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Phan GH, Tsai YC, Liu YH, Fang LS, Wen ZH, Hwang TL, Chang YC, Sung PJ. Sterol constituents from a cultured octocoral Sinularia sandensis (Verseveldt 1977). J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chang YC, Chiang CC, Chang YS, Chen JJ, Wang WH, Fang LS, Chung HM, Hwang TL, Sung PJ. Novel Caryophyllane-Related Sesquiterpenoids with Anti-Inflammatory Activity from Rumphella antipathes (Linnaeus, 1758). Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18110554. [PMID: 33172193 PMCID: PMC7694975 DOI: 10.3390/md18110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two previously undescribed caryophyllane-related sesquiterpenoids, antipacids A (1) and B (2), with a novel bicyclo[5.2.0] core skeleton, and known compound clovane-2β,9α-diol (3), along with rumphellolide L (4), an esterified product of 1 and 3, were isolated from the organic extract of octocoral Rumphella antipathes. Their structures, including the absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical experiments. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity analysis indicated that antipacid B (2) inhibited the generation of superoxide anions and the release of elastase by human neutrophils, with IC50 values of 11.22 and 23.53 μM, respectively, while rumphellolide L (4) suppressed the release of elastase with an IC50 value of 7.63 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Chang
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Healthy Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333324, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Chao Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Shiun Chang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan; (W.-H.W.); (L.-S.F.)
| | - Lee-Shing Fang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan; (W.-H.W.); (L.-S.F.)
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Ming Chung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900393, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-M.C.); (T.-L.H.); (P.-J.S.); Tel.: +886-8-766-3800 (ext. 33253) (H.-M.C.); +886-3-211-8800 (T.-L.H.); +886-8-882-5037 (P.-J.S.); Fax: +886-8-723-0305 (H.-M.C.); +886-3-211-8506 (T.-L.H.); +886-8-882-5087 (P.-J.S.)
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Healthy Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333324, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333324, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-M.C.); (T.-L.H.); (P.-J.S.); Tel.: +886-8-766-3800 (ext. 33253) (H.-M.C.); +886-3-211-8800 (T.-L.H.); +886-8-882-5037 (P.-J.S.); Fax: +886-8-723-0305 (H.-M.C.); +886-3-211-8506 (T.-L.H.); +886-8-882-5087 (P.-J.S.)
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan; (W.-H.W.); (L.-S.F.)
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944401, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, College of Marine Sciences, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944401, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404394, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-M.C.); (T.-L.H.); (P.-J.S.); Tel.: +886-8-766-3800 (ext. 33253) (H.-M.C.); +886-3-211-8800 (T.-L.H.); +886-8-882-5037 (P.-J.S.); Fax: +886-8-723-0305 (H.-M.C.); +886-3-211-8506 (T.-L.H.); +886-8-882-5087 (P.-J.S.)
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Bogdanov A, Hertzer C, Kehraus S, Nietzer S, Rohde S, Schupp PJ, Wägele H, König GM. Secondary metabolome and its defensive role in the aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum, (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia). Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:502-519. [PMID: 28405231 PMCID: PMC5372768 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllodesmium longicirrum is the largest aeolidoidean species known to date, and extremely rich in terpenoid chemistry. Herein we report the isolation of a total of 19 secondary metabolites from a single specimen of this species, i.e., steroids 1-4, cembranoid diterpenes 5-13, complex biscembranoids 14 and 15, and the chatancin-type diterpenes 16-19. These compounds resemble those from soft corals of the genus Sarcophyton, of which to date, however, only S. trocheliophorum is described as a food source for P. longicirrum. Fish feeding deterrent activity was determined using the tropical puffer fish Canthigaster solandri, and showed activity for (2S)-isosarcophytoxide (10), cembranoid bisepoxide 12 and 4-oxochatancin (16). Determining the metabolome of P. longicirrum and its bioactivity, makes it evident that this seemingly vulnerable soft bodied animal is well protected from fish by its chemical arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bogdanov
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Milkova T, Popov S, Marekov N, Stoilov I, Andreev S, Kovachev G. Sterols from black sea coelenterata and mollusca. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980; 89:1081-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19800891209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kelecom A, Sole Cava AM, Kannengiesser GJ. Occurrence of 23, 24ε-dimethylcholesta-5, 22-dien-3β-ol in the brazilian gorgonian phyllogorgia dilatata (octocorallia, gorgonacea) and in its associated zooxanthella. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19800891112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Withers NW, Kokke WC, Fenical W, Djerassi C. Sterol patterns of cultured zooxanthellae isolated from marine invertebrates: Synthesis of gorgosterol and 23-desmethylgorgosterol by aposymbiotic algae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 79:3764-8. [PMID: 16593195 PMCID: PMC346507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.12.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
QUANTITATIVE STEROL COMPOSITIONS OF CULTURED ZOOXANTHELLAE ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC INVERTEBRATE HOSTS: Zoanthus sociatus (a zoanthid), Oculina diffusa (a scleractian coral), Tridacna gigas (a giant clam), Melibe pilosa (a nudibranch), and Aiptasia pulchella (a sea anemone) are reported. The results clearly demonstrate large differences in sterol patterns of zooxanthellae and that there is no obvious relationship between the taxonomic affiliation of the host and the sterol pattern of its isolated symbiont. The sterols of the zooxanthellae of O. diffusa (Cnidaria) and T. gigas (Mollusca) are qualitatively equivalent. Based on the structures of the two major free sterols synthesized by each alga, the zooxanthellae from different hosts were separated into three distinct groups. It was also found that an aposymbiotic alga can synthesize the unique marine sterols gorgosterol and 23-desmethylgorgosterol. Most of the sterols were identified by using mass spectroscopy and 360-MHz proton magnetic resonance. Spectroscopic data are reported for four novel sterols-(23,24R)-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-(22E)-en-3beta-o l, 23-methyl-5alpha-cholest-22E-en-3beta-ol, cholesta-5,14-dien-3beta-ol, and 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8(14)-24-dien-3beta-ol.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Withers
- Institute of Marine Resources, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093
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Barnathan G, Genin E, Velosaotsy NE, Kornprobst JM, Al-Lihaibi S, Al-Sofyani A, Nongonierma R. Phospholipid fatty acids and sterols of two Cinachyrella sponges from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea: comparison with Cinachyrella species from other origins. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 135:297-308. [PMID: 12798940 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid class compositions, fatty acids and sterols of the sponges Cinachyrella alloclada and C. kükenthali from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea were studied and compared with previous results for other Cinachyrella spp. collected in Senegal (East Atlantic) and New Caledonia (West Pacific). More than 50 fatty acids were identified as methyl esters and N-acyl pyrrolidides in each phospholipid mixture by GC/MS. Six fatty acids not hitherto found in nature were identified, namely 17-methyltetracosanoic in C. kükenthali and 18-methyltetracosanoic, 18-methylpentacosanoic, 18-methylhexacosanoic, 18,24-dimethyl-hexacosanoic and 6-bromo-5,9-nonacosadienoic acids in C. alloclada. Approximately 20 Delta 5,9 unsaturated fatty acids were found, including three 6-brominated acids. The presence of bacteria was evidenced by the relatively high proportions of phosphatidylglycerol and high levels of branched short-chain fatty acids. A total of 20 free 3beta-hydroxysterols were found by GC/MS, including clerosterol in relatively high amounts and gorgosterol in low amounts. The latter sterol has not been reported to date in a sponge. Comparisons with Cinachyrella species from other geographical areas show marked differences for both phospholipid fatty acid and sterol compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Barnathan
- ISOMer, SMAB group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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Tarrant AM, Atkinson S, Atkinson MJ. Estrone and estradiol-17 beta concentration in tissue of the scleractinian coral, Montipora verrucosa. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1999; 122:85-92. [PMID: 10216933 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spawnings of scleractinian corals are affected by light, temperature, and other environmental cues, but no studies elucidate physiological mechanisms that regulate coral gametogenesis. We hypothesized that estrogens may act as bioregulators of coral reproduction. Estrone (E1) and estradiol-17 beta (E2) concentrations were measured in homogenates of tissue and skeleton from M. verrucosa. Tissue samples were collected monthly throughout the year, and more frequently in July and August around spawning. Steroids were extracted with diethyl ether, purified via celite chromatography and assayed with radioimmunoassay. Non-specific binding in coral tissue varied with sample weight and was elevated relative to standards. Monthly mean E1 ranged from 20-70 ng E1 g ash-free dry weight (AFDW)-1, with highest values in April. Smaller asynchronous peaks occurred in early July, prior to spawning. Monthly mean E2 ranged from 8-25 ng E2 g AFDW-1, with highest values in February and March. Peaks in E2 preceded peaks in E1, indicating metabolism of a pool of estrogen. E1 was positively correlated with protein concentration, which is consistent with a bioregulatory role of estrogens. Estrogen peaks in spring and prior to the July spawn corroborate our hypothesis that estrogens regulate coral gametogenesis and spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tarrant
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Scheuer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu 96822
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Abstract
A number of neutral marine steroids such as desmosterol, campesterol, brassicasterol, gorgosterol, and other trace steroids were isolated from the coelomic fluid of ripe Nereis succinea and checked for biological activity as sex pheromones on swarming specimens of Platynereis dumerilii and Nereis succinea. No significant influence of synthetic gorgosterol or a natural extract of gorgosterol or the other identified steroids on the swarming behavior was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zeeck
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Germany
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Miralles J, Diop M, Ferrer A, Kornprobst J. Sterol composition of the ahermatypic zoantharia: Palythoa senegambiensis carter and its commensal, the decapoda Diogenes ovatus miers. Inadequacy of sterol content for chemotaxonomy of Palythoa genus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988; 89:209-12. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bakus GJ, Targett NM, Schulte B. Chemical ecology of marine organisms: An overview. J Chem Ecol 1986; 12:951-87. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01638991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/1985] [Accepted: 11/04/1985] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kokke WC, Epstein S, Look SA, Rau GH, Fenical W, Djerassi C. On the origin of terpenes in symbiotic associations between marine invertebrates and algae (zooxanthellae). Culture studies and an application of 13C/12C isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Dow WC, Gebreyesus T, Popov S, Carlson RM, Djerassi C. Marine 4-methyl sterols: synthesis of C-24 epimers of 4 alpha, 24-dimethyl-5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta-ol and 360 MHz 1HNMR comparisons to the natural product from Plexaura homomalla. Steroids 1983; 42:217-30. [PMID: 6687021 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(83)90220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Comparison of the highfield 1HNMR spectrum of 4 alpha, 24-dimethyl-5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta-o1 isolated by open column adsorptive chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC from P. homomalla with those of the corresponding synthetic 24 alpha and 24 beta compounds demonstrate that the gorgonian natural product is purely 24 beta, the same C-24 configuration found in sterols related to dinosterol and gorgosterol. 360 MHz 1HNMR data are also reported for synthetic 4 alpha, 24 beta-dimethyl-5 alpha-cholest-22E-en-3 beta-o1 (another P. homomalla natural product). The use of 1HNMR correlations in assigning C-24 configurations of 24-methyl marine sterols possessing various nuclei is examined and discussed. Analyses of the methyl sterol components of P. homomalla are tabulated and discussed with regard to origin and plausible biosynthetic interrelationships in light of the C-24 configurational findings.
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Abstract
Steroids are used to illustrate some of the significant advances that have been made in recent years in understanding the biological origin and geological fate of the organic compounds in sediments. The precursor sterols are transformed, initially by microbial activity and later by physicochemical constraints, into thermodynamically more stable saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in mature sediments and petroleums. The steps in this transformation result in a complex web linking biogenesis, diagenesis, and catagenesis. Indeed, the complexity and variety of biological lipids such as the steroids are evidently matched in the corresponding geolipids. The extent of preservation of the biochemical imprint in the structures and stereochemistry of these geolipids, even over hundreds of millions of years, is startling, as is the systematic and sequential nature of the geochemical changes they evidently undergo. This new understanding of molecular organic geochemistry has applications in petroleum geochemistry, where biological marker compounds are valuable in the assessment of sediment maturity and in correlation work.
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Milkova T, Popov S, Marekov N, Andreev S. Sterols from black sea invertebrates—I. Sterols from Scyphozoa and Anthozoa (Coelenterata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(80)90424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Steudler PA, Schmitz FJ, Ciereszko LS. Chemistry of coelenterates. Sterol composition of some predator-prey pairs on coral reefs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
3beta-Hydroxy sterols occurring at a concentration of at least 0.001% of the sterol mixtures of Pseudoplexaura porosa and Plexaura homomalla have been fractionated using a series of refined techniques and subsequently analyzed using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the development of a procedure for examining the minor and trace components of marine sterol mixtures. A total of 49 sterols were found which spanned a molecular weight range of 274 to 440. In addition delta4-3-keto analogs of cholesterol, 24-methylcholesterol and gorgosterol were found in the extracts of P. homomalla. Initial separation of various natural sterol-containing conjugates and free sterols was found to have a number of advantages. Fractional digitonin precipitation and alumina column chromatography were found to possess greater sterol separation abilities than previously recognized. Many of the minor sterols were found to possess novel structures including a series of short side chain sterols, 19-nor sterols, 5beta-stanols and 4-monomethyl sterols for which structure elucidation work is continuing.
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Ballantine JA, Roberts JC, Morris RJ. Marine sterols. III--The sterol compositions of oceanic jellyfish. The use of gas chromatographic mass spectrometric techniques to identify unresolved components. Biomed Mass Spectrom 1976; 3:14-20. [PMID: 4172 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sterol compositions of three oceanic jellyfish have been determined using gas chromatographic mass spectrometric techniques involving the use of two separate gas chromatographic column systems. The components in overlapping peaks have been identified by comparison of the mass spectra of peaks in the two column systems using subtractive techniques. A mid-water animal, Periphylla periphylla, was found to contain a very complex and unusual sterol profile including rare 5alpha-stanols, whereas two other oceanic jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca and Atolla wyvillei contained similar mixtures of delta5 sterols to those previously isolated from coastal species.
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Voogt PA, van de Ruit JM, van Rheenen JW. On the biosynthesis and composition of sterols and sterolesters in some sea anemones (Anthozoa). Comp Biochem Physiol B 1974; 48:47-57. [PMID: 4151640 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(74)90041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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