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Sánchez-Soto A, Saavedra-González G, Ibarra J, Salcedo-Hernández R, Barboza-Corona J, Del Rincón-Castro M. Detection of β-exotoxin synthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis
using an easy bioassay with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:562-7. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.I. Sánchez-Soto
- Departamento de Alimentos; División de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Guanajuato; Irapuato México
| | - G.I. Saavedra-González
- Departamento de Alimentos; División de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Guanajuato; Irapuato México
| | - J.E. Ibarra
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica; CINVESTAV; Irapuato México
| | - R. Salcedo-Hernández
- Departamento de Alimentos; División de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Guanajuato; Irapuato México
- Posgrado en Biociencias División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato; Irapuato México
| | - J.E. Barboza-Corona
- Departamento de Alimentos; División de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Guanajuato; Irapuato México
- Posgrado en Biociencias División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato; Irapuato México
| | - M.C. Del Rincón-Castro
- Departamento de Alimentos; División de Ciencias de la Vida; Universidad de Guanajuato; Irapuato México
- Posgrado en Biociencias División de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Guanajuato; Irapuato México
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Sauka DH, Pérez MP, López NN, Onco MI, Berretta MF, Benintende GB. PCR-based prediction of type I β-exotoxin production in Bacillus thuringiensis strains. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 122:28-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Argôlo-Filho RC, Loguercio LL. Bacillus thuringiensis Is an Environmental Pathogen and Host-Specificity Has Developed as an Adaptation to Human-Generated Ecological Niches. INSECTS 2013; 5:62-91. [PMID: 26462580 PMCID: PMC4592628 DOI: 10.3390/insects5010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been used successfully as a biopesticide for more than 60 years. More recently, genes encoding their toxins have been used to transform plants and other organisms. Despite the large amount of research on this bacterium, its true ecology is still a matter of debate, with two major viewpoints dominating: while some understand Bt as an insect pathogen, others see it as a saprophytic bacteria from soil. In this context, Bt's pathogenicity to other taxa and the possibility that insects may not be the primary targets of Bt are also ideas that further complicate this scenario. The existence of conflicting research results, the difficulty in developing broader ecological and genetics studies, and the great genetic plasticity of this species has cluttered a definitive concept. In this review, we gathered information on the aspects of Bt ecology that are often ignored, in the attempt to clarify the lifestyle, mechanisms of transmission and target host range of this bacterial species. As a result, we propose an integrated view to account for Bt ecology. Although Bt is indeed a pathogenic bacterium that possesses a broad arsenal for virulence and defense mechanisms, as well as a wide range of target hosts, this seems to be an adaptation to specific ecological changes acting on a versatile and cosmopolitan environmental bacterium. Bt pathogenicity and host-specificity was favored evolutionarily by increased populations of certain insect species (or other host animals), whose availability for colonization were mostly caused by anthropogenic activities. These have generated the conditions for ecological imbalances that favored dominance of specific populations of insects, arachnids, nematodes, etc., in certain areas, with narrower genetic backgrounds. These conditions provided the selective pressure for development of new hosts for pathogenic interactions, and so, host specificity of certain strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Costa Argôlo-Filho
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rod, Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km-16, Ilhéus-BA 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Lopes Loguercio
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rod, Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km-16, Ilhéus-BA 45662-900, Brazil.
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Identification and characterization of a novel marine Bacillus cereus for mosquito control. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:323-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lysyk TJ, Kalischuk-Tymensen LD, Rochon K, Selinger LB. Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against immature horn fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:1019-1029. [PMID: 20568651 DOI: 10.1603/ec10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We screened 85 isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), making up 57 different subspecies, and two isolates of Bacillus sphaericus (Meyer and Neide) for activity against immature horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). The majority of B. thuringiensis and the B. sphaericus isolates had little or no activity against horn fly and stable fly. Approximately 87% of the isolates caused < 50% mortality of horn fly larvae and 64% caused < 25% mortality. For stable fly, 95% of the isolates caused < 50% mortality, and 93% caused < 25% mortality. Five isolates were highly toxic to horn fly and stable fly immatures. These isolates were B. t. tolworthi 4L3, B. t. darmstadiensis 4M1, B. t. thompsoni 401, B. t. thuringiensis HD2, and B. t. kurstaki HD945. The LD50 values ranged from 2.2 to 7.9 x 10(6) spores per g manure for horn fly and from 6.3 to 35 x 10(6) spores per g media for stable fly. These were consistently more toxic compared with the B. t. israelensis isolates examined. All had DNA that hybridized with cry1Aa, cry1Ab, and cry1Ac toxin probes, three hybridized with a cry1B probe, and two hybridized with a cry2A probe. These may have potential for use in integrated management of pest flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lysyk
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1.
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Mac Innes TC, Bouwer G. An improved bioassay for the detection of Bacillus thuringiensis β-exotoxin. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 101:137-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Armengol G, Escobar MC, Maldonado ME, Orduz S. Diversity of Colombian strains of Bacillus thuringiensis with insecticidal activity against dipteran and lepidopteran insects. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:77-88. [PMID: 17184322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the genetic and molecular diversity and insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from all the natural regions of Colombia. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 445 isolates from a collection of B. thuringiensis were characterized. The parasporal crystal morphology that was most abundant was bipyramidal (60%). Almost 10% of the isolates were toxic to Spodoptera frugiperda and 5.6% against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. cry gene content determined by PCR indicated that 10.6% of the isolates contained cry1 genes and 1.1% contained cry2, cry4 or cry11 genes. Protein content of the parasporal crystal was determined by SDS-PAGE; 25 and 18 different protein profiles were found in isolates active against S. frugiperda and C. quinquefasciatus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus thuringiensis presents great genetic and molecular diversity even in isolates from the same soil sample. Moreover, the diversity and activity of the isolates might have a relationship with the geographical origin of the samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results obtained here indicate that some of the B. thuringiensis isolates characterized in this study are potential control agents that could be used in programmes against mosquitoes and S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Armengol
- Biotechnology and Biological Control Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia
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Shi Y, Ma W, Yuan M, Sun F, Pang Y. `Cloning of vip1/vip2 genes and expression of Vip1Ca/Vip2Ac proteins in Bacillus thuringiensis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Perchat S, Buisson C, Chaufaux J, Sanchis V, Lereclus D, Gohar M. Bacillus cereus produces several nonproteinaceous insecticidal exotoxins. J Invertebr Pathol 2005; 90:131-3. [PMID: 16214163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is mainly known as a human food-borne opportunistic pathogen. Here, we used biological assays and HPLC to investigate the ability of B. cereus to produce insecticidal exotoxins during the stationary growth phase. None of the 575 B. cereus strains screened produced detectable levels of beta-exotoxin I, a small, heat-stable insecticidal nucleotide analogue. However, six out of a subset of 270 B. cereus strains produced several small, nonproteinaceous insecticidal exotoxins different from beta-exotoxin I. Thus, B. cereus can secrete a large array of proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous toxins acting on insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Perchat
- INRA, Génétique Microbienne et Environnement, La Minière, 78285 Guyancourt, France
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Hernández CS, Martínez C, Porcar M, Caballero P, Ferré J. Correlation between serovars of Bacillus thuringiensis and type I beta-exotoxin production. J Invertebr Pathol 2003; 82:57-62. [PMID: 12581720 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
beta-Exotoxin is a thermostable metabolite produced by some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Because of vertebrate toxicity, most commercial preparations of B. thuringiensis are prepared from isolates that do not produce beta-exotoxin. The aim of the present study was to find out the possible relationship between serovars of B. thuringiensis and beta-exotoxin production. A specific HPLC assay for type I beta-exotoxin has been used to detect this exotoxin in supernatants from final whole cultures of 100 strains belonging to four serovars of B. thuringiensis: thuringiensis, kurstaki, aizawai, and morrisoni. For each serovar, 25 strains randomly chosen from two Spanish collections were analyzed. Frequency of beta-exotoxin production was higher in B. thuringiensis serovar thuringiensis, whereas only two strains from serovar kurstaki showed beta-exotoxin production. None of the 25 strains belonging to serovars aizawai and morrisoni was found to produce this compound. Along with data from other studies, serovars can be classified as "common," "seldom," or "rare" beta-exotoxin producers. The serovar-dependent beta-exotoxin production is discussed in relation to the evolutionary process of serovar differentiation, the plasmid compatibility and limited plasmid exchange between serovars, and with the serovar-dependent regulation of plasmid-encoded genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sara Hernández
- Departament de Genètica, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universitat de València, 46100 (Valencia), Burjassot, Spain
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Tsuchiya S, Kasaishi Y, Harada H, Ichimatsu T, Saitoh H, Mizuki E, Ohba M. Assessment of the efficacy of Japanese Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2002; 81:122-6. [PMID: 12445796 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 2,652 Japanese isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis, belonging to at least 54 H serogroups, were examined for assessment of the toxicity against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). When tested with spore/parasporal inclusion mixtures, strong larvicidal activities were associated with 28 isolates (1.1%). Serologically, these toxic isolates fell into 4 known H serovars: thuringiensis (9 isolates), kurstaki (2), kenyae (2), and darmstadiensis (15). Purified parasporal inclusions of the 10 selected isolates exhibited no larvicidal activity, while the supernatants of liquid cultures showed larvicidal and/or growth inhibitory effects. The activities were fully retained after heat treatment at 100 degrees C for 10 min. Overall results suggest that beta-exotoxin (or thuringiensin)-related substances are responsible for the toxicity of the present B. thuringiensis isolates against the cigarette beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tsuchiya
- Leaf Tobacco Research Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1900 Idei, Oyama, Tochigi 323-0808, Japan.
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Arango JA, Romero M, Orduz S. Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from Colombia with insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:466-74. [PMID: 11872122 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify and characterize Bacillus thuringiensis strains highly toxic to Spodoptera frugiperda, and to explore the genetic diversity of such strains. METHODS AND RESULTS The insecticidal activity of 1100 strains of B. thuringiensis from Colombian soil samples was assayed against first instar S. frugiperda larvae, and 32 active strains were found. After a second bioassay evaluation, the eight most potent strains were selected for further characterization, which included crystal protein profiles determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, plasmid profile, plasmid restriction patterns, cry gene composition, qualitative determination of beta-exotoxin production, random amplified polymorphic DNA, serotyping, and toxicity to S. frugiperda. All Colombian strains contained cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1B, cry1C and cry1D genes. However, PCR profiles of the Colombian strains suggested the presence of variants of the cry1 genes. Serotyping indicated that these strains belong to the kurstaki, thuringiensis, canadiensis and indiana subspecies. Interestingly, three strains belonging to different serotypes and subspecies were found in the same soil sample, and toxicity ranged between 11 and 976 ng cm(-2) of diet. CONCLUSIONS It has been shown that B. thuringiensis strains belonging to different serotypes and displaying variable potency to S. frugiperda larvae can be found in the same soil sample. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results obtained indicate that some of the B. thuringiensis strains studied could be of interest for further development for S. frugiperda control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Arango
- Biotechnology and Biological Control Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
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Hernández CS, Ferré J, Larget-Thiéry I. Update on the detection of beta-exotoxin in Bacillus thuringiensis strains by HPLC analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:643-7. [PMID: 11309078 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The current work aimed to study the presence of beta-exotoxin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in supernatant fluids from final whole cultures of the 69 type strains and 13 subtypes of Bacillus thuringiensis strains, as well as from some insecticidal strains. METHODS AND RESULTS Results from HPLC and bioassays with Ephestia kuhniella (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) were compared. Type I beta-exotoxin was only detected in type strains representing serotypes H1, H9 and H10a,10b. Discrepancies between HPLC and bioassays were found in H8a,8b and some insecticidal strains, which suggests the occurrence of another soluble toxin different from type I beta-exotoxin, possibly type II beta-exotoxin. CONCLUSION This study shows the need to use bioassays to determine the presence of beta-exotoxin activity. However, HPLC is a fast and sensitive technique if only type I beta-exotoxin is to be determined. The occurrence of beta-exotoxin in a type strain does not imply production of this metabolite by other strains belonging to the same serovar. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results complete the characterization of type strains belonging to the International Entomopathogenic Bacillus Collection (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France).
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Hernández
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
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Iriarte J, Bel Y, Ferrandis MD, Andrew R, Murillo J, Ferré J, Caballero P. Environmental distribution and diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis in Spain. Syst Appl Microbiol 1998; 21:97-106. [PMID: 9741114 DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(98)80012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis was isolated from 301 out of 1,005 samples collected in Spain from agricultural and non-cultivated soils, dust from stored products, and dead insects. Based on the production of parasporal crystals, 1,401 isolates were identified as B. thuringiensis after examining 11,982 B. thuringiensis-like colonies. We found a greater presence of B. thuringiensis in dust from grain storages than in other habitats. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the spore-crystal mixtures revealed diverse populations of B. thuringiensis which were differentiated in at least 92 distinct protein profiles. Serological identification also showed great diversity among the Spanish isolates which were distributed among 38 of the 58 known serovars. The most frequently found serovars were aizawai, kurstaki, konkukian, morrisoni, and thuringiensis, which together represented more than 50% of the serotyped isolates. In preliminary toxicity assays, a number of isolates were found to show significant insecticidal activity against the lepidopterans Heliothis armigera (76.1% of the assayed isolates), Spodoptera exigua (50.5%), and Plutella xylostella (19.7%). Thirty five isolates were toxic to both H. armigera and S. exigua, and eight were toxic to S. exigua and P. xylostella. Four and one isolates were toxic to the coleopterans Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Colaspidema atrum, respectively, and three to the dipteran Tipula oleracea. The electrophoretic pattern and serovar of most of the isolates with toxic activity were consistent with those reported in the literature, although other isolates revealed unusual protein profiles, were assigned to new H serovars, or were included in H serovars not previously reported within such pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iriarte
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Ishii T, Ohba M. Characterization of Mosquito-Specific Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Coisolated from a Soil Population. Syst Appl Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Orduz S, Rojas W, Correa MM, Montoya AE, de Barjac H. A new serotype of Bacillus thuringiensis from Colombia toxic to mosquito larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 1992; 59:99-103. [PMID: 1347310 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(92)90118-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During a survey conducted in Colombia a new isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis that showed toxicity toward Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi larvae was isolated. Parasporal crystals were spherical in shape and showed a great degree of similarity with those produced by the reference strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Supernatant fraction of the whole culture was not toxic, and heat-stable exotoxin production was negative. Catalase, urease, arginine dihydrolase, amylase, lecithinase, acetyl-methyl-carbinol, and gelatinase production were positive. Hemolysis on sheep blood agar was alpha-type. The isolate 163-131 showed natural resistance to azolocillin and was sensible to cephoperazone, cephalotin, nalidixic acid, and trimetoprin sulfametoxazole. Flagellar agglutination showed a specific H 30 antigen which allows individualization of this strain as a new serotype and the subspecies name of medellin is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Orduz
- Biological Control Section, Corporacion para Investigaciones Biologicas, H.P.T.U., Medellin, Colombia, South America
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Ohba M, Iwahana H, Asano S, Suzuki N, Sato R, Hori H. A unique isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis with a high larvicidal activity specific for scarabaeid beetles. Lett Appl Microbiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1992.tb00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Levinson BL, Kasyan KJ, Chiu SS, Currier TC, González JM. Identification of beta-exotoxin production, plasmids encoding beta-exotoxin, and a new exotoxin in Bacillus thuringiensis by using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:3172-9. [PMID: 2345141 PMCID: PMC209122 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.6.3172-3179.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved high-performance liquid chromatography separation was developed to detect and quantify beta-exotoxin production in Bacillus thuringiensis culture supernatants. Exotoxin production was assigned to a plasmid in five strains, from three subspecies (B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis serotype 1, B. thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi serotype 9, and B. thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis serotype 10). A new exotoxin, called type II beta-exotoxin in this report, was discovered in B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni serotype 8ab, purified, and partially characterized. This material is more specific than type I beta-exotoxin and is very active against the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata.
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Ozawa K, Iwahana H. Involvement of a transmissible plasmid in heat-stable exotoxin and delta-endotoxin production inBacillus thuringiensis subspeciesdarmstadiensis. Curr Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01577203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dubois NR. Synergism between β-exotoxin and Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (HD-1) in gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(86)90116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Padua LE, Ohba M, Aizawa K. Isolation of a Bacillus thuringiensis strain (serotype 8a:8b) highly and selectively toxic against mosquito larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(84)90040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Johnson DE, Peterson RE. Limitations of HPLC for the detection of ?-exotoxin in culture filtrates of Bacillus thuringiensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00510421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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