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Bogdanova A, Kaestner L, Simionato G, Wickrema A, Makhro A. Heterogeneity of Red Blood Cells: Causes and Consequences. Front Physiol 2020; 11:392. [PMID: 32457644 PMCID: PMC7221019 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mean values of hematological parameters are currently used in the clinical laboratory settings to characterize red blood cell properties. Those include red blood cell indices, osmotic fragility test, eosin 5-maleimide (EMA) test, and deformability assessment using ektacytometry to name a few. Diagnosis of hereditary red blood cell disorders is complemented by identification of mutations in distinct genes that are recognized "molecular causes of disease." The power of these measurements is clinically well-established. However, the evidence is growing that the available information is not enough to understand the determinants of severity of diseases and heterogeneity in manifestation of pathologies such as hereditary hemolytic anemias. This review focuses on an alternative approach to assess red blood cell properties based on heterogeneity of red blood cells and characterization of fractions of cells with similar properties such as density, hydration, membrane loss, redox state, Ca2+ levels, and morphology. Methodological approaches to detect variance of red blood cell properties will be presented. Causes of red blood cell heterogeneity include cell age, environmental stress as well as shear and metabolic stress, and multiple other factors. Heterogeneity of red blood cell properties is also promoted by pathological conditions that are not limited to the red blood cells disorders, but inflammatory state, metabolic diseases and cancer. Therapeutic interventions such as splenectomy and transfusion as well as drug administration also impact the variance in red blood cell properties. Based on the overview of the studies in this area, the possible applications of heterogeneity in red blood cell properties as prognostic and diagnostic marker commenting on the power and selectivity of such markers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Vetsuisse Faculty, The Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZHIP), Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Experimental Physics, Dynamics of Fluids, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Greta Simionato
- Experimental Physics, Dynamics of Fluids, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Amittha Wickrema
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Asya Makhro
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Vetsuisse Faculty, The Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZHIP), Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Protect, repair, destroy or sacrifice: a role of oxidative stress biology in inter-donor variability of blood storage? BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2019; 17:281-288. [PMID: 31184577 DOI: 10.2450/2019.0072-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) have been historically regarded as a critical model to investigate cellular and oxidant stress biology. First of all, they are constantly exposed to oxidant stress, as their main function is to transport and deliver oxygen to tissues. Second, they are devoid of de novo protein synthesis capacity, which prevents RBCs from replacing irreversibly oxidised proteins with newly synthesised ones. As such, RBCs have evolved to (i) protect themselves from oxidant stress, in order to prevent oxidant damage from reactive species; (ii) repair oxidatively damaged proteins, through mechanisms that involve glutathione and one-carbon metabolism; (iii) destroy irreversibly oxidised proteins through proteasomal or protease-dependent degradation; and (iv) sacrifice membrane portions through mechanism of vesiculation. In this brief review we will summarize these processes and their relevance to RBC redox biology (within the context of blood storage), with a focus on how polymorphisms in RBC antioxidant responses could contribute to explaining the heterogeneity in the progression and severity of the RBC storage lesion that can be observed across the healthy donor population.
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Hao M, Li C, Liu R, Jing M. Detection of glutathione within single erythrocyte of different ages and pathological state using microfluidic chips coupled with laser induced fluorescence. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 149:600-606. [PMID: 25983061 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a major factor participating in the organism antioxidation and detoxification process, GSH is of vital importance to human beings. Detecting GSH content in single cells is significant to diagnosis and prevention of many diseases. In this work, the amount of GSH within single erythrocytes was detected and analyzed via statistical analysis. All erythrocytes tested were collected from people in different ages and people of different pathological states. The correlation between GSH level, age and pathological state were investigated. Results showed that the GSH level in erythrocytes decreased with the ages of patients increased. There was little difference between the GSH level in erythrocytes from people who had chronic diseases (hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension) and from healthy people. However, the GSH level in erythrocytes from people who had inflammation (myocarditis, nephritis and gastritis) was generally higher than that from the healthy people. This study provides basic data for researches of cell senescence and cytopathic effect and is helpful to diagnosis and prevention of diseases. In addition, it also provides a simple and effective method for rapid GSH detection within single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Hao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, Shandong University, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- School Hospital of Shandong University, 91# Shanda North Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, Shandong University, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Mingyang Jing
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, Shandong University, 27# Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, PR China
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Bayer SB, Hampton MB, Winterbourn CC. Accumulation of oxidized peroxiredoxin 2 in red blood cells and its prevention. Transfusion 2015; 55:1909-18. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone B. Bayer
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Mark B. Hampton
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Christine C. Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
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Red blood cell subpopulations in freshly drawn blood: application of proteomics and metabolomics to a decades-long biological issue. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2012; 11:75-87. [PMID: 22871816 DOI: 10.2450/2012.0164-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been known that red blood cells comprise various subpopulations, which can be separated through Percoll density gradients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we performed integrated flow cytometry, proteomic and metabolomic analyses on five distinct red blood cell subpopulations obtained by Percoll density gradient separation of freshly drawn leucocyte-depleted erythrocyte concentrates. The relation of density gradient fractions to cell age was confirmed through band 4.1a/4.1b assays. RESULTS We observed a decrease in size and increase in cell rugosity in older (denser) populations. Metabolomic analysis of fraction 5 (the oldest population) showed a decrease of glycolytic metabolism and of anti-oxidant defence-related mechanisms, resulting in decreased activation of the pentose phosphate pathway, less accumulation of NADPH and reduced glutathione and increased levels of oxidized glutathione. These observations strengthen conclusions about the role of oxidative stress in erythrocyte ageing in vivo, in analogy with results of recent in vitro studies. On the other hand, no substantial proteomic differences were observed among fractions. This result was partly explained by intrinsic technical limitations of the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis approach and the probable clearance from the bloodstream of erythrocytes with membrane protein alterations. Since this clearance effect is not present in vitro (in blood bank conditions), proteomic studies have shown substantial membrane lesions in ageing red blood cells in vitro. CONCLUSION This analysis shows that the three main red blood cell subpopulations, accounting for over 92% of the total RBC, are rather homogeneous soon after withdrawal. Major age-related alterations in vivo probably affect enzyme activities through post-translational mechanisms rather than through changes in the overall proteomic profile of RBC.
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Suzuki T, Dale GL. Senescent erythrocytes: isolation of in vivo aged cells and their biochemical characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:1647-51. [PMID: 3422753 PMCID: PMC279831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.5.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit erythrocytes were covalently labeled with biotin and then infused into the donor animal. Up to 60 days after infusion, the biotinylated cells were selectively isolated by their affinity for avidin. These aged erythrocytes, which are within 10 days of death, were analyzed for several biochemical parameters. The 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and glutathione levels of these cells were constant with age; however, the adenosine 5'-triphosphate concentrations increased approximately 75% as the cells approached the end of their life span. The activities of several glycolytic enzymes did not change with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Maede Y, Inaba M. (Na,K)-ATPase and Ouabain binding in reticulocytes from dogs with high K and low K erythrocytes and their changes during maturation. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83625-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Matsuki T, Tamura M, Takeshita M, Yoneyama Y. Age-dependent decay of cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase in human erythrocytes. Biochem J 1981; 194:327-30. [PMID: 7305986 PMCID: PMC1162747 DOI: 10.1042/bj1940327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Age-dependent decrease in cytochrome b5 was observed in erythrocytes from both a normal person and a patient with hereditary methaemoglobinaemia without neurological symptoms. With aging, concentrations of cytochrome b5 in erythrocytes from the patient were almost the same as those in the control. Age-dependent decrease in cytochrome b5 reductase activity in the control erythrocytes was also shown; however, the reductase activity was very low in erythrocytes from the patient over the whole age range. Our studies show that methaemoglobin content of erythrocytes seems to be dependent on the content of cytochrome b5 in the cells, both in the control subject and in the patient.
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O’Dea J, Agar N. Glutathione and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the blood of hypoxic ruminants. Res Vet Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wu AF, Wu TT. Variations of some enzyme and coenzyme concentrations in normal human erythrocytes fractionated by velocity sedimentation. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 10:347-58. [PMID: 7413605 DOI: 10.1080/10826068009412833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate were measured in various fractions of normal human erythrocytes separated by velocity sedimentation in isotonic saline and sucrose buffer based on their tendency to aggregate. The levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate varied most drastically in fresh erythrocytes, being lowest in fast sedimenting cells and highest in slowly sedimenting cells. This result implies that the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations is not constant in all normal human erythrocytes and that 2,3-diphosphoglycerate may be involved in the mechanism of a red cell clumping in vitro.
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Kołataj A, Malik A, Karasińska K, Tyrawska-Spychalowa D. Effect of insulin on concentration of sulfhydryl groups in chick blood. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1979; 10:89-92. [PMID: 437486 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(79)90041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wu AF, Wu TT. Velocity sedimentation in isotonic saline and sucrose buffer as a possible method of fractionating normal erythrocytes. PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 8:347-61. [PMID: 714883 DOI: 10.1080/10826067809412287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
On velocity sedimentation in isotonic saline and sucrose buffer, normal human erythrocytes could be fractionated into many different populations. The fastest sedimenting cells consisted entirely of normal discocytes, had a tendency to form clusters of eight to ten cells, were less fragile, and seemed to be separable into two distinct groups of different buoyant densities. The slowest sedimenting cells were echinocytes, did not clump, showed extreme fragility, and were of similar density.
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Vetrella M, Barthelmai W, Rietkötter J. [Activity of glutathione peroxidase in the erythrocytes from the fetal to the adult age]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1970; 48:85-8. [PMID: 5521217 DOI: 10.1007/bf01484622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kosower NS, Song KR, Kosower EM. Glutathione. 3. Biological aspects of the azoester procedure for oxidation within the normal human erythrocyte. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 192:15-22. [PMID: 5347968 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(69)90004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Harris JW, Patt HM. Non-protein sulfhydryl content and cell-cycle dynamics of Ehrlich ascites tumor. Exp Cell Res 1969; 56:134-41. [PMID: 5793043 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(69)90406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Todd JR, Ross JG. Biochemical and haematological changes in the blood of normal sheep following repeated phlebotomy. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1968; 124:353-62. [PMID: 5671950 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(17)39255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Aebi H, Cantz M. [On the cellular distribution of catalase in the blood of homozygous and heterozygous defect-carriers (acatalasia)]. HUMANGENETIK 1966; 3:50-63. [PMID: 5986055 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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