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Tao N, Liu X, Chen Y, Sun M, Xu F, Su Y. Delayed diagnosis of complex glycerol kinase deficiency in a Chinese male infant: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:517. [PMID: 36050749 PMCID: PMC9434940 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xp21 contiguous gene deletion syndrome is a rare genetic metabolic disorder with poor prognosis in infants, involving deletions of one or more genes in Xp21. When deletions of adrenal hypoplasia (AHC), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and chronic granulomatosis (CGD) loci are included, complex glycerol kinase deficiency (CGKD) can be diagnosed. We present a case of CGKD that was initially misdiagnosed and died during treatment in our hospital in terms of improving our understanding of the clinical features and diagnosis of this disease, as well as highlighting the need for more precise dosing of corticosteroid replacement therapy. CASE PRESENTATION A 48-day-old full-term male infant was transferred to our medical center with global growth delay and persistent vomiting. Routine laboratory tests revealed hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and a high level of creatine kinase. The initial diagnosis was adrenal cortical hyperplasia (ACH), then revised to adrenocortical insufficiency with a normal level of ACTH detected. After supplementing the routine lipid test and urinary glycerol test, CGKD was diagnosed clinically due to positive triglyceridemia and urinary glycerol, and the follow-up gene screening further confirmed the diagnosis. The boy kept thriving after corticosteroid replacement and salt supplementation. While levels of serum ACTH and cortisol decreased and remained low after corticosteroid replacement was administered. The patient died of acute type 2 respiratory failure and hypoglycemia after an acute upper respiratory tract infection, which may be the result of adrenal crisis after infection. Infants with CGKD have a poor prognosis, so physicians should administer regular follow-ups, and parents counseling during treatment to improve the survival of patients. CONCLUSIONS Overall, CGKD, although rare, cannot be easily excluded in children with persistent vomiting. Extensive blood tests can help to detect abnormal indicators. Adrenal crisis needs to be avoided as much as possible during corticosteroid replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kunming Children's Hospital / Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 288 Qianxing Road, Xishan district, 650228, Kunming, China. .,Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China.
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kunming Children's Hospital / Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 288 Qianxing Road, Xishan district, 650228, Kunming, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Meiyuan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kunming Children's Hospital / Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 288 Qianxing Road, Xishan district, 650228, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kunming Children's Hospital / Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 288 Qianxing Road, Xishan district, 650228, Kunming, China
| | - Yanfang Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kunming Children's Hospital / Affiliated Children's Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 288 Qianxing Road, Xishan district, 650228, Kunming, China
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Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Mateo-Gallego R, Fernández-Pardo J, López-Ariño C, Marco-Benedí V, Bea AM, Ferraro L, Jarauta E, Cenarro A, Civeira F. Glycerol kinase deficiency in adults: Description of 4 novel cases, systematic review and development of a clinical diagnostic score. Atherosclerosis 2020; 315:24-32. [PMID: 33212314 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hyperglycerolemia and glyceroluria, which could be misdiagnosed as a moderate to severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). We aimed to describe four novel cases of GKD, to complete a systematic review of all cases of isolated GKD published so far, and to develop a suspicion clinical diagnostic score for GKD. METHODS We reported four cases with suspicion of GKD and compared their phenotype with 584 males with triglycerides (TG) > 300 mg/dL, selected as control group (HTG non-GKD). The GK gene was sequenced in all cases. Lipoprotein particle concentrations were measured in all cases with GKD. The systematic review involved a PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus databases search to identify anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of all described cases with GKD. RESULTS The systematic review retrieved a total of 15 articles involving 39 subjects with GKD. GKD cases reported a history of high TG levels resistant to lipid-lowering therapy. Compared to GKD subjects (n = 43), HTG non-GKD subjects (n = 584) showed significantly higher BMI, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and gamma-glutamyltransferase, significantly lower HDL cholesterol and TG, and higher prevalence of diabetes. The proposed diagnostic score was significantly higher in GKD than in HTG non-GKD subjects. CONCLUSIONS This is the first systematic review that compiles all GKD cases reported to date including 4 novel cases, and examine the differential GKD phenotype compared to other types of HTG. The proposed score would have a broad utility in clinical practice to avoid unwarranted lipid lowering treatment in GKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Rocio Mateo-Gallego
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Fisiatría y Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y del Deporte, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Jacinto Fernández-Pardo
- Servicio de Medicina Interna (Unidad de Lípidos), Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain
| | - Chuan López-Ariño
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victoria Marco-Benedí
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Bea
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lia Ferraro
- Servicio de Medicina Interna (Unidad de Lípidos), Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Jarauta
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Psiquiatría y Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Psiquiatría y Dermatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Nikolaou KC, Vatandaslar H, Meyer C, Schmid MW, Tuschl T, Stoffel M. The RNA-Binding Protein A1CF Regulates Hepatic Fructose and Glycerol Metabolism via Alternative RNA Splicing. Cell Rep 2020; 29:283-300.e8. [PMID: 31597092 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of hepatic gene expression has been extensively studied at the transcriptional level; however, the control of metabolism through posttranscriptional gene regulation by RNA-binding proteins in physiological and disease states is less understood. Here, we report a major role for the hormone-sensitive RNA-binding protein (RBP) APOBEC1 complementation factor (A1CF) in the generation of hepatocyte-specific and alternatively spliced transcripts. Among these transcripts are isoforms for the dominant and high-affinity fructose-metabolizing ketohexokinase C and glycerol kinase, two key metabolic enzymes that are linked to hepatic gluconeogenesis and found to be markedly reduced upon hepatic ablation of A1cf. Consequently, mice lacking A1CF exhibit improved glucose tolerance and are protected from fructose-induced hyperglycemia, hepatic steatosis, and development of obesity. Our results identify a previously unreported function of A1CF as a regulator of alternative splicing of a subset of genes influencing hepatic glucose production through fructose and glycerol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas C Nikolaou
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hasan Vatandaslar
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Meyer
- Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marc W Schmid
- MWSchmid GmbH, Möhrlistrasse 25, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Tuschl
- Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Musambil M, Al-Rubeaan K, Al-Qasim S, Al Naqeb D, Al-Soghayer A. Primary Hypertriglyceridemia: A Look Back on the Clinical Classification and Genetics of the Disease. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:521-531. [PMID: 31057121 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190502164131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is one of the most common metabolic disorders leading to pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease. HTG develops mostly due to impaired metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Although monogenic types of HTG exist, most reported cases are polygenic in nature. AIM This review article is focused on the classification of Primary HTG and the genetic factors behind its development with the aim of providing clinicians a useful tool for early detection of the disease in order to administer proper and effective treatment. DISCUSSION HTG is often characterized by a complex phenotype resulting from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. In many instances, the complexity, perplexing causes, and classification of HTG make it difficult for clinicians to properly diagnose and manage the disorder. Better availability of information on its pathophysiology, genetic factors involved, environmental causes, and their interactions could help in understanding such complex disorders and could support its effective diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION The current review has summarized the case definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, classification, associated genetic factors, and scope of genetic screening in the diagnosis of primary HTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohthash Musambil
- Department of Genetics, Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al-Rubeaan
- Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- University Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Al-Qasim
- Department of Genetics, Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhekra Al Naqeb
- University Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Korkut S, Baştuğ O, Raygada M, Hatipoğlu N, Kurtoğlu S, Kendirci M, Lyssikatos C, Stratakis CA. Complex Glycerol Kinase Deficiency and Adrenocortical Insufficiency in Two Neonates. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:468-471. [PMID: 27087023 PMCID: PMC5198007 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Contiguous gene deletions of chromosome Xp21 can lead to glycerol kinase deficiency and severe adrenocortical insufficiency (AI) in a male newborn among other problems. We describe our experience with two such patients who presented with dysmorphic facies, AI, and pseudo-hypertriglyceridemia. Both infants had normal serum 17-hidroxyprogesterone levels, and adrenal glands could not be observed with ultrasonography. Creatine kinase and triglyceride levels were measured to elucidate the etiology of adrenal hypoplasia and were above normal limits in both cases. Both patients required steroid and salt supplementation. They were both found to have Xp21.2 deletions (DMD, NR0B1, GK, IL1RAPL1). We conclude that AI in the context of other genetic abnormalities should prompt chromosomal investigations in the absence of another unifying explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabriye Korkut
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Kayseri, Turkey, Phone: +90 352 207 66 66 E-mail:
| | - Osman Baştuğ
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Margarita Raygada
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nihal Hatipoğlu
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Selim Kurtoğlu
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Kayseri, Turkey
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Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kendirci
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
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Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics and Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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6
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Hegele RA, Ginsberg HN, Chapman MJ, Nordestgaard BG, Kuivenhoven JA, Averna M, Borén J, Bruckert E, Catapano AL, Descamps OS, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Kovanen PT, Masana L, Pajukanta P, Parhofer KG, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Santos RD, Stalenhoef AFH, Stroes E, Taskinen MR, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Watts GF, Wiklund O. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:655-66. [PMID: 24731657 PMCID: PMC4201123 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasma triglyceride concentration is a biomarker for circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their metabolic remnants. Common mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridaemia is typically multigenic, and results from the cumulative burden of common and rare variants in more than 30 genes, as quantified by genetic risk scores. Rare autosomal recessive monogenic hypertriglyceridaemia can result from large-effect mutations in six different genes. Hypertriglyceridaemia is exacerbated by non-genetic factors. On the basis of recent genetic data, we redefine the disorder into two states: severe (triglyceride concentration >10 mmol/L), which is more likely to have a monogenic cause; and mild-to-moderate (triglyceride concentration 2-10 mmol/L). Because of clustering of susceptibility alleles and secondary factors in families, biochemical screening and counselling for family members is essential, but routine genetic testing is not warranted. Treatment includes management of lifestyle and secondary factors, and pharmacotherapy. In severe hypertriglyceridaemia, intervention is indicated because of pancreatitis risk; in mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridaemia, intervention can be indicated to prevent cardiovascular disease, dependent on triglyceride concentration, concomitant lipoprotein disturbances, and overall cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M John Chapman
- Dyslipidaemia and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, INSERM U939, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Averna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jan Borén
- Strategic Research Center, Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan and Multimedica IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - Olivier S Descamps
- Centre de Recherche Médicale, Lipid Clinic, Hopital de Jolimont, Haine Saint-Paul, Belgium
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Luis Masana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira & Virgili, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Reus, Spain
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Klaus G Parhofer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frederick J Raal
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Director of the Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kausik K Ray
- Cardiovascular Sciences Research Centre, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Raul D Santos
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anton F H Stalenhoef
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Erik Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olov Wiklund
- Department of Cardiology, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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7
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Yong S, Teo HL, Lee TK. An improved reference measurement procedure for triglycerides and total glycerides in human serum by isotope dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Afroze B, Yunus Z, Steinmann B, Santer R. Transient pseudo-hypertriglyceridemia: a useful biochemical marker of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1249-53. [PMID: 23881342 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) deficiency is an autosomal-recessive disorder of gluconeogenesis resulting from mutations within the FBP1 gene. During periods of trivial illness, individuals with FBP deficiency may develop ketotic hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, lactic acidemia, and an increased anion gap. Although detection of urinary excretion of glycerol by urine organic acid analysis has been previously described, the presence of transient pseudo-hypertriglyceridemia in serum during metabolic decompensation has not been reported before. This study describes four consanguineous Pakistani families, in which four patients were diagnosed with FBP deficiency. All showed transient pseudo-hypertriglyceridemia during the acute phase of metabolic decompensation, which resolved in a metabolically stable phase. Mutations in the FBP1 gene have been described from various ethnicities, but there is very limited literature available for the Pakistani population. This study also describes one novel mutation in the FBP1 gene which seems to be prevalent in Pakistani-Indian patients. CONCLUSION As a result of this study, transient pseudo-hypertriglyceridemia should be added to glyceroluria, ketotic hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and lactic acidosis as a useful biochemical marker of FBP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Afroze
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
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Sjarif DR, Ploos van Amstel JK, Duran M, Beemer FA, Poll-The BT. Isolated and contiguous glycerol kinase gene disorders: a review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2000; 23:529-47. [PMID: 11032329 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005660826652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is an X-linked recessive disorder. There are two types. an isolated form and a complex form. We review the clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic features of GKD. The clinical and biochemical phenotype of isolated GKD may vary from a life-threatening childhood metabolic crisis to asymptomatic adult 'pseudohypertriglyceridaemia', resulting from hyperglycerolaemia. To date 38 patients from 24 families with isolated GKD have been reported. At least 7 of these patients had a metabolic crisis during a catabolic condition. The complex GKD is an Xp21 contiguous gene syndrome involving the glycerol kinase locus together with the adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) loci or both. Clinical features of a patient with complex GKD depend on the loci that are involved. Approximately 100 patients from 78 families with a complex GKD have been reported. Seventeen patients with complex GKD (AHC-GKD-DMD or AHC-GKD) died in the neonatal period or early childhood because of unrecognized or inappropriate management of adrenal dysfunction. Since the outcome of the crisis in GKD is highly dependent on the physicians' knowledge of the disease, we devised an algorithmic approach to the diagnosis. From molecular genetic investigations of isolated GKD, 7 missense mutations, 2 splice site mutations, I nonsense mutation, 1 Alu Sx insertion and 2 small deletions were reported for isolated GKD in 13 unrelated families. In 4 families consisting of more than one patient with the same biochemical and genetic defect, the phenotypic variability of the isolated GKD was remarkable. The clinical variability in isolated GKD cannot be explained by biochemical or by molecular heterogeneity. Isolated GKD patients showed a tendency towards hypoglycaemia with hyperketonaemia; whether the clinical symptoms of GKD are caused by dysfunction of gluconeogenesis and/or ketolysis needs to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Sjarif
- Department of Pediatrics/Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Zhang Y, Dipple KM, Vilain E, Huang BL, Finlayson G, Therrell BL, Worley K, Deininger P, McCabe ER. AluY insertion (IVS4-52ins316alu) in the glycerol kinase gene from an individual with benign glycerol kinase deficiency. Hum Mutat 2000; 15:316-23. [PMID: 10737976 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(200004)15:4<316::aid-humu3>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol kinase deficiency has three distinct forms: an isolated form which may be benign or symptomatic, and a complex form which is symptomatic and part of an Xp21 contiguous gene syndrome. Here we report the case of a male with benign isolated glycerol kinase deficiency who was incidentally identified after observation of pseudohypertriglyceridemia. DNA sequencing of this subject's glycerol kinase gene showed the insertion of an AluY sequence in intron 4 of the glycerol kinase gene. Although Alu insertions have been implicated in other diseases, and a closely related AluY element is found as an insert in the C1 inhibitor gene in patients with hereditary angioedema, this is the first case of glycerol kinase deficiency caused by an Alu insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782, USA
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Abstract
Glycerol kinase deficiency occurs either as a relatively benign isolated enzyme deficiency, or as part of a syndrome resulting from a microdeletion in the p21 region of the X chromosome associated with congenital adrenal hypoplasia and/or Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Developmental delay is a consistent feature of the microdeletion syndrome but not of the isolated enzyme defect. We report a case of isolated glycerol kinase deficiency in a neonate presenting with hypotonia, apnea, mild developmental delay, and glyceroluria, without evidence of adrenal insufficiency or myopathy. A mild communicating hydrocephalus was noted on magnetic resonance imaging brain scan. It is important, therefore, to exclude glyceroluria in infants being investigated for apnea and hypotonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lewis
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Oleesky DA, Hakeem V. Congenital adrenal hypoplasia and glycerol kinase deficiency. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1989; 78:893-5. [PMID: 2557720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An unusual case of salt-wasting in a male infant is reported. The cause was a small X-chromosomal deletion within Xp21 resulting in the syndrome of congenital adrenal hypoplasia with glycerol kinase deficiency. This syndrome can readily be diagnosed by routine biochemical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Oleesky
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Gwent Hospital, Wales, United Kingdom
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13
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Sanson-Raffin ML, Turpin G, Tzotzas T, Lagarde JP, Goussault Y, Cristini P, de Gennes JL. [Pseudo-hypertriglyceridemia caused by glycerol kinase deficiency]. Rev Med Interne 1989; 10:453-6. [PMID: 2488489 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(89)80052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Senior B, Sadeghi-Nejad A. Hypoglycemia: a pathophysiologic approach. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENT 1989; 352:1-27. [PMID: 2801110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An exploration of the factors that sustain glucose levels in the normal fasting subject reveals that the single major component is conservation of glucose rather than gluconeogenesis. Conservation is achieved by recycling of glucose carbon as lactate, pyruvate and alanine, and a profound decrease in the oxidation of glucose by the brain brought about by the provision and use of ketones. What glucose continues to be oxidized is for the most part formed from glycerol. Gluconeogenesis from protein plays little part in the process. Fasting hypoglycemia results from disorders affecting either one of the two critical sustaining factors--the recycling process or the availability and use of ketones. Individual hypoglycemic entities are examined against this background.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Senior
- Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston
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15
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Chelly J, Marlhens F, Dutrillaux B, Van Ommen GJ, Lambert M, Haioun B, Boissinot G, Fardeau M, Kaplan JC. Deletion proximal to DXS68 locus (L1 probe site) in a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, glycerol kinase deficiency, and adrenal hypoplasia. Hum Genet 1988; 78:222-7. [PMID: 2894344 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) associated with GK deficiency (GK), congenital adrenal hypoplasia (AHC), and mental retardation. Cytogenetic analysis of prometaphasic chromosomes revealed an interstitial chromosome deletion at Xp21.2 possibly extending to Xp21.1 or Xp21.3. His phenotypically normal mother was heterozygous for this deletion. DNA probe analysis on Southern blots showed that the deletion affected the following probe sites: 754, pERT 84, 21A, XJ2.3, pERT 87, JBir, and J66-H1, whereas L1, C7, and CX5.4 probes gave a normal signal. Pulse field gel electrophoresis after SfiI digestion did not show abnormal fragments with L1. These data are consistent with a deletion of about 4 megabases and indicate that the GK and AHC loci are proximal to L1 and distal to J66-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chelly
- Inserm U. 129, Institut de Pathologie Moléculaire, CHU Cochin, Paris, France
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16
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Kohlschütter A, Willig HP, Schlamp D, Kruse K, McCabe ER, Schäfer HJ, Beckenkamp G, Rohkamm R. Infantile glycerol kinase deficiency--a condition requiring prompt identification. Clinical, biochemical, and morphological findings in two cases. Eur J Pediatr 1987; 146:575-81. [PMID: 2828063 DOI: 10.1007/bf02467357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infantile glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is an X-linked genetic disease characterized clinically by adrenal insufficiency and muscular dystrophy. The enzyme defect leads to increased levels of glycerol in blood and urine, which can be used for diagnosis. Without recognition of this condition, the chances for life-saving steroid treatment and for genetic counselling are missed. We report clinical, endocrinological, biochemical, and morphological findings in two non-related boys. One of them died in early infancy. The other is thriving at the age of 2 years although he is suffering from a myopathy not distinguishable from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We discuss when to suspect and how to confirm the diagnosis of infantile GKD, and under what precautions the condition is detectable by commonly used screening procedures for inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kohlschütter
- Universitätskinderklinik, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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17
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Børresen AL, Hellerud C, Møller P, Søvik O, Berg K. Prenatal diagnosis of glycerol-kinase deficiency associated with a DNA deletion on the short arm of the X-chromosome. Clin Genet 1987; 32:254-9. [PMID: 2890456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1987.tb03309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amniocentesis was performed in a woman who previously had given birth to a boy who died at 12 months of age with a diagnosis of glyceroluria and adrenal insufficiency. A high amount of glycerol (9.0 standard deviations above mean for controls) was found in the amniotic fluid. Enzyme activity of glycerol-kinase (ATP:glycerol-3-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.30) in the cultured amniotic fluid cells was very low. The pregnancy was terminated and a male fetus was aborted. Examinations of DNA isolated from the fetus did demonstrate deletions of two out of 16 DNA probes mapping to the short arm of the X-chromosome. The probes failing to hybridize to DNA from the fetus were C7 (DXS28) and L1.4 (DXS68), both mapping to Xp21.3 and located terminal to the Duchenne locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Børresen
- Department of Medical Genetics, City of Oslo, Norway
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18
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Kakinuma H, Nakamura F, Murayama S, Goto J, Nakano I, Saito F, Ohtake A, Takayanagi M, Nakajima H. A case with the infantile type of glycerol kinase deficiency. ACTA PAEDIATRICA JAPONICA : OVERSEAS EDITION 1987; 29:465-8. [PMID: 2849856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1987.tb00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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20
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Dunger DB, Davies KE, Pembrey M, Lake B, Pearson P, Williams D, Whitfield A, Dillon MJ. Deletion on the X chromosome detected by direct DNA analysis in one of two unrelated boys with glycerol kinase deficiency, adrenal hypoplasia, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Lancet 1986; 1:585-7. [PMID: 2869305 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In studies of the X chromosomes of two unrelated boys with adrenal hypoplasia, glycerol kinase deficiency, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and mental retardation, conventional G banding did not reveal any numerical or structural abnormality, but direct DNA analysis with the X short-arm probes 754, C7, and OCT revealed a deletion in 1 of these patients. It is likely that both boys have a deletion at Xp21 affecting a number of closely linked disease-specific gene loci.
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Bartley JA, Patil S, Davenport S, Goldstein D, Pickens J. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, glycerol kinase deficiency, and adrenal insufficiency associated with Xp21 interstitial deletion. J Pediatr 1986; 108:189-92. [PMID: 3003318 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(86)80980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report an interstitial deletion in the short arm of the X chromosome in a 6-year-old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, glycerol kinase deficiency, adrenal insufficiency, intermittent hypoglycemia, spasticity, psychomotor retardation, and growth delay. His mother also has this deletion in an X chromosome. From our findings, we propose that the human glycerol kinase locus and the human X-linked adrenal hypoplasia locus are in the Xp21 band.
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23
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McCabe ER, Seltzer WK. Glycerol kinase deficiency: compartmental considerations regarding pathogenesis and clinical heterogeneity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1986; 194:481-93. [PMID: 3019103 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5107-8_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Ginns EI, Barranger JA, McClean SW, Sliva C, Young R, Schaefer E, Goodman SI, McCabe ER. A juvenile form of glycerol kinase deficiency with episodic vomiting, acidemia, and stupor. J Pediatr 1984; 104:736-9. [PMID: 6325658 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(84)80956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Pometta D, Suenram A, von der Weid N, Widmann JJ. Liver glycerokinase deficiency in man with hyperglycerolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 1984; 14:103-6. [PMID: 6329765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1984.tb02096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycerolaemia and glyceroluria is described in a patient who presented transient dietary-induced hypertriglyceridaemia. The increased glycerol in blood and urine was related to glycerokinase deficiency as evidenced by a hepatic tissue glycerokinase activity of one tenth (4.8 X 10(-5) mmol g-1 min-1) of that of normoglycerolaemic subjects (5.9 X 10(-4) ). As triglycerides are routinely determined by an enzymatic method after hydrolysis to glycerol, the differential diagnosis between true hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperglycerolaemia may prove difficult. Persisting "hypertriglyceridaemia' despite adequate dietary and drug treatment should suggest the existence of undiagnosed hyperglycerolaemia .
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McCabe ER. Human glycerol kinase deficiency: an inborn error of compartmental metabolism. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1983; 30:215-30. [PMID: 6316939 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(83)90088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Twelve individuals have been described with glycerol kinase deficiency. Five of these individuals are adults who were noted incidentally to have pseudohypertriglyceridemia. Six of these individuals are children who manifest a clinical complex which includes adrenal hypoplasia/insufficiency and developmental delay. Another child has intermittent coma, a normal IQ, and no evidence of adrenal insufficiency. Genetic and biochemical hypotheses are proposed to explain this clinical variability. Glycerol kinase binds specifically and reversibly to the porin, the pore-forming protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane, which also binds hexokinase. Mutations affecting any component of this kinase-binding system will alter the properties of this system. Glycerol kinase deficiency, as an inborn error of this compartmented metabolic system, offers an investigational opportunity for studying this microenvironment.
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