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Soubhye J, Aldib I, Elfving B, Gelbcke M, Furtmüller PG, Podrecca M, Conotte R, Colet JM, Rousseau A, Reye F, Sarakbi A, Vanhaeverbeek M, Kauffmann JM, Obinger C, Nève J, Prévost M, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Dufrasne F, Van Antwerpen P. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of novel 3-alkylindole derivatives as selective and highly potent myeloperoxidase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3943-58. [PMID: 23581551 DOI: 10.1021/jm4001538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to its production of potent antimicrobial oxidants including hypochlorous acid, human myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays a critical role in innate immunity and inflammatory diseases. Thus MPO is an attractive target in drug design. (Aminoalkyl)fluoroindole derivatives were detected to be very potent MPO inhibitors; however, they also promote inhibition of the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) at the same concentration range. Via structure-based drug design, a new series of MPO inhibitors derived from 3-alkylindole were synthesized and their effects were assessed on MPO-mediated taurine chlorination and low-density lipoprotein oxidation as well as on inhibition of SERT. The fluoroindole compound with three carbons in the side chain and one amide group exhibited a selectivity index of 35 (Ki/IC50) with high inhibition of MPO activity (IC50 = 18 nM), whereas its effect on SERT was in the micromolar range. Structure-function relationships, mechanism of action, and safety of the molecule are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Soubhye
- Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Sørensen L, Andersen J, Thomsen M, Hansen SMR, Zhao X, Sandelin A, Strømgaard K, Kristensen AS. Interaction of antidepressants with the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters: mutational studies of the S1 substrate binding pocket. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43694-707. [PMID: 23086945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.342212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) are sodium-dependent neurotransmitter transporters responsible for reuptake of released serotonin and norepinephrine, respectively, into nerve terminals in the brain. A wide range of inhibitors of SERT and NET are used as treatment of depression and anxiety disorders or as psychostimulant drugs of abuse. Despite their clinical importance, the molecular mechanisms by which various types of antidepressant drugs bind and inhibit SERT and NET are still elusive for the majority of the inhibitors, including the molecular basis for SERT/NET selectivity. Mutational analyses have suggested that a central substrate binding site (denoted the S1 pocket) also harbors an inhibitor binding site. In this study, we determine the effect of mutating six key S1 residues in human SERT (hSERT) and NET (hNET) on the potency of 15 prototypical SERT/NET inhibitors belonging to different drug classes. Analysis of the resulting drug sensitivity profiles provides novel information on drug binding modes in hSERT and hNET and identifies specific S1 residues as important molecular determinants for inhibitor potency and hSERT/hNET selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Sørensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Combinatorial support vector machines approach for virtual screening of selective multi-target serotonin reuptake inhibitors from large compound libraries. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 32:49-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Kiss R, Sándor M, Gere A, Schmidt E, Balogh GT, Kiss B, Molnár L, Lemmen C, Keseru GM. Discovery of novel histamine H4 and serotonin transporter ligands using the topological feature tree descriptor. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 52:233-42. [PMID: 22168379 DOI: 10.1021/ci2004972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-based approaches are particularly important in the hit identification process of drug discovery when no structural information on the target is available. Pharmacophore descriptors that use a topological representation of the ligands are usually fast enough to screen large compound libraries effectively when seeking novel lead candidates. One example of this kind is the Feature Tree descriptor, a reduced graph representation implemented in the FTrees software. In this study, we tested the screening efficiency of FTrees by both retrospective and prospective screens using known histamine H4 antagonists and serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitors as query molecules. Our results demonstrate that FTrees can effectively find actives. Particularly when combined with a subsequent 2D fingerprint-based diversity selection, FTrees was found to be extremely effective at discovering a diverse set of scaffolds. Prospective screening of our in-house compound deck provided several novel H4 and SERT ligands that could serve as suitable starting points for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Kiss
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Manepalli S, Geffert LM, Surratt CK, Madura JD. Discovery of novel selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors through development of a protein-based pharmacophore. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2417-26. [PMID: 21834587 PMCID: PMC3183329 DOI: 10.1021/ci200280m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT), a member of the neurotransmitter sodium symporter (NSS) family, is responsible for the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft to maintain neurotransmitter homeostasis. SERT is established as an important target in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Because a high-resolution crystal structure is not available, a computational model of SERT was built based upon the X-ray coordinates of the leucine transporter LeuT, a bacterial NSS homologue. The model was used to develop the first SERT structure-based pharmacophore. Virtual screening (VS) of a small molecule structural library using the generated SERT computational model yielded candidate ligands of diverse scaffolds. Pharmacological analysis of the VS hits identified two SERT-selective compounds, potential lead compounds for further SERT-related medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Manepalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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6
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Gu X, Izenwasser S, Wade D, Housman A, Gulasey G, Rhoden JB, Savoie CD, Mobley DL, Lomenzo SA, Trudell ML. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of benzyl ester meperidine and normeperidine derivatives as selective serotonin transporter ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8356-64. [PMID: 20980153 PMCID: PMC3713777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzyl esters of meperidine and normeperidine were synthesized and evaluated for binding affinity at serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. The 4-methoxybenzyl ester 8b and 4-nitrobenzyl ester 8c in the meperidine series and 4-methoxybenzyl ester 14a in the normeperidine series exhibited low nanomolar binding affinities at the SERT (K(i) values <2nM) and high SERT selectivity (DAT/SERT >1500 and NET/SERT >1500).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Sari Izenwasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA
| | - Dean Wade
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA
| | - Amy Housman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA
| | - Gerard Gulasey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA
| | - Jill B. Rhoden
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | | | - David L. Mobley
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Stacey A. Lomenzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Mark L. Trudell
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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7
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Nyola A, Karpowich NK, Zhen J, Marden J, Reith ME, Wang DN. Substrate and drug binding sites in LeuT. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2010; 20:415-22. [PMID: 20739005 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
LeuT is a member of the neurotransmitter/sodium symporter family, which includes the neuronal transporters for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The original crystal structure of LeuT shows a primary leucine-binding site at the center of the protein. LeuT is inhibited by different classes of antidepressants that act as potent inhibitors of the serotonin transporter. The newly determined crystal structures of LeuT-antidepressant complexes provide opportunities to probe drug binding in the serotonin transporter, of which the exact position remains controversial. Structure of a LeuT-tryptophan complex shows an overlapping binding site with the primary substrate site. A secondary substrate binding site was recently identified, where the binding of a leucine triggers the cytoplasmic release of the primary substrate. This two binding site model presents opportunities for a better understanding of drug binding and the mechanism of inhibition for mammalian transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeeta Nyola
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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8
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Kurling S, Kankaanpää A, Seppälä T. Sub-chronic nandrolone treatment modifies neurochemical and behavioral effects of amphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in rats. Behav Brain Res 2008; 189:191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Jørgensen AM, Tagmose L, Jørgensen AMM, Topiol S, Sabio M, Gundertofte K, Bøgesø KP, Peters GH. Homology Modeling of the Serotonin Transporter: Insights into the Primary Escitalopram-binding Site. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:815-26. [PMID: 17405130 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) is one of the neurotransmitter transporters that plays a critical role in the regulation of endogenous amine concentrations and therefore is an important target for therapeutic agents affecting the central nervous system. The recently published, high resolution X-ray structure of the closely related amino acid transporter, Aquifex aeolicus leucine transporter (LeuT), provides an opportunity to develop a three-dimensional model of the structure of SERT. We present herein a homology model of SERT using LeuT as the template and containing escitalopram as a bound ligand. Our model explains selectivities known from mutational studies and varying ligand data, which are discussed and illustrated in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Jørgensen
- MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 206, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Neuvonen K, Neuvonen H, Fülöp F. Effect of 4-substitution on psychotomimetic activity of 2,5-dimethoxy amphetamines as studied by means of different substituent parameter scales. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3495-8. [PMID: 16644223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electron-withdrawing substituents at position 4 of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted amphetamines increase, whereas electron-donating substituents decrease the psychotomimetic activity. The origin of this clearly localized effect is discussed. The uses of modified Hammett substituent scales (sigma(-) and sigma(+)), and especially the good sigma(+) correlation, strongly suggest that electron-donating substituents decrease the biological activity through a specific effect relating to the extent of the conjugative electron release from the 5-methoxy group to the phenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Neuvonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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11
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Lyles J, Cadet JL. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) neurotoxicity: cellular and molecular mechanisms. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2003; 42:155-68. [PMID: 12738056 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) is a very popular drug of abuse. This has led to new intense concerns relevant to its nefarious neuropsychiatric effects. These adverse events might be related to the neurotoxic effects of the drug. Although the mechanisms of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity remain to be fully characterized, exposure to the drug can cause acute and long-term neurotoxic effects in animals and nonhuman primates. Recent studies have also documented possible toxic effects in the developing fetus. Nevertheless, there is still much debate concerning the effects of the drug in humans and how to best extrapolate animal and nonhuman primate data to the human condition. Herein, we review the evidence documenting the adverse effects of the drug in some animal models. We also discuss possible mechanisms for the development of MDMA neurotoxicity. Data supporting deleterious effects of this drug on the developing fetus are also described. Much remains to be done in order to clarify the molecular and biochemical pathways involved in the long-term neuroplastic changes associated with MDMA abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnalyn Lyles
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Branch, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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12
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Bureau R, Daveu C, Lancelot JC, Rault S. Molecular design based on 3D-pharmacophore. Application to 5-HT subtypes receptors. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES 2002; 42:429-36. [PMID: 11911713 DOI: 10.1021/ci0101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A first definition of a pharmacophore for the serotonin reuptake inhibitors was carried out by considering a three-dimensional model which correlates the chemical structures of series of reuptake inhibitors with their biological affinities. A molecular design was described by analyzing two different 3D serotonin pharmacophores. This successful approach enabled us to consider the design of new serotonin ligands by the same method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Bureau
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, Université de Caen, 1, rue Vaubénard, 14032 Caen, France
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13
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Mortensen OV, Kristensen AS, Wiborg O. Species-scanning mutagenesis of the serotonin transporter reveals residues essential in selective, high-affinity recognition of antidepressants. J Neurochem 2001; 79:237-47. [PMID: 11677251 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) is a high-affinity sodium/chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter responsible for reuptake of serotonin from the extracellular space. SERT is a selective target of several clinically important antidepressants. In a cross-species analysis comparing human and bovine SERTs, the kinetic parameters for serotonin uptake were found to be similar, however, the pharmacological profiles of the two transporters differ. Following transient expression in COS-1 cells, IC(50) values were determined for several antidepressants and psychostimulants. The potencies of the antidepressants citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine and imipramine were several-fold higher at hSERT compared with bSERT. No species selectivity was observed for the antidepressants fluvoxamine, and sertraline or for the psychostimulants cocaine, the cocaine analogue beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane, or for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Analysis of six hSERT/bSERT chimeras and subsequent species-scanning mutagenesis of each isoform revealed methionine-180, tyrosine-495, and phenylalanine-513 to be responsible for the increase in citalopram and paroxetine potencies at hSERT and methionine-180 and phenylalanine-513 to confer species selectivity at hSERT for fluoxetine and imipramine. Results were obtained by doing the forward, bovine to human, mutations and confirmed by doing the reverse mutations. Citalopram analogues were used to define the roles of methionine-180, tyrosine-495, and phenylalanine-513 and to reveal molecular interactions with individual functional groups of citalopram. We suggest that methionine-180 interacts with the heterocyclic nucleus of citalopram or stabilizes the binding pocket and phenylalanine-513 to be a steric blocker of antidepressant recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Mortensen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biological Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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14
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Gerdes JM, DeFina SC, Wilson PA, Taylor SE. Serotonin transporter inhibitors: synthesis and binding potency of 2'-methyl- and 3'-methyl-6-nitroquipazine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2643-6. [PMID: 11128642 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Racemic 2'-methyl- and 3'-methyl-6-nitroquipazine ligands were selected as targets, synthesized and evaluated at the serotonin transporter employing an in vitro competitive inhibition assay with [3H]paroxetine and rat cortical membrane. The 2'-methyl-6-nitroquipazine was found to be 50 times more potent than the 3'-methyl-substituted counterpart and of comparable potency to the known high affinity agent 5-iodo-6-nitroquipazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gerdes
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg 98926-7539, USA.
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15
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Oficialdegui AM, Martinez J, Pérez S, Heras B, Irurzun M, Palop JA, Tordera R, Lasheras B, del Río J, Monge A. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new 3-[(4-aryl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-arylpropane derivatives as potential antidepressants with a dual mode of action: serotonin reuptake inhibition and 5-HT1A receptor antagonism. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2000; 55:345-53. [PMID: 10983279 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(00)00050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the combination of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist may facilitate the onset of the SSRIs antidepressant action. Accordingly, we describe the synthesis of a series of new 3-[(4-aryl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-arylpropane derivatives with structural modifications performed in Ar1, Ar2 and Z (Z is different functional groups) to obtain the sought dual activity. Compounds were evaluated for in vitro affinity at 5-HT1A receptors and 5-HT transporter. The antidepressant-like activity of derivatives with the higher affinity was assessed initially using the forced swimming test (FST). Compound 1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-il]-1-propa none (III.1.a) showed the best antidepressant-like activity which was further confirmed in the learned helplessness test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Oficialdegui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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16
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Beuerle G, Kovar KA, Schulze-Alexandru M. Three-dimensional Quantitative StructureâActivity Relationships of Hallucinogenic Phenylalkanamine and Tryptamine Derivatives: Studies using Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.19970160603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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