1
|
Hoffmann F, Maser E. Carbonyl Reductases and Pluripotent Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases of the Short-chain Dehydrogenase/reductase Superfamily. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 39:87-144. [PMID: 17364882 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600969440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl reduction of aldehydes, ketones, and quinones to their corresponding hydroxy derivatives plays an important role in the phase I metabolism of many endogenous (biogenic aldehydes, steroids, prostaglandins, reactive lipid peroxidation products) and xenobiotic (pharmacologic drugs, carcinogens, toxicants) compounds. Carbonyl-reducing enzymes are grouped into two large protein superfamilies: the aldo-keto reductases (AKR) and the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR). Whereas aldehyde reductase and aldose reductase are AKRs, several forms of carbonyl reductase belong to the SDRs. In addition, there exist a variety of pluripotent hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) of both superfamilies that specifically catalyze the oxidoreduction at different positions of the steroid nucleus and also catalyze, rather nonspecifically, the reductive metabolism of a great number of nonsteroidal carbonyl compounds. The present review summarizes recent findings on carbonyl reductases and pluripotent HSDs of the SDR protein superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hoffmann
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Strasse, Kiel, 10, 24105, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan H, Liu A, Zhang L, Zhou H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang G, Zeng R, Zhang Y, Chen Z. Proteomic Profiling of Regionalized Proteins in Rat Epididymis Indicates Consistency between Specialized Distribution and Protein Functions. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:299-307. [PMID: 16457595 DOI: 10.1021/pr050324s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The epididymis is a key structure of the male reproductive system; its function is to mature, transport, and store sperm. Most of the research examining the epididymis to date has been limited to the study of the secreted proteins involved in the maturation of spermatozoa. However, it is also very important to understand the protein components, regulation and function of the tissue itself since these are the basis for all of its physiological processes. We investigated the differential expression of proteins among the caput, corpus, and cauda regions of rat epididymis and considered the possible links between the localization of these proteins and the different functions of these epididymal regions. High-resolution 2-D gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry (MS) revealed 28 distinct proteins whose expression levels varied from the caput to the cauda epididymis. Sixteen of them were reported for first time to be expressed in the epididymis. Expression patterns of some proteins were validated by Northern blot or Western blot. Immunohistochemistry revealed that inducible carbonyl reductase (iCR), an important enzyme in the anti-oxidative system, exhibits primary and cell-type specific distribution in the distal cauda region. Moreover, analysis of iCR transcription in castrated animals showed that its expression is androgen-dependent. Together with its known functions, iCR may also be involved in androgen metabolism and maintaining a steady microenvironment in the duct of epididymis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Carbonyl reductase (secondary-alcohol:NADP(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1. 1.184) belongs to the family of short chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR). Carbonyl reductases (CBRs) are NADPH-dependent, mostly monomeric, cytosolic enzymes with broad substrate specificity for many endogenous and xenobiotic carbonyl compounds. They catalyze the reduction of endogenous prostaglandins, steroids, and other aliphatic aldehydes and ketones. They also reduce a wide variety of xenobiotic quinones derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CBR reduces the anthracycline anticancer drugs, daunorubicin(dn) and doxorubicin (dox) to their C-13 hydroxy metabolites, changing the pharmacological properties of these drugs. Emerging data on CBRs over the last several years is generating new insights on the potential involvement of CBRs in a variety of cellular and molecular reactions associated with drug metabolism, detoxication, drug resistance, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L Forrest
- Department of Biology, Beckman Research Institute at the City of Hope Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deck LM, Chamblee BB, Royer RE, Hunsaker LA, Vander Jagt DL. Inhibition of aldose reductase by gossypol and gossypol-related compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 463:487-92. [PMID: 10352723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4735-8_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Deck
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Kinetic studies on the aldose reductase protein (AR2) have shown that it does not behave as a classical enzyme in relation to ring aldose sugars. These results have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography studies, which have pinpointed binding sites for pharmacological "aklose reductase inhibitors" (ARIs). As with non-enzymic glycation reactions, there is probably a free-radical element involved derived from monosaccharide autoxidation. In the case of AR2, there is free radical oxidation of NADPH by autoxidising monosaccharides, enhanced in the presence of the NADPH-binding protein. Whatever the behaviour of AR2, many studies have showed that sorbitol production is not an initiating aetiological factor in the development of diabetic complications in humans. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), other antioxidants and high fat diets can delay or prevent cataract in diabetic animals even though sorbitol and fructose levels are not modified; vitamin C acts as an AR1 in humans. Protein post-translational modification by glyc-oxidation or other events is probably the key factor in the aetiology of diabetic complications. There is now no need to invoke AR2 in xylitol biosynthesis. Xylitol can be produced in the lens from glucose, via a pathway involving the enzymes myo-inositol-oxygen oxidoreductase, D-glucuronate reductase. L-gulonate NAD(+)-3-oxidoreductase and L-iditol-NAD(+)-5-oxidoreductase, all of which have recently been found in bovine and rat lens. This chapter investigates the molecular events underlying AR2 and its binding and kinetics. Induction of the protein by osmotic response elements is discussed, with detailed analysis of recent in vitro and in vivo experiments on numerous ARIs. These have a number of actions in the cell which are not specific, and which do not involve them binding to AR2. These include peroxy-radical scavenging and recently discovered effects of metal ion chelation. In controlled experiments, it has been found that incubation of rat lens homogenate with glucose and the copper chelator o-phenanthroline abolishes production of sorbitol. Taken together, these results suggest AR2 is a vestigial NADPH-binding protein, perhaps similar in function to a number of non-mammalian crystallins which have been recruited into the lens. There is mounting evidence for the binding of reactive aldehyde moieties to the protein, and the involvement of AR2 either as a 'housekeeping' protein, or in a free-radial-mediated 'catalytic' role. Interfering with the NADPH binding and flux levels--possibly involving free radicals and metal ions--has a deleterious effect. We have yet to determine whether aldose reductase is the black sheep of the aldehyde reductase family, or whether it is a skeleton in the cupboard, waiting to be clothed in the flesh of new revelations in the interactions between proteins, metal ions and redox metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Crabbe
- Wolfson Laboratory, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Berks, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vander Jagt DL, Torres JE, Hunsaker LA, Deck LM, Royer RE. Physiological substrates of human aldose and aldehyde reductases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 414:491-7. [PMID: 9059654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5871-2_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Vander Jagt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karita M, Tummuru MK, Wirth HP, Blaser MJ. Effect of growth phase and acid shock on Helicobacter pylori cagA expression. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4501-7. [PMID: 8890198 PMCID: PMC174404 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.11.4501-4507.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA are associated with peptic ulceration. To understand the regulation of expression of cagA, picB, associated with interleukin-8 induction, and ureA, encoding the small urease subunit, we created gene fusions of cagA, ureA, and picB of strain 3401, using a promoterless reporter (xylE). Expression of XylE after growth in broth culture revealed that basal levels of expression of cagA and urea in H. pylori were substantially greater than for picB. For cagA expression in stationary-phase cells, brief exposure to acid pH caused a significant increase in xylE expression compared with neutral pH. In contrast, expression of xylE in urea or picB decreased after parallel exposure to acid pH (pH 7 > 6 > 5 > 4), regardless of the growth phase. Expression of the CagA protein varied with growth phase and pH exposure in parallel with the observed transcriptional variation. The concentration of CagA in a cell membrane-enriched fraction after growth at pH 6 was significantly higher than after growth at pH 5 or 7. We conclude that the promoterless reporter xylE is useful for studying the regulation of gene expression in H. pylori and that regulation of CagA production occurs mainly at the transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Karita
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2605, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vander Jagt DL, Kolb NS, Vander Jagt TJ, Chino J, Martinez FJ, Hunsaker LA, Royer RE. Substrate specificity of human aldose reductase: identification of 4-hydroxynonenal as an endogenous substrate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1249:117-26. [PMID: 7599164 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(95)00021-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aldose reductase, which catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol as part of the polyol pathway, has been implicated in the development of diabetic complications and is a prime target for drug development. However, aldose reductase exhibits broad specificity for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic aldehydes, which suggests that aldose reductase may also be a detoxification enzyme. Several series of structurally related aldehydes were compared as substrates in order to deduce the structural features that result in low Michaelis constants. Aldehydes that contain an aromatic ring are generally excellent substrates, consistent with crystallographic data which suggest that aldose reductase possesses a large hydrophobic substrate binding site. However, there is little discrimination among different aromatic aldehydes. In addition, small hydrophilic aldehydes exhibit low Km values if the alpha-carbon is oxidized. Analysis of the binding of NADPH by fluorescence quenching techniques indicates that aldose reductase exhibits higher affinity for NADPH than NADP, suggesting that this enzyme is normally primed for reductive metabolism. Thus aldose reductase appears to have evolved to catalyze the reduction of a very broad range of aldehydes. Structural features of substrates that bind to aldose reductase with low Km values were used to identify potential endogenous substrates. 4-Hydroxynonenal, a reactive alpha-beta unsaturated aldehyde produced during oxidative stress, is an excellent substrate (Km = 22 microM, kcat/Km = 4.6 x 10(6) M-1 min-1). Reductive metabolism of endogenous aldehydes in addition to glucose, catalyzed by aldose reductase, may play an important role in the development of diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Vander Jagt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wermuth B, Mader-Heinemann G, Ernst E. Cloning and Expression of Carbonyl Reductase from Rat Testis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wermuth B. Expression of human and rat carbonyl reductase in E. coli. Comparison of the recombinant enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 372:203-9. [PMID: 7484380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1965-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Wermuth
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Berne, Inselspital
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Robinson B, Hunsaker LA, Stangebye LA, Vander Jagt DL. Aldose and aldehyde reductases from human kidney cortex and medulla. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1203:260-6. [PMID: 8268209 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase were purified to homogeneity from multiple samples of human kidney cortex and medulla. A single form of aldose reductase is expressed in kidney that is kinetically and immunochemically indistinguishable from aldose reductase expressed in other human tissues. The results support the conclusion that there is a single human aldose reductase, and that aldose reductase is expressed in a reduced form, characterized by high sensitivity to aldose reductase inhibitors and ability to catalyze the reduction of glucose. Aldose reductase is easily oxidized to a form that is insensitive to aldose reductase inhibitors and unable to catalyze the reduction of glucose. This form does not appear to exist in vivo, even in kidney from diabetics. There is wide variation in the level of expression of aldose reductase in kidney, especially in cortex. The immunochemically separate but similar aldehyde reductase is also expressed in kidney as a single enzyme indistinguishable from aldehyde reductase from other human tissues. Aldehyde reductase levels exceed those of aldose reductase, both in cortex and medulla.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Robinson
- Department of Biochemstry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wermuth B, Bohren KM, Ernst E. Autocatalytic modification of human carbonyl reductase by 2-oxocarboxylic acids. FEBS Lett 1993; 335:151-4. [PMID: 8253186 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80719-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl reductase occurs in multiple molecular forms. Sequence analysis has yielded a carboxyethyllysine residue in one of the enzyme forms, suggesting that pyruvate has been incorporated in a posttranslational enzymatic reaction [Krook, M., Ghosh, D., Strömberg R., Carlquist, M. and Jörnvall, H. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 502-506]. Using highly purified carbonyl reductase from human brain we show that pyruvate and other 2-oxocarboxylic acids are bound to the enzyme in an autocatalytic reaction. The resulting enzyme forms were indistinguishable from the native enzyme forms by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Wermuth
- Chemisches Zentrallabor der Universitätskliniken, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vander Jagt DL, Hunsaker LA. Substrate specificity of reduced and oxidized forms of human aldose reductase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 328:279-88. [PMID: 8493905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2904-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Vander Jagt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Inazu N, Ruepp B, Wirth H, Wermuth B. Carbonyl reductase from human testis: purification and comparison with carbonyl reductase from human brain and rat testis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1116:50-6. [PMID: 1540623 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(92)90127-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl reductase (EC 1.1.1.184) is a cytosolic, monomeric, NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase with broad specificity for carbonyl compounds and a general distribution in human tissues. A carbonyl reductase closely resembling the human enzyme is exclusively expressed in rat reproductive tissues and adrenals (Iwata, N., Inazu, N. and Satoh, T. (1989) J. Biochem. 105, 556-564). In order to investigate the relationship between the human and rat enzyme, carbonyl reductase from human testis was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was indistinguishable from carbonyl reductase from other human tissues on the basis of physicochemical properties, substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivity and immunological reactivity. Likewise, the human and rat testis enzymes exhibited greatly overlapping substrate specificities for prostaglandins, steroids as well as many xenobiotic carbonyl compounds, and showed the same susceptibility to inhibition by flavonoids and sulfhydryl-blocking agents. Structural homology between the two enzymes was indicated by the mutual cross-reactivity of antibodies against carbonyl reductase from one species and the enzyme protein from the other species. Unlike the rat enzyme, which is confined to Leydig cells, the human enzyme was detectable in Leydig cells as well as Sertoli and spermatogenic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Inazu
- University of Berne, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vander Jagt D, Robinson B, Taylor K, Hunsaker L. Reduction of trioses by NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductases. Aldose reductase, methylglyoxal, and diabetic complications. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
17
|
Kataoka M, Shimizu S, Yamada H. Distribution and immunological characterization of microbial aldehyde reductases. Arch Microbiol 1992; 157:279-83. [PMID: 1510561 DOI: 10.1007/bf00245162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of microbial aldo-keto reductases was examined and their immunochemical characterization was performed. p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, pyridine-3-aldehyde and ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate reductase activities were found to be widely distributed in a variety of microorganisms. In immunodiffusion studies, most yeasts belonging to the genera Sporobolomyces, Sporidiobolus and Rhodotorula formed precipitin bands with anti-Sporobolomyces salmonicolor aldehyde reductase serum. Furthermore, the results of immunotitration experiments suggested that Sporobolomyces salmonicolor AKU 4429 contains other enzyme(s) which can reduce p-nitrobenzaldehyde, pyridine-3-aldehyde and/or ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate, and which are inactivated by anti-Sporobolomyces salmonicolor aldehyde reductase serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kataoka
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Park YS, Heizmann CW, Wermuth B, Levine RA, Steinerstauch P, Guzman J, Blau N. Human carbonyl and aldose reductases: new catalytic functions in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:738-44. [PMID: 1902669 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91628-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
New catalytic functions of human carbonyl- and aldose reductase in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis are proposed. 6-Pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, was converted to 6-lactoyl tetrahydropterin and 1'-hydroxy-2'-oxopropyl tetrahydropterin by carbonyl reductase under anaerobic condition. 1'-Hydroxy-2'-oxopropyl tetrahydropterin was subsequently metabolized to tetrahydrobiopterin by aldose reductase. Based on these results alternative pathways for the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin in patients with genetic defects of sepiapterin reductase are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Park
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Blindness in diabetics is largely due to retinopathy and/or cataract. Hyperglycaemia and the duration of diabetes are major risk factors for the development of cataract and retinopathy. This review details some of the reactions of glucose that are relevant to the development of complications, and follows the elucidation of monosaccharide autoxidation and its relevance to the aldose reductase reaction and its determination. Inhibitors of this 'aldose reductase' reaction are shown to have a number of effects which may be of importance to their action in vivo. The pharmacological implications of chemotherapy for diabetics with complications are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Crabbe
- Department of Microbiology, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, G. B
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vander Jagt DL, Robinson B, Taylor KK, Hunsaker LA. Aldose reductase from human skeletal and heart muscle. Interconvertible forms related by thiol-disulfide exchange. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)45314-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
21
|
Vander Jagt DL, Hunsaker LA, Robinson B, Stangebye LA, Deck LM. Aldehyde and aldose reductases from human placenta. Heterogeneous expression of multiple enzyme forms. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
22
|
Steinerstauch P, Wermuth B, Leimbacher W, Curtius HC. Human liver 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin reductase is biochemically and immunologically indistinguishable from aldose reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 164:1130-6. [PMID: 2511841 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
6-Pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin reductase has been implicated in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. Using immunochemical and biochemical techniques the purified human liver enzyme was shown to be identical to aldose reductase. This suggests that 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin reductase may play an additional role in the reduction of aldehydes derived from the biogenic amine neuro-transmitters and corticosteroid hormones as well as in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, as has been postulated for aldose reductase.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wermuth B, Bohren KM, Heinemann G, von Wartburg JP, Gabbay KH. Human carbonyl reductase. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a cDNA and amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- E R Larson
- Pfizer, Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wermuth B, Platts KL, Seidel A, Oesch F. Carbonyl reductase provides the enzymatic basis of quinone detoxication in man. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:1277-82. [PMID: 3083821 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyzing the two-electron reduction of quinones to hydroquinones are thought to protect the cell against quinone-induced oxidative stress. Using menadione as a substrate, carbonyl reductase, a cytosolic, monomeric oxidoreductase of broad specificity for carbonyl compounds, was found to be the main NADPH-dependent quinone reductase in human liver, whereas DT-diaphorase, the principal two-electron transferring quinone reductase in rat liver, contributed a very minor part to the quinone reductase activity of human liver. Carbonyl reductase from liver was indistinguishable from carbonyl reductase previously isolated from brain (B. Wermuth, J. biol. Chem. 256, 1206 (1981] on the basis of molecular weight, isoelectric point, immunogenicity, substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity. The purified enzyme from liver catalyzed the reduction of a great variety of quinones. The best substrates were benzo- and naphthoquinones with short substituents, and the K-region orthoquinones of phenanthrene, benz(a)anthracene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene. A long hydrophobic side chain in the 3-position of the benzo- and naphthoquinones and the vicinity of a bay area or aliphatic substituent (pseudo bay area) to the oxo groups of the polycyclic compounds decreased or abolished the ability of the quinone to serve as a substrate. Non-k-region orthoquinones of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were more slowly reduced than the corresponding K-region derivatives. The broad specificity of carbonyl reductase for quinones is in keeping with a role of the enzyme as a general quinone reductase in the catabolism of these compounds.
Collapse
|