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Yingchoncharoen P, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: What Is Available and What Is Yet to Come. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:701-87. [PMID: 27363439 PMCID: PMC4931871 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death in many countries around the world. However, the efficacy of current standard treatments for a variety of cancers is suboptimal. First, most cancer treatments lack specificity, meaning that these treatments affect both cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Second, many anticancer agents are highly toxic, and thus, limit their use in treatment. Third, a number of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics are highly hydrophobic, which limits their utility in cancer therapy. Finally, many chemotherapeutic agents exhibit short half-lives that curtail their efficacy. As a result of these deficiencies, many current treatments lead to side effects, noncompliance, and patient inconvenience due to difficulties in administration. However, the application of nanotechnology has led to the development of effective nanosized drug delivery systems known commonly as nanoparticles. Among these delivery systems, lipid-based nanoparticles, particularly liposomes, have shown to be quite effective at exhibiting the ability to: 1) improve the selectivity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents; 2) lower the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs to normal tissues, and thus, reduce their toxic side effects; 3) increase the solubility of hydrophobic drugs; and 4) offer a prolonged and controlled release of agents. This review will discuss the current state of lipid-based nanoparticle research, including the development of liposomes for cancer therapy, different strategies for tumor targeting, liposomal formulation of various anticancer drugs that are commercially available, recent progress in liposome technology for the treatment of cancer, and the next generation of lipid-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatsapong Yingchoncharoen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Wójcik K, Zarębski M, Cossarizza A, Dobrucki JW. Daunomycin, an antitumor DNA intercalator, influences histone-DNA interactions. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:823-32. [PMID: 23792590 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although daunomycin and adriamycin are considered effective antitumor drugs and have been used in the clinic for over 40 years, their mechanism of action is still a matter of debate. We investigated the influence of daunomycin on interaction between linker or core histones and DNA in live HeLa cells in vitro, using image and flow cytometry. Exposure to daunomycin at clinically relevant concentrations (25-250 nM) caused dissociation of wild-type H1.1 as well as 4 H1 point mutants from DNA, followed by their accumulation in nucleoli and aggregation of chromatin. A detectable dissociation of H2B core histones occurred only at much higher concentrations of the drug (500 nM). Replication of DNA and synthesis of RNA were not halted by daunomycin (up to 2500 nM); however the characteristic subnuclear distribution of sites of transcription and replication was lost. Dissociation of the H1.1 linker histones and subsequent loss of higher order chromatin structures may constitute an important component of the mechanism of cytotoxicity of daunomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Wójcik
- Division of Cell Biophysics; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Kraków, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zarębski
- Division of Cell Biophysics; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; School of Medicine; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Modena, Italy
| | - Jurek W Dobrucki
- Division of Cell Biophysics; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Kraków, Poland
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Gulati G, Heck SL, Ree AH, Gravdehaug B, Røsjø H, Steine K, Bratland Å, Hoffmann P, Geisler J, Omland T. Kardioprotektiv behandling ved adjuvant kreftterapi. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2013; 133:1832-6. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Noh K, Kim KO, Patel NR, Staples JR, Minematsu H, Nair K, Young-In Lee F. Targeting inflammatory kinase as an adjuvant treatment for osteosarcomas. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011; 93:723-32. [PMID: 21508279 PMCID: PMC6882535 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.j.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of patients with aggressive osteosarcomas responds poorly to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Recent evidence from studies involving the liver, skin, stomach, and colon suggests that carcinogenesis is associated with inflammation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) has diverse roles in cancer and inflammation. The hypothesis of the present study is that targeted ERK1/2 inhibition will demonstrate anti-cancer effects in osteosarcoma both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The therapeutic effect of PD98059, a MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitor, was examined with respect to cell death, survival, and anti-apoptotic protein expression by means of flow cytometry and immunoblotting in vitro. Additionally, we transplanted green fluorescent protein and luciferase-tagged 143B osteosarcoma cells into the proximal part of the tibia of nude mice. Mice were randomly assigned to treatment with doxorubicin, PD98059, or both. Vehicle-treated mice served as controls. Treatment outcome was assessed by measuring bioluminescence and by monitoring survival. RESULTS In vitro, ERK1/2 blockage increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and increased cell death in 143B osteosarcoma cells. Doxorubicin treatment increased the expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, but this upregulation was blocked by combined treatment with PD98059, suggesting a role for ERK1/2 in conferring drug resistance. In osteosarcoma-bearing mice, targeting ERK1/2 with PD98059 resulted in prolonged survival in comparison with vehicle-treated control mice (median survival time, sixty-seven days compared with seventy-four days; p = 0.0272; survival ratio = 0.9122; 95% confidence interval = 0.4354 to 1.389). Standalone doxorubicin treatment yielded similar animal morbidity (median survival time, sixty-seven days compared with seventy-six days; p = 0.0170; survival ratio = 0.8882; 95% confidence interval = 0.4181 to 1.358). Combined PD98059 and doxorubicin treatment further prolonged survival (median survival time, sixty-seven days compared with eighty-two days; p = 0.0023; survival ratio = 0.8232; 95% confidence interval = 0.3606 to 1.286). CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting ERK1/2 signaling resulted in osteosarcoma cell death by upregulating pro-apoptotic genes and inhibiting the Bcl-2-mediated resistance to doxorubicin. In osteosarcoma-bearing mice, ERK1/2 targeting alone or in combination with doxorubicin prolonged survival as compared with untreated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyucheol Noh
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Kyung-Ok Kim
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Neel R. Patel
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - J. Robert Staples
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Hiroshi Minematsu
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Kumar Nair
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
| | - Francis Young-In Lee
- Center for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. E-mail address for F.Y.-I. Lee:
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Chen B, Peng X, Pentassuglia L, Lim CC, Sawyer DB. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2007; 7:114-21. [PMID: 17652815 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-007-0005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause cumulative dose-dependent anthracycline-cardiotoxicity remain controversial and incompletely understood. Studies examining the effects of anthracyclines in cardiac myocytes inA vitro have demonstrated several forms of cellular injury. Cell death in response to anthracyclines can be observed by one of several mechanisms including apoptosis and necrosis. Cell death by apoptosis can be inhibited by dexrazoxane, the iron chelator that is known to prevent clinical development of heart failure at high cumulative anthracycline exposure. Together with clinical evidence for myocyte death after anthracycline exposure, in the form of elevations in serum troponin, make myocyte cell death a probable mechanism for anthracycline-induced cardiac injury. Other mechanisms of myocyte injury include the development of cellular \'sarcopenia\' characterized by disruption of normal sarcomere structure. Anthracyclines suppress expression of several cardiac transcription factors, and this may play a role in the development of myocyte death as well as sarcopenia. Degradation of the giant myofilament protein titin may represent an important proximal step that leads to accelerated myofilament degradation. Titin is an entropic spring element in the sarcomere that regulates length-dependent calcium sensitivity. Thus titin degradation may lead to impaired diastolic as well as systolic dysfunction, as well as potentiate the effect of suppression of transcription of sarcomere proteins. An interesting interaction has been noted clinically between anthracyclines and newer cancer therapies that target the erbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Studies of erbB2 function in viro suggest that signaling through erbB2 by the growth factor neuregulin may regulate cardiac myocyte sarcomere turnover, as well as myocyte-myocyte/myocyte-matrix force coupling. A combination of further in vitro studies, with more careful monitoring of cardiac function after exposure to these cancer therapies, may help to understand to what extent these mechanisms are at work during clinical exposure of the heart to these important pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Boston University, Boston, TN, USA
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Gewirtz DA. A critical evaluation of the mechanisms of action proposed for the antitumor effects of the anthracycline antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 57:727-41. [PMID: 10075079 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1583] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of the anthracycline antibiotics doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and daunorubicin (daunomycin) have been the subject of considerable controversy. This commentary addresses the potential role of DNA synthesis inhibition, free radical formation and lipid peroxidation, DNA binding and alkylation, DNA cross-linking, interference with DNA strand separation and helicase activity, direct membrane effects, and the initiation of DNA damage via the inhibition of topoisomerase II in the interaction of these drugs with the tumor cell. One premise underlying this analysis is that only studies utilizing drug concentrations that reflect the plasma levels in the patient after either bolus administration or continuous infusion are considered to reflect the basis for drug action in the clinic. The role of free radicals in anthracycline cardiotoxicity is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, and Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
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Costabel U, Adler CP. Myocardial DNA and cell number under the influence of cytostatics. II. Experimental investigations in hearts of rats. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1980; 32:127-38. [PMID: 6102819 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Baisch H, Linden WA, Weigert HD. Effects of daunomycin and radiation on cell-survival and repair of DNA single-strand breaks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1977; 32:209-18. [PMID: 303623 DOI: 10.1080/09553007714550921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The combined action of Daunomycin and irradiation was investigated using mouse L-929 cells in culture. Survival of cells was measured with the colony assay. Sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients was used to study repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) in the presence of various concentrations of Daunomycin. A small increase in radio-sensitivity, as measured by decreasing Do, was obtained for doses of Daunomycin that are considerably toxic to the cells (0.1 microgram/ml). However, the Dq values remained constant even at high concentrations indicating that Daunomycin does not interfere with recovery processes. The rate of rejoining of SSB remained constant up to 1.0 microgram/ml, whereas concentrations of Daunomycin as high as 10 microgram/ml reduced the velocity of repair by a factor of 13. Our data show that concentrations of Daunomycin similar to those required for other DNA-binding drugs are required to inhibit SSB repair. For clinical purposes, no increase in tumour-killing efficiency may be expected from a combined treatment with Daunomycin and radiation.
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Abstract
Cell doubling time, DNA distribution pattern, frequency distribution of chromosome numbers per cell and degree of synchrony obtained after mitotic selection were studied in 4 different sublines of mouse fibroblast cells, NCTC L-929, in culture. The 4 sublines did not differ with respect to their cell kinetic data but showed changes of the chromosome pattern compared to the stemline and compared to each other suggesting that chromosome analysis provides a very sensitive means to detect evolutianary changes of a permanent cell line.
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Linden WA, Baisch H, Canstein LV, König K, Canstein MV. Impulsecytophotometric studies on the effects of daunomycin on synchronised L-cells. Eur J Cancer 1974; 10:647-51. [PMID: 4478149 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(74)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Seeber C, Fleck W. [Cytotoxic and anti-mitotic effect of the anthracycline antibiotic violamycin]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1974; 14:503-13. [PMID: 4458259 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630140607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bremerskov V. Dextran sulphate inhibits cell adhesion in tissue culture. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 246:174. [PMID: 4518998 DOI: 10.1038/newbio246174a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bassleer R, Goessens G, Lepoint A, Desaive C, Kinet-Denoel C. Cytological and cytochemical analysis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells treated with daunomycin. BEITRAGE ZUR PATHOLOGIE 1973; 150:261-73. [PMID: 4771313 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-8165(73)80056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wilms K, Wilmanns W. [Effects of dauno-rubidomycin and adriamycin on enzymes of DNA synthesis in leukocytes in vivo and in culture]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 50:866-70. [PMID: 4507472 DOI: 10.1007/bf01488943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bremerskov V, Kaden P, Mittermayer C. DNA synthesis during the life cycle of L cells: morphological, histochemical and biochemical investigations with arabinosylcytosine and thioarabinosylcytosine. Eur J Cancer 1970; 6:379-92. [PMID: 5500706 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(70)90036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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