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Zhu H, Wang H, Zhang X, Hou X, Cao K, Zou J. Inhibiting N-cadherin-mediated adhesion affects gap junction communication in isolated rat hearts. Mol Cells 2010; 30:193-200. [PMID: 20803092 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-mediated adherens junctions is impaired concomitant with a decrease in connexin 43 (Cx43) in diseases or pathological processes. We have investigated the acute effects of adherens junction impairment in isolated rat hearts by introducing Ala-His-Ala-Val-Asp-NH(2) (AHAVD, a synthetic peptide) as a specific inhibitor of N-cadherin. Effect of AHAVD on N-cadherin mediated adhension was analyzed by Cardiomy-ocyte aggregation assay. Laser confocal microscopy showed disrupted cell-cell contacts in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes co-incubated with 0.2 mM AHAVD. In isolated adult rat hearts, Cx43 was redistributed along the bilateral of cardiomyocytes from the intercalated discs and significant dephosphorylation of Cx43 on serine368 occurred concomitantly with decreased gap junction (GJ) function in dose dependent manner after 1 h perfusion with AHAVD. These results indicate that impairing cad-herin-mediated adhesion by AHAVD rapidly results in Cx43 redistribution and dephosphorylation of serine368, thereby impairing GJ communication function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
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2
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Wiertz RWF, Marani E, Rutten WLC. Inhibition of neuronal cell–cell adhesion measured by the microscopic aggregation assay and impedance sensing. J Neural Eng 2010; 7:056003. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/7/5/056003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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Wiertz RF, Rutten WC, Marani E. Electric impedance sensing during the inhibition of cell-cell adhesion. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2008; 2008:2012-2015. [PMID: 19163088 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4649585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electric cell impedance sensing (ECIS) was used to monitor the change of in vitro neuron-neuron adhesion in response to the blocking of N-Cam, N-Cadherin and L1. ECIS is a method in which cell morphology and cell mobility can be indirectly measured by changes in intercellular resistance. Antibodies and soluble extracellular domains of the cell adhesion molecules N-Cam, N-Cadherin and L1 were used as blockers of these adhesion molecules on the cell surface. In a 96 hour aggregation assay on a low adhesive substrate, the effect of mentioned blockers on the aggregation was investigated. The N-Cadherin antibody showed effective in aggregation inhibition at concentrations of 3 and 10 micrograms/ml. Up to 96 hours no aggregation occurred. A similar effect was achieved by the N-Cadherin protein, although less distinct. Blocking of N-CAM and L1 revealed no inhibition of aggregation. Results from impedance measurements correspond to those of the aggregation assays. The neuron-neuron adhesion in monolayers was inhibited by blocking of cell adhesion molecules and monitored by ECIS. Impedances of neuron covered electrodes were significantly lower in the presence of N-Cadherin antibody and protein at concentrations of 1, 3 and 10 micrograms/ml, indicating a less profound binding between adjacent neuron.The results from both the aggregation assays and the impedance measurements demonstrate the applicability of CAM blocking for the regulation of culture topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wiertz
- University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE The Netherlands.
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4
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Mysore SP, Tai CY, Schuman EM. Effects of N-cadherin disruption on spine morphological dynamics. Front Cell Neurosci 2007; 1:1. [PMID: 18946519 PMCID: PMC2525931 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.03.001.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural changes at synapses are thought to be a key mechanism for the encoding of memories in the brain. Recent studies have shown that changes in the dynamic behavior of dendritic spines accompany bidirectional changes in synaptic plasticity, and that the disruption of structural constraints at synapses may play a mechanistic role in spine plasticity. While the prolonged disruption of N-cadherin, a key synaptic adhesion molecule, has been shown to alter spine morphology, little is known about the short-term regulation of spine morphological dynamics by N-cadherin. With time-lapse, confocal imaging in cultured hippocampal neurons, we examined the progression of structural changes in spines following an acute treatment with AHAVD, a peptide known to interfere with the function of N-cadherin. We characterized fast and slow timescale spine dynamics (minutes and hours, respectively) in the same population of spines. We show that N-cadherin disruption leads to enhanced spine motility and reduced length, followed by spine loss. The structural effects are accompanied by a loss of functional connectivity. Further, we demonstrate that early structural changes induced by AHAVD treatment, namely enhanced motility and reduced length, are indicators for later spine fate, i.e., spines with the former changes are more likely to be subsequently lost. Our results thus reveal the short-term regulation of synaptic structure by N-cadherin and suggest that some forms of morphological dynamics may be potential readouts for subsequent, stimulus-induced rewiring in neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreesh P Mysore
- Control and Dynamical Systems Program, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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5
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Derycke L, Morbidelli L, Ziche M, De Wever O, Bracke M, Van Aken E. Soluble N-cadherin fragment promotes angiogenesis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 23:187-201. [PMID: 17028923 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells express two dependent intercellular adhesion molecules: vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, specific for endothelial cells, and N-cadherin, also present in neuronal, lens, skeletal and heart muscle cells, osteoblasts, pericytes and fibroblasts. While there exists a vast amount of evidence that VE-cadherin promotes angiogenesis, the role of N-cadherin still remains to be elucidated. We found that a soluble 90-kDa fragment N-cadherin promotes angiogenesis in the rabbit cornea assay and in the chorioallantoic assay when cleaved enzymatically from the extracellular domain of N-cadherin. Soluble N-cadherin stimulates migration of endothelial cells in the wound healing assay and stimulates phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase. In vitro experiments with PD173074 and knock-down of N-cadherin and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-receptor, showed that the pro-angiogenic effect of soluble N-cadherin is N-cadherin- and FGF-receptor-dependent. Our results suggest that soluble N-cadherin stimulates migration of endothelial cells through the FGF-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Derycke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
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6
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Koutsouki E, Beeching CA, Slater SC, Blaschuk OW, Sala-Newby GB, George SJ. N-Cadherin–Dependent Cell–Cell Contacts Promote Human Saphenous Vein Smooth Muscle Cell Survival. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:982-8. [PMID: 15774907 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000163183.27658.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis is thought to contribute to atherosclerotic plaque instability. Cadherin mediates calcium-dependent homophilic cell-cell contact. We studied the role of N-cadherin in VSMC apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Human saphenous vein VSMCs were grown in agarose-coated wells to allow cadherin-mediated aggregate formation. Cell death and apoptosis were determined after disruption of cadherins using several approaches (n> or =3 per approach). Calcium removal from culture medium or addition of nonspecific cadherin antagonist peptides significantly decreased aggregate formation and increased cell death by apoptosis (34+/-6% versus 75+/-1% and 19+/-1% versus 40+/-5%, respectively; P<0.05). Specific inhibition of N-cadherin using antagonists and neutralizing antibodies similarly increased apoptosis. Supporting this, overexpression of full-length N-cadherin significantly reduced VSMC apoptosis from 44+/-10% to 20+/-3% (P<0.05), whereas abolishing N-cadherin expression by overexpression of a dominant-negative N-cadherin significantly, even in the presence of cell-matrix contacts, increased apoptosis from 9+/-2% to 50+/-1% (P<0.05). Interestingly, cell-cell contacts provided a similar degree of protection from apoptosis to cell-matrix contacts. Finally, N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts initiated anti-apoptotic signaling by increasing Akt and Bad phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that VSMC survival is dependent on N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts, which could be important in the context of plaque instability.
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7
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De Wever O, Westbroek W, Verloes A, Bloemen N, Bracke M, Gespach C, Bruyneel E, Mareel M. Critical role of N-cadherin in myofibroblast invasion and migration in vitro stimulated by colon-cancer-cell-derived TGF-beta or wounding. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:4691-703. [PMID: 15331629 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of stromal host cells, such as myofibroblasts, into the epithelial cancer compartment may precede epithelial cancer invasion into the stroma. We investigated how colon cancer-derived myofibroblasts invade extracellular matrices in vitro in the presence of colon cancer cells. Myofibroblast spheroids invade collagen type I in a stellate pattern to form a dendritic network of extensions upon co-culture with HCT-8/E11 colon cancer cells. Single myofibroblasts also invade Matrigel trade mark when stimulated by HCT-8/E11 colon cancer cells. The confrontation of cancer cells with extracellular matrices and myofibroblasts, showed that cancer-cell-derived transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is required and sufficient for invasion of myofibroblasts. In myofibroblasts, N-cadherin expressed at the tips of filopodia is upregulated by TGF-beta. Functional N-cadherin activity is implicated in TGF-beta stimulated invasion as evidenced by the neutralizing anti-N-cadherin monoclonal antibody (GC-4 mAb), and specific N-cadherin knock-down by short interference RNA (siRNA). TGF-beta1 stimulates Jun N-terminal kinase (also known as stress-activated protein kinase) (JNK) activity in myofibroblasts. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK alleviates TGF-beta stimulated invasion, N-cadherin expression and wound healing migration. Neutralization of N-cadherin activity by the GC-4 or by a 10-mer N-cadherin peptide or by siRNA reduces directional migration, filopodia formation, polarization and Golgi-complex reorientation during wound healing. Taken together, our study identifies a new mechanism in which cancer cells contribute to the coordination of invasion of stromal myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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8
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Erez N, Zamir E, Gour BJ, Blaschuk OW, Geiger B. Induction of apoptosis in cultured endothelial cells by a cadherin antagonist peptide: involvement of fibroblast growth factor receptor-mediated signalling. Exp Cell Res 2004; 294:366-78. [PMID: 15023527 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Revised: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are a family of transmembrane glycoproteins mediating calcium-dependent, homophilic cell-cell adhesion. In addition, these molecules are involved in signaling events, regulating such processes as cell motility, proliferation, and apoptosis. Members of the cadherin subfamily, called either classical or type I cadherins, contain a highly conserved sequence at their homophilic binding site consisting of the three amino acids--histidine-alanine-valine (HAV). Previous studies have shown that peptides containing the HAV motif inhibit cadherin-dependent events such as cell aggregation, compaction, and neurite outgrowth. We report here that a cyclic peptide, N-Ac-CHAVC-NH2 can perturb cadherin-mediated endothelial cell interactions, resulting in a progressive apoptotic cell death. This effect depends on cell density, as it is only observed when dense cultures are treated with the peptide. Adherens junction (AJ)-associated cadherin and catenins are differentially affected by the N-Ac-CHAVC-NH2 treatment, as judged by double immunofluorescence labeling followed by immunofluorescence-ratio imaging. However, cell-cell adhesions are largely retained during the first few hours after addition of the peptide. It was also observed that following treatment, actin filaments partially lose their plasma membrane anchorage at AJs and translocate towards the cell center. Interestingly, addition of basic fibroblast growth factor to confluent, peptide-treated, endothelial cell cultures, completely blocks apoptosis and the inhibitory peptide reduce the phosphorylation of the FGF receptor target protein FRS2, suggesting that the peptide exerts its effect by inhibiting cadherin-mediated activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling. We propose that cadherin-mediated signaling is essential for maintaining viability of confluent endothelial cells, and that its perturbation by N-Ac-CHAVC-NH2 drives these cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Erez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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9
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Abstract
Invasion causes cancer malignancy. We review recent data about cellular and molecular mechanisms of invasion, focusing on cross-talk between the invaders and the host. Cancer disturbs these cellular activities that maintain multicellular organisms, namely, growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and tissue integrity. Multiple alterations in the genome of cancer cells underlie tumor development. These genetic alterations occur in varying orders; many of them concomitantly influence invasion as well as the other cancer-related cellular activities. Examples discussed are genes encoding elements of the cadherin/catenin complex, the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src, the receptor tyrosine kinases c-Met and FGFR, the small GTPase Ras, and the dual phosphatase PTEN. In microorganisms, invasion genes belong to the class of virulence genes. There are numerous clinical and experimental observations showing that invasion results from the cross-talk between cancer cells and host cells, comprising myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, and leukocytes, all of which are themselves invasive. In bone metastases, host osteoclasts serve as targets for therapy. The molecular analysis of invasion-associated cellular activities, namely, homotypic and heterotypic cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions and ectopic survival, migration, and proteolysis, reveal branching signal transduction pathways with extensive networks between individual pathways. Cellular responses to invasion-stimulatory molecules such as scatter factor, chemokines, leptin, trefoil factors, and bile acids or inhibitory factors such as platelet activating factor and thrombin depend on activation of trimeric G proteins, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and the Rac and Rho family of small GTPases. The role of proteolysis in invasion is not limited to breakdown of extracellular matrix but also causes cleavage of proinvasive fragments from cell surface glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mareel
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.
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10
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Ryniers F, Stove C, Goethals M, Brackenier L, Noë V, Bracke M, Vandekerckhove J, Mareel M, Bruyneel E. Plasmin produces an E-cadherin fragment that stimulates cancer cell invasion. Biol Chem 2002; 383:159-65. [PMID: 11928810 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases from the cell surface cleave an 80 kDa E-cadherin fragment (sE-CAD) that induces invasion of cancer cells into collagen type I and inhibits cellular aggregation. Conditioned media from MDCKts.srcCl2 cells at 40 degrees C and 35 degrees C, PCm.src5 and COLO-16 cells at 37 degrees C contained spontaneously released sE-CAD; these 48 h old conditioned media were capable of inhibiting E-cadherin functions in a paracrine way. Here we show direct cleavage of the extracellular domain of E-cadherin by the serine protease plasmin. sE-CAD released by plasmin inhibits E-cadherin functions as evidenced by induction of invasion into collagen type I and inhibition of cellular aggregation. This functional inhibition by sE-CAD was reversed by aprotinin or by immunoadsorption on protein Sepharose 4 fast flow beads with antibodies against the extracellular part of E-cadherin. Our results demonstrate that plasmin produces extracellular E-cadherin fragments which regulate E-cadherin function in cells containing an intact E-cadherin/catenin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ryniers
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Mason MD, Davies G, Jiang WG. Cell adhesion molecules and adhesion abnormalities in prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 41:11-28. [PMID: 11796229 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, the leading male cancer in Western countries, has accelerated in its incidence in the past decade. Patients with prostate cancer frequently have a poor prognosis as a result of local or distant spread of cancer. This review summarises some of the recent progress made in understanding the biology of cancer metastasis with a special emphasis on the role of cell adhesion molecules and adhesion abnormalities. The molecular and cellular function of cell adhesion molecules, their role in cancer and cancer progression, the clinical impact of these molecules, and therapeutic considerations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm D Mason
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Health Park, Cardiff, UK.
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12
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Schnädelbach O, Fawcett JW. Astrocyte influences on oligodendrocyte progenitor migration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 132:97-102. [PMID: 11545034 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)32068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Schnädelbach
- Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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13
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Runswick SK, O'Hare MJ, Jones L, Streuli CH, Garrod DR. Desmosomal adhesion regulates epithelial morphogenesis and cell positioning. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3:823-30. [PMID: 11533662 DOI: 10.1038/ncb0901-823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions of epithelia and are of widespread importance in the maintenance of tissue architecture. We provide evidence that desmosomal adhesion has a function in epithelial morphogenesis and cell-type-specific positioning. Blocking peptides corresponding to the cell adhesion recognition (CAR) sites of desmosomal cadherins block alveolar morphogenesis by epithelial cells from mammary lumen. Desmosomal CAR-site peptides also disrupt positional sorting of luminal and myoepithelial cells in aggregates formed by the reassociation of isolated cells. We demonstrate that desmosomal cadherins and E-cadherin are comparably involved in epithelial morphoregulation. The results indicate a wider role for desmosomal adhesion in morphogenesis than has previously been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Runswick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, 3.239 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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14
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Noë V, Fingleton B, Jacobs K, Crawford HC, Vermeulen S, Steelant W, Bruyneel E, Matrisian LM, Mareel M. Release of an invasion promoter E-cadherin fragment by matrilysin and stromelysin-1. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:111-118. [PMID: 11112695 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of many transmembrane molecules can be altered by cleavage and subsequent release of their ectodomains. We have investigated ectodomain cleavage of the cell-cell adhesion and signal-transducing molecule E-cadherin. The E-cadherin ectodomain is constitutively shed from the surface of MCF-7 and MDCKts.srcC12 cells in culture. Release of the 80 kDa soluble E-cadherin fragment is stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and is inhibited by overexpression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2. The metalloproteinases matrilysin and stromelysin-1 both cleave E-cadherin at the cell surface and release sE-CAD into the medium. The soluble E-cadherin fragment thus released inhibits E-cadherin functions in a paracrine way, as indicated by induction of invasion into collagen type I and inhibition of E-cadherin-dependent cell aggregation. Our results, therefore, suggest a novel mechanism by which metalloproteinases can influence invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Noë
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Kitagawa M, Natori M, Murase S, Hirano S, Taketani S, Suzuki ST. Mutation analysis of cadherin-4 reveals amino acid residues of EC1 important for the structure and function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 271:358-63. [PMID: 10799302 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the structural basis of the cell adhesion activity of cadherins, we examined the effects of point mutations of well-conserved amino acid residues in the extracellular domain 1 of cadherin-4 (Cdh4) on the adhesion properties by alanine scanning mutagenesis. Mutations of two well-conserved aromatic amino acid residues in the extracellular domain 1 resulted in abnormal processing of Cdh4 molecules and no cell adhesion activity, whereas mutations of the corresponding aromatic amino acids in the extracellular domain 2 did not show these effects, suggesting a role for the two residues in the extracellular domain 1 in the folding and/or intracellular transport processes of Cdh4. Mutations of the amino acid residues suspected to be involved in strand dimer formation resulted in loss or significant decrease in cell adhesion activity. The mutant Cdh4s showed weak concentration at cell-cell adhesion sites and chemical cross-linking suggested that the strand dimer formation was actually impaired in the mutants. These results are consistent with the zipper model, in which the extracellular domain 1 of Cdh4 has intrinsic strand dimer formation activity in addition to adhesion dimer formation activity, both of which are involved in cell adhesion activity. The zipper model, however, needs further improvement to fully account for the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kitagawa
- Department of Clinical Research, Okura National Hospital, Okura, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
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16
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Schnädelbach O, Blaschuk OW, Symonds M, Gour BJ, Doherty P, Fawcett JW. N-cadherin influences migration of oligodendrocytes on astrocyte monolayers. Mol Cell Neurosci 2000; 15:288-302. [PMID: 10736205 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.1999.0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte cell migration is required for the development of the nervous system and the repopulation of demyelinated lesions in the adult central nervous system. We have investigated the role of the calcium-dependent adhesion molecules, the cadherins, in oligodendrocyte-astrocyte interaction and oligodendrocyte progenitor migration. Immunostaining demonstrated the expression of N-cadherin on the surfaces of both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte-like cells adhered to and spread on N-cadherin substrates. The blocking of cadherin function by antisera or specific peptides reduced adhesion of oligodendroglia to astrocyte monolayers, diminished contact time between oligodendrocyte processes and individual astrocytes, and significantly increased the migration of oligodendrocyte-like cells on astrocyte monolayers. Furthermore, a soluble cadherin molecule without adhesive properties increased oligodendroglial proliferation on various extracellular matrix substrates. These data suggest that cadherins are at least partially responsible for the poor migration-promoting properties of astrocytes and that decreasing cell-cell adhesion might effect repopulation of demyelinated multiple sclerosis lesions by oligodendrocyte progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schnädelbach
- Physiological Laboratory, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom.
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17
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Ferrari SL, Traianedes K, Thorne M, Lafage-Proust MH, Genever P, Cecchini MG, Behar V, Bisello A, Chorev M, Rosenblatt M, Suva LJ. A role for N-cadherin in the development of the differentiated osteoblastic phenotype. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:198-208. [PMID: 10703921 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins are a family of cell surface adhesion molecules that play an important role in tissue differentiation. A limited repertoire of cadherins has been identified in osteoblasts, and the role of these molecules in osteoblast function remains to be elucidated. We recently cloned an osteoblast-derived N-cadherin gene from a rat osteoblast complementary DNA library. After in situ hybridization of rat bone and immunohistochemistry of human osteophytes, N-cadherin expression was localized prominently in well-differentiated (lining) osteoblasts. Northern blot hybridization in primary cultures of fetal rat calvaria and in human SaOS-2 and rat ROS osteoblast-like cells showed a relationship between N-cadherin messenger RNA expression and cell-to-cell adhesion, morphological differentiation, and alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin gene expression. Treatment with a synthetic peptide containing the His-Ala-Val (HAV) adhesion motif of N-cadherin significantly decreased bone nodule formation in primary cultures of fetal rat calvaria and inhibited cell-to-cell contact in rat osteoblastic TRAB-11 cells. HAV peptide also regulated the expression of specific genes such as alkaline phosphatase and the immediate early gene zif268 in SaOS-2 cells. Transient transfection of SaOS-2 cells with a dominant-negative N-cadherin mutant (NCADdeltaC) significantly inhibited their morphological differentiation. In addition, aggregation of NCTC cells derived from mouse connective tissue stably transfected with osteoblast-derived N-cadherin was inhibited by either treatment with HAV or transfection with NCADdeltaC. Together, these results strongly support a role for N-cadherin, in concert with other previously identified osteoblast cadherins, in the late stages of osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Wilby MJ, Muir EM, Fok-Seang J, Gour BJ, Blaschuk OW, Fawcett JW. N-Cadherin inhibits Schwann cell migration on astrocytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 1999; 14:66-84. [PMID: 10433818 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.1999.0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes exclude Schwann cells (SCs) from the central nervous system (CNS) at peripheral nerve entry zones and restrict their migration after transplantation into the CNS. We have modeled the interactions between SCs, astrocytes, and fibroblasts in vitro. Astrocytes and SCs in vitro form separate territories, with sharp boundaries between them. SCs migrate poorly when placed on astrocyte monolayers, but migrate well on various other surfaces such as laminin (LN) and skin fibroblasts. Interactions between individual SCs and astrocytes result in long-lasting adhesive contacts during which the SC is unable to migrate away from the astrocyte. In contrast, SC interactions with fibroblasts are much shorter with less arrest of migration. SCs adhere strongly to astrocytes and other SCs, but less well to substrates that promote migration, such as LN and fibroblasts. SC-astrocyte and SC-SC adhesion is mediated by the calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin. Inhibition of N-cadherin function by calcium withdrawal, peptides containing the classical cadherin cell adhesion recognition sequence His-Ala-Val, or antibodies directed against this sequence inhibit SC adhesion and increase SC migration on astrocytes. We suggest that N-cadherin-mediated adhesion to astrocytes inhibits the widespread migration of SCs in CNS tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wilby
- Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
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Noë V, Willems J, Vandekerckhove J, Roy FV, Bruyneel E, Mareel M. Inhibition of adhesion and induction of epithelial cell invasion by HAV-containing E-cadherin-specific peptides. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 1):127-35. [PMID: 9841909 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The E-cadherin/catenin complex, an organizer of epithelial structure and function, is disturbed in invasive cancer. The HAV (histidine alanine valine) sequence in the first extracellular domain of E-cadherin is crucial for homophilic interactions between cadherins. We report that specific peptides containing an HAV sequence interfere with the functions of the E-cadherin/catenin complex. Cells either expressing specific cadherins or not were challenged with both cadherin and noncadherin peptides comprising a central HAV sequence. Specific E-cadherin peptides inhibited cell aggregation, disturbed the epithelial morphotype and were able to stimulate invasion of cells expressing E-cadherins. Conditioned medium, containing E-cadherin fragments, also stimulated invasion in contrast to conditioned medium from which the E-cadherin fragments were removed. Our studies show that E-cadherin functions are inhibited by homologous proteolytic HAV-containing fragments that are released in an autocrine manner and subsequently inhibit the E-cadherin/catenin complex. In this way such cadherin fragments may induce and support cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Noë
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, UZG, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Habermann J, Kunz H. Fragment condensation on solid-phase in the synthesis of an amphiphilic glycopeptide from the homophilic recognition domain of epithelial cadherin 1. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00923-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Tang L, Hung CP, Schuman EM. A role for the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules in hippocampal long-term potentiation. Neuron 1998; 20:1165-75. [PMID: 9655504 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cadherins are a family of cell-cell adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+-dependent homophilic interactions between cells and transduce signals by interacting with cytoplasmic proteins. In the hippocampus, immunostaining combined with confocal microscopy revealed that both neural- (N-) and epithelial- (E-) cadherin are present at synaptic sites, implying a role in synaptic function. Pretreatment of hippocampal slices with antibodies (Abs) raised against the extracellular domain of either N-cad or E-cad had no effect on basal synaptic properties but significantly reduced long-term potentiation (LTP). Infusion of antagonistic peptides containing the His-Ala-Val (HAV) consensus sequence for cadherin dimerization also attenuated LTP induction without affecting previously established LTP. Because the intense synaptic stimulation associated with LTP induction might transiently deplete extracellular Ca2+ and hence potentially destabilize cadherin-cadherin interactions, we examined whether slices could be protected from inhibition by N-cad Abs or HAV peptides by raising the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Indeed, we found that high extracellular Ca2+ prevented the block of LTP by these agents. Taken together, these results indicate that cadherins are involved in synaptic plasticity, and the stability of cadherin-cadherin bonds may be regulated by synaptic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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22
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Abstract
Liposomes have gained increased attention as systemic drug delivery vehicles following recent regulatory approvals of several vesicle-formulated drugs. These products have demonstrated improved therapeutic indices over their corresponding conventional drugs by avoiding sensitive tissues and/or increasing delivery to specific targets in vivo. They have achieved these improvements primarily through physical means: (1) by retaining drug within vesicles while in the circulation, thus avoiding or minimizing uptake by sensitive normal tissues; and (2) by selectively extravasating into target tissues, releasing active drug. In order to improve upon these therapies in the future, clinically active liposome delivery systems most likely will need to include site-directed surface ligands to further enhance their selective delivery. This may be crucial for the in vivo transport and delivery of macromolecules, including antisense, oligonucleotide aptamers, and genes, which-unlike most conventional drugs-do not circulate well and often require cellular uptake by fusion, endocytosis, or other processes to reach their active sites. This manuscript reviews technologies applicable to directing liposomes and their contents to selected in vivo targets using surface-bound, site-specific ligands. Presented are the biological barriers to be overcome, criteria for selecting the determinants to be targeted, various targeting ligands and overall delivery system design considerations. Several novel targets as well as novel ligand constructs for site-directed therapy are reviewed and discussed. Systemic liposome therapy, which currently must be administered by the intravenous route, is the principal focus of this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Willis
- NeXstar Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA
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Habermann J, Kunz H. Solid-phase synthesis of a glycopeptide from the homophilic recognition domain of epithelial cadherin 1 using a O-pentafluorophenyluronium salt. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mareel M, Boterberg T, Noë V, Van Hoorde L, Vermeulen S, Bruyneel E, Bracke M. E-cadherin/catenin/cytoskeleton complex: a regulator of cancer invasion. J Cell Physiol 1997; 173:271-4. [PMID: 9365535 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199711)173:2<271::aid-jcp34>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Mareel
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Vermeulen S, Van Marck V, Van Hoorde L, Van Roy F, Bracke M, Mareel M. Regulation of the invasion suppressor function of the cadherin/catenin complex. Pathol Res Pract 1996; 192:694-707. [PMID: 8880870 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(96)80091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Invasion is the cause of cancer malignancy. Invasion results from the cross-talk between cancer cells and host cells, building molecular invasion-promoter and invasion-suppressor complexes. The E-cadherin/catenin invasion-suppressor complex is regulated multifactorially, at multiple levels and sometimes in a reversible way. Mutations in the E-cadherin gene combined with loss of the wild type allele, causing irreversible downregulation, has been demonstrated only in a minority of human cancers. Posttranslational and reversible downregulation has been ascribed to tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin. Phosphorylation is also implicated in transmembrane receptor signal transduction through the E-cadherin/catenin complex. E-cadherin interacts with E-cadherin on another cell through a dimeric adhesion zipper, involving the histidine-alanine-valine (HAV) sequence of the first extracellular domains. This is the major extracellular like of the E-cadherin/catenin complex, though not the only one. Intracellularly, the list of proteins that bind to or signal through the complex or through one or more of its elements is steadily growing. Extrinsic factors may influence the complex. At least in vitro, insulin-like growth factor-I, retinoic acid, tangeretin and tamoxifen were shown to upregulate the functions of the E-cadherin/catenin complex including inhibition of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
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26
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Mengaud J, Ohayon H, Gounon P, Cossart P. E-cadherin is the receptor for internalin, a surface protein required for entry of L. monocytogenes into epithelial cells. Cell 1996; 84:923-32. [PMID: 8601315 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the first identification of a cellular receptor mediating entry of a gram-positive bacterium into nonphagocytotic cells. By an affinity chromatography approach, we identified E-cadherin as the ligand for internalin, an L. monocytogenes protein essential for entry into epithelial cells. Expression of the chicken homolog of E-cadherin (L-CAM) in transfected fibroblasts dramatically increases entry of L. monocytogenes and promotes that of a recombinant L. innocua strain expressing internalin but does not promote entry of the wild-type noninvasive L. innocua or that of an internalin-deficient mutant of L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, L-CAM-specific antibodies block internalin-mediated entry. In contrast to Salmonella, Listeria enters cells by a mechanism of induced phagocytosis occurring without membrane ruffling. This work reveals a novel type of heterophilic interactions for E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mengaud
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Station Centrale de Microscopie Electronique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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27
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Nicolaï S, Willems J, Zwijsen A, Van Mechelen E, Slegers H. Cyclic AMP-induced differentiation increases the synthesis of extracellular superoxide dismutase in rat C6 glioma. Free Radic Biol Med 1996; 21:481-6. [PMID: 8886798 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(96)00122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of membrane permeable cAMP analogues on the expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) was studied in rat C6 glioma. EC-SOD is constitutively expressed but stimulation with cAMP analogues still increased the EC-SOD transcription and the secreted SOD activity. The potency to enhance EC-SOD expression is correlated with the ability of the cAMP analogue to induce cAMP-dependent differentiation in C6. The increase in EC-SOD mRNA and in secreted activity depended on the concentration of the cAMP analogues and on the cultivation time. Twenty-four hours after addition of 0.5 mM N6, O'2-dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or N6-monobutyryl cAMP (N6-mbcAMP) EC-SOD mRNA expression increased approximately twofold, while stimulation for 68 h with 0.5 mM N6-mbcAMP or 1 mM 8-Chloro cAMP (ClcAMP) and 1 mM dbcAMP enhanced the mean secreted activity/cell three- and fivefold, respectively. O'2-monobutyryl cAMP (O'2-mbcAMP) did not affect EC-SOD synthesis. The enhancement in EC-SOD activity did not require activation of protein kinase A. ATP, TGF-beta, IFN-gamma, and LPS did not affect EC-SOD synthesis. The presented data point to a cAMP-dependent pathway for the enhanced expression of EC-SOD by glial cells in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nicolaï
- Departement Biochemie, Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, Belgium
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