and glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2017; 89:204-220. [PMID: 27612205 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum body (ER body) is an organelle derived from the ER that occurs in only three families of the order Brassicales and is suggested to be involved in plant defense. ER bodies in Arabidopsis thaliana contain large amounts of β-glucosidases, but the physiological functions of ER bodies and these enzymes remain largely unclear. Here we show that PYK10, the most abundant β-glucosidase in A. thaliana root ER bodies, hydrolyzes indole glucosinolates (IGs) in addition to the previously reported in vitro substrate scopolin. We found a striking co-expression between ER body-related genes (including PYK10), glucosinolate biosynthetic genes and the genes for so-called specifier proteins affecting the terminal products of myrosinase-mediated glucosinolate metabolism, indicating that these systems have been integrated into a common transcriptional network. Consistent with this, comparative metabolite profiling utilizing a number of A. thaliana relatives within Brassicaceae identified a clear phylogenetic co-occurrence between ER bodies and IGs, but not between ER bodies and scopolin. Collectively, our findings suggest a functional link between ER bodies and glucosinolate metabolism in planta. In addition, in silico three-dimensional modeling, combined with phylogenomic analysis, suggests that PYK10 represents a clade of 16 myrosinases that arose independently from the other well-documented class of six thioglucoside glucohydrolases. These findings provide deeper insights into how glucosinolates are metabolized in cruciferous plants and reveal variation of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system within individual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei T Nakano
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mariola Piślewska-Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mado Miyahara
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Masashi Mori
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 834-1213, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
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Wittstock U, Meier K, Dörr F, Ravindran BM. NSP-Dependent Simple Nitrile Formation Dominates upon Breakdown of Major Aliphatic Glucosinolates in Roots, Seeds, and Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1821. [PMID: 27990154 PMCID: PMC5131009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the best-studied plant defense systems, the glucosinolate-myrosinase system of the Brassicales, is composed of thioglucosides known as glucosinolates and their hydrolytic enzymes, the myrosinases. Tissue disruption brings these components together, and bioactive products are formed as a consequence of myrosinase-catalyzed glucosinolate hydrolysis. Among these products, isothiocyanates have attracted most interest as chemical plant defenses against herbivores and pathogens and health-promoting compounds in the human diet. Previous research has identified specifier proteins whose presence results in the formation of alternative product types, e.g., nitriles, at the expense of isothiocyanates. The biological roles of specifier proteins and alternative breakdown products are poorly understood. Here, we assessed glucosinolate breakdown product profiles obtained upon maceration of roots, seedlings and seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0. We identified simple nitriles as the predominant breakdown products of the major endogenous aliphatic glucosinolates in root, seed, and seedling homogenates. In agreement with this finding, genes encoding nitrile-specifier proteins (NSPs) are expressed in roots, seeds, and seedlings. Analysis of glucosinolate breakdown in mutants with T-DNA insertions in any of the five NSP genes demonstrated, that simple nitrile formation upon tissue disruption depended almost entirely on NSP2 in seeds and mainly on NSP1 in seedlings. In roots, about 70-80% of the nitrile-forming activity was due to NSP1 and NSP3. Thus, glucosinolate breakdown product profiles are organ-specifically regulated in A. thaliana Col-0, and high proportions of simple nitriles are formed in some parts of the plant. This should be considered in future studies on biological roles of the glucosinolate-myrosinase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Wittstock
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany
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Barba FJ, Nikmaram N, Roohinejad S, Khelfa A, Zhu Z, Koubaa M. Bioavailability of Glucosinolates and Their Breakdown Products: Impact of Processing. Front Nutr 2016; 3:24. [PMID: 27579302 PMCID: PMC4985713 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are a large group of plant secondary metabolites with nutritional effects, and are mainly found in cruciferous plants. After ingestion, glucosinolates could be partially absorbed in their intact form through the gastrointestinal mucosa. However, the largest fraction is metabolized in the gut lumen. When cruciferous are consumed without processing, myrosinase enzyme present in these plants hydrolyzes the glucosinolates in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract to various metabolites, such as isothiocyanates, nitriles, oxazolidine-2-thiones, and indole-3-carbinols. When cruciferous are cooked before consumption, myrosinase is inactivated and glucosinolates transit to the colon where they are hydrolyzed by the intestinal microbiota. Numerous factors, such as storage time, temperature, and atmosphere packaging, along with inactivation processes of myrosinase are influencing the bioavailability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products. This review paper summarizes the assimilation, absorption, and elimination of these molecules, as well as the impact of processing on their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Barba
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Nooshin Nikmaram
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Shahin Roohinejad
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Division of Food and Nutrition, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anissa Khelfa
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (UTC/ESCOM, EA 4297 TIMR), Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Zhenzhou Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohamed Koubaa
- Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (UTC/ESCOM, EA 4297 TIMR), Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Compiègne Cedex, France
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Fu L, Wang M, Han B, Tan D, Sun X, Zhang J. Arabidopsis Myrosinase Genes AtTGG4 and AtTGG5 Are Root-Tip Specific and Contribute to Auxin Biosynthesis and Root-Growth Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E892. [PMID: 27338341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant myrosinases (β-thioglucoside glucohydrolases) are classified into two subclasses, Myr I and Myr II. The biological function of Myr I has been characterized as a major biochemical defense against insect pests and pathogens in cruciferous plants. However, the biological function of Myr II remains obscure. We studied the function of two Myr II member genes AtTGG4 and AtTGG5 in Arabidopsis. RT-PCR showed that both genes were specifically expressed in roots. GUS-assay revealed that both genes were expressed in the root-tip but with difference: AtTGG4 was expressed in the elongation zone of the root-tip, while AtTGG5 was expressed in the whole root-tip. Moreover, myrosin cells that produce and store the Myr I myrosinases in aboveground organs were not observed in roots, and AtTGG4 and AtTGG5 were expressed in all cells of the specific region. A homozygous double mutant line tgg4tgg5 was obtained through cross-pollination between two T-DNA insertion lines, tgg4E8 and tgg5E12, by PCR-screening in the F2 and F3 generations. Analysis of myrosinase activity in roots of mutants revealed that AtTGG4 and AtTGG5 had additive effects and contributed 35% and 65% myrosinase activity in roots of the wild type Col-0, respectively, and myrosinase activity in tgg4tgg5 was severely repressed. When grown in Murashiege & Skoog (MS) medium or in soil with sufficient water, Col-0 had the shortest roots, and tgg4tgg5 had the longest roots, while tgg4E8 and tgg5E12 had intermediate root lengths. In contrast, when grown in soil with excessive water, Col-0 had the longest roots, and tgg4tgg5 had the shortest roots. These results suggested that AtTGG4 and AtTGG5 regulated root growth and had a role in flood tolerance. The auxin-indicator gene DR5::GUS was then introduced into tgg4tgg5 by cross-pollination. DR5::GUS expression patterns in seedlings of F1, F2, and F3 generations indicated that AtTGG4 and AtTGG5 contributed to auxin biosynthesis in roots. The proposed mechanism is that indolic glucosinolate is transported to the root-tip and converted to indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) in the tryptophan-dependent pathways by AtTGG4 and AtTGG5, and IAN is finally converted to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by nitrilases in the root-tip. This mechanism guarantees the biosynthesis of IAA in correct cells of the root-tip and, thus, a correct auxin gradient is formed for healthy development of roots.
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Marino D, Ariz I, Lasa B, Santamaría E, Fernández-Irigoyen J, González-Murua C, Aparicio Tejo PM. Quantitative proteomics reveals the importance of nitrogen source to control glucosinolate metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:3313-23. [PMID: 27085186 PMCID: PMC4892723 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accessing different nitrogen (N) sources involves a profound adaptation of plant metabolism. In this study, a quantitative proteomic approach was used to further understand how the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana adjusts to different N sources when grown exclusively under nitrate or ammonium nutrition. Proteome data evidenced that glucosinolate metabolism was differentially regulated by the N source and that both TGG1 and TGG2 myrosinases were more abundant under ammonium nutrition, which is generally considered to be a stressful situation. Moreover, Arabidopsis plants displayed glucosinolate accumulation and induced myrosinase activity under ammonium nutrition. Interestingly, these results were also confirmed in the economically important crop broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Moreover, these metabolic changes were correlated in Arabidopsis with the differential expression of genes from the aliphatic glucosinolate metabolic pathway. This study underlines the importance of nitrogen nutrition and the potential of using ammonium as the N source in order to stimulate glucosinolate metabolism, which may have important applications not only in terms of reducing pesticide use, but also for increasing plants' nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Idoia Ariz
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Faculdade de Ciências, Centro Ecologia Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta Lasa
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Proteored-ISCIII, Instituto de investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Proteored-ISCIII, Instituto de investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro M Aparicio Tejo
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Abstract
Sinigrin (allyl-glucosinolate or 2-propenyl-glucosinolate) is a natural aliphatic glucosinolate present in plants of the Brassicaceae family, such as broccoli and brussels sprouts, and the seeds of Brassica nigra (mustard seeds) which contain high amounts of sinigrin. Since ancient times, mustard has been used by mankind for its culinary, as well as medicinal, properties. It has been systematically described and evaluated in the classical Ayurvedic texts. Studies conducted on the pharmacological activities of sinigrin have revealed anti-cancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing properties and biofumigation. This current review will bring concise information about the known therapeutic activities of sinigrin. However, the information on known biological activities is very limited and, hence, further studies still need to be conducted and its molecular mechanisms also need to be explored. This review on the therapeutic benefits of sinigrin can summarize current knowledge about this unique phytocompounds.
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Albaser A, Kazana E, Bennett MH, Cebeci F, Luang-In V, Spanu PD, Rossiter JT. Discovery of a Bacterial Glycoside Hydrolase Family 3 (GH3) β-Glucosidase with Myrosinase Activity from a Citrobacter Strain Isolated from Soil. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:1520-7. [PMID: 26820976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A Citrobacter strain (WYE1) was isolated from a UK soil by enrichment using the glucosinolate sinigrin as sole carbon source. The enzyme myrosinase was purified using a combination of ion exchange and gel filtration to give a pure protein of approximately 66 kDa. The N-terminal amino acid and internal peptide sequence of the purified protein were determined and used to identify the gene, which, based on InterPro sequence analysis, belongs to the family GH3, contains a signal peptide, and is a periplasmic protein with a predicted molecular mass of 71.8 kDa. A preliminary characterization was carried out using protein extracts from cell-free preparations. The apparent KM and Vmax were 0.46 mM and 4.91 mmol dm(-3) min(-1) mg(-1), respectively, with sinigrin as substrate. The optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 25 °C and 6.0, respectively. The enzyme was marginally activated with ascorbate by a factor of 1.67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi Albaser
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanna Kazana
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H Bennett
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Cebeci
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research , Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
| | - Vijitra Luang-In
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro D Spanu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - John T Rossiter
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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