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Terayama R, Tsuji K, Furugen H, Minh DNP, Nakatani A, Uchibe K. Effects of Peripheral Nerve Injury on the Induction of c-Fos and Phosphorylated ERK in the Brainstem Trigeminal Sensory Nuclear Complex. Ann Neurosci 2023; 30:177-187. [PMID: 37779546 PMCID: PMC10540764 DOI: 10.1177/09727531231156505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sequential changes in brainstem and spinal cord neurons after traumatic injury to peripheral nerves are related to neuropathic pain symptoms. Purpose This study was conducted to elucidate the influence of nerve insult on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by brainstem neurons. Methods The brainstem trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (BTSNC) was examined for neuronal profiles immunolabeled with c-Fos and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) antibodies elicited by stimulation of the tongue with capsaicin after lingual or inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury. Results Abundant neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK elicited by capsaicin were distributed in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) without nerve injury. The spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo) contained limited numbers of these neuronal profiles after stimulation of the tongue. A significant reduction of these neuronal profiles in the ipsilateral Vc was detected after lingual nerve injury. After IAN injury, an increased number of neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos elicited by capsaicin was noted, while that of p-ERK was left unchanged in the ipsilateral Vc. On the both sides of the Vo, an increased number of capsaicin-induced neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK was detected after lingual or IAN injury. Conclusion Differential effects of lingual or IAN injury on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by Vo and Vc neurons may be involved in the complex nature of symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Terayama
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenta Tsuji
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hironori Furugen
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Duong Nguyen Phat Minh
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakatani
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenta Uchibe
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Fidancı H, Öztürk İ. The relationship between nerve conduction studies and neuropathic pain in sciatic nerve injury due to intramuscular injection. Korean J Pain 2021; 34:124-131. [PMID: 33380575 PMCID: PMC7783856 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2021.34.1.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sciatic nerve injury due to intramuscular injection (SNIII) is still a health problem. This study aimed to determine whether there is a correlation between neuropathic pain and electrodiagnostic findings in SNIII. Methods Patients whose clinical and electrodiagnostic findings were compatible with SNIII participated in this retrospective cohort study. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitudes of the sural, superficial peroneal, peroneal, and tibial nerves were graded from 1 to 4. Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs scale (LANSS) was applied to all patients. Results Forty-eight patients were included in the study, 67% of whom had a LANSS score ≥ 12. Sural SNAP amplitude abnormalities were present in 8 (50%) out of 16 patients with a LANSS score < 12, and 28 (87.5%) out of 32 patients with a LANSS score ≥ 12, with significant differences between the groups (P = 0.011). There was a positive correlation between the LANSS score and the sural SNAP amplitude grading (P = 0.001, r = 0.476). A similar positive correlation was also found in the LANSS score and the tibial nerve CMAP amplitude grading (P = 0.004, r = 0.410). Conclusions This study showed a positive correlation between the severity of tibial nerve CMAP/sural SNAP amplitude abnormality and LANSS score in SNIII. Neuropathic pain may be more common in SNIII patients with sural nerve SNAP amplitude abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halit Fidancı
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - İlker Öztürk
- Department of Neurology, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
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Terayama R, Tabata M, Maruhama K, Iida S. A 3 adenosine receptor agonist attenuates neuropathic pain by suppressing activation of microglia and convergence of nociceptive inputs in the spinal dorsal horn. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:3203-3213. [PMID: 30206669 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries cause glial activation and neuronal hyperactivity in the spinal dorsal horn. These changes have been considered to be involved in the underlying mechanisms for the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Using double immunofluorescence labeling, we previously demonstrated that spinal microglial activation induced by nerve injury enhanced convergence of nociceptive inputs in the spinal dorsal horn from uninjured afferents. The adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) agonists have been shown to have antinociceptive activities in several experimental neuropathic pain models. However, the mechanisms underlying these antinociceptive actions of the A3AR agonist are still not fully explored. In this study, the effects of the A3AR agonist (i.e., IB-MECA) on microglial activation, enhancement of convergent nociceptive inputs, and nocifensive behaviors were examined after tibial nerve injury. Injury to the tibial nerve initially caused hyposensitivity to touch stimulus at 3 days, and then resulted in tactile allodynia at 14-day post-injury. The daily systemic administration of IB-MECA (0.1 mg/kg/day) for 8 days in a row starting on the day of nerve injury or 7 days after nerve injury prevented the development of behaviorally assessed hypersensitivities, and spinal microglial activation induced by nerve injury. These treatments also suppressed anomalous convergence of nociceptive primary inputs in the spinal dorsal horn. The present findings indicate that the A3AR agonist attenuates neuropathic pain states by suppressing enhanced microglial activation, and anomalous convergence of nociceptive inputs in the spinal dorsal horn from uninjured afferents after injury to the peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Terayama
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan. .,Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyasu Tabata
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Kotaro Maruhama
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Seiji Iida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
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Panneton WM, Pan B, Gan Q. Somatotopy in the Medullary Dorsal Horn As a Basis for Orofacial Reflex Behavior. Front Neurol 2017; 8:522. [PMID: 29066998 PMCID: PMC5641296 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The somatotopy of the trigeminocervical complex of the rat was defined as a basis for describing circuitry for reflex behaviors directed through the facial motor nucleus. Thus, transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugates applied to individual nerves/peripheral receptive fields showed that nerves innervating oropharyngeal structures projected most rostrally, followed by nerves innervating snout, periocular, and then periauricular receptive fields most caudally. Nerves innervating mucosae or glabrous receptive fields terminated densely in laminae I, II, and V of the trigeminocervical complex, while those innervating hairy skin terminated in laminae I-V. Projections to lamina II exhibited the most focused somatotopy when individual cases were compared. Retrograde transport of FluoroGold (FG) deposited into the facial motor nucleus resulted in labeled neurons almost solely in lamina V of the trigeminocervical complex. The distribution of these labeled neurons paralleled the somatotopy of primary afferent fibers, e.g., those labeled after FG injections into a functional group of motoneurons innervating lip musculature were found most rostrally while those labeled after injections into motoneurons innervating snout, periocular and preauricular muscles, respectively, were found at progressively more caudal levels. Anterograde transport of injections of biotinylated dextran amine into lamina V at different rostrocaudal levels of the trigeminocervical complex confirmed the notion that the somatotopy of orofacial sensory fields parallels the musculotopy of facial motor neurons. These data suggest that neurons in lamina V are important interneurons in a simple orofacial reflex circuit consisting of a sensory neuron, interneuron and motor neuron. Moreover, the somatotopy of primary afferent fibers from the head and neck confirms the "onion skin hypothesis" and suggests rostral cervical dermatomes blend seamlessly with "cranial dermatomes." The transition area between subnucleus interpolaris and subnucleus caudalis is addressed while the paratrigeminal nucleus is discussed as an interface between the somatic and visceral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Panneton
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - BingBing Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Tabata M, Terayama R, Maruhama K, Iida S, Sugimoto T. Differential induction of c-Fos and phosphorylated ERK by a noxious stimulus after peripheral nerve injury. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:208-218. [PMID: 28918684 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1381697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we compared induction of c-Fos and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the spinal dorsal horn for noxious heat-induced c-Fos and p-ERK protein-like immunoreactive (c-Fos- and p-ERK-IR) neuron profiles after tibial nerve injury. The effect of administration of a MEK 1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) on noxious heat-induced c-Fos expression was also examined after tibial nerve injury. RESULTS A large number of c-Fos- and p-ERK-IR neuron profiles were induced by noxious heat stimulation to the hindpaw in sham-operated animals. A marked reduction in the number of c-Fos- and p-ERK-IR neuron profiles was observed in the medial 1/3 (tibial territory) of the dorsal horn at 3 and 7 days after nerve injury. Although c-Fos-IR neuron profiles had reappeared by 14 days after injury, the number of p-ERK-IR neuron profiles remained decreased in the tibial territory of the superficial dorsal horn. Double immunofluorescence labeling for c-Fos and p-ERK induced by noxious heat stimulation to the hindpaw at different time points revealed that a large number of c-Fos-IR, but not p-ERK-IR, neuron profiles were distributed in the tibial territory after injury. Although administration of a MEK 1/2 inhibitor to the spinal cord suppressed noxious heat-induced c-Fos expression in the peroneal territory, this treatment did not alter c-Fos induction in the tibial territory after nerve injury. CONCLUSIONS ERK phosphorylation may be involved in c-Fos induction in normal nociceptive responses, but not in exaggerated c-Fos induction after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyasu Tabata
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Ryuji Terayama
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Kotaro Maruhama
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Seiji Iida
- b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Tomosada Sugimoto
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
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Differential Changes in Neuronal Excitability in the Spinal Dorsal Horn After Spinal Nerve Ligation in Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2880-2889. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yamamoto Y, Terayama R, Kishimoto N, Maruhama K, Mizutani M, Iida S, Sugimoto T. Activated Microglia Contribute to Convergent Nociceptive Inputs to Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons and the Development of Neuropathic Pain. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1000-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Peripheral nerve injury activates convergent nociceptive input to dorsal horn neurons from neighboring intact nerve. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1201-12. [PMID: 25600819 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that peripheral nerve injury induced excessive nociceptive response of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and such change has been proposed to reflect the development of neuropathic pain state. The aim of this study was to examine the spinal dorsal horn for convergence of nociceptive input to second-order neurons deafferented by peripheral nerve injury. Double immunofluorescence labeling for c-Fos and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) was performed to detect convergent synaptic input to spinal dorsal horn neurons after the saphenous nerve injury. c-Fos expression and the phosphorylation of ERK were induced by noxious heat stimulation of the hindpaw and by electrical stimulation of the injured or uninjured saphenous nerve, respectively. Within the central terminal field of the saphenous nerve, the number of c-Fos protein-like immunoreactive (c-Fos-IR) cell profiles was significantly decreased at 3 days and returned to the control level by 14 days after the injury. p-ERK immunoreactive (p-ERK-IR) cell profiles were distributed in the central terminal field of the saphenous nerve, and the topographic distribution pattern and number of such p-ERK-IR cell profiles remained unchanged after the nerve injury. The time course of changes in the number of double-labeled cell profiles was similar to that of c-Fos-IR cell profiles after the injury. These results indicate that convergent primary nociceptive input through neighboring intact nerves contributes to increased responsiveness of spinal dorsal horn nociceptive neurons.
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10
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Convergent Nociceptive Input to Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:438-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Possible Involvement of Convergent Nociceptive Input to Medullary Dorsal Horn Neurons in Intraoral Hyperalgesia Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:417-423. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Assessment of intraoral mucosal pain induced by the application of capsaicin. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:1334-41. [PMID: 25189505 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an objective method for assessing nociceptive behaviour in an animal model of capsaicin-induced intraoral pain. Changes in nociceptive responses were also examined after injury to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). DESIGN Nociceptive responses evoked by the intraoral application of various doses of capsaicin were analyzed in lightly anaesthetized rats. The number of c-Fos protein-like immunoreactive (Fos-LI) neurons in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) induced by the intraoral application of capsaicin was measured. Behavioural and c-Fos responses were also examined 14 days after injury to the IAN. RESULTS Larger doses of intraoral capsaicin (1, 10 and 100μg) induced vigorous licking behaviour and c-Fos response in the MDH in a reproducible manner. The magnitudes of both behavioural activity and the c-Fos response from the 10 and 100μg doses of capsaicin were significantly greater than that by the 1μg dose. Injury to the IAN exaggerated the behavioural and c-Fos responses evoked by intraoral capsaicin. CONCLUSIONS The intraoral application of capsaicin is a valid and reliable method for studying intraoral pain and hyperalgesia following nerve injury.
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Yamaguchi D, Terayama R, Omura S, Tsuchiya H, Sato T, Ichikawa H, Sugimoto T. Effect of adenosine A1 receptor agonist on the enhanced excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons after peripheral nerve injury. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:213-22. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.842566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abe T, Shimoda T, Urade M, Hasegawa M, Sugiyo S, Takemura M. c-Fos induction in the brainstem following electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion of chronically mandibular nerve-transected rats. Somatosens Mot Res 2013; 30:175-84. [DOI: 10.3109/08990220.2013.790805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Fujisawa N, Terayama R, Yamaguchi D, Omura S, Yamashiro T, Sugimoto T. Fos protein-like immunoreactive neurons induced by electrical stimulation in the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex of rats with chronically injured peripheral nerve. Exp Brain Res 2012; 219:191-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Peripheral glutamate receptors are required for hyperalgesia induced by capsaicin. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2012:915706. [PMID: 22110945 PMCID: PMC3199092 DOI: 10.1155/2012/915706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid1 (TRPV1) and glutamate receptors (GluRs) are located in small diameter primary afferent neurons (nociceptors), and it was speculated that glutamate released in the peripheral tissue in response to activation of TRPV1 might activate nociceptors retrogradely. But, it was not clear which types of GluRs are functioning in the nociceptive sensory transmission. In the present study, we examined the c-Fos expression in spinal cord dorsal horn following injection of drugs associated with glutamate receptors with/without capsaicin into the hindpaw. The subcutaneous injection of capsaicin or glutamate remarkably evoked c-Fos expression in ipsilateral sides of spinal cord dorsal horn. This capsaicin evoked increase of c-Fos expression was significantly prevented by concomitant administration of MK801, CNQX, and CPCCOEt. On the other hand, there were not any significant changes in coinjection of capsaicin and MCCG or MSOP. These results reveal that the activation of iGluRs and group I mGluR in peripheral afferent nerves play an important role in mechanisms whereby capsaicin evokes/maintains nociceptive responses.
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Ichikawa H, Kano M, Shimizu Y, Suzuki T, Sawada E, Ono W, Chu LWG, Côté PD. Increase of c-Fos and c-Jun Expression in Spinal and Cranial Motoneurons of the Degenerating Muscle Mouse (Scn8a dmu ). Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:737-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Tomita K, Takayama K. Effects of treadmill running exercise on neuronal expression of c-Fos protein in the medulla oblongata after unilateral phrenicotomy in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440:327-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tomita K, Takayama K. Changes in Neuronal Expression of c-Fos Protein in the Medulla Oblongata after Unilateral Phrenicotomy in Wistar Rats. J Phys Ther Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.20.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Tomita
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University School of Health Sciences
| | - Kiyoshige Takayama
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University School of Health Sciences
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Intondi AB, Dahlgren MN, Eilers MA, Taylor BK. Intrathecal neuropeptide Y reduces behavioral and molecular markers of inflammatory or neuropathic pain. Pain 2007; 137:352-365. [PMID: 17976913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work indicates that the intrathecal administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) acts at its cognate receptors to reduce behavioral signs of nociception in several models of inflammatory pain, including the formalin test. The present study extends these findings to a rat model of peripheral neuropathic pain, and then evaluates the hypothesis that NPY inhibits inflammation- and nerve injury-induced activation of spinal nociceptive transmission. Here we show that NPY dose-dependently reduced behavioral signs of mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model. Intrathecal administration of either a Y1 (BIBO3304) or a Y2 (BIIE0246) receptor antagonist dose-dependently reversed the anti-allodynic actions of NPY. To monitor the effects of NPY on the stimulus-induced activation of spinal nociresponsive neurons, we quantified protein expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos in lamina I-VI of the L4-L5 dorsal horn, with special attention to the mediolateral pattern of Fos immunohistochemical staining after SNI. Either tactile stimulation of the hindpaw ipsilateral to nerve injury, or intraplantar injection of noxious formalin, increased the number of Fos-like immunoreactive profiles. Tactile stimulation evoked a mediolateral pattern of Fos expression corresponding to the innervation territory of the uninjured (sural) nerve. We found that intrathecal NPY reduced both formalin- and SNI-induced Fos expression. NPY inhibition of SNI-induced Fos expression was localized to the sural (uninjured) innervation territory, and could be blocked by intrathecal BIBO3304 and BIIE0246. We conclude that NPY acts at spinal Y1 and Y2 receptors to reduce spinal neuron activity and behavioral signs of inflammatory or neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Intondi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kaku R, Yokoyama M, Kobayashi H, Matsuoka Y, Sato T, Mizobuchi S, Itano Y, Morita K. Altered Response to Formalin by L5 Spinal Nerve Ligation in Rats: A Behavioral and Molecular Study. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:936-43. [PMID: 17377110 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000258762.22607.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The status of neuropathic pain alters the responsiveness to formalin injection in rats. However, the mechanism by which this alteration occurs is unknown. METHODS We used immunocytochemistry to examine the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal cord of rats with L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathy, and investigated the expression of c-Fos in the spinal cord after injection of formalin in the hindpaw of rats with SNL. RESULTS Four weeks after SNL, the withdrawal threshold was significantly lower in the SNL group than in the sham-operated (sham) group (n = 12 per group, P < 0.05). In the SNL group, expression of BDNF in the L4 (P < 0.05) and L5 (P < 0.01) superficial dorsal horn was significantly decreased compared to that in the sham group. CGRP protein in the L5 but not in the L4, dorsal horn was significantly decreased compared to that in the sham group (P < 0.01). After formalin injection, spontaneous pain responses in the SNL group were significantly decreased compared to those in the sham group (P < 0.05). Immunolabeling for c-Fos was significantly decreased in the L4 and L5 dorsal horn in the SNL group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our examination of c-Fos distribution indicates that decreased neuronal activity in the spinal cord in response to inflammatory pain may be important for altering the perception of acute pain. Decreased BDNF expression in response to SNL-induced neuropathy may be involved in this alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Kaku
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan
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22
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Takemura M, Sugiyo S, Moritani M, Kobayashi M, Yonehara N. Mechanisms of orofacial pain control in the central nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 69:79-100. [PMID: 16819148 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.69.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the study of pain have revealed somatotopic- and modality-dependent processing and the integration of nociceptive signals in the brain and spinal cord. This review summarizes the uniqueness of the trigeminal sensory nucleus (TSN) in structure and function as it relates to orofacial pain control. The oral nociceptive signal is primarily processed in the rostral TSN above the obex, the nucleus principalis (Vp), and the subnuclei oralis (SpVo) and interpolaris (SpVi), while secondarily processed in the subnucleus caudalis (SpVc). In contrast, the facial nociceptive signal is primarily processed in the SpVc. The neurons projecting to the thalamus are localized mostly in the Vp, moderately in the SpVi, and modestly in the ventrolateral SpVo and the SpVc. Orofacial sensory inputs are modulated in many different ways: by interneurons in the TSN proper, through reciprocal connection between the TSN and rostral ventromedial medulla, and by the cerebral cortex. A wide variety of neuroactive substances, including substance P, gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin and nitric oxide (NO) could be involved in the modulatory functions of these curcuits. The earliest expression of NO synthase (NOS) in the developing rat brain is observed in a discrete neuronal population in the SpVo at embryonic day 15. NOS expression in the SpVc is late at postnatal day 10. The neurons receiving intraoral signals are intimately related with the sensorimotor reflexive function through the SpVo. In summary, a better understanding of the trigeminal sensory system--which differs from the spinal system--will help to find potential therapeutic targets and lend to developing new analgesics for orofacial-specific pain with high efficacy and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohide Takemura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yamadaoka, Suita, Japan.
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23
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Wang H, Dai Y, Fukuoka T, Yamanaka H, Obata K, Tokunaga A, Noguchi K. Enhancement of stimulation-induced ERK activation in the spinal dorsal horn and gracile nucleus neurons in rats with peripheral nerve injury. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:884-90. [PMID: 15009135 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that low-threshold sensory pathways have an important role in the formation and maintenance of sensory abnormalities which are observed after peripheral nerve injury. In the present study, we examined the involvement of these pathways in the development of hyperexcitability after sciatic nerve injury (SNI) by detecting the intracellular signal molecule. The rats that received a transection of the sciatic nerve 7 days before were electrically stimulated at 0.1 mA and 3 mA in the proximal region of the nerve injury site. We found a small number of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)-labelled neurons in laminae I-II and III-IV of the spinal dorsal horn in the control rats after 0.1 mA stimulation. By contrast, there was a marked increased of pERK-labelled neurons both in the superficial laminae and laminae III-IV after the same stimulation in the SNI rats. Enhancement of ERK activation induced by 3 mA stimulation was also observed. Immunoreactivity of pERK in gracile nucleus neurons was also dramatically increased after 0.1 mA stimulation to the injured nerve. These data suggest that the rats with peripheral nerve injury had an increased responsiveness to the low- or high-threshold peripheral stimuli in I-II, III-IV and gracile nucleus neurons. Furthermore, SNI rats that received neonatal capsaicin treatment showed a decreased number of pERK neurons after 0.1 mA stimulation in the dorsal horn and gracile nucleus neurons compared to the control rats. Thus, C-fibres may contribute to the enhanced excitability of the low-threshold sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Langlet C, Canu MH, Viltart O, Sequeira H, Falempin M. Hypodynamia--hypokinesia induced variations in expression of fos protein in structures related to somatosensory system in the rat. Brain Res 2001; 905:72-80. [PMID: 11423081 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There have been many reports describing modifications of the sensory and motor cortex following various types of disuse. Hypodynamia--hypokinesia is characterized by the absence of weight-bearing and by a decrease in motor activity. We have shown a reorganization of the cortical cartography after hypodynamia--hypokinesia. In order to give an anatomical account for this cortical plasticity, we set out to determine whether cerebral and spinal structures exhibited variations of their neuronal activation. For this purpose, immunocytochemical detection of Fos protein was performed in the rat brain and spinal cord. Following stimulation of the sciatic nerve, Fos protein was detected in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex in control rats and in rats submitted to an episode of 14 days of hypodynamia--hypokinesia. Results showed that the stimulation of the sciatic nerve induced an increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in all these structures. Moreover, after hypodynamia--hypokinesia, the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons was increased in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex and in the spinal cord. These results provide evidence for a higher activation of cortical cells after hypodynamia--hypokinesia in comparison to controls. These data support the hypothesis that hypodynamia--hypokinesia contributes to the development of functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Langlet
- Laboratoire de Plasticité Neuromusculaire, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment SN4, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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25
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Clement CI, Keay KA, Podzebenko K, Gordon BD, Bandler R. Spinal sources of noxious visceral and noxious deep somatic afferent drive onto the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of the rat. J Comp Neurol 2000; 425:323-44. [PMID: 10972936 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20000925)425:3<323::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies utilizing the expression of Fos protein as a marker of neuronal activation have revealed that pain of deep somatic or visceral origin selectively activates the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Previous anatomical tracing studies revealed that spinal afferents to the vlPAG arose from the superficial and deep dorsal horn and nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus at all spinal segmental levels, with approximately 50% of vlPAG-projecting spinal neurons found within the upper cervical spinal cord. This study utilized detection of Fos protein to determine the specific populations of vlPAG-projecting spinal neurons activated by noxious deep somatic or noxious visceral stimulation. Pain of cardiac or peritoneal (i.e., visceral) origin activated neurons in the superficial and deep dorsal horn and nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus of the thoracic cord, whereas pain of hindlimb (i.e., deep somatic) origin activated neurons in the same laminar regions but in the lumbosacral cord. Each of these deep noxious manipulations also activated neurons in the superficial and deep dorsal horn and nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus of the upper cervical spinal cord. In a second set of experiments, the combination of retrograde tracing and Fos immunohistochemistry revealed that vlPAG-projecting spinal neurons activated by deep somatic pain were located in both the upper cervical and lumbosacral cord, whereas those activated by visceral pain were restricted to the thoracic spinal cord. Thus pain arising from visceral versus deep somatic body regions influences neural activity within the vlPAG via distinct spinal pathways. The findings also highlight the potential significance of the upper cervical cord in integrating pain arising from deep structures throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Clement
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Kingery WS, Guo TZ, Davies FM, Limbird L, Maze M. The alpha(2A) adrenoceptor and the sympathetic postganglionic neuron contribute to the development of neuropathic heat hyperalgesia in mice. Pain 2000; 85:345-358. [PMID: 10781908 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We have addressed the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Using a new neuropathic mouse model, we examined the development of hyperalgesia in transgenic mice lacking functional alpha(2A) adrenoceptors and in sympathectomized wild-type mice, to determine if sympathetic-sensory coupling generates hyperalgesia. The development of neuropathic heat hyperalgesia required the presence of both the alpha(2A) adrenoceptor and the sympathetic postganglionic neuron (SPGN), but the development of mechanical hyperalgesia did not require either the alpha(2A) adrenoceptor or the SPGN, indicating different mechanisms of sensitization. These results suggest that the development of neuropathic heat hyperalgesia, but not mechanical hyperalgesia, requires sympathetic-sensory coupling in the peripheral nervous system. Nerve injury enhanced the analgesic efficacy of the alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine, and paradoxically also induced an analgesic response to alpha(2) adrenoceptor antagonists. The alpha(2) agonist-evoked analgesia to mechanical stimuli was mediated by activating central alpha(2A) adrenoceptors, possibly at the spinal level. The peripherally restricted alpha(2) antagonist L659,066 evoked analgesia for heat, but not for mechanical stimuli, findings which support the hypothesis that the peripheral alpha(2) adrenoceptor plays a role in both the development and the maintenance of neuropathic heat hyperalgesia. The alpha(2) antagonist-evoked analgesia for heat stimuli was mediated by blocking peripheral and probably central alpha(2) adrenoceptors, while the analgesia for mechanical stimuli was mediated by blocking central alpha(2A) adrenoceptors. Intradermal injections with an alpha(2) agonist or antagonist had no effect on nociceptive thresholds, indicating that sympathetic-sensory coupling at the level of the cutaneous nociceptor did not contribute to the maintenance of neuropathic hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade S Kingery
- Department of Functional Restoration, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Anesthesiology Services, Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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27
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Plasticity and rigidity in the nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1064-6000(00)80009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Tokunaga A, Kondo E, Fukuoka T, Miki K, Dai Y, Tsujino H, Noguchi K. Excitability of spinal cord and gracile nucleus neurons in rats with chronically injured sciatic nerve examined by c-fos expression. Brain Res 1999; 847:321-31. [PMID: 10575103 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-threshold sensory pathways have been suggested to have an important role in the formation and maintenance of sensory abnormalities which are observed after peripheral nerve injury. Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-LI) neurons are expressed in spinal cord laminae III-IV and the gracile nucleus by electrically stimulating the injured nerves at Abeta strength after sciatic nerve transection in rats. This suggests that the excitability of these neurons is increased by nerve injury. In this study, we investigated which receptors are involved in the regulation of the increased excitability in spinal and gracile nucleus neurons. The sciatic nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats (150 g) was transected 7 days before the experiment day. The rats were administered morphine, muscimol, baclofen, MK-801, CNQX, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) or clonidine i.p., and then electrically stimulated at 0.1 mA to the proximal region to the nerve injury site under urethane anesthesia. Two hours after the stimulation, Fos-LI expression was increased in the spinal cord dorsal horn and the gracile nucleus in control rats. Baclofen inhibited the Fos-LI expression both in the spinal cord and the gracile nucleus. Morphine inhibited only the Fos-LI expression in the posterior cutaneous (PC) nerve territory of laminae I-II, but not in the sciatic nerve (SC) territory, laminae III-IV nor the gracile nucleus. MK-801 had an inhibitory but complicated effect in laminae I-II and the gracile nucleus. The other drugs were not effective on Fos-LI expression. It is suggested that the GABA(B) receptor has a pivotal role in the regulation of Fos-LI expression after electrical stimulation to the injured low-threshold sensory fibers, and other receptors have little effect on the Fos-LI expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tokunaga
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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29
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Pertens E, Urschel-Gysbers BA, Holmes M, Pal R, Foerster A, Kril Y, Diamond J. Intraspinal and behavioral consequences of nerve growth factor-induced nociceptive sprouting and nerve growth factor-induced hyperalgesia compared in adult rats. J Comp Neurol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990719)410:1<73::aid-cne7>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Huang W, Simpson RK. Ketamine suppresses c-fos expression in dorsal horn neurons after acute constrictive sciatic nerve injury in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1999; 269:165-8. [PMID: 10454158 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fos immunoreactivity within the spinal cord in a model of neuropathic pain was studied. Dorsal horn neurons in laminae I and II exhibited selective expression within the tibial, peroneal and posterior cutaneous nerve territories which, in turn, was suppressed during ketamine but not halothane anesthesia. Fos immunoreactive neurons have a unique response pattern to neuropathic pain which is sensitive to ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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31
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Abstract
The past 10 years have brought several new experimental models with which to study chronic neuropathic pain in animals. Consequently, our knowledge about the mechanisms subserving neuropathic pain in humans has improved. However, the first animal model that was used for studying this type of chronic pain was the autotomy-model which can still be considered as a useful tool for pain studies. The present review assesses some of the similarities and differences between autotomy-model and more recent models of experimental traumatic mononeuropathy. In addition, it considers some of the similarities between the results obtained in clinical studies and in autotomy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kauppila
- Center for Sensory Motor Interaction, University of Aalborg, Denmark
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32
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Herdegen T, Leah JD. Inducible and constitutive transcription factors in the mammalian nervous system: control of gene expression by Jun, Fos and Krox, and CREB/ATF proteins. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1998; 28:370-490. [PMID: 9858769 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1049] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews findings up to the end of 1997 about the inducible transcription factors (ITFs) c-Jun, JunB, JunD, c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1, Fra-2, Krox-20 (Egr-2) and Krox-24 (NGFI-A, Egr-1, Zif268); and the constitutive transcription factors (CTFs) CREB, CREM, ATF-2 and SRF as they pertain to gene expression in the mammalian nervous system. In the first part we consider basic facts about the expression and activity of these transcription factors: the organization of the encoding genes and their promoters, the second messenger cascades converging on their regulatory promoter sites, the control of their transcription, the binding to dimeric partners and to specific DNA sequences, their trans-activation potential, and their posttranslational modifications. In the second part we describe the expression and possible roles of these transcription factors in neural tissue: in the quiescent brain, during pre- and postnatal development, following sensory stimulation, nerve transection (axotomy), neurodegeneration and apoptosis, hypoxia-ischemia, generalized and limbic seizures, long-term potentiation and learning, drug dependence and withdrawal, and following stimulation by neurotransmitters, hormones and neurotrophins. We also describe their expression and possible roles in glial cells. Finally, we discuss the relevance of their expression for nervous system functioning under normal and patho-physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herdegen
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Kiel, Hospitalstrasse 4, 24105, Kiel,
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33
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Molander C, Hongpaisan J, Shortland P. Somatotopic redistribution of c-fos expressing neurons in the superficial dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience 1998; 84:241-53. [PMID: 9522378 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The functional somatotopic reorganization of the lumbar spinal cord dorsal horn after nerve injury was studied in the rat by mapping the stimulus-evoked distribution of neurons expressing proto-oncogene c-fos. In three different nerve injury paradigms, the saphenous nerve was electrically stimulated at C-fibre strength at survival times ranging from 40 h to more than six months: 1) Saphenous nerve stimulation from three weeks onwards after ipsilateral sciatic nerve transection resulted in an increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons within the dorsal horn saphenous territory in laminae I-II, and an expansion of the saphenous territory into the denervated sciatic territory until 14 weeks postinjury. 2) Saphenous nerve stimulation from five days onwards after ipsilateral sciatic nerve section combined with saphenous nerve crush resulted in an increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons within the dorsal horn saphenous nerve territory, and an expansion of the saphenous nerve territory into the denervated sciatic nerve territory. 3) Stimulation of the crushed nerve (without previous adjacent nerve section) at five days, but not at eight months resulted in a temporary increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons within the territory of the injured nerve, and no change in area at either survival time. The results indicate that nerve injury results in an increased capacity of afferents in an adjacent uninjured, or regenerating nerve, to excite neurons both in its own and in the territory of the permanently injured nerve in the dorsal horn. The onset and duration of the increased postsynaptic excitability and expansion depends on the types of nerve injuries involved. These findings indicate the complexity of the central changes that follows in nerve injuries that contain a mixture of uninjured, regenerating and permanently destroyed afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Molander
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Doktorsringen, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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Sugimoto T, He YF, Xiao C, Ichikawa H. c-fos induction in the subnucleus oralis following trigeminal nerve stimulation. Brain Res 1998; 783:158-62. [PMID: 9479065 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurons with c-Fos protein-like immunoreactivity (fos-neurons) were examined in the rostral parts of the brainstem sensory trigeminal nuclear complex following intense electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerves and noxious mechanical stimulation of the trigeminal receptive fields. Stimulation of all the examined nerves and receptive fields induced some fos-neurons at the medial edge of the subnucleus interpolaris but not in the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus. Stimulation of the primary neurons innervating the intraoral structures but not facial skin induced fos-neurons in the ipsilateral subnucleus oralis. These oralis fos-neurons were located in the dorsomedial nucleus that contained calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity. The oralis fos-neurons are considered to be involved in the processing of intraoral nociceptive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugimoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy II, Okayama University Dental School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700, Japan
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35
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Sugimoto T, Funahashi M, Xiao C, Adachi A, Ichikawa H. Exaggerated C-fiber activation prevents peripheral nerve injury-induced hyperinducibility of c-Fos in partially deafferented spinal dorsal horn. Neurosci Res 1997; 27:161-7. [PMID: 9100258 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(96)01145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal horn neurons chronically deafferented by peripheral nerve injuries acquire hypersensitivity to noxious input from outside the original receptive field. This study examines the effect of electrical nerve stimulation at the time of injury on such injury-induced hypersensitivity. The medial 3/8 of the dorsal horn laminae I/II around the junction of 4th and 5th lumbar segments (the tibial territory) was deafferented by transection of the ipsilateral tibial nerve in rats. At 2 days or 3 weeks postinjury, the hindpaw was injected with formalin to induce c-fos. At 2 days, neurons with induced c-Fos protein-like immunoreactivity (fos-neurons) were largely confined in the lateral 5/8 of laminae I/II (the peroneal and hip, thus P and H territory). At 3 weeks, fos-neurons significantly increased in the deafferented tibial territory. A similar increase was also noted in the P and H territory. Thus the dorsal horn neurons exhibited c-fos hyperinducibility, an indication of hypersensitivity. Electrical stimulation with a train of 150 shocks (10 V, 2 ms) of the proximal nerve stump immediately after transection prevented the c-fos hyperinducibility. The effect was greater with the stimulation frequency of 0.5 Hz than 0.1 Hz or 10 Hz. The stimulation had no effect on the c-fos inducibility at 2 days postinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugimoto
- Second Department of Oral Anatomy, Okayama University School of Dentistry, Japan
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36
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Holland GR. Experimental trigeminal nerve injury. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1996; 7:237-58. [PMID: 8909880 DOI: 10.1177/10454411960070030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The successful reinnervation of peripheral targets after injury varies with the axonal population of the nerve that is injured and the extent of the dislocation of its central component from the peripheral endoneurial tube. Larger-diameter axons such as those supplying mechanoreceptors recover more readily than narrower axons such as those supplying taste. A complex, bi-directional interaction between lingual epithelium and sprouting nerve results in the redifferentiation of taste buds after denervation. Dentin and the dental pulp provide a strong attraction to sprouting nerves and will become reinnervated from collateral sources if recovery of the original innervation is blocked. The most effective repair technique for transected lingual nerves is one which brings the cut ends together rather than one that provides a temporary bridge. Injuries can result in cell death in the trigeminal ganglion but only if the injury is severe and recovery is prevented. Lesser damage results in chromatolysis and the increased expression of neuropeptides. All nerve injuries bring about changes in the trigeminal nucleus. These occur as changes in receptive field and the incidence of spontaneously active neurons, effects which are consistent with the unmasking of existing afferents. These functional changes are short-lived and reversible. Morphologically, nerve injury results in terminal degeneration in the nuclei and an increased expression of the c-Fos gene and some neuropeptides. Only a chronic constriction injury induces behavioral changes. The adult trigeminal system retains considerable plasticity that permits it to respond successfully to nerve injury. Much remains to be learned about this response, particularly of the trophic factors that control peripheral recovery and the central response to more severe injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Holland
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA
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37
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Sugimoto T, Yoshida A, Nishijima K, Ichikawa H. Disruption and restoration of dorsal horn sensory map after peripheral nerve crush and regeneration. Pain 1995; 63:49-54. [PMID: 8577490 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00014-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Formalin injection into the hindpaw of rats produces many neurons with c-fos protein-like immunoreactivity (fos-neurons) in the medial 3/4 of the ipsilateral dorsal horn laminae I and II at the junction of 4th and 5th lumbar segments (the sciatic territory). The tibial nerve transection 2 or 3 days earlier resulted in almost complete elimination of stimulation-induced fos-neurons in the tibial territory (medial 1/2 of the sciatic territory). When the animals had been conditioned by crushing the tibial nerve 2 weeks before stimulation (11 or 12 days before transection), the number of fos-neurons significantly increased compared to simple transection alone. The increase (2.5-fold) was greatest in the tibial territory. Therefore, the dorsal horn neurons in the deafferented tibial territory exhibited hypersensitivity to intact peroneal primary input, and the somatotopy map was disrupted. When the nerve had been crushed 3 weeks (18 or 19 days earlier than transection) rather than 2 weeks before stimulation, however, the number and distribution of fos-neurons were not different from those without conditioning (transection alone). Regenerated tibial nerve fibers were capable of transganglionic transport of WGA-HRP from the hindpaw receptive field to the tibial territory of the dorsal horn by 3 weeks but not by 2 weeks following the nerve crush. When transection was omitted, noxious signal transmitted through the tibial nerve fibers regenerated by 3 weeks after crush was capable of inducing c-fos in the tibial territory. The injury-induced hypersensitivity of dorsal horn neurons and resulting disruption of somatotopy map were reversed by re-establishment of peripheral tissue-nerve interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomosada Sugimoto
- Second Department of Oral Anatomy, Okayama Uniuersity Faculty of Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700 Japan First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama Uniuersity Faculty of Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700 Japan
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Sugimoto T, Yoshida A, Nishijima K, Ichikawa H. c-Fos induction in the rat spinal dorsal horn partially deafferented by dorsal rhizotomy. Neurosci Lett 1994; 178:239-42. [PMID: 7824204 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The 4th and 5th segments of the lumbar (the L4 and L5) dorsal horn receive primary input from the sciatic receptive fields through the L4 and L5 dorsal roots. Noxious stimulation of the hindpaw with formalin induces c-Fos in neurons in superficial laminae (I and II) of these dorsal horn segments. Rhizotomy of the L5 dorsal root 2 days before stimulation resulted in a marked reduction in the number of neurons with c-Fos protein-like immunoreactivity (fos-neurons). At 3 weeks after the L5 rhizotomy, the number of fos-neurons in laminae I and II significantly increased compared to that at 2 days post-rhizotomy. This result indicates that chronic partial deafferentation by dorsal rhizotomy increases responsiveness of superficial dorsal horn neurons to spared primary input.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugimoto
- Second Department of Oral Anatomy, Okayama University Faculty of Dentistry, Japan
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Woolf CJ, Doubell TP. The pathophysiology of chronic pain--increased sensitivity to low threshold A beta-fibre inputs. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994; 4:525-34. [PMID: 7812141 DOI: 10.1016/0959-4388(94)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is characterized by abnormal sensitivity, which is due to the generation of pain in response to the activation of the low-threshold mechanoreceptive A beta fibres that normally generate innocuous sensations. Three different processes in the spinal cord can account for this dramatic alteration in sensory processing in the somatosensory system: increased excitability, decreased inhibition and structural reorganization. All have been shown to occur and each may contribute separately or together to the wide range of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain disorders. The unravelling of the cellular mechanisms involved both offers the potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies, which reduce functional synaptic plasticity and prevent central atrophic and regenerative responses in injured neurones, and illustrates the capacity of the adult nervous system for maladaptive modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Woolf
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
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Sugimoto T, Ichikawa H, Mitani S, Hitsu A, Nakago T. Changes in c-fos induction in dorsal horn neurons by hindpaw formalin stimulation following tibial neurotomy. Brain Res 1994; 642:348-54. [PMID: 8032900 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The hindpaw was partially denervated by the tibial nerve transection in adult rats. At post-transection intervals varying from 2 to 168 days, the hindpaw was stimulated bilaterally by subcutaneous injection of formalin. The excitability of dorsal horn neurons was expressed as the percentage ratio of the number of formalin-induced c-fos protein-like immunoreactive neurons (fos-neurons) on the neurotomized (experimental) side to that on the un-neurotomized (control) side. At 2 days post-injury, a marked reduction in the number of fos-neurons was noted in laminae I-VII of the lumbar spinal cord. Among these, reduction was greatest in the medial 3/8 of laminae I and II (terminal field of the tibial nerve, i.e. tibial territory), and smallest in the lateral 5/8 of the same laminae (the peroneal/hip territory). The low level of c-fos induction remained unchanged for 7 days. At 14 days, the excitability of neurons in all laminae showed a marked increase compared to the post-injury days 2 and 3 combined. Thereafter, the increased level of excitability in the tibial territory was maintained throughout the post-injury period examined in this study. On the other hand, a statistically significant increase in excitability in the peroneal/hip territory was only seen between 14 and 28 days and the excitability almost returned to the baseline (days 2 and 3 post-transection combined) level at 42 days. Although deeper laminae (III-VII) contained much less formalin-induced fos-neurons, they also exhibited post-injury excitability changes with a temporal pattern similar to that of the peroneal/hip territory of laminae I and II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugimoto
- Second Department of Oral Anatomy, Okayama University School of Dentistry, Japan
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