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Lecadet MM, Sanchis V, Menou G, Rabot P, Lereclus D, Chaufaux J, Martouret D. Identification of a delta-Endotoxin Gene Product Specifically Active against Spodoptera littoralis Bdv. among Proteolysed Fractions of the Insecticidal Crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai 7.29. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 54:2689-98. [PMID: 16347771 PMCID: PMC204357 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.11.2689-2698.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At least three different insecticidal crystal protein genes were shown to be expressed in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai 7.29, a strain that is potentially active against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Bdv. Among crude K-60 fractions (60- to 70-kilodalton [kDa] molecules) that were products of proteolysed crystals containing the active domains of the protoxin molecules, we were able to distinguish several distinct components on the basis of their antigenic relationship and their larvicidal properties. A purified fraction designated SF2 was a 61-kDa component specifically active against Pieris brassicae L. and homologous to the B. thuringiensis subsp. berliner 1715 plasmid-encoded crystal protein. A second fraction designated SF1 was composed of 63- and 65-kDa polypeptides and was specifically active against S. littoralis. The SF1 fraction and particularly the 65-kDa component were not antigenically related to the 61-kDa component. The purified fractions were compared with the products of three different crystal protein genes we previously cloned from total DNA of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, among them a new type of crystal protein gene encoding a protein that is specifically active against S. littoralis and other insects of the Noctuidae family. This approach led us to consider the 65-kDa component as a minimum active part of a delta-endotoxin that is encoded by this new gene. Products of the two other cloned genes can be correlated with the 61- and 63-kDa components, respectively. Thus, in B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai 7.29, multiple delta-endotoxin genes of different structural types direct the synthesis of several delta-endotoxins with different host specificities which were identified as components of the insecticidal crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Lecadet
- Unité de Biochimie Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, and Station de Recherches de Lutte Biologique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, La Minière, 78280 Guyancourt, France
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Lysyk TJ, Kalischuk-Tymensen LD, Rochon K, Selinger LB. Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against immature horn fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:1019-1029. [PMID: 20568651 DOI: 10.1603/ec10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We screened 85 isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), making up 57 different subspecies, and two isolates of Bacillus sphaericus (Meyer and Neide) for activity against immature horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). The majority of B. thuringiensis and the B. sphaericus isolates had little or no activity against horn fly and stable fly. Approximately 87% of the isolates caused < 50% mortality of horn fly larvae and 64% caused < 25% mortality. For stable fly, 95% of the isolates caused < 50% mortality, and 93% caused < 25% mortality. Five isolates were highly toxic to horn fly and stable fly immatures. These isolates were B. t. tolworthi 4L3, B. t. darmstadiensis 4M1, B. t. thompsoni 401, B. t. thuringiensis HD2, and B. t. kurstaki HD945. The LD50 values ranged from 2.2 to 7.9 x 10(6) spores per g manure for horn fly and from 6.3 to 35 x 10(6) spores per g media for stable fly. These were consistently more toxic compared with the B. t. israelensis isolates examined. All had DNA that hybridized with cry1Aa, cry1Ab, and cry1Ac toxin probes, three hybridized with a cry1B probe, and two hybridized with a cry2A probe. These may have potential for use in integrated management of pest flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lysyk
- Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1.
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Joung KB, Lemaire SP, Côté JC. Genetic diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis serovars revealed by RFLP using random DNA probes. J Basic Microbiol 2002; 41:85-95. [PMID: 11441463 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4028(200105)41:2<85::aid-jobm85>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
EcoRI and HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles using 2 random DNA probes, named 104 and 106, were generated for 85 B. thuringiensis strains. These include 80 serovars, 4 intra-serovar strains: kurstaki HD-1, dendrolimus, tenebrionis and sandiego, and a non-serotypeable strain B. thuringiensis var. wuhanensis. A total of 47 EcoRI and 65 HindIII restriction patterns were generated when hybridization results from both probes were combined. Seventy-seven B. thuringiensis strains showed distinctive hybridization profiles. The dendrogram resulting from the numerical analysis of the distance matrix revealed fourteen distinct phylogenetic groups at the 96% banding patterns similarity. The intra-serovar strains showed higher similarity with their respective type serovars. However, different serovars from a common H-serotype did not always cluster in the same phylogenetic group. Alternatively, several mosquitocidal serovars clustered in a single phylogenetic group. The correlation between serotyping and banding pattern similarity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Joung
- Programme de Doctorat en Sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Structural features of crystal-forming proteins produced byBacillus thuringiensissubspeciesisraelensis. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Higuchi K, Saitoh H, Mizuki E, Hwang SH, Ohba M. A novel isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar leesis that specifically exhibits larvicidal activity against the moth-fly, Telmatoscopus albipunctatus. Syst Appl Microbiol 1998; 21:144-50. [PMID: 9741119 DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(98)80018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A soil isolate designated 88-KO-14-45, belonging to Bacillus thuringiensis serovar leesis (H33), exhibited larvicidal activity against the moth-fly, Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Diptera: Psychodidae), but not for larvae of the culicine and aedine mosquitoes and Lepidoptera. Purified parasporal inclusions had an LC50 value of 5.78 micrograms/ml for the larval moth-fly, but gave no mortality against larvae of Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) at protein concentrations up to 10 mg/ml. Electron microscopic observations revealed that the parasporal inclusions are homogeneous round-shaped bodies enclosed with thick, electron dense envelopes. Haemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes was not detected in the solubilized inclusions. SDS-PAGE showed that the inclusions are composed of 72, 68, 56 and 30 kDa proteins. Immunologically, these proteins were unrelated to the inclusion proteins of B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis, while a 70 kDa protein of the strain 73-E-10-2 (B. thuringiensis serovar darmstadiensis) was seroactive to antibodies against proteins of 88-KO-14-45.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Higuchi
- Biotechnology & Food Research Institute, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, Japan
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Saitoh H, Higuchi K, Mizuki E, Ohba M. Larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis natural isolates; indigenous to Japan, against two nematoceran insect pests occurring in urban sewage environments. Microbiol Res 1996; 151:263-71. [PMID: 8817917 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(96)80023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A total of 1449 Bacillus thuringiensis strains, indigenous to Japan, were screened for larvicidal activity against two nematoceran insect pests, the mosquito, Culex pipiens molestus (Culicidae), and the moth-fly, Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Psychodidae). Mosquito specific strains were abundant in H serotypes 3abc (serovar kurstaki), 3ade (fukuokaensis), 4ac (kenyae), 7 (aizawai), 11ac (kyushuensis) and 29 (amagiensis), while moth-fly specific strains were predominantly found in H serotype 17 (tohokuensis). Strains toxic to both insects were most frequently detected in H serotypes 10 (darmstadiensis) and 17/27. Seven selected B. thuringiensis strains were highly toxic to Culex and/or Telmatoscopus. There was a diversity in SDS-PAGE profiles of inclusion proteins of these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saitoh
- Section of Applied Microbiology, Fukuoka Industrial Technology Centre, Japan
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Yu YM, Ohba M, Gill SS. Characterization of mosquitocidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. fukuokaensis crystal proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:1075-81. [PMID: 2059032 PMCID: PMC182848 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.4.1075-1081.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquitocidal crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. fukuokaensis were isolated and bioassayed against fourth-instar larvae of two mosquito species. The 50% lethal concentration values of the crystals to Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were 4.1 and 2.9 micrograms/ml, respectively. In addition, the solubilized crystals had hemolytic activity; 50 micrograms/ml was the lowest detectable level. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the crystals consisted of polypeptides of 90, 86, 82, 72, 50, 48, 37, and 27 kDa. When the solubilized inclusion was treated with C. quinquefasciatus midgut brush border membrane vesicles or Manduca sexta gut juice, only one major protein was detected. This protein retained mosquitocidal activity but had no detectable hemolytic activity. Immunological analysis of this subspecies and the subspecies israelensis, kyushuensis and darmstadiensis by using polyclonal antisera raised against the whole-crystal protein of B. thuringiensis subsp. fukuokaensis revealed that the proteins in subsp. fukuokaensis are distinct from proteins in the other subspecies because little cross-reaction was observed. Analysis of the plasmid pattern showed that the crystal protein genes are located on a plasmid of 130 MDa. Analysis of plasmid and chromosomal DNA from subsp. fukuokaensis showed little homology to the 72-kDa toxin gene (PG-14) of B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni. However, some of the proteins of B. thuringiensis subsp. fukuokaensis are homologous to other B. thuringiensis toxins because N-terminal amino acid analysis revealed that the 90-kDa protein is encoded by a cryIV gene type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Yu
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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Drobniewski FA, Ellar DJ. Purification and properties of a 28-kilodalton hemolytic and mosquitocidal protein toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis 73-E10-2. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:3060-7. [PMID: 2566594 PMCID: PMC210015 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.6.3060-3067.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquitocidal crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis 73-E10-2 was purified, bioassayed against third-instar Aedes aegypti larvae (50% lethal concentration, 7.5 micrograms/ml), and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealing polypeptides of 125, 50, 47, and 28 kilodaltons (kDa). When solubilized and proteolytically activated by insect gut proteases or proteinase K, the crystal was cytotoxic to insect and mammalian cells in vitro and was hemolytic. By using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a polypeptide of 23 kDa, derived from the 28-kDa protoxin, was identified which was hemolytic and cytotoxic to Aedes albopictus, A. aegypti, and Choristoneura fumiferana CF1 insect cell lines. The 23-kDa polypeptide was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gave 50% lethal dose values of 3.8, 3.3, and 6.9 micrograms/ml against A. albopictus, A. aegypti, and C. fumiferana CF1 cells lines, respectively. Cytotoxicity in vitro was both dose and temperature dependent, with a sigmoidal dose-response curve. The cytotoxicity of the 23-kDa toxin and the solubilized and proteolytically activated delta-endotoxin was inhibited by a range of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acids and by triglyceride and diglyceride dispersions. An interaction with membrane phospholipids appears important for toxicity. Polyclonal antisera prepared against the 23-kDa polypeptide did not cross-react with polypeptides in the native crystals of four other mosquitocidal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Drobniewski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ohba M, Yu Y, Aizawa K. Occurrence of Non-Insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis Flagellar Serotype 14 in the Soil of Japan. Syst Appl Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(88)80052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yu YM, Ohba M, Aizawa K. Affinity purification of a 65-kilodalton parasporal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis PG-14 that shows mosquitocidal activity. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1988; 54:257-65. [PMID: 3421669 DOI: 10.1007/bf00443584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
By using antibody-mediated affinity chromatography, a highly mosquito larvicidal but nonhemolytic fraction was obtained from alkali-solubilized, silkworm (Bombyx mori) larval gut juice-treated parasporal inclusions of Bacillus thuringiensis strain PG-14 (serotype 8a:8b). This fraction contained a 65-kDa protein only but not a 25-kDa protein, the main component in the flow through fraction unbound to the affinity column. The 25-kDa protein purified from the unbound fraction by CM-cellulose chromatography demonstrated a high hemolytic activity against sheep red blood cells but very low mosquito larvicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Yu
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Yu Y, Ohba M, Aizawa K, Padua L. Mosquito larvicidal and hemolytic proteins purified from parasporal inclusions produced by Bacillus thuringiensis strain PG-14 (serotype 8a:8b). Syst Appl Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(87)80042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Thiery I. Similarities between crystal protein subunits of Bacillus thuringiensis strain 1884 serotype H14 and strain PG14 serotype H8a,8b, and their relationship with mosquitocidal activity. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. MICROBIOLOGY 1987; 138:457-70. [PMID: 3663389 DOI: 10.1016/0769-2609(87)90063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strain 1884 and B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni strain PG14 have the same toxicity toward mosquito larvae. Their protein crystal contents were compared either on native electrophoretic systems or on gel filtration. Analysis of electroeluted native proteins in SDS-PAGE showed that the 28-Kd protein alone, without the 68- or 130-Kd protein, was not larvicidal; however, toxicity was recorded as soon as 28- and 68-Kd proteins were associated. After gel filtration of 1884 soluble crystal, the 68-Kd protein alone, without 28 or 130 Kd, was not toxic; toxicity was also recorded when 28- and 68-Kd proteins and higher molecular weight proteins were associated. A comparable pattern was observed with PG14 soluble crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thiery
- Laboratoire de Lutte Biologique contre les Insectes II, Institut Pasteur, Paris
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Bourgouin C, Klier A, Rapoport G. Characterization of the genes encoding the haemolytic toxin and the mosquitocidal delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1986; 205:390-7. [PMID: 3031426 DOI: 10.1007/bf00338072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The crystalline parasporal inclusions (crystals) of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), which are specifically toxic to mosquito and black fly larvae, contain three main polypeptides of 28 kDa, 68 kDa and 130 kDa. The genes encoding the 28 kDa protein and the 130 kDa protein have been cloned from a large plasmid of Bti. Escherichia-coli recombinant clones containing the 130 kDa protein gene were highly active against larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens, while B. subtilis recombinant cells containing the 28 kDa protein gene were haemolytic for sheep red blood cells. A fragment of the Bti plasmid which is partially homologous to the 130 kDa protein gene was also isolated; it probably corresponds to part of a second type of mosquitocidal toxin gene. Furthermore, restriction enzyme analysis suggested that the 130 kDa protein gene is located on the same Bti EcoRI fragment as another kind of Bti mosquitocidal protein gene cloned by Thorne et al. (1986). Hybridization experiments conducted with the 28 kDa protein gene and the 130 kDa protein gene showed that these two Bti genes are probably present in the plasmid DNA of B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni (PG14), which is also highly active against mosquito larvae.
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Ibarra JE, Federici BA. Isolation of a relatively nontoxic 65-kilodalton protein inclusion from the parasporal body of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. J Bacteriol 1986; 165:527-33. [PMID: 3944061 PMCID: PMC214451 DOI: 10.1128/jb.165.2.527-533.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrastructural studies of the mosquitocidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis revealed that the parasporal body contained three major inclusion types, designated types 1, 2, and 3, which could be differentiated on the basis of electron opacity and size and, to some extent, shape. The type-2 inclusion, which was of moderate electron density and often appeared as a bar-shaped polyhedral body, was isolated on NaBr gradients from purified parasporal bodies and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transmission electron microscopy, and bioassays against neonate larvae of Aedes aegypti. Purified inclusions averaged 150 to 200 nm by 500 to 700 nm in transverse sections and consisted almost exclusively of a 65-kilodalton (kDa) protein contaminated with minor quantities of 38- and 28-kDa proteins. Lethal concentration values at the 50% level for preparations of the purified parasporal body and the type-2 inclusion were, respectively, 0.66 and 43 ng/ml, indicating that the 65-kDa protein is only slightly toxic to mosquitoes in comparison to the intact parasporal body. Analysis of the type-2 polyhedral inclusion by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and bioassays during different stages of purification demonstrated a positive correlation between the toxicity of the preparation and the degree of contamination with the 28-kDa protein. These results indicate that the 65-kDa protein is not the primary larvicidal toxin, although it may act in conjunction with other parasporal body proteins to produce the high mosquitocidal toxicity characteristic of this bacterium.
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Hurley JM, Lee SG, Andrews RE, Klowden MJ, Bulla LA. Separation of the cytolytic and mosquitocidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 126:961-5. [PMID: 2858208 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)90279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytolytic and mosquitocidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis were isolated from parasporal crystals and subsequently separated from each other. The proteins were separated by gel filtration chromatography and their molecular weights were estimated by both gel filtration chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weights of the mosquitocidal protein and the cytolytic protein were estimated to be 65,000 daltons and 28,000 daltons, respectively.
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