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Kumar D, Sachdeva K, Tanwar R, Devi S. Review on novel targeted enzyme drug delivery systems: enzymosomes. SOFT MATTER 2024. [PMID: 38738579 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to present enzymosomes as an innovative means for site-specific drug delivery. Enzymosomes make use of an enzyme's special characteristics, such as its capacity to accelerate the reaction rate and bind to a particular substrate at a regulated rate. Enzymosomes are created when an enzyme forms a covalent linkage with a liposome or lipid vesicle surface. To construct enzymosomes with specialized activities, enzymes are linked using acylation, direct conjugation, physical adsorption, and encapsulation techniques. By reducing the negative side effects of earlier treatment techniques and exhibiting efficient medication release, these cutting-edge drug delivery systems improve long-term sickness treatments. They could be a good substitute for antiplatelet medication, gout treatment, and other traditional medicines. Recently developed supramolecular vesicular delivery systems called enzymosomes have the potential to improve drug targeting, physicochemical characteristics, and ultimately bioavailability in the pharmaceutical industry. Enzymosomes have advantages over narrow-therapeutic index pharmaceuticals as focusing on their site of action enhances both their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, it reduces changes in normal enzymatic activity, which enhances the half-life of an enzyme and accomplishes enzyme activity on specific locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Komal Sachdeva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Rajni Tanwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Starex University, Gurugram, India
| | - Sunita Devi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
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Burnouf PA, Roffler SR, Wu CC, Su YC. Glucuronides: From biological waste to bio-nanomedical applications. J Control Release 2022; 349:765-782. [PMID: 35907593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long considered as no more than biological waste meant to be eliminated in urine, glucuronides have recently contributed to tremendous developments in the biomedical field, particularly against cancer. While glucuronide prodrugs monotherapy and antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy have been around for some time, new facets have emerged that combine the unique properties of glucuronides notably in the fields of antibody-drug conjugates and nanomedicine. In both cases, glucuronides are utilized as a vector to improve pharmacokinetics and confer localized activation of potent drugs at tumor sites while also decreasing systemic toxicity. Here we will discuss some of the most promising strategies using glucuronides to promote successful anti-tumor therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Veselov VV, Nosyrev AE, Jicsinszky L, Alyautdin RN, Cravotto G. Targeted Delivery Methods for Anticancer Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030622. [PMID: 35158888 PMCID: PMC8833699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current main technological strategies for the delivery of anticancer drugs are discussed herein. This comprehensive review may help researchers design suitable delivery systems. Abstract Several drug-delivery systems have been reported on and often successfully applied in cancer therapy. Cell-targeted delivery can reduce the overall toxicity of cytotoxic drugs and increase their effectiveness and selectivity. Besides traditional liposomal and micellar formulations, various nanocarrier systems have recently become the focus of developmental interest. This review discusses the preparation and targeting techniques as well as the properties of several liposome-, micelle-, solid-lipid nanoparticle-, dendrimer-, gold-, and magnetic-nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Approaches for targeted drug delivery and systems for drug release under a range of stimuli are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V. Veselov
- Center of Bioanalytical Investigation and Molecular Design, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.V.); (A.E.N.)
| | - Alexander E. Nosyrev
- Center of Bioanalytical Investigation and Molecular Design, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.V.); (A.E.N.)
| | - László Jicsinszky
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Renad N. Alyautdin
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7183
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Lian X, Huang Y, Zhu Y, Fang Y, Zhao R, Joseph E, Li J, Pellois JP, Zhou HC. Enzyme-MOF Nanoreactor Activates Nontoxic Paracetamol for Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5725-5730. [PMID: 29536600 PMCID: PMC6621563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prodrug activation, by exogenously administered enzymes, for cancer therapy is an approach to achieve better selectivity and less systemic toxicity than conventional chemotherapy. However, the short half-lives of the activating enzymes in the bloodstream has limited its success. Demonstrated here is that a tyrosinase-MOF nanoreactor activates the prodrug paracetamol in cancer cells in a long-lasting manner. By generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depleting glutathione (GSH), the product of the enzymatic conversion of paracetamol is toxic to drug-resistant cancer cells. Tyrosinase-MOF nanoreactors cause significant cell death in the presence of paracetamol for up to three days after being internalized by cells, while free enzymes totally lose activity in a few hours. Thus, enzyme-MOF nanocomposites are envisioned to be novel persistent platforms for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhen Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255 (USA)
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for MolecularSciences; CAS Key, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, 100190(China)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for MolecularSciences; CAS Key, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, 100190(China)
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255 (USA)
| | - Rui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for MolecularSciences; CAS Key, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, 100190(China)
| | - Elizabeth Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255 (USA)
| | - Jialuo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255 (USA)
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-2128 (USA); Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255 (USA)
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255 (USA)
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Lian X, Huang Y, Zhu Y, Fang Y, Zhao R, Joseph E, Li J, Pellois JP, Zhou HC. Enzyme-MOF Nanoreactor Activates Nontoxic Paracetamol for Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xizhen Lian
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Elizabeth Joseph
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Jialuo Li
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843-2128 USA
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
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Vahabi S, Eatemadi A. Nanoliposome encapsulated anesthetics for local anesthesia application. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Hung BY, Kuthati Y, Kankala RK, Kankala S, Deng JP, Liu CL, Lee CH. Utilization of Enzyme-Immobilized Mesoporous Silica Nanocontainers (IBN-4) in Prodrug-Activated Cancer Theranostics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:2169-2191. [PMID: 28347114 PMCID: PMC5304787 DOI: 10.3390/nano5042169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To develop a carrier for use in enzyme prodrug therapy, Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized onto mesoporous silica nanoparticles (IBN-4: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology), where the nanoparticle surfaces were functionalized with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and further conjugated with glutaraldehyde. Consequently, the enzymes could be stabilized in nanochannels through the formation of covalent imine bonds. This strategy was used to protect HRP from immune exclusion, degradation and denaturation under biological conditions. Furthermore, immobilization of HRP in the nanochannels of IBN-4 nanomaterials exhibited good functional stability upon repetitive use and long-term storage (60 days) at 4 °C. The generation of functionalized and HRP-immobilized nanomaterials was further verified using various characterization techniques. The possibility of using HRP-encapsulated IBN-4 materials in prodrug cancer therapy was also demonstrated by evaluating their ability to convert a prodrug (indole-3- acetic acid (IAA)) into cytotoxic radicals, which triggered tumor cell apoptosis in human colon carcinoma (HT-29 cell line) cells. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay revealed that cells could be exposed to the IBN-4 nanocomposites without damaging their membranes, confirming apoptotic cell death. In summary, we demonstrated the potential of utilizing large porous mesoporous silica nanomaterials (IBN-4) as enzyme carriers for prodrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bau-Yen Hung
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
| | - Yaswanth Kuthati
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
| | | | - Jin-Pei Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Lun Liu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien-974, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1960s, liposomes have been studied in depth, and they continue to constitute a field of intense research. Liposomes are valued for their biological and technological advantages, and are considered to be the most successful drug-carrier system known to date. Notable progress has been made, and several biomedical applications of liposomes are either in clinical trials, are about to be put on the market, or have already been approved for public use. In this review, we briefly analyze how the efficacy of liposomes depends on the nature of their components and their size, surface charge, and lipidic organization. Moreover, we discuss the influence of the physicochemical properties of liposomes on their interaction with cells, half-life, ability to enter tissues, and final fate in vivo. Finally, we describe some strategies developed to overcome limitations of the “first-generation” liposomes, and liposome-based drugs on the market and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Bozzuto
- Chemical Methodology Institute, CNR, Rome, Italy ; Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Molinari
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Barrefelt Å, Saghafian M, Kuiper R, Ye F, Egri G, Klickermann M, Brismar TB, Aspelin P, Muhammed M, Dähne L, Hassan M. Biodistribution, kinetics, and biological fate of SPION microbubbles in the rat. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3241-54. [PMID: 24023513 PMCID: PMC3767493 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s49948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present investigation, we studied the kinetics and biodistribution of a contrast agent consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microbubbles containing superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPION) trapped between the PVA layers (SPION microbubbles). Methods The biological fate of SPION microbubbles was determined in Sprague-Dawley rats after intravenous administration. Biodistribution and elimination of the microbubbles were studied in rats using magnetic resonance imaging for a period of 6 weeks. The rats were sacrificed and perfusion-fixated at different time points. The magnetic resonance imaging results obtained were compared with histopathologic findings in different organs. Results SPION microbubbles could be detected in the liver using magnetic resonance imaging as early as 10 minutes post injection. The maximum signal was detected between 24 hours and one week post injection. Histopathology showed the presence of clustered SPION microbubbles predominantly in the lungs from the first time point investigated (10 minutes). The frequency of microbubbles declined in the pulmonary vasculature and increased in pulmonary, hepatic, and splenic macrophages over time, resulting in a relative shift from the lungs to the spleen and liver. Meanwhile, macrophages showed increasing signs of cytoplasmic iron accumulation, initially in the lungs, then followed by other organs. Conclusion The present investigation highlights the biological behavior of SPION microbubbles, including organ distribution over time and indications for biodegradation. The present results are essential for developing SPION microbubbles as a potential contrast agent and/or a drug delivery vehicle for specific organs. Such a vehicle will facilitate the use of multimodality imaging techniques, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and single positron emission computed tomography, and hence improve diagnostics, therapy, and the ability to monitor the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Barrefelt
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden ; Experimental Cancer Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field originating from the interaction of several different disciplines, such as engineering, physics, biology and chemistry. New materials and devices effectively interact with the body at molecular level, yielding a brand new range of highly selective and targeted applications designed to maximize the therapeutic efficiency while reducing the side effects. Liposomes, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes and superparamagnetic nanoparticles are among the most assessed nanotechnologies. Meanwhile, other futuristic platforms are paving the way toward a new scientific paradigm, able to deeply change the research path in the medical science. The growth of nanotechnology, driven by the dramatic advances in science and technology, clearly creates new opportunities for the development of the medical science and disease treatment in human health care. Despite the concerns and the on-going studies about their safety, nanotechnology clearly emerges as holding the promise of delivering one of the greatest breakthroughs in the history of medical science.
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13
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Strategy for effective brain drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:385-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Storm G, Nässander UK, Vingerhoeds MH, Steerenberg PA, Crommelin DA. Antibody-Targeted Liposomes to Deliver Doxorubicin to Ovarian Cancer Cells. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109409037064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Storm G, Koppenhagen FJ, Heeremans AL, Vingerhoeds MH, Woodle MC, Crommelin DJ. Liposomal Delivery of Peptides and Proteins. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109509010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Storm G, Vingerhoeds MH, Haisma H, Bakker-Woudenberg IA, Blume G, Cevc G, Crommelin DJA. Biodistribution and Therapeutic Utility of Liposomal Drug Carrier Systems. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109309150738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/02652049409034997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Huwyler J, Drewe J, Krähenbuhl S. Tumor targeting using liposomal antineoplastic drugs. Int J Nanomedicine 2008; 3:21-9. [PMID: 18488413 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last years, liposomes (microparticulate phospholipid vesicles) have been used with growing success as pharmaceutical carriers for antineoplastic drugs. Fields of application include lipid-based formulations to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble antitumor drugs, the use of pegylated liposomes for passive targeting of solid tumors as well as vector-conjugated liposomal carriers for active targeting of tumor tissue. Such formulation and drug targeting strategies enhance the effectiveness of anticancer chemotherapy and reduce at the same time the risk of toxic side-effects. The present article reviews the principles of different liposomal technologies and discusses current trends in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Huwyler
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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Schnyder A, Huwyler J. Drug transport to brain with targeted liposomes. Neurotherapeutics 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03206646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Antibody-conjugated liposomes or immunoliposomes are particulate drug carriers that can be used to direct encapsulated drug molecules to diseased tissues or organs. The present review discusses examples of successful applications of this technology to achieve drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. In addition, information will be provided on practical aspects such as phospholipid compositions of liposomes, antibody coupling technologies, large-scale production of liposomes, and obstacles related to drug loading of the carrier. Prospects of future uses of immunoliposome-based drug delivery systems such as gene therapy of the brain and clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Schnyder
- Department of Research and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Fonseca MJ, Jagtenberg JC, Haisma HJ, Storm G. Liposome-mediated targeting of enzymes to cancer cells for site-specific activation of prodrugs: comparison with the corresponding antibody-enzyme conjugate. Pharm Res 2003; 20:423-8. [PMID: 12669963 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022608321861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunoenzymosomes are tumor-targeted immunoliposomes bearing enzymes on their surface. These enzymes are capable of converting relatively nontoxic prodrugs into active cytostatic agents. The aims of this study were to compare the enzyme delivery capability of immunoenzymosomes with that of the corresponding antibody-enzyme conjugate and to evaluate whether immunoenzymosomes are able to mount a strong bystander effect. METHODS Immunoenzymosomes exposing Fab' fragments of the monoclonal antibody 323/A3 and the bacterial enzyme beta-glucuronidase or the corresponding antibody-enzyme conjugate were incubated with OVCAR-3 cells (human ovarian carcinoma cells). Cell-associated enzymatic activity and the in vitro antiproliferative effect of a glucuronide prodrug of doxorubicin (DOX-GA3) were determined. RESULTS At equal numbers of carrier units, the cell-associated enzymatic activity achieved by using immunoenzymosomes was 15-fold higher than that obtained after incubation with the corresponding antibody-enzyme conjugate. Increasing the amount of antibody-enzyme conjugate added to the cells could not compensate for their lower enzyme delivery capability. Immunoenzymosomes were able to induce inhibition of cell growth not only of tumor cells to which immunoenzymosomes were bound but also of a large number of neighboring cells. CONCLUSIONS Immunoenzymosomes are able (a) to target prodrug-converting enzymes more efficiently to tumor cells than the corresponding antibody-enzyme conjugate and (b) to mount a strong bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Fonseca
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Walde P, Ichikawa S. Enzymes inside lipid vesicles: preparation, reactivity and applications. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2001; 18:143-77. [PMID: 11576871 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There are a number of methods that can be used for the preparation of enzyme-containing lipid vesicles (liposomes) which are lipid dispersions that contain water-soluble enzymes in the trapped aqueous space. This has been shown by many investigations carried out with a variety of enzymes. A review of these studies is given and some of the main results are summarized. With respect to the vesicle-forming amphiphiles used, most preparations are based on phosphatidylcholine, either the natural mixtures obtained from soybean or egg yolk, or chemically defined compounds, such as DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) or POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Charged enzyme-containing lipid vesicles are often prepared by adding a certain amount of a negatively charged amphiphile (typically dicetylphosphate) or a positively charged lipid (usually stearylamine). The presence of charges in the vesicle membrane may lead to an adsorption of the enzyme onto the interior or exterior site of the vesicle bilayers. If (i) the high enzyme encapsulation efficiencies; (ii) avoidance of the use of organic solvents during the entrapment procedure; (iii) relatively monodisperse spherical vesicles of about 100 nm diameter; and (iv) a high degree of unilamellarity are required, then the use of the so-called 'dehydration-rehydration method', followed by the 'extrusion technique' has shown to be superior over other procedures. In addition to many investigations in the field of cheese production--there are several studies on the (potential) medical and biomedical applications of enzyme-containing lipid vesicles (e.g. in the enzyme-replacement therapy or for immunoassays)--including a few in vivo studies. In many cases, the enzyme molecules are expected to be released from the vesicles at the target site, and the vesicles in these cases serve as the carrier system. For (potential) medical applications as enzyme carriers in the blood circulation, the preparation of sterically stabilized lipid vesicles has proven to be advantageous. Regarding the use of enzyme-containing vesicles as submicrometer-sized nanoreactors, substrates are added to the bulk phase. Upon permeation across the vesicle bilayer(s), the trapped enzymes inside the vesicles catalyze the conversion of the substrate molecules into products. Using physical (e.g. microwave irradiation) or chemical methods (e.g. addition of micelle-forming amphiphiles at sublytic concentration), the bilayer permeability can be controlled to a certain extent. A detailed molecular understanding of these (usually) submicrometer-sized bioreactor systems is still not there. There are only a few approaches towards a deeper understanding and modeling of the catalytic activity of the entrapped enzyme molecules upon externally added substrates. Using micrometer-sized vesicles (so-called 'giant vesicles') as simple models for the lipidic matrix of biological cells, enzyme molecules can be microinjected inside individual target vesicles, and the corresponding enzymatic reaction can be monitored by fluorescence microscopy using appropriate fluorogenic substrate molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Walde
- Institut für Polymere, ETH-Zentrum, Universitätstrasse 6, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Mastrobattista E, Koning GA, Storm G. Immunoliposomes for the targeted delivery of antitumor drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 40:103-127. [PMID: 10837783 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(99)00043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the field of immunoliposome-mediated targeting of anticancer agents. First, problems that are encountered when immunoliposomes are used for systemic anticancer drug delivery and potential solutions are discussed. Second, an update is given of the in vivo results obtained with immunoliposomes in tumor models. Finally, new developments on the utilization of immunoliposomes for the treatment of cancer are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fonseca MJ, Storm G, Hennink WE, Gerritsen WR, Haisma HJ. Cationic polymeric gene delivery of beta-glucuronidase for doxorubicin prodrug therapy. J Gene Med 1999; 1:407-14. [PMID: 10753066 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-2254(199911/12)1:6<407::aid-jgm71>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An approach to improve current chemotherapy is the selective transduction of tumor cells with suicide genes to sensitize these cells to prodrugs of cytostatic agents. METHODS In this study, gene transfer was accomplished with the cationic polymer poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), able to condense plasmid-DNA by electrostatic interaction. OVCAR-3 cells were transfected with plasmids encoding E. coli-derived or human beta-glucuronidase and the transfection efficiency and inhibition by serum was determined. Next, we measured the sensitivity of OVCAR-3 cells transiently expressing beta-glucuronidase to the glucuronide prodrug of doxorubicin (DOX-GA3) or to doxorubicin. RESULTS OVCAR-3 cells were efficiently transfected with a plasmid encoding E. coli-derived beta-glucuronidase. The degree of transfection (30% of cells) was higher than that achieved with commercially available cationic lipids (DOTAP, Lipofectamine) without inhibition by serum. OVCAR-3 cells transiently expressing beta-glucuronidase were equally sensitive to the glucuronide prodrug of doxorubicin (DOX-GA3) or to doxorubicin itself, indicating complete conversion of prodrug to drug. Similar studies were performed with the plasmid encoding for human beta-glucuronidase, which is likely to be less immunogenic. Also in this case, OVCAR-3 cells showed an increased sensitivity to the prodrug DOX-GA3, although less pronounced than when the bacterial enzyme was used. A strong bystander effect was observed when OVCAR-3 cells transfected with beta-glucuronidase were mixed with non-transfected cells at different ratios. Complete tumor cell growth inhibition was already observed when only 15% of the cells expressed the activating enzyme. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that beta-glucuronidase gene therapy using PDMAEMA as a carrier system and DOX-GA3 as the prodrug has a potential application in cancer gene therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Biotransformation
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Cation Exchange Resins
- Cell Death
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Culture Media, Serum-Free
- Cytosine Deaminase
- DNA, Recombinant/chemistry
- DNA, Recombinant/drug effects
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/analogs & derivatives
- Doxorubicin/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Carriers/administration & dosage
- Drug Carriers/pharmacology
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Flucytosine/administration & dosage
- Flucytosine/metabolism
- Flucytosine/pharmacokinetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/drug effects
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Glucuronates/administration & dosage
- Glucuronates/metabolism
- Glucuronates/pharmacokinetics
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipids
- Methacrylates/pharmacology
- Nucleoside Deaminases/genetics
- Nylons/pharmacology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Particle Size
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Prodrugs/administration & dosage
- Prodrugs/metabolism
- Prodrugs/pharmacokinetics
- Static Electricity
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fonseca
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Fonseca MJ, Haisma HJ, Klaassen S, Vingerhoeds MH, Storm G. Design of immuno-enzymosomes with maximum enzyme targeting capability: effect of the enzyme density on the enzyme targeting capability and cell binding properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1419:272-82. [PMID: 10407077 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-enzymosomes have been proposed for the targeting of enzymes to cancer cells to achieve site specific activation of anticancer prodrugs. Previously, we reported that the enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUS), capable of activating anthracycline-glucuronide prodrugs, can be coupled to the surface of inmunoliposomes directed against human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3). This study aimed at the design of an immuno-enzymosome formulation with maximum enzyme targeting capability. By purification of the commercially available enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUS), a 2-fold increase in the enzyme specific activity and a 4-fold increase in the enzymatic activity of immuno-enzymosomes was achieved. As a result, upon incubation with human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3), cell-associated enzymatic activity increased correspondingly. The optimized immuno-enzymosomes were shown to bind to the target cells in a specific fashion. Above a GUS/Fab' molar ratio of 0.5, impairment of the target cell binding ability of the immuno-enzymosomes was observed. This was likely due to a steric hindrance effect mediated by the presence of large amounts of bulky GUS molecules on the liposome surface. Nevertheless, increasing the GUS density on the surface of the immuno-enzymosomes to levels by far exceeding the GUS/Fab' molar ratio of 0.5, yielded a considerably improved enzyme targeting capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fonseca
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The incorporation of polymer-lipid conjugates, initially using PEG and subsequently other selected flexible, hydrophilic polymers, into lipid bilayers gives rise to sterically stabilized liposomes that exhibit reduced blood clearance and concomitant changes in tissue distribution largely because of reduced, but not eliminated, phagocytic uptake. Changes in tissue distribution includes 'passive' targeting localization into sites of tumors, infection, inflammation characterized by presence of a 'leaky' vasculature which represent useful applications for drug delivery. The polymer forms a surface coating which has been characterized by physical measurements and it appears to function through steric inhibition of the protein binding and cellular interactions leading to phagocytic uptake. The current understanding of the physical and biological properties are reviewed. Ongoing work in the field involves interests to increase complexity such as addition of (1) selective targeting ligands by chemical conjugation to the exterior surface of the polymer coating, (2) capabilities for intracellular release of encapsulated agents into the cytoplasm, and (3) both simultaneously.
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Crommelin D, Daemen T, Scherphof G, Vingerhoeds M, Heeremans J, Kluft C, Storm G. Liposomes: vehicles for the targeted and controlled delivery of peptides and proteins. J Control Release 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(96)01583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Storm G, Vingerhoeds MH, Crommelin DJ, Haisma HJ. Immunoliposomes bearing enzymes (immuno-enzymosomes) for site-specific activation of anticancer prodrugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(96)00461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The potential and limitations of targeted delivery of anticancer agents with colloidal particulate carriers is the subject of this contribution. Because over the years liposomes have gained the most attention as carrier system in the category of colloidal carrier systems, this paper focuses on the utility of the liposomal system for tumor targeting. It is imperative that an intended therapeutic application of liposomes should be well matched with the liposome behavior in vivo. Therefore, the in vivo fate of the first-generation liposomes and the more recently developed second-generation liposomes (surface-modified liposomes such as the immunoliposomes and long-circulating liposomes) is analyzed in terms of accessibility of target sites, time-, and site-controlled drug release and potential target sites for rational targeted delivery are discussed. A few examples of areas in cancer chemotherapy, with a strong rationale for the use of liposomes, are given. It is concluded that, although several options are available on the drawing board, issues such as tumor cell heterogeneity, access to the target site, shedding of antigens, and target site-specific release of the liposome-associated drug need to be addressed early in the development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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31
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Vingerhoeds MH, Steerenberg PA, Hendriks JJ, Crommelin DJ, Storm G. Targeted delivery of diphtheria toxin via immunoliposomes: efficient antitumor activity in the presence of inactivating anti-diphtheria toxin antibodies. FEBS Lett 1996; 395:245-50. [PMID: 8898105 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)01055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin (DT) has attracted considerable attention for anti-cancer therapy. However, its extensive use is prohibited by (i) its non-specific action which can result in substantial toxicity, (ii) most patients have low serum levels of anti-DT antibodies (AT antibodies) which can inactivate DT and (iii) its immunogenicity will boost the circulating AT antibody level, thereby further compromising the antitumor activity. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a new approach for targeted delivery of DT utilizing immunoliposomes. In this approach, protection against the non-specific action of DT is combined with efficient antitumor activity even in the presence of inactivating AT antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vingerhoeds
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Colombo P, Bettini R, Peracchia MT, Santi P. Controlled release dosage forms: from ground to space. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1996; 21:87-91. [PMID: 8839681 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Controlled release of drugs is one of the most significant advances in pharmacy. Due to the proposition of new routes for drug administration, today it is considered as a part of 'drug delivery'. Developments in biotechnology producing natural molecules, peptides and proteins have allowed high activity substances that require careful formulation for administration. Drug delivery is the discipline striving to sole the problem of optimisation of drug efficacy. In this contribution the last 25 years of drug delivery research have been examined pointing out the most significant break-through steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Colombo
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università di Parma, Italy
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Vingerhoeds MH, Haisma HJ, Belliot SO, Smit RH, Crommelin DJ, Storm G. Immunoliposomes as enzyme-carriers (immuno-enzymosomes) for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT): optimization of prodrug activating capacity. Pharm Res 1996; 13:604-10. [PMID: 8710754 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016010524510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immuno-enzymosomes are tumor-specific immunoliposomes bearing enzymes on their surface. These enzymes are capable of converting relatively nontoxic prodrugs into active cytostatic agents. The enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUS)4 was coupled to the external surface of immunoliposomes directed against ovarian carcinoma cells. This study aimed at optimization of the prodrug-activating capacity of these immuno-enzymosomes by increasing the enzyme density on the immunoliposomal surface. METHODS To achieve coupling of GUS to the liposomes, introduction of extra thiol groups was required. Two thiolating agents were examined: iminothiolane and SATA. RESULTS When iminothiolane was used, aggregation of enzymosomes was observed above enzyme densities of 10 micrograms GUS/mumol lipid (TL). An increased electrostatic repulsion of the enzymosomes, created by inclusion of additional negatively charged lipids and by lowering the ionic strength of the external aqueous medium resulted in enzyme densities > or = 20 micrograms GUS/mumol TL without aggregation. Utilizing SATA, > or = 30 micrograms GUS/mumol TL could be coupled without aggregation, even at physiological ionic strength. It was shown that the enzyme density on immuno-enzymosomes, and thus on the tumor cell surface, strongly influences the antitumor effect of the prodrug daunorubicin-glucuronide against in vitro cultured ovarian cancer cells. The antitumor effect of immuno-enzymosomes with enzyme densities of about 20 micrograms GUS/mumol TL was similar to that of the parent drug daunorubicin. CONCLUSIONS SATA-mediated thiolation of GUS-molecules enabled the preparation of immuno-enzymosomes with high enzyme densities while avoiding spontaneous aggregation. In vitro antitumor activity experiments showed that the improved immuno-enzymosome system is able to completely convert the prodrug daunorubicin-glucuronide into its parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vingerhoeds
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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35
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36
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Bloemen PG, Henricks PA, van Bloois L, van den Tweel MC, Bloem AC, Nijkamp FP, Crommelin DJ, Storm G. Adhesion molecules: a new target for immunoliposome-mediated drug delivery. FEBS Lett 1995; 357:140-4. [PMID: 7805880 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01350-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody F10.2 was conjugated to liposomes to target to cells expressing the cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1. We demonstrate that F10.2 immunoliposomes bind to human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in a specific, dose- and time-dependent manner. It appears that the degree of ICAM-1 expression is the limiting factor in the degree of immunoliposome binding to the cells. These results are a first step in the strategy for specific drug delivery to target sites characterised by increased expression of adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Bloemen
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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37
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Abstract
Enzymes which traditionally have played no role in cell-directed cytotoxicity are finding their way into schemes for prodrug activation and immunotoxins owing to such useful enzymatic activity. Alkaline phosphatase, carboxypeptidases, beta-glucosidases and beta-lactamases among many others are being utilised to regenerate potent anti-cancer drugs or toxic small molecules from precursors in a bid to enhance their activity in tumours. These prodrug activation systems require the pretargeting of the enzyme to the surface of a tumour cell, usually by an antibody or its immunoreactive fragment. A recent novel approach proposes the intracellular delivery of appropriate enzymes, such as phosphodiesterases, to particular cellular compartments. There, enzyme activity can cause substantive damage resulting in cell death. Cell targeting of mammalian phosphodiesterase promises to improve upon conventional immunotoxins because of their increased cytotoxicity when targeted to the appropriate compartment and their expected lack of, or lower, immunogenicity in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Deonarain
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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38
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Abstract
Chemical conjugation of fatty acids to antibodies generates lipid-modified molecules which have found use in the targeting of liposome-mediated drug delivery and in liposome-based immunoassays. Alternatively, bacterial expression of antibodies as single-chain FV fragments fused to lipoprotein signal peptide and N-terminal sequence leads to in vivo enzymatic addition of a single glycerolipid group at the N-terminus of the molecule. This lipid-modification converts the antibody from a soluble protein into a functional membrane-bound molecule. These biosynthetically lipid-tagged antibodies may prove useful for immobilization of antibodies to membranes in various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Keinänen
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, Espoo, Finland
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