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Ferreira CM, Oliveira MP, Paes MC, Oliveira MF. Modulation of mitochondrial metabolism as a biochemical trait in blood feeding organisms: the redox vampire hypothesis redux. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:683-700. [PMID: 29384241 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hematophagous organisms undergo remarkable metabolic changes during the blood digestion process, increasing fermentative glucose metabolism, and reducing respiratory rates, both consequence of functional mitochondrial remodeling. Here, we review the pathways involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial functionality in a comparative framework across different hematophagous species, and consider how these processes regulate redox homeostasis during blood digestion. The trend across distinct species indicate that a switch in energy metabolism might represent an important defensive mechanism to avoid the potential harmful interaction of oxidants generated from aerobic energy metabolism with products derived from blood digestion. Indeed, in insect vectors, blood feeding transiently reduces respiratory rates and oxidant production, irrespective of tissue and insect model. On the other hand, a different scenario is observed in several unrelated parasite species when exposed to blood digestion products, as respiratory rates reduce and mitochondrial oxidant production increase. The emerging picture indicates that re-wiring of energy metabolism, through reduced mitochondrial function, culminates in improved tolerance to redox insults and seems to represent a key step for hematophagous organisms to cope with the overwhelming and potentially toxic blood meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Ferreira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Matheus P Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marcia C Paes
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.,Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Marcus F Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
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Chemale G, Perally S, LaCourse EJ, Prescott MC, Jones LM, Ward D, Meaney M, Hoey E, Brennan GP, Fairweather I, Trudgett A, Brophy PM. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Triclabendazole Response in the Liver Fluke Fasciola hepatica. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4940-51. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Chemale
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Samirah Perally
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - E. James LaCourse
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Mark C. Prescott
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Laura M. Jones
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Deborah Ward
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Myles Meaney
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Elizabeth Hoey
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Gerard P. Brennan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Ian Fairweather
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Alan Trudgett
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
| | - Peter M. Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom SY23 3DA, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom L3 5QA, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, United Kingdom, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 7ZB
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McKinstry B, Brennan GP, Halferty L, Forbes AB, Fairweather I. Ultrastructural changes induced in the tegument and gut of Fasciola hepatica following in vivo and in vitro drug treatment with nitroxynil (Trodax). Parasitol Res 2007; 101:929-41. [PMID: 17557156 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally with nitroxynil at a concentration of 40 mg/kg, and adult Fasciola hepatica were recovered after 24, 48 and 72 h. Fine structural changes to the tegument and gut were monitored by transmission electron microscopy. Flukes were also incubated for 24 h in vitro in nitroxynil at a concentration of 100 microg/ml. Following treatment in vivo, there was an accumulation and accelerated release of secretory bodies at the apex of the tegumental syncytium. Some swelling of the mucopolysaccharide masses surrounding the basal infolds was evident after 48 and 72 h. There was an initial accumulation of T1 secretory bodies at the base of the syncytium, but this decreased at 72 h, coinciding with a decline in their production in the tegumental cells. The mitochondria were consistently swollen in the tegumental cells. At 72 h, large vacuolations were observed between the muscle layers and there was flooding around the underlying tissues. Some tegumental cells were seen to be degenerating and beginning to disintegrate. After 24 h treatment in vitro, the basal infolds were swollen and the crystalline structure of the spines was disrupted. Flooding of the internal tissues was evident and, in the tegumental cells, Golgi complexes and secretory bodies were absent. The mitochondria in the tegumental cells were swollen. In the gastrodermal cells, changes were evident at the earliest time period in vivo. The lamellae were disrupted, few secretory bodies were present, the mitochondria and cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum (ger) were swollen and there was an increased number of secretory bodies. These changes became progressively more severe with time. Similar changes were evident following treatment in vitro; vesiculation of the ger was also seen. The results indicate that oral uptake is the predominant route of entry of nitroxynil into the fluke.
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Affiliation(s)
- B McKinstry
- Parasite Proteomics and Therapeutics Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL
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Skuce PJ, Fairweather I. The effect of the hydrogen ionophore closantel upon the pharmacology and ultrastructure of the adult liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol Res 1990; 76:241-50. [PMID: 2315284 DOI: 10.1007/bf00930821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the effects of the H+ ionophore and anthelmintic closantel upon the in vitro motility and in vivo ultrastructure of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. At a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml, closantel caused an initial stimulation, then suppression of activity, which was accompanied by an increase in muscle tone and led to a spastic paralysis within 2 h. The pattern of response was similar at lower concentrations, although the initial stimulation was not always evident, but the onset of paralysis could be reached more quickly. Scanning electron microscopy revealed gross surface damage from 24 h onwards in vivo, in the form of erosion of the anterior and posterior extremities of the fluke and large-scale sloughing of the tegument on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Tegumental changes prior to sloughing included some swelling of the basal infolds and an apical accumulation of T1 secretory bodies. In the underlying tegumental cells there was reduced secretory activity and the mitochondria were consistently swollen and deformed. Reduced secretory activity was a feature of the gastrodermal cells as well; these cells were characterized by swollen, electron-lucent mitochondria, vesiculated GER cisternae and apical blebbing of packets of cytoplasm. The vitelline follicles became severely disrupted as a result of the breakdown of the nurse cell cytoplasm. The stem and intermediate type 1 (It1) cells rounded up and showed nuclear abnormalities. There did not appear to be a severe disruption of shell protein production in the intermediate vitelline cells, but there was a noticeable absence of glycogen in the mature vitelline cells. The effects of closantel are discussed in relation to its proposed mode of action as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Skuce
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Abstract
The effects of metabolic inhibitors on the in vitro motility of Fasciola hepatica have been determined by means of an isometric transducer system. Sodium fluoride, an inhibitor of glycolysis, causes a long-term suppression of motility; this is also the effect of sodium iodoacetate (another glycolysis inhibitor) at low concentrations (1 X 10(-5) M and below). However, higher concentrations of iodoacetate induce a rapid inhibition of activity leading to a spastic paralysis. Both rotenone and oligomycin, which act as inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, produce a long-term suppression of movement. Carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, which are uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, induce a spastic paralysis of the fluke; this is rapid at high concentrations (1 X 10(-4) and 1 X 10(-5) M). A brief stimulation of activity is evident at 1 X 10(-5) M and lasts longer at 1 X 10(-6) and 1 X 10(-7) M, before inhibition sets in. There is no stimulation at low concentrations of carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (1 X 10(-8) and 1 X 10(-9) M), only inhibition leading to a medium-term spastic paralysis. In contrast, a third uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, causes a flaccid paralysis and the effect is rapid only at high concentrations, being accompanied by an initial increase in muscle tone at 1 X 10(-2) M and a brief stimulation of motility at 1 X 10(-3) M. Stimulation lasts longer at 1 X 10(-4) and 1 X 10(-5) M, but is not evident at concentrations below this. The effects on motility at these lower concentrations are essentially long term in nature. That the rapid effects of the uncouplers on muscle tone and motility are not due primarily to uncoupling is shown by 2,4,6-trinitrophenol and hydroquinone, compounds structurally related to 2,4-dinitrophenol. 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol is a membrane-impermeable compound devoid of uncoupling activity; at 1 X 10(-3) M, it causes an immediate inhibition of activity and increase in muscle tone. The antioxidant hydroquinone produces an initial stimulation of motility with some increase in tone, but this is followed by a sharp decline and a short-term flaccid paralysis. The results are discussed in relation to the postulated effects of certain fasciolicides on the energy metabolism of the liver fluke.
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