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Phα1β is a Promising Neuroprotective Peptide from the Phoneutria nigriventer ‘Armed’ Spider. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fernandes FF, Moraes JR, Santos JLD, Soares TG, Gouveia VJP, Matavel ACS, Borges WDC, Cordeiro MDN, Figueiredo SG, Borges MH. Comparative venomic profiles of three spiders of the genus Phoneutria. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210042. [PMID: 35283937 PMCID: PMC8875809 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spider venoms induce different physio-pharmacological effects by binding
with high affinity on molecular targets, therefore being of biotechnological
interest. Some of these toxins, acting on different types of ion channels,
have been identified in the venom of spiders of the genus
Phoneutria, mainly from P.
nigriventer. In spite of the pharmaceutical potential demonstrated
by P. nigriventer toxins, there is limited information on
molecules from venoms of the same genus, as their toxins remain poorly
characterized. Understanding this diversity and clarifying the differences
in the mechanisms of action of spider toxins is of great importance for
establishing their true biotechnological potential. This prompted us to
compare three different venoms of the Phoneutria genus:
P. nigriventer (Pn-V), P. eickstedtae
(Pe-V) and P. pertyi (Pp-V). Methods: Biochemical and functional comparison of the venoms were carried out by
SDS-PAGE, HPLC, mass spectrometry, enzymatic activities and
electrophysiological assays (whole-cell patch clamp). Results: The employed approach revealed that all three venoms had an overall
similarity in their components, with only minor differences. The presence of
a high number of similar proteins was evident, particularly toxins in the
mass range of ~6.0 kDa. Hyaluronidase and proteolytic activities were
detected in all venoms, in addition to isoforms of the toxins Tx1 and Tx2-6.
All Tx1 isoforms blocked Nav1.6 ion currents, with slight differences. Conclusion: Our findings showed that Pn-V, Pe-V and Pp-V are highly similar concerning
protein composition and enzymatic activities, containing isoforms of the
same toxins sharing high sequence homology, with minor modifications.
However, these structural and functional variations are very important for
venom diversity. In addition, our findings will contribute to the
comprehension of the molecular diversity of the venoms of the other species
from Phoneutria genus, exposing their biotechnological
potential as a source for searching for new active molecules.
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Sheffer MM, Hoppe A, Krehenwinkel H, Uhl G, Kuss AW, Jensen L, Jensen C, Gillespie RG, Hoff KJ, Prost S. Chromosome-level reference genome of the European wasp spider Argiope bruennichi: a resource for studies on range expansion and evolutionary adaptation. Gigascience 2021; 10:giaa148. [PMID: 33410470 PMCID: PMC7788392 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Argiope bruennichi, the European wasp spider, has been investigated intensively as a focal species for studies on sexual selection, chemical communication, and the dynamics of rapid range expansion at a behavioral and genetic level. However, the lack of a reference genome has limited insights into the genetic basis for these phenomena. Therefore, we assembled a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of the European wasp spider as a tool for more in-depth future studies. FINDINGS We generated, de novo, a 1.67 Gb genome assembly of A. bruennichi using 21.8× Pacific Biosciences sequencing, polished with 19.8× Illumina paired-end sequencing data, and proximity ligation (Hi-C)-based scaffolding. This resulted in an N50 scaffold size of 124 Mb and an N50 contig size of 288 kb. We found 98.4% of the genome to be contained in 13 scaffolds, fitting the expected number of chromosomes (n = 13). Analyses showed the presence of 91.1% of complete arthropod BUSCOs, indicating a high-quality assembly. CONCLUSIONS We present the first chromosome-level genome assembly in the order Araneae. With this genomic resource, we open the door for more precise and informative studies on evolution and adaptation not only in A. bruennichi but also in arachnids overall, shedding light on questions such as the genomic architecture of traits, whole-genome duplication, and the genomic mechanisms behind silk and venom evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Sheffer
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anica Hoppe
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Department of Biogeography, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Gabriele Uhl
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuss
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars Jensen
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Corinna Jensen
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Katharina J Hoff
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf-Str. 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Prost
- LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, 232 Boom St., Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Peigneur S, da Costa Oliveira C, de Sousa Fonseca FC, McMahon KL, Mueller A, Cheneval O, Cristina Nogueira Freitas A, Starobova H, Dimitri Gama Duarte I, Craik DJ, Vetter I, de Lima ME, Schroeder CI, Tytgat J. Small cyclic sodium channel inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114291. [PMID: 33075312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels play crucial roles in a range of (patho)physiological processes. Much interest has arisen within the pharmaceutical industry to pursue these channels as analgesic targets following overwhelming evidence that NaV channel subtypes NaV1.7-NaV1.9 are involved in nociception. More recently, NaV1.1, NaV1.3 and NaV1.6 have also been identified to be involved in pain pathways. Venom-derived disulfide-rich peptide toxins, isolated from spiders and cone snails, have been used extensively as probes to investigate these channels and have attracted much interest as drug leads. However, few peptide-based leads have made it as drugs due to unfavourable physiochemical attributes including poor in vivo pharmacokinetics and limited oral bioavailability. The present work aims to bridge the gap in the development pipeline between drug leads and drug candidates by downsizing these larger venom-derived NaV inhibitors into smaller, more "drug-like" molecules. Here, we use molecular engineering of small cyclic peptides to aid in the determination of what drives subtype selectivity and molecular interactions of these downsized inhibitors across NaV subtypes. We designed a series of small, stable and novel NaV probes displaying NaV subtype selectivity and potency in vitro coupled with potent in vivo analgesic activity, involving yet to be elucidated analgesic pathways in addition to NaV subtype modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium; Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristina da Costa Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia Cristina de Sousa Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kirsten L McMahon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Ana Cristina Nogueira Freitas
- Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hana Starobova
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Igor Dimitri Gama Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil; Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte: Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Brazil
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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Peigneur S, Cheneval O, Maiti M, Leipold E, Heinemann SH, Lescrinier E, Herdewijn P, De Lima ME, Craik DJ, Schroeder CI, Tytgat J. Where cone snails and spiders meet: design of small cyclic sodium-channel inhibitors. FASEB J 2018; 33:3693-3703. [PMID: 30509130 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801909r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A 13 aa residue voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel inhibitor peptide, Pn, containing 2 disulfide bridges was designed by using a chimeric approach. This approach was based on a common pharmacophore deduced from sequence and secondary structural homology of 2 NaV inhibitors: Conus kinoshitai toxin IIIA, a 14 residue cone snail peptide with 3 disulfide bonds, and Phoneutria nigriventer toxin 1, a 78 residue spider toxin with 7 disulfide bonds. As with the parent peptides, this novel NaV channel inhibitor was active on NaV1.2. Through the generation of 3 series of peptide mutants, we investigated the role of key residues and cyclization and their influence on NaV inhibition and subtype selectivity. Cyclic PnCS1, a 10 residue peptide cyclized via a disulfide bond, exhibited increased inhibitory activity toward therapeutically relevant NaV channel subtypes, including NaV1.7 and NaV1.9, while displaying remarkable serum stability. These peptides represent the first and the smallest cyclic peptide NaV modulators to date and are promising templates for the development of toxin-based therapeutic agents.-Peigneur, S., Cheneval, O., Maiti, M., Leipold, E., Heinemann, S. H., Lescrinier, E., Herdewijn, P., De Lima, M. E., Craik, D. J., Schroeder, C. I., Tytgat, J. Where cone snails and spiders meet: design of small cyclic sodium-channel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.,Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohitosh Maiti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enrico Leipold
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan H Heinemann
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Elena De Lima
- Department de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo-Horizonte, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Biomedicina e Medicina, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Grupo Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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Peigneur S, de Lima ME, Tytgat J. Phoneutria nigriventer venom: A pharmacological treasure. Toxicon 2018; 151:96-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Peigneur S, Paiva ALB, Cordeiro MN, Borges MH, Diniz MRV, de Lima ME, Tytgat J. Phoneutria nigriventer Spider Toxin PnTx2-1 (δ-Ctenitoxin-Pn1a) Is a Modulator of Sodium Channel Gating. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090337. [PMID: 30134593 PMCID: PMC6162791 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spider venoms are complex mixtures of biologically active components with potentially interesting applications for drug discovery or for agricultural purposes. The spider Phoneutria nigriventer is responsible for a number of envenomations with sometimes severe clinical manifestations in humans. A more efficient treatment requires a comprehensive knowledge of the venom composition and of the action mechanism of the constituting components. PnTx2-1 (also called δ-ctenitoxin-Pn1a) is a 53-amino-acid-residue peptide isolated from the venom fraction PhTx2. Although PnTx2-1 is classified as a neurotoxin, its molecular target has remained unknown. This study describes the electrophysiological characterization of PnTx2-1 as a modulator of voltage-gated sodium channels. PnTx2-1 is investigated for its activity on seven mammalian NaV-channel isoforms, one insect NaV channel and one arachnid NaV channel. Furthermore, comparison of the activity of both PnTx2-1 and PnTx2-6 on NaV1.5 channels reveals that this family of Phoneutria toxins modulates the cardiac NaV channel in a bifunctional manner, resulting in an alteration of the inactivation process and a reduction of the sodium peak current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Dept de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Ana Luiza B Paiva
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil.
| | - Marta N Cordeiro
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil.
| | - Márcia H Borges
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo R V Diniz
- Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil.
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Dept de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Biomedicina e Medicina, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Grupo Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Klint JK, Senff S, Rupasinghe DB, Er SY, Herzig V, Nicholson GM, King GF. Spider-venom peptides that target voltage-gated sodium channels: Pharmacological tools and potential therapeutic leads. Toxicon 2012; 60:478-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.04.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Silva AO, Peigneur S, Diniz MRV, Tytgat J, Beirão PSL. Inhibitory effect of the recombinant Phoneutria nigriventer Tx1 toxin on voltage-gated sodium channels. Biochimie 2012; 94:2756-63. [PMID: 22968173 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phoneutria nigriventer toxin Tx1 (PnTx1, also referred to in the literature as Tx1) exerts inhibitory effect on neuronal (Na(V)1.2) sodium channels in a way dependent on the holding potential, and competes with μ-conotoxins but not with tetrodotoxin for their binding sites. In the present study we investigated the electrophysiological properties of the recombinant toxin (rPnTx1), which has the complete amino acid sequence of the natural toxin with 3 additional residues: AM on the N-terminal and G on the C-terminal. At the concentration of 1.5 μM, the recombinant toxin inhibits Na(+) currents of dorsal root ganglia neurons (38.4 ± 6.1% inhibition at -80 mV holding potential) and tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) currents (26.2 ± 4.9% at the same holding potential). At -50 mV holding potential the inhibition of the total current reached 71.3 ± 2.3% with 1.5 μM rPnTx1. The selectivity of rPnTx1 was investigated on ten different isoforms of voltage-gated sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The order of potency for rPnTx1 was: rNa(V)1.2 > rNa(V)1.7 ≈ rNa(V)1.4 ≥ rNa(V)1.3 > mNa(V)1.6 ≥ hNa(V)1.8. No effect was seen on hNa(V)1.5 and on the arthropods isoforms (DmNa(V)1, BGNa(V)1.1a and VdNa(V)1). The IC(50) for Na(V)1.2 was 33.7 ± 2.9 nM with a maximum inhibition of 83.3 ± 1.9%. The toxin did not alter the voltage-dependence of channel gating and was effective on Na(V)1.2 channels devoid of inactivation. It was ineffective on neuronal calcium channels. We conclude that rPnTx1 has a promising selectivity, and that it may be a valuable model to achieve pharmacological activities of interest for the treatment of channelopathies and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita O Silva
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Regional brain c-fos activation associated with penile erection and other symptoms induced by the spider toxin Tx2-6. Toxicon 2011; 58:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Silva LM, Fortes-Dias CL, Schaffert PP, Botelho ACC, Nacif-Pimenta R, Estevão-Costa MI, Cordeiro MDN, Paolucci Pimenta PF. Developmental biology of the Brazilian 'Armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891): microanatomical and molecular analysis of the embryonic stages. Toxicon 2010; 57:19-27. [PMID: 20950639 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phoneutria (Ctenidae) is among the most dangerous venomous spiders in Brazil. Its venom is composed of a mixture of pharmacologically active components, some of which have been quite extensively studied due to their potentiality as models for new pharmaceutical drugs. Nevertheless, literature data on the venom-producing glands are very limited. In the present study, we follow the biological development of intra-cocoon stages of Phoneutria nigriventer spiders, mainly regarding the formation of the venomous apparatus and venom production. The results showed that the venom glands of Phoneutria are already present in the early 1st pre-larva stage. The venomous apparatus is completely formed in the larva, a stage that precedes the spider eclosion from the cocoon. At embryo stages, transcripts of a vertebrate-active neurotoxin (PhTx1) were shown to be present, as well as, unidentified venom proteins that were immunolabeled by anti-venom antibodies. It seems that venom toxins play roles in the protection and survival of those early developmental stages of Phoneutria spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Maria Silva
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas Renè Rachou/Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Andrade E, Villanova F, Borra P, Leite K, Troncone L, Cortez I, Messina L, Paranhos M, Claro J, Srougi M. Penile erection inducedin vivoby a purified toxin from the Brazilian spiderPhoneutria nigriventer. BJU Int 2008; 102:835-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cordeiro MDN, Richardson M, Gilroy J, Figueiredo SGD, Beirão PSL, Diniz CR. Properties of the Venom from the South American ‘‘Armed'’ Spider Phoneutria Nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549509019466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Rapôso C, Zago GM, da Silva GH, da Cruz Höfling MA. Acute blood-brain barrier permeabilization in rats after systemic Phoneutria nigriventer venom. Brain Res 2007; 1149:18-29. [PMID: 17408596 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A highly controlled transport of substances at the interface between blood and brain characterizes the blood-brain barrier (BBB), fundamental for maintenance of the homeostasis of the cerebral milieu. In this study, we investigated the time course (15 min, 1, 2, and 5 h) of BBB opening induced by intravenous (i.v.) injection of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV) using quantitative and morphological approaches on cerebellum and hippocampus vessels for assessment of BBB permeability. The results showed vasogenic edema and tracer extravasation faster and severalfold higher in hippocampus than in cerebellum. Reactive astrocytes with swollen perivascular end-feet processes were found only in cerebellum. An immediate and total degradation of laminin in capillaries occurred resulting in the disappearance of the basement membrane. In medium-sized vessels, this effect was less prominent. The changes were transient, with cerebellum in general presenting a faster recovery. However, at 5 h laminin was overexpressed, principally in hippocampus. The rapid and abrupt shift of laminin expression in capillaries (at 15 min) coincided with the immediate and severe signs of intoxication shown by the animals, but not with the peak of leakage of vessels and vasogenic edema, which occurred later (1-2 h). The findings suggest a complex regulatory mechanism, since the extension of BBB impairment caused by PNV depends on the region of the SNC, and on the vessels types. It is suggested that the components of the BBB (gliovascular unit) have a critical role in these differences. P. nigriventer venom can be a useful tool to explore the mechanisms of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Rapôso
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Biologia, C.P. 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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Vieira LB, Pimenta AMC, Richardson M, Bemquerer MP, Reis HJ, Cruz JS, Gomez MV, Santoro MM, Ferreira-de-Oliveira R, Figueiredo SG, Snutch TP, Cordeiro MN. Leftward shift in the voltage-dependence for Ca2+ currents activation induced by a new toxin from Phoneutria reidyi (Aranae, Ctenidae) venom. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006; 27:129-46. [PMID: 17151945 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various neurotoxins have been described from the venom of the Brazilian spider Phoneutria nigriventer, but little is known about the venoms of the other species of this genus. In the present work, we describe the purification and some structural and pharmacological features of a new toxin (PRTx3-7) from Phoneutria reidyi that causes flaccid paralysis in mice. The observed molecular mass (4627.26 Da) was in accordance with the calculated mass for the amidated form of the amino acid sequence (4627.08 Da). The presence of an alpha-amidated C-terminus was confirmed by MS/MS analysis of the C-terminal peptide, isolated after enzymatic digestion of the native protein with Glu-C endoproteinase. The purified protein was injected (intracerebro-ventricular) into mice at dose levels of 5 microg/mouse causing immediate agitation and clockwise gyration, followed by the gradual development of general flaccid paralysis. PRTx3-7 at 1 microM inhibited by 20% the KCl-induced increase on [Ca2+]i in rat brain synaptosomes. The HEK cells permanently expressing L, N, P/Q and R HVA Ca2+ channels were also used to better characterize the pharmacological features of PRTx3-7. To our surprise, PRTx3-7 shifted the voltage-dependence for activation towards hyperpolarized membrane potentials for L (-4 mV), P/Q (-8 mV) and R (-5 mV) type Ca2+ currents. In addition, the new toxin also affected the steady state of inactivation of L-, N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Vieira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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17
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Escoubas P. Molecular diversification in spider venoms: a web of combinatorial peptide libraries. Mol Divers 2006; 10:545-54. [PMID: 17096075 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-006-9050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Spider venoms are a rich source of novel pharmacologically and agrochemically interesting compounds that have received increased attention from pharmacologists and biochemists in recent years. The application of technologies derived from genomics and proteomics have led to the discovery of the enormous molecular diversity of those venoms, which consist mainly of peptides and proteins. The molecular diversity of spider peptides has been revealed by mass spectrometry and appears to be based on a limited set of structural scaffolds. Genetic analysis has led to a further understanding of the molecular evolution mechanisms presiding over the generation of these combinatorial peptide libraries. Gene duplication and focal hypermutation, which has been described in cone snails, appear to be common mechanisms to venomous mollusks and spiders. Post-translational modifications, fine structural variations and new molecular scaffolds are other potential mechanisms of toxin diversification, leading to the pharmacologically complex cocktails used for predation and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Escoubas
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC) CNRS UMR 6097, 660 Route des Lucioles, Valbonne, France.
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18
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Diniz MRV, Theakston RDG, Crampton JM, Nascimento Cordeiro MD, Pimenta AMC, De Lima ME, Diniz CR. Functional expression and purification of recombinant Tx1, a sodium channel blocker neurotoxin from the venom of the Brazilian “armed” spider, Phoneutria nigriventer. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 50:18-24. [PMID: 16908187 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tx1 from the venom of the Brazilian spider, Phoneutria nigriventer, is a lethal neurotoxic polypeptide of M(r) 8600 Da with 14 cysteine residues. It is a novel sodium channel blocker which reversibly inhibits sodium currents in CHO cells expressing recombinant sodium (Nav1.2) channels. We cloned and expressed the Tx1 toxin as a thioredoxin fusion product in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. After semipurification by immobilized Ni-ion affinity chromatography, the recombinant Tx1 was purified by reverse phase chromatography and characterized. It displayed similar biochemical and pharmacological properties to the native toxin, and it should be useful for further investigation of structure-function relationship of Na channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R V Diniz
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro, 80, 30 510-010 Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.
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19
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Richardson M, Pimenta AMC, Bemquerer MP, Santoro MM, Beirao PSL, Lima ME, Figueiredo SG, Bloch C, Vasconcelos EAR, Campos FAP, Gomes PC, Cordeiro MN. Comparison of the partial proteomes of the venoms of Brazilian spiders of the genus Phoneutria. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 142:173-187. [PMID: 16278100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The proteomes of the venoms of the Brazilian wandering "armed" spiders Phoneutria nigriventer, Phoneutria reidyi, and Phoneutria keyserlingi, were compared using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The venom components were also fractionated using a combination of preparative reverse phase HPLC on Vydac C4, analytical RP-HPLC on Vydac C8 and C18 and cation exchange FPLC on Resource S at pH 6.1 and 4.7, or anion exchange HPLC on Synchropak AX-300 at pH 8.6. The amino acid sequences of the native and S-pyridyl-ethylated proteins and peptides derived from them by enzymatic digestion and chemical cleavages were determined using a Shimadzu PPSQ-21(A) automated protein sequencer, and by MS/MS collision induced dissociations. To date nearly 400 peptides and proteins (1.2-27 kDa) have been isolated in a pure state and, of these, more than 100 have had their complete or partial amino acid sequences determined. These sequences demonstrate, as might be expected, that the venoms of P. reidyi and P. keyserlingi (Family: Ctenidae) both contain a similar range of isoforms of the neurotoxins as those previously isolated from P. nigriventer which are active on neuronal ion (Ca(2+), Na(+) and K(+)) channels and NMDA-type glutamate receptors. In addition two new families of small (3-4 kDa) toxins, some larger protein (>10 kDa) components, and two serine proteinases of the venom of P. nigriventer are described. These enzymes may be responsible for some of the post-translational modification observed in some of the venom components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Richardson
- Fundacao Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - A M C Pimenta
- Department of Biochem. Immunol., University Fed. Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M P Bemquerer
- Department of Biochem. Immunol., University Fed. Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M M Santoro
- Department of Biochem. Immunol., University Fed. Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - P S L Beirao
- Department of Biochem. Immunol., University Fed. Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M E Lima
- Department of Biochem. Immunol., University Fed. Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - S G Figueiredo
- Department of Physiol. Sci., University Fed. Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - C Bloch
- CENARGEN/EMBRAPA, Brasilia, DF., Brazil
| | - E A R Vasconcelos
- Deparment of Biochem. Mol. Biol., University Fed. Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - F A P Campos
- Deparment of Biochem. Mol. Biol., University Fed. Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - P C Gomes
- Fundacao Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M N Cordeiro
- Fundacao Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Martin-Moutot N, Mansuelle P, Alcaraz G, Dos Santos RG, Cordeiro MN, De Lima ME, Seagar M, Van Renterghem C. Phoneutria nigriventerToxin 1: A Novel, State-Dependent Inhibitor of Neuronal Sodium Channels That Interacts with μ Conotoxin Binding Sites. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:1931-7. [PMID: 16505156 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.021147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxin was purified to homogeneity from the venom of the South American armed spider Phoneutria nigriventer and found to have a molecular mass of 8600 Da and a C-terminally amidated glycine residue. It appears to be identical to Toxin 1 (Tx1) isolated previously from this venom. Tx1 reversibly inhibited sodium currents in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing recombinant sodium (Na(v)1.2) channels without affecting their fast biophysical properties. The kinetics of inhibition of peak sodium current varied with membrane potential, with on-rates increasing and off-rates decreasing with more depolarized holding potentials in the -100 to -50 mV range. Thus, the apparent affinity of Tx1 for the channel increases as the membrane is depolarized. A mono[(125)I]iodo-Tx1 derivative displayed high-affinity binding to a single class of sites (K(D) = 80 pM, B(max) = 0.43 pmol/mg protein) in rat brain membranes. Solubilized binding sites were immunoprecipitated by antibodies directed against a conserved motif in sodium channel alpha subunits. (125)I-Tx1 binding was competitively displaced by mu conotoxin GIIIB (IC(50) = 0.5 microM) but not by 1 microM tetrodotoxin. However, the inhibition of (125)I-Tx1 binding by mu conotoxin GIIIB was abrogated in the presence of tetrodotoxin (1 microM). Patch-clamp and binding data indicate that P. nigriventer Tx1 is a novel, state-dependent sodium-channel blocker that binds to a site in proximity to pharmacological site 1, overlapping mu conotoxin but not tetrodotoxin binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Martin-Moutot
- INSERM U 641, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille cedex 20, France
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21
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Kozlov S, Malyavka A, McCutchen B, Lu A, Schepers E, Herrmann R, Grishin E. A novel strategy for the identification of toxinlike structures in spider venom. Proteins 2005; 59:131-40. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.20390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Pimenta AMC, Rates B, Bloch C, Gomes PC, Santoro MM, de Lima ME, Richardson M, Cordeiro MDN. Electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometric analyses to solve micro-heterogeneity in post-translationally modified peptides from Phoneutria nigriventer (Aranea, Ctenidae) venom. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:31-37. [PMID: 15573368 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of the fractionated venom of the Brazilian armed spider Phoneutria nigriventer, obtained by gel filtration, have demonstrated the presence of a fraction PhM, a pool of small peptides (up to 2000 Da) that provoke contractions in smooth muscle of guinea pig ileum. Initial attempts to sequence these peptides were largely unsuccessful because of the low purification yield and the fact that the majority seemed to be blocked at their N-termini. In the present work, analysis of this venom fraction by mass spectrometry has revealed the existence of a highly complex mixture of peptides with molecular weights corresponding to those observed for the muscle-active peptides previously described (800-1800 Da). These peptides appear to be a family of isoforms with some particular features. The amino acid sequences of 15 isoforms have been determined by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using both electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q/ToFMS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/ToFMS). These molecules contain post-translational modifications such as proteolysis and C-terminal amidation, which combine to generate additional isoforms. All the isoforms sequenced in this study possess an N-terminal pyroglutamic acid residue. A search for sequence similarities with other peptides in databanks revealed that these peptides are structurally related to the tachykinins, a family of neuro-hormone peptides. The data obtained in this study will be essential for the subsequent steps of this research, the synthesis of these peptides and pharmacological characterization of their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano M C Pimenta
- Núcleo de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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23
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Herzig V, Ward RJ, Dos Santos WF. Ontogenetic changes in Phoneutria nigriventer (Araneae, Ctenidae) spider venom. Toxicon 2004; 44:635-40. [PMID: 15501289 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Venom-yield and composition of differently sized individuals of the medically most important Brazilian spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891) was analysed. During growth the venom-mass increases according to a fourth order function of the prosoma size, which mainly reflects an increase of the venom gland volume. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed increasing percentages of proteins < or = 17 kDa from 4.1% in the smallest analysed spiders (2-3 months-old) to 79.1% in adult female venom. Additionally, high-pressure liquid-chromatography showed an increase of a single ('main') peak from 4.6 to 64.9%, while the overall number of other major-peaks decreased. Venom from young instars completely lacked lethality in mice up to a dose of 3.28 mg/kg i.v. as compared to a LD(50) of 0.63 mg/kg for adult female or 1.57 mg/kg for adult male venom that we reported previously. In conclusion, ontogenetic changes in venom protein-composition of growing P. nigriventer are suggested to produce increasing lethality in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Herzig
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Zoological Institute, Faculty of Biology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Oliveira LC, De Lima ME, Pimenta AMC, Mansuelle P, Rochat H, Cordeiro MN, Richardson M, Figueiredo SG. PnTx4-3, a new insect toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer venom elicits the glutamate uptake inhibition exhibited by PhTx4 toxic fraction. Toxicon 2003; 42:793-800. [PMID: 14757211 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several pools of neurotoxic peptides obtained from fractionated Phoneutria nigriventer venom induce different toxicological effects. One of them, PhTx4, is highly toxic towards insects and displays only a slight toxicity when injected in mice. Also, this fraction contains a class of peptides that are able to inhibit glutamate uptake in preparations of mammalian central nervous systems (CNS). In this work a new toxin called PnTx4-3 was isolated from the PhTx4 fraction by reverse phase and anion exchange steps using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Edman sequencing of PnTx4-3 revealed that it was a polypeptide of 48 amino acid residues, containing 10 cysteines cross-linked by five disulfide bridges. The molecular mass measured by ES-Q-TOF mass spectrometry was 5199.49+/-0.64 Da, which is very close to the calculated mass from amino acid sequence (5199.99 Da). This toxin induces immediate excitatory effects when injected intrathoracically in house flies and cockroaches. Intracerebroventricular injections of 30 microg of PnTx4-3 in mice resulted in no apparent signs of intoxication. In order to make an orthologous comparison, pharmacological characterisation were carried out in rat brain synaptosomes by using [3H]-L-glutamate, showed that the whole PhTx4 fraction as well as the pure toxins PnTx4-3, Tx4(6-1) and Tx4(5-5) obtained of this fraction, were able to inhibit the glutamate uptake in the micromolar concentration range. PnTx4-3 inhibits the glutamate uptake in a dose dependent manner, with an IC50 of approximately 1 microM. PnTx4-3 is highly homologous to the Tx4(6-1) and Tx4(5-5) toxins previously described from the same fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leida Calegário Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, UFMG Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627-Pampulha Caixa Postal 486-31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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25
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Gomez MV, Kalapothakis E, Guatimosim C, Prado MAM. Phoneutria nigriventer venom: a cocktail of toxins that affect ion channels. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2002; 22:579-88. [PMID: 12585681 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021836403433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. We review the pharmacological actions of toxins present in the venom of the aggressive spider Phoneutria nigriventer. 2. This venom is rich in toxins that affect ion channels and neurotransmitter release. Voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels have been described as the main targets of these toxins. 3. In addition to these classical actions Phoneutria toxins have also been shown to affect glutamate transporter. 4. It is expected that molecular genetics in addition to biochemical, biophysical and pharmacological approaches will help to further define Phoneutria toxins and their mechanisms of action in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V Gomez
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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26
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Weinberg M, Cordeiro MN, De L, Oliveira LC, Diniz CR. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat mesenteric arterial rings by a Phoneutria nigriventer venom fraction. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 88:189-96. [PMID: 11928720 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.88.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom has been described as acting on several cardiovascular sites. In the present paper, a semi-purified fraction of this spider venom was studied to observe any contractile or relaxing effect in rat mesenteric arterial rings (MAR). Spider venom was first fractionated by gel filtration and subsequently by gradual isocratic steps in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The first fraction of this last fractionation step is studied in the present paper and due to its main effect, it was named NORF (nitric oxide releasing fraction). No direct contractile effect was induced by NORF in relaxed MAR, suggesting no NORF-induced neurotransmitter release in this preparation. No significant influence of NORF was observed on concentration-response curves to phenylephrine on endothelium-denuded MAR, but a significant inhibitory shift of concentration-respense curves was observed on endothelium-preserved MAR (EC50 = 0.39 +/- 0.07 microM for control and EC50 = 0.68 +/- 0.14 microM with NORF). NORF induced concentration-dependent relaxation in endothelium-preserved phenylephrine pre-contracted MAR but not in endothelium-denuded MAR. NORF-induced relaxation was inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME (N(omega)-nitro-arginine methyl ester). Indomethacin or HOE-140 (D-Arg-[Hyp3,Thi5,D-Tic7,Oic8]-bradykinin) had no significant effect on NORF-induced relaxation. Acetylcholine- and NORF-induced relaxation of pre-contracted MAR were differently inhibited by atropine. The pA2 value for atropine-acetylcholine was 9.78 +/- 0.06 and that for atropine-NORF was 8.53 +/- 0.30 (P<0.01). These observations suggest that NORF induces concentration-dependent liberation of nitric oxide from MAR endothelium and that a non-muscarinic mechanism might be involved in this effect. Our data suggest no involvement of prostanoids or bradykinin in the relaxing mechanism.
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27
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de Figueiredo SG, de Lima ME, Nascimento Cordeiro M, Diniz CR, Patten D, Halliwell RF, Gilroy J, Richardson M. Purification and amino acid sequence of a highly insecticidal toxin from the venom of the brazilian spider Phoneutria nigriventer which inhibits NMDA-evoked currents in rat hippocampal neurones. Toxicon 2001; 39:309-17. [PMID: 10978749 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new insecticidal toxin Tx4(5-5) was isolated from the fraction PhTx4 of the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and anion exchange HPLC. The complete amino acid sequence determined by automated Edman degradation showed that Tx4(5-5) is a single chain polypeptide composed of 47 amino acid residues, including 10 cysteines, with a calculated molecular mass of 5175 Da. Tx4(5-5) shows 64% of sequence identity with Tx4(6-1), another insecticidal toxin from the same venom. Tx4(5-5) was highly toxic to house fly (Musca domestica), cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and cricket (Acheta domesticus ), producing neurotoxic effects (knock-down, trembling with uncoordinated movements) at doses as low as 50 ng/g (house fly), 250 ng/g (cockroach) and 150 ng/g (cricket). In contrast, intracerebroventricular injections (30 microg) into mice induced no behavioural effects. Preliminary electrophysiological studies carried out on whole-cell voltage-clamped rat hippocampal neurones indicated that Tx4(5-5) (at 1 microM) reversibly inhibited the N-methyl-D-aspartate-subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor, while having little or no effect on kainate-, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid- or gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G de Figueiredo
- Departmento de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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28
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29
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Kushmerick C, Kalapothakis E, Beirão PS, Penaforte CL, Prado VF, Cruz JS, Diniz CR, Cordeiro MN, Gomez MV, Romano-Silva MA, Prado MA. Phoneutria nigriventer toxin Tx3-1 blocks A-type K+ currents controlling Ca2+ oscillation frequency in GH3 cells. J Neurochem 1999; 72:1472-81. [PMID: 10098851 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.721472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
GH3 cells present spontaneous Ca2+ action potentials and oscillations of intracellular Ca2+, which can be modified by altering the activity of K+ or Ca2+ channels. We took advantage of this spontaneous activity to screen for effects of a purified toxin (Tx3-1) from the venom of Phoneutria nigriventer on ion channels. We report that Tx3-1 increases the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations, as do two blockers of potassium channels, 4-aminopyridine and charybdotoxin. Whole-cell patch clamp experiments show that Tx3-1 reversibly inhibits the A-type K+ current (I(A)) but does not block other K+ currents (delayed-rectifying, inward-rectifying, and large-conductance Ca2+-sensitive) or Ca2+ channels (T and L type) in these cells. In addition, we describe the sequence of a full cDNA clone of Tx3-1, which shows that Tx3-1 has no homology to other known blockers of K+ channels and gives insights into the processing of this neurotoxin. We conclude that Tx3-1 is a selective inhibitor of I(A), which can be used to probe the role of this channel in the control of cellular function. Based on the effect of Tx3-1, we suggest that I(A) is an important determinant of the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations in unstimulated GH3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kushmerick
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Mattiello-Sverzut AC, Fontana MD, Diniz CR, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Pathological changes induced by PhTx1 from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom in mouse skeletal muscle in vitro. Toxicon 1998; 36:1349-61. [PMID: 9723834 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer is responsible for most human accidents involving spiders in Brazil. The effects of fraction Tx1 (PhTx1) from the venom of this spider were investigated by physiological and morphological methods using the mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. PhTx1 (1 and 5 microg) did not affect the twitch tension of muscle fibers under indirect electrical stimulation. At this same concentration, PhTx1 also did not alter the miniature end-plate potential (mepp) frequency and amplitude, nor did it change the resting membrane potential 60 min after addition to the preparation. Light microscopy (LM) revealed that in muscles incubated with PhTx1 a number of fibers were morphologically altered, as evidenced by microvacuolization and myofibril hypercontraction and loss within 15 min after toxin administration. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed sarcoplasmic reticulum swelling, disorganization of the sarcomeres and mitochondrial damage, and occasionally, sarcolemmal discontinuities with a persisting basal membrane. The intra-muscular fascicles of the phrenic nerve showed myelinated axons with vacuolated myelin sheaths as well as peri- and intra-axoplasmic vacuoles. The neuromuscular junction changes were variable, but were rarely severe. Thus, although PhTx1 did not depolarize or hyperpolarize the neuromuscular junction, it was nevertheless toxic to a restricted number of muscle fibers and nerve structures. The site of action of PhTx1 may involve the sarcolemma and axolemma as suggested by the morphological abnormalities which could reflect hydroelectrolytic disturbances.
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31
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Costa SK, de Nucci G, Antunes E, Brain SD. Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom induces oedema in rat skin by activation of capsaicin sensitive sensory nerves. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 339:223-6. [PMID: 9473139 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phoneeutria nigriventer venom induces oedema formation when injected in the rat dorsal skin and such oedema is, in part, dependent on the stimulation of tachykinin NK1 receptors. This study investigated whether Phoneutria nigriventer venom acts directly on tachykinin NK1 receptors, or indirectly to activate sensory neurones which in turn release a tachykinin NK1 receptor agonist. The plasma extravasation induced by Phoneutria nigriventer venom (1-10 microg/site) in neonatally capsaicin (8-methyl N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide)-pretreated rats was substantially attenuated (P < 0.05) but the response to either the tachykinin NK1 receptor agonist GR73632 ((deltaAva[L-Pro9, N-MeLeu10] substance P-(7-11) 30 pmol/site) or bradykinin (0.3-3 nmol/site) was not affected. These results indicate that Phoneutria nigriventer venom stimulates sensory nerves indirectly. The lack of effect of capsaicin-pretreatment on the GR73632 and bradykinin responses indicated that the tachykinin NK1 and bradykinin B2 receptors remained functional. There was no evidence to suggest that Phoneutria nigriventer venom contains a tachykinin NK1 receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, Campinas (SP), Brazil
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32
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Shiomi K, Qian WH, Lin XY, Shimakura K, Nagashima Y, Ishida M. Novel polypeptide toxins with crab lethality from the sea anemone Anemonia erythraea. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1335:191-8. [PMID: 9133656 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(96)00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The sea anemone Anemonia erythraea was found to contain polypeptide toxins with crab lethality as well as hemolysins. Three polypeptide toxins (AETX I, II and III) were isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and reverse-phase HPLC on TSKgel ODS-120T. A geographic variation in toxin composition was suggested. The LD50 against crabs of AETX I, II and III were estimated to be 2.2, 0.53 and 0.28 microg/kg, respectively, but none of the toxins showed lethality in mice. The amino acid sequences of the three toxins were deduced from sequencings of the whole molecules and their enzymatic fragments. Amino acid analyses and molecular mass determinations supported the accuracy of the deduced sequences. AETX I, comprising 47 amino acid residues including 6 half-Cys residues, is an analog of sea anemone type I toxins. On the other hand, AETX II and III, which are highly homologous with each other, are quite distinct from the known sea anemone polypeptide toxins in that they are composed of 59 residues including 10 half-Cys residues. Interestingly, both toxins have sequence similarities with neurotoxins isolated from the Brazilian 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shiomi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Minato-ku, Japan
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33
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Nicholson GM, Little MJ, Tyler M, Narahashi T. Selective alteration of sodium channel gating by Australian funnel-web spider toxins. Toxicon 1996; 34:1443-53. [PMID: 9028001 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The actions of potent mammalian neurotoxins isolated from the venom of two Australian funnel-web spiders were investigated using both electrophysiological and neurochemical techniques. Whole-cell patch clamp recording of sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons revealed that versutoxin (VTX), isolated from the venom of Hadronyche versuta, produced a concentration-dependent slowing or removal of tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) sodium current inactivation and a reduction in peak TTX-S sodium current. In contrast, VTX had no effect on tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium currents or potassium currents. VTX also shifted the voltage dependence of sodium channel activation in the hyperpolarizing direction and increased the rate of recovery from inactivation. Ion flux studies performed in rat brain synaptosomes also revealed that robustoxin (RTX), from the venom of Atrax robustus, and VTX both produced a partial activation of 22Na+ flux and an inhibition of batrachotoxin-activated 22Na+ flux. This inhibition of flux through batrachotoxin-activated channels was not due to an interaction with neurotoxin receptor site 1 since [3H]saxitoxin binding was unaffected. In addition, the partial activation of 22Na+ flux was not enhanced in the presence of alpha-scorpion toxin and further experiments suggest that VTX also enhances [3H]batrachotoxin binding. These selective actions of funnel-web spider toxins on sodium channel function are comparable to those of alpha-scorpion and sea anemone toxins which bind to neurotoxin receptor site 3 on the channel to slow channel inactivation profoundly. Also, these modifications of sodium channel gating and kinetics are consistent with actions of the spider toxins to produce repetitive firing of action potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Nicholson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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34
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Rego E, Bento AC, Lopes-Martins RA, Antunes E, Novello JC, Marangoni S, Giglio JR, Oliveira B, De Nucci G. Isolation and partial characterization of a polypeptide from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom that relaxes rabbit corpus cavernosum in vitro. Toxicon 1996; 34:1141-7. [PMID: 8931254 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(96)00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The venom of the Brazilian spider Phoneutria nigriventer was fractionated using a C18 microBondapack reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column. The resulting fractions were assayed in the rabbit perfused corpus cavernosum tissue to identify those fractions responsible for the corpus cavernosum relaxation. Two fractions (A and B) with retention times of 18.1 and 36.7 min, respectively, induced relaxation of corpus cavernosum strips. Fraction A was selected for further biochemical characterization. Repurification of this fraction revealed the presence of a polypeptide (named PNV4) which migrates in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a single band consistent with a mol. wt close to 16,600. The amino acid composition of PNV4 showed the presence of 147 residues, a high content of Cys and a calculated mol. wt of 17,213 + Trp. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of PNV4 determined for its first 48 residues was AELTSCFPVGHECDGDASNCNCCGDDVYCGCGWGRWNCKCKVADQSYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rego
- Department of Biochemistry, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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35
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Bento AC, Rego E, Pedroso-Mariani SR, Mancuso LC, Giglio JR, Novello JC, Marangoni S, Caracelli I, Oliveira B, Antunes E. Isolation of a polypeptide from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom responsible for the increased vascular permeability in rabbit skin. Toxicon 1995; 33:171-8. [PMID: 7597720 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)00148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation of Phoneutria nigriventer venom by Sephadex G-10 followed by ion-exchange chromatography yields a fraction (fraction XIII) which increases microvascular permeability in rabbit skin in vivo by activating the tissue kallikrein-kinin system. One polypeptide (PNV3) with the ability to increase microvascular permeability in the rabbit skin in vivo was isolated from fraction XIII and biochemically characterized. PNV3 has 132 amino acid residues with a calculated mol. wt of 14,475. This polypeptide showed the following N-terminal sequence: AVFAIQDQPC. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of six disulfide bridges and a high content of Glx (20%). Pairwise comparison of PNV3 amino acid sequence with 27 other spider venom polypeptides and proteins indicated that PNV3 presents high similarity (60-70%) with other toxins (Tx2.1, Tx2.5 and Tx2.6) isolated from P. nigriventer venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bento
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Brazil
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36
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Figueiredo SG, Garcia ME, Valentim AC, Cordeiro MN, Diniz CR, Richardson M. Purification and amino acid sequence of the insecticidal neurotoxin Tx4(6-1) from the venom of the 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keys). Toxicon 1995; 33:83-93. [PMID: 7778132 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)00130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An insecticidal peptide referred to as Tx4(6-1) was purified from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer by a combination of gel filtration, reverse-phase fast liquid chromatography on Pep-RPC, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on Vydac C18 and ion-exchange HPLC on cationic columns. Tx4(6-1) is highly toxic to house flies. At levels of 0.5 ng/house fly it caused excitatory symptoms immediately after intrathoracical injection. However, in mice injections of 0.03 mg of the toxin intracerebroventricularly resulted in no apparent symptoms of intoxication. These results demonstrate that Tx4(6-1) of P. nigriventer has no toxicity for mice, and suggest that it is a specific anti-insect toxin. The mol. wt (5244.6) and purity of the toxin were determined by desorption mass spectroscopy. The complete amino acid sequence of this toxin was established by direct automated Edman degradation and manual 4-N,N'-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'isothiocyanate/phenyl-isothiocyanate microsequence analyses of peptides obtained from digests with various proteases. The protein contains 48 amino acids including 10 Cys and 6 Lys. The N-terminal and C-terminal residues were Cys. The Tx4(6-1) sequence differs from that of previously characterized neurotoxins found in the same and other venom spiders, but exhibited sequence similarities in the location of the Cys residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Figueiredo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Ertel EA, Warren VA, Adams ME, Griffin PR, Cohen CJ, Smith MM. Type III omega-agatoxins: a family of probes for similar binding sites on L- and N-type calcium channels. Biochemistry 1994; 33:5098-108. [PMID: 8172884 DOI: 10.1021/bi00183a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The peptide omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA) from venom of the funnel web spider Agelenopsis aperta is the only known agent that blocks L-type and N-type Ca channels with equal high potency (IC50 < or = 1 nM). From the same venom, we have purified and sequenced a family of peptides which are homologous to omega-Aga-IIIA but vary over 100-fold in their relative affinity for L-type versus N-type Ca channels. One of these, omega-Aga-IIIB, is 76 amino acids long and identical to omega-Aga-IIIA in 66 positions. We identified two other similar peptides, omega-Aga-IIIC and omega-Aga-IIID, as well as one single amino acid variant of omega-Aga-IIIA and two of omega-Aga-IIIB. The type III omega-agatoxins exhibit similar but distinct activities on voltage-gated Ca channels. omega-Aga-IIIA, omega-Aga-IIIB, and omega-Aga-IIID are nearly indistinguishable in their actions at the insect neuromuscular junction (no effect at 0.1 microM), on atrial T-type Ca channels (no effect at 0.5 microM), and in two assays for synaptosomal Ca channels: they are nearly equipotent inhibitors of 125I-omega-conotoxin GVIA binding to rat brain synaptic membranes (IC50 = 0.17-0.33 nM) and blockers of the K(+)-induced 45Ca2+ influx into chick brain synaptosomes (omega-Aga-IIIB, 1.2 nM; omega-Aga-IIIA, 2.4 nM). In contrast, omega-Aga-IIIA is a better blocker of locust Ca channels (IC50 approximately 10-50 nM) than is omega-Aga-IIIB. Finally, although omega-Aga-IIIA, omega-Aga-IIIB, and omega-Aga-IIID all block atrial L-type Ca channels, omega-Aga-IIIA is over 100-fold more potent. Thus, although type III omega-agatoxins appear to recognize a binding site common to L- and N-type Ca channels, omega-Aga-IIIB and omega-Aga-IIID identify differences between the two channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ertel
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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Kuhn-Nentwig L, Schaller J, Nentwig W. Purification of toxic peptides and the amino acid sequence of CSTX-1 from the multicomponent venom of Cupiennius salei (Araneae:Ctenidae). Toxicon 1994; 32:287-302. [PMID: 8016851 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(94)90082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The venom of the wandering spider Cupiennius salei was analysed biochemically by gel filtration, cation exchange chromatography, RP-HPLC, IEF, SDS-PAGE and TLC-electrophoresis. The native venom contains high levels of Na+, K+, Ca2+, histamine and taurine. It shows considerable activity of hyaluronidase, but not proteolytic activity. Thirteen peptides (CSTX-1 to CSTX-13) with an apparent mol. wt between 2.6 and 12.5 kDa causing differently strong toxic, effects were purified. Toxicity data of the crude venom (insects and mouse) are given and compared with the toxicity of CSTX-1, which causes most of the crude venom's toxicity. CSTX-1 has a mol. wt of 8352.6 and its amino acid sequence of 74 amino acids is given.
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39
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Neurotoxic acylpolyamines from spider venoms. J Chem Ecol 1993; 19:2411-51. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00979674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/1993] [Accepted: 05/05/1993] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Bento AC, Novello JC, Marangoni S, Antunes E, Giglio JR, Oliveira B, de Nucci G. Identification of a new vascular smooth muscle contracting polypeptide in Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:1092-5. [PMID: 8216354 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90676-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The fractionation of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom by gel filtration (Sephadex G-10-120) followed by ion-exchange chromatography (microgranular CM-cellulose-52) resulted in sixteen fractions (CI to CXVI) from which CVII+VIII, CIX and CX+XI caused dose-dependent and short-lived contractions of both arterial and venous rabbit vessels. Fraction CX+XI was further purified by a reverse phase HPLC, and a contractile polypeptide (PNV2) was isolated. The amino terminal sequence of PNV2 (LAKRADICQPGKTSQRACET) indicated that it represents a pure polypeptide consisting of a single chain. Furthermore, the amino acid analysis of PNV2 revealed the presence of four disulfide bridges, a high content in Lys (14%), Glx (11%), and the absence of His. The global amino acid composition showed that this polypeptide is composed of 102 residues (Trp not included) with a calculated molecular weight of 12,114. Whether this peptide is responsible for the vascular alterations observed in Phoneutria envenomation, such as lung edema and priapism, remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bento
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
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41
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Diniz M, Paine M, Diniz C, Theakston R, Crampton J. Sequence of the cDNA coding for the lethal neurotoxin Tx1 from the Brazilian “armed” spider Phoneutria nigriventer predicts the synthesis and processing of a preprotoxin. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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42
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Marangoni S, Borges NC, Marangoni RA, Antunes E, Vieira CA, Novello JC, Domont GB, Giglio JR, Oliveira B, de Nucci G. Biochemical characterization of a vascular smooth muscle contracting polypeptide purified from Phoneutria nigriventer (armed spider) venom. Toxicon 1993; 31:377-84. [PMID: 8503129 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90173-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical characterization of a vascular smooth muscle contracting polypeptide purified from Phoneutria nigriventer (armed spider) venom. Toxicon 31, 377-384, 1993. Crude Phoneutria nigriventer venom was fractionated by Sephadex, ion-exchange and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. One protein (PNV1) with spasmogenic activity in rabbit vascular smooth muscle was isolated and biochemically characterized. PNV1 has 125 amino acid residues and a calculated mol. wt of 13,899. Special features of the amino acid composition of PNV1 are the presence of two disulfide bridges and the high percentage (27%) of Asx and Glx. The N-terminal amino acid sequence indicates that PNV1 is different from other polypeptides isolated from Phoneutria nigriventer venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Brazil
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43
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Cordeiro MDN, de Figueiredo SG, Valentim ADC, Diniz CR, von Eickstedt VR, Gilroy J, Richardson M. Purification and amino acid sequences of six Tx3 type neurotoxins from the venom of the Brazilian 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keys). Toxicon 1993; 31:35-42. [PMID: 8446961 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90354-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Six neurotoxic peptides (Tx3-1 to Tx3-6) were purified from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer by a combination of gel filtration, reverse phase FPLC on PEP-RPC and PRO-RPC columns, reverse phase HPLC on Vydac C18, and ion exchange HPLC on cationic and anionic columns. These toxins caused different neurological symptoms in mice after intracerebroventricular injection. At dose levels of 5 micrograms/mouse, Tx3-3 and Tx3-4 caused rapid general flaccid paralysis followed by death in 10-30 min; Tx3-2 induced immediate clockwise gyration and flaccid paralysis after 6 hr; Tx3-1, Tx3-5 and Tx3-6 produced paralysis only in the posterior limbs and gradual decreases in movement and aggression during 24 hr. The mol. wt of these cystine-rich peptides were found to be in the range of 3500-8500 by mass spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE. The complete amino acid sequences of the neurotoxins Tx3-1 (40 residues), Tx3-2 (34 residues) and Tx3-6 (55 residues), and the N-terminal sequences of Tx3-3 (34 res.), Tx3-4 (40 res.) and Tx3-5 (36 res.) were established by direct automated Edman degradation, and manual DABITC/PITC microsequence analyses of peptides obtained from digests with various proteases. The structures of these Tx3 neurotoxins from Phoneutria nigriventer exhibited sequence similarities to one another and to the neurotoxins from the venoms of the spiders Hololena curta and Agelenopsis aperta, which were most evident in the location of the Cys residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M do N Cordeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
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44
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Cordeiro MDN, Diniz CR, Valentim ADC, von Eickstedt VR, Gilroy J, Richardson M. The purification and amino acid sequences of four Tx2 neurotoxins from the venom of the Brazilian 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keys). FEBS Lett 1992; 310:153-6. [PMID: 1397265 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81318-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Four neurotoxic polypeptides (Tx2-1, Txt2-5, Tx2-6 and Tx2-9) were purified from the venom of the South American 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keys) by gel filtration and reverse phase FPLC and HPLC. These cysteine-rich polypeptides exhibited different levels of neurotoxicity in mice after intracerebroventricular injection. Tx2-1, Tx2-5 and Tx2-6 caused spastic paralysis and death, but the less toxic Tx2-9 produced only tail erection and scratching. The molecular weights of the polypeptides as determined by desorption mass spectroscoopy were 5838.8 for Tx2-1, 5116.6 (Tx2-5), 5291.3 (Tx2-6) and 3742.1 (Tx2-9). The complete amino acid sequences of the neurotoxins were determined by automated Edman degradation and by manual DABITC-PITC microsequence analysis of peptides obtained after digestions with various proteases. The amino acid sequences of Tx2-1 (53 residues), Tx2-5 (49 residues) and Tx2-6 (48 residues) were homologous, but had only limited similarities to the less toxic Tx2-9 (32 residues). All four polypeptides had varying sequence identities with other neurotoxins from different spider species and biologically active peptides from scorpions, a sea snail and seeds of Mirabilis jalapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M do N Cordeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
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45
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Antunes E, Marangoni RA, Brain SD, de Nucci G. Phoneutria nigriventer (armed spider) venom induces increased vascular permeability in rat and rabbit skin in vivo. Toxicon 1992; 30:1011-6. [PMID: 1359680 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(92)90045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of intradermally injected Phoneutria nigriventer venom (PNV) on vascular permeability of both rat and rabbit skin has been investigated. Oedema formation was measured as the local extravascular accumulation at skin sites of intravenously injected 125I-human serum albumin. In both rat and rabbit PNV induced dose-dependent oedema which was greatly potentiated by the vasodilators calcitonin-gene-related peptide and prostaglandin E1. In rats, PNV-induced oedema was markedly reduced either by previous treatment of the animals with the histamine H1 antagonist mepyramine and the serotonin antagonist methysergide or when venom was dialysed, indicating a major role for histamine and serotonin. In rabbits, dialysis of the venom to remove histamine and serotonin did not reduce PNV-induced oedema, indicating presence of oedematogenic component(s) which are different from the amines histamine or serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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46
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Usherwood PN, Blagbrough IS. Spider toxins affecting glutamate receptors: polyamines in therapeutic neurochemistry. Pharmacol Ther 1991; 52:245-68. [PMID: 1667954 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(91)90012-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine amide toxins obtained from venous of spiders and wasps interact selectively with ionotropic glutamate receptors (GLU-R) of vertebrate central nervous systems. The sites and modes of action of these polyamine amide toxins are reviewed with particular reference to their structure-activity relationships. Qualitatively, their effects on GLU-R are identical to those exerted by polyamines such as spermine, but the polyamine amides are more potent. These compounds (a) potentiate and (b) antagonize GLU-R, the latter arising through open channel block. For the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor this non-competitive antagonism probably arises through binding of toxin to the Mg2+ site(s) located in the channel gated by this receptor. Similarities and differences between GLU-R in vertebrates and in invertebrates with respect to their interactions with polyamines and polyamine amide toxins are discussed. In both groups the low specificity of these compounds is illustrated by their antagonism at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in addition to GLU-R. Electrophysiological studies, including those employing Xenopus oocytes, are reviewed and future prospects for the use of polyamine amides in therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Usherwood
- Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, U.K
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47
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Rezende Júnior L, Cordeiro MN, Oliveira EB, Diniz CR. Isolation of neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer. Toxicon 1991; 29:1225-33. [PMID: 1801316 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(91)90195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Three neurotoxic fractions, lethal to mice, were isolated from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer, by gel filtration and reverse phase chromatography (Phoneutria toxins 1, 2 and 3). These toxins have mol. wts in the range 6000-9000, and have different amino acid compositions and N-terminal amino acid sequences. The toxins also differ in the lethality and signs they cause in mice after intracerebro-ventricular injection. The median LD50 being respectively for the whole venom, toxins 1, 2 and 3, 47 +/- 5 micrograms, 45 +/- 4 micrograms, 1.7 +/- 0.7 micrograms and 137 +/- 10 micrograms/kg mouse. Toxins 1 and 2 induce excitatory symptoms in mice and toxin 3 a flaccid paralysis with an ED50 of 40 +/- 5 micrograms/kg mouse as measured also by intracerebro-ventricular injection. The presence in the venom of a non-neurotoxic, smooth muscle active peptide is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rezende Júnior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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