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François S, Mondot S, Gerard Q, Bel R, Knoertzer J, Berriche A, Cavallero S, Baati R, Orset C, Dal Bo G, Thibault K. Long-Term Anxiety-Like Behavior and Microbiota Changes Induced in Mice by Sublethal Doses of Acute Sarin Surrogate Exposure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051167. [PMID: 35625901 PMCID: PMC9138233 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorder is one of the most reported complications following organophosphorus (OP) nerve agent (NA) exposure. The goal of this study was to characterize the long-term behavioral impact of a single low dose exposure to 4-nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate (NIMP), a sarin surrogate. We chose two different sublethal doses of NIMP, each corresponding to a fraction of the median lethal dose (one mild and one convulsive), and evaluated behavioral changes over a 6-month period following exposure. Mice exposed to both doses showed anxious behavior which persisted for six-months post-exposure. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging examination did not reveal any anatomical changes in the amygdala throughout the 6-month period. While no cholinesterase activity change or neuroinflammation could be observed at the latest timepoint in the amygdala of NIMP-exposed mice, important modifications in white blood cell counts were noted, reflecting a perturbation of the systemic immune system. Furthermore, intestinal inflammation and microbiota changes were observed at 6-months in NIMP-exposed animals regardless of the dose received. This is the first study to identify long-term behavioral impairment, systemic homeostasis disorganization and gut microbiota alterations following OP sublethal exposure. Our findings highlight the importance of long-term care for victims of NA exposure, even in asymptomatic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine François
- Department of Radiation Biological Effects, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Stanislas Mondot
- Micalis Institute, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Quentin Gerard
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
- Institut Blood and Brain@caen-normandie Cyceron, Caen-Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Rosalie Bel
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Julie Knoertzer
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Asma Berriche
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
- CEA, 92260 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sophie Cavallero
- Department of Radiation Biological Effects, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (S.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Rachid Baati
- ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, Institut de Chimie des Procédés, pour l’Energie, l’Environnement, et la Santé, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Institut Blood and Brain@caen-normandie Cyceron, Caen-Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Gregory Dal Bo
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.B.); (K.T.)
| | - Karine Thibault
- Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risks, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 91220 Bretigny sur Orge, France; (Q.G.); (R.B.); (J.K.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.B.); (K.T.)
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Langston JL, Adkins AL, Moran AV, Rockwood GA, Deford MS. Effects of sarin on the operant behavior of guinea pigs. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27:841-53. [PMID: 16046097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the dose-response effects of subacute exposure to sublethal doses of the organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare nerve agent (CWNA) sarin (GB) on the operant behavior of guinea pigs. Dietary restricted guinea pigs, trained to respond for food under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement, were injected five times per week (Monday-Friday) for 2 weeks with fractions (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4) of the established LD(50) of GB (42 microg/kg). Changes in body weight, whole blood (WB) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels, and operant performances were monitored over the 2 weeks of GB exposure and for an additional 2 weeks following the termination of exposures. There were dose-related changes in body weight and WB AChE levels throughout the exposure and post-exposure periods. Several parameters of PR performance were disrupted during exposure to 0.4 LD50 GB, however, concurrent weight loss indicated the presence of overt toxicity. PR performance recovered following the termination of exposures. Lower doses (0.1 and 0.2 LD50) of GB failed to produce reliable effects on operant performance during the exposure period. Overall responding decreased during exposure to 0.4 LD50 GB, resulting in reduced response rates and break points. The decrease in overall response rates was attributed to an increase in pausing since there was no decrease in running rate. Motor effects of 0.4 LD50 GB were evident as an increase in the proportion of lever press durations > or = 1.0 s. In the present study, doses of GB lower than 0.4 LD50 produced no marked alteration of operant performance in guinea pigs, although WB AChE levels were maximally inhibited to 20% of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Langston
- Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, MCMR-UV-DA, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA.
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Hymowitz N, Ploshnick A, Laemle L, Brezenoff H. Effects of repeated administration of soman on schedule-controlled behavior and brain in the rat. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1990; 12:47-56. [PMID: 2314360 DOI: 10.1016/0892-0362(90)90112-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of repeated SC administration of soman on schedule-controlled performance and brain pathology were studied in the rat. Soman suppressed response rates in both components of a multiple fixed interval 50-sec fixed-ratio 25 (mult. FI 50-sec FR 25) schedule of reinforcement, although all animals revealed marked tolerance to repeated drug administration. Response rates generally recovered to baseline levels within 1-3 sessions. Three of the six animals studied, however, demonstrated marked deterioration of steady state schedule performance, particularly during the FI 50-sec component of the multiple schedule. Compared to untreated controls, all soman-treated animals exhibited pathological changes in brain. The most salient finding was glial cell proliferation in layer 4 and deep parts of layer 3 of the cerebral cortex. Glial cell proliferation was most marked in animals that exhibited deterioration of steady state schedule performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hymowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
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Mahe S, Tome D, Dumontier AM, Desjeux JF. Absorption of intact morphiceptin by diisopropylfluorophosphate-treated rabbit ileum. Peptides 1989; 10:45-52. [PMID: 2473450 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(89)90074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The amidated beta-casomorphin morphiceptin Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH2 is an opioid peptide isolated from bovine milk beta-casein digests whose physiological significance remains unclear. Opiates are known to modify intestinal electrolyte transport by acting on receptors located on the serosal side of the intestine. The aim of the present study was to determine under what conditions morphiceptin can act from the luminal side. When added to the serosal side of untreated rabbit ileum in an Ussing chamber in vitro, 10(-3) M morphiceptin acted through an opiate mechanism to reduce simultaneously short-circuit current (delta Isc = 0.33 +/- 0.07 muEq.hr-1.cm-2) and stimulate net Na and Cl absorption (delta JnetNa = 1.62 +/- 0.11 and delta JnetCl = 2.07 +/- 0.08 muEg.hr-1.cm-2). After mucosal addition under the same conditions, morphiceptin was degraded without any opiate action on electrolyte transport. Pretreatment of the ileum by 10(-3) M diisopropylfluorophosphate, which inhibited brush-border dipeptidylpeptidase IV, prevented mucosal degradation of morphiceptin. Under these conditions, morphiceptin was able, when added mucosally, to cross the epithelium intact (Jm----s = 1.8 +/- 0.16 nmole.hr-1.cm-2) and to stimulate electrolyte absorption by means of an opioid mechanism (delta Isc = 0.22 +/- 0.02 muEq.hr-1.cm-2). These results showed that the action of morphiceptin from the lumen depends on its transfer intact to the serosal side of the intestine where the opiate receptors are located. The limiting step in this transfer is at the brush-border membrane, where dipeptidylpeptidase IV in particular seems to play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Lazare, Paris, France
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Brezenoff HE, McGee J, Hymowitz N. Effect of soman on schedule-controlled behavior and brain acetylcholinesterase in rats. Life Sci 1985; 37:2421-30. [PMID: 4079656 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rats were trained to press a lever under a multiple fixed-ratio 25 fixed-interval 50-second (FR25 FI50-sec) schedule of food reinforcement. Soman, 70-90 micrograms/kg, s.c., suppressed response rates in both components, with a slightly greater effect in the FI schedule. The pattern of responding under the FI schedule, however, was maintained until lever-pressing was nearly completely suppressed. At the highest doses, soman occasionally caused tremors or mild tonic seizures with hindlimb abduction. The suppression of response rate was correlated with inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in all brain regions examined: cortex, striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus and brainstem. Cortical AChE was inhibited to the highest degree, while striatal AChE was most resistant to inhibition by soman.
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