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Administration of butorphanol with ketamine/xylazine sedation reduces the negative responses to electroejaculation in rams. Theriogenology 2022; 191:96-101. [PMID: 35973260 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the possible advantages of administering butorphanol (BUT), associated with ketamine/xylazine (KX) sedation or not, for semen collection using electroejaculation (EE) in rams. Fifteen rams received four treatments in a cross-over design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The treatments were 1) control; 2) received KX; 3) received BUT; and 4) received both treatments. The responses to the procedures regarding heart rate, respiratory frequency, and rectal temperature were recorded, glucose and creatine kinase were measured, and semen quality was determined. More pulses were required when BUT was administered (P = 0.0067), but rams vocalized fewer times (P = 0.046). The administration of KX also tended to reduce the respiratory frequency (P = 0.068) and rectal temperature (P = 0.089), with no other effects. The administration of BUT reduced the heart rate (P < 0.0001), and there was an interactive effect between the administration of BUT and time on the heart rate (P < 0.0001), respiratory frequency (P = 0.01), and rectal temperature (P = 0.047). The administration of BUT reduced the heart rate increase immediately after EE (P < 0.0001). The respiratory frequency following EE was greater when BUT was administered (P < 0.0001), but the administration of BUT reduced the rectal temperature at the same time (P = 0.002). Glucose concentration was greater when BUT was administered (P < 0.0001). The only significant effect on the ejaculate characteristics was from the interaction between KX and BUT on sperm concentration (P = 0.004). The administration of KX alone increased sperm concentration (P = 0.035), but when BUT was added to KX, sperm concentration decreased (P = 0.002). Moreover, sperm concentration was greater when only BUT was administered than when KX and BUT were administered simultaneously (P = 0.037). The addition of BUT markedly decreased most negative responses more effectively than sedation with KX alone. In conclusion, BUT appears to be an interesting alternative to reduce the welfare concerns raised by the use of EE in rams; however, its possible effects on the ejaculate characteristics when associated with other anesthesia/sedation drugs require further study.
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Dagnall C, Fadda A, Adams J, Macfarlane P. Surgical decompression of a paraspinal abscess in a 4‐month‐old lamb—Providing perioperative anaesthesia and analgesia within the remits of UK legislation for food‐producing animals. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Dagnall
- Anaesthesia, University of Bristol Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Langford Bristol UK
| | - Angela Fadda
- Neurology, Langford Veterinary Services Ltd., Langford Bristol UK
| | - James Adams
- Farm Clinic, University of Bristol Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Langford Vets, Langford Bristol UK
| | - Paul Macfarlane
- Anaesthesia, Langford Veterinary Services Ltd., Langford Bristol UK
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The Effect of Acepromazine Alone or in Combination with Methadone, Morphine, or Tramadol on Sedation and Selected Cardiopulmonary Variables in Sheep. Vet Med Int 2017; 2017:7507616. [PMID: 28480092 PMCID: PMC5396443 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7507616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sedative and selected cardiopulmonary effects of acepromazine alone or in combination with methadone, morphine, or tramadol were compared in sheep. Six ewes were randomly assigned to treatments: A (0.05 mg/kg acepromazine), AM (A plus 0.5 mg/kg methadone), AMO (A plus 0.5 mg/kg morphine), and AT (A plus 5 mg/kg tramadol). Parameters were assessed before sedative drug administration (baseline) and every 15 minutes thereafter, for two hours. Treatments A and AM were associated with increases in sedation score for 60 minutes and treatments AMO and AT for 30 minutes; however, there were no significant differences between treatments. There was a decrease in mean arterial pressure compared to baseline values in treatment A at 15, 45, 60, and 90 minutes, in treatment AM at 15 minutes, and in treatment AT from 45 to 120 minutes. Arterial blood carbon dioxide pressure increased at all time points in all treatments. Arterial oxygen pressure decreased in treatment AMO at 15, 30, and 120 minutes and in treatment AT at 15–45, 105, and 120 minutes, compared to baseline. Acepromazine alone causes a level of sedation similar to that observed when it is coadministered with opioids methadone, morphine, and tramadol. These combinations did not cause clinical cardiopulmonary changes.
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Carroll GL, Boothe DM, Hartsfield SM, Waller MK, Geller SC. Pharmacokinetics and selected behavioral responses to butorphanol and its metabolites in goats following intravenous and intramuscular administration. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 28:188-195. [PMID: 28404243 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2987.2001.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2000] [Accepted: 02/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate disposition of a single dose of butorphanol in goats after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration and to relate behavioral changes after butorphanol administration with plasma concentrations. DESIGN Randomized experimental study. ANIMALS Six healthy 3-year-old neutered goats (one male and five female) weighing 46.5 ± 10.5 kg (mean ± D). METHODS Goats were given IV and IM butorphanol (0.1 mg kg-1) using a randomized cross-over design with a 1-week interval between treatments. Heparinized blood samples were collected at fixed intervals for subsequent determination of plasma butorphanol concentrations using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pharmacokinetic values (volume of distribution at steady state [VdSS], systemic clearance [ClTB], extrapolated peak plasma concentration [C0] or estimated peak plasma concentration [CMAX], time to estimated peak plasma concentration [TMAX], distribution and elimination half-lives [t1/2], and bioavailability) were calculated. Behavior was subjectively scored. A two-tailed paired t-test was used to compare the elimination half-lives after IV and IM administration. Behavioral scores are reported as median (range). A Friedman Rank Sums test adjusted for ties was used to analyze the behavioral scores. A logit model was used to determine the effect of time and concentration on behavior. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Volume of distribution at steady state after IV administration of butorphanol was 1.27 ± 0.73 L kg-1, and ClTB was 0.0096 ± 0.0024 L kg-1 minute-1. Extrapolated C0 of butorphanol after IV administration was 146.5 ± 49.8 ng mL-1. Estimated CMAX after IM administration of butorphanol was 54.98 ± 14.60 ng mL-1, and TMAX was 16.2 ± 5.2 minutes; bioavailability was 82 ± 41%. Elimination half-life of butorphanol was 1.87 ± 1.49 and 2.75 ± 1.93 hours for IV and IM administration, respectively. Goats became hyperactive after butorphanol administration within the first 5 minutes after administration. Behavioral scores for goats were significantly different from baseline at 15 minutes after IV administration and at 15 and 30 minutes after IM administration. Both time and plasma butorphanol concentration were predictors of behavior. Behavioral scores of all goats had returned to baseline by 120 minutes after IV administration and by 240 minutes after IM administration. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The dose of butorphanol (0.1 mg kg-1, IV or IM) being used clinically to treat postoperative pain in goats has an elimination half-life of 1.87 and 2.75 hours, respectively. Nonpainful goats become transiently excited after IV and IM administration of butorphanol. Clinical trials to validate the efficacy of butorphanol as an analgesic in goats are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn L Carroll
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dawn M Boothe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sandee M Hartsfield
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mandy K Waller
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sue C Geller
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Seddighi R, Doherty TJ. Field Sedation and Anesthesia of Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2016; 32:553-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Borges LPB, Nishimura LT, Carvalho LL, Cerejo SA, Auckburally A, Mattos-Junior E. Behavioral and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with butorphanol, methadone, morphine or tramadol in conscious sheep. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:549-60. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Carvalho LL, Nishimura LT, Borges LPB, Cerejo SA, Villela IOJ, Auckburally A, de Mattos-Junior E. Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine alone or in combination with methadone, morphine or tramadol in sheep. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:179-88. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Adami C, d'Ovidio D, Casoni D. Alfaxalone-butorphanol versus alfaxalone-morphine combination for immersion anaesthesia in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis). Lab Anim 2015; 50:204-11. [PMID: 26306614 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215601300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis) are small semi-aquatic anuran species popular as both pets and laboratory animals. Although they are commonly anaesthetized to undergo clinical and experimental procedures, very little is known about their anaesthetic management. The aims of this prospective, randomized, cross-over experimental trial were to establish effective butorphanol and morphine concentrations to be added to alfaxalone for immersion anaesthesia (pilot study), and to compare the anaesthetic and antinociceptive effects of the two drug mixtures (alfaxalone-butorphanol and alfaxalone-morphine), in Bombina orientalis toads. For the actual trial, the toads were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: AB and AM, with seven animals in each group, which received alfaxalone-butorphanol and alfaxalone-morphine combinations, respectively, at the concentrations established during the pilot study. Heart rate, respiratory rate, von Frey filament threshold and response to nociceptive withdrawal (NWR), righting and myotactic reflexes were measured at 5 min intervals until return of righting reflex was observed. The investigator who carried out all the measurements was blinded to the treatment. Any undesired effect or complication was noted and recorded. The two treatments were found to be comparable in terms of onset and duration of anaesthesia, and occurrence of undesired effects. However, group AM resulted in lower NWR scores and higher von Frey filament thresholds than group AB. It is concluded that, at the investigated concentrations and in combination with alfaxalone by immersion, morphine provides better antinociception than butorphanol in oriental fire-bellied toads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Adami
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services - Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Dario d'Ovidio
- Freelance Veterinarian for Exotic Species, Arzano, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Casoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Pharmacokinetics and antinociceptive effects of tramadol and its metabolite O-desmethyltramadol following intravenous administration in sheep. Vet J 2015; 205:404-9. [PMID: 26166406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although sheep are widely used as an experimental model for various surgical procedures there is a paucity of data on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of analgesic drugs in this species. The aims of this study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics of intravenously (IV) administered tramadol and its active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (M1) and to assess the mechanical antinociceptive effects in sheep. In a prospective, randomized, blinded study, six healthy adult sheep were given 4 and 6 mg/kg tramadol and saline IV in a cross-over design with a 2-week wash-out period. At predetermined time points blood samples were collected and physiological parameters and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) values were recorded. The analytical determination of tramadol and M1 was performed using high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters fitted a two- and a non-compartmental model for tramadol and M1, respectively. Normally distributed data were analysed by a repeated mixed linear model. Plasma concentration vs. time profiles of tramadol and M1 were similar after the two doses. Tramadol and M1 plasma levels decreased rapidly in the systemic circulation, with both undetectable after 6 h following drug administration. Physiological parameters did not differ between groups; MNT values were not statistically significant between groups at any time point. It was concluded that although tramadol and M1 concentrations in plasma were above the human minimum analgesic concentration after both treatments, no mechanical antinociceptive effects of tramadol were reported. Further studies are warranted to assess the analgesic efficacy of tramadol in sheep.
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Methadone in healthy goats – Pharmacokinetics, behaviour and blood pressure. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:231-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wilkes D, Li G, Angeles CF, Patterson JT, Huang LYM. A large animal neuropathic pain model in sheep: a strategy for improving the predictability of preclinical models for therapeutic development. J Pain Res 2012; 5:415-24. [PMID: 23166445 PMCID: PMC3500921 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s34977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of analgesics in large animals is a necessary step in the development of better pain medications or gene therapy prior to clinical trials. However, chronic neuropathic pain models in large animals are limited. To address this deficiency, we developed a neuropathic pain model in sheep, which shares many anatomical similarities in spine dimensions and cerebrospinal fluid volume as humans. Methods A neuropathic pain state was induced in sheep by tight ligation and axotomy of the common peroneal nerve. The analgesic effect of intrathecal (IT) morphine was investigated. Interspecies comparison was conducted by analyzing the ceiling doses of IT morphine for humans, sheep, and rats. Results Peroneal nerve injury (PNI) produced an 86% decrease in von-Frey filament-evoked withdrawal threshold on postsurgery day 3 and the decrease lasted for the 8-week test period. Compared to the pre-injury, sham, and contralateral hindlimb, the IT morphine dose that produces 50% of maximum analgesia (ED50) for injured PNI hindlimb was 1.8-fold larger and Emax, the dose that produces maximal analgesia, was 6.1-fold lower. The sheep model closely predicts human IT morphine ceiling dose by allometric scaling. This is in contrast to the approximately 10-fold lower morphine ceiling dose predicted by the rat spinal nerve ligated or spared nerve injury models. Conclusion PNI sheep model has a fast onset and shows stable and long-lasting pain behavioral characteristics. Since the antinociceptive properties of IT morphine are similar to those observed in humans, the PNI sheep model will be a useful tool for the development of analgesics. Its large size and consistent chronic pain behavior will facilitate the development and evaluation of surgical intervention and gene therapy. The PNI sheep pain model provides us with the opportunity for multi-species testing, which will improve the success of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wilkes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Hothersall B, Caplen G, Nicol C, Taylor P, Waterman-Pearson A, Weeks C, Murrell J. Development of mechanical and thermal nociceptive threshold testing devices in unrestrained birds (broiler chickens). J Neurosci Methods 2011; 201:220-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Ting ST, Earley B, Veissier I, Gupta S, Crowe MA. Effects of Burdizzo castration on CO2 laser induced thermal nociception of Holstein–Friesian calves of different ages. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Prado TM, Doherty TJ, Boggan EB, Airasmaa HM, Martin-Jimenez T, Rohrbach BW. Effects of acepromazine and butorphanol on tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in llamas. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:182-8. [PMID: 18241013 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.2.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate sedative, antinociceptive, and physiologic effects of acepromazine and butorphanol during tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) anesthesia in llamas. ANIMALS 5 young adult llamas. PROCEDURES Llamas received each of 5 treatments IM (1-week intervals): A (acepromazine, 0.05 mg/kg), B1 (butorphanol, 0.1 mg/kg), AB (acepromazine, 0.05 mg/kg, and butorphanol, 0.1 mg/kg), B2 (butorphanol, 0.2 mg/kg), or C (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution). Sedation was evaluated during a 30-minute period prior to anesthesia with TZ (2 mg/kg, IM). Anesthesia and recovery characteristics and selected cardiorespiratory variables were recorded at intervals. Antinociception was assessed via a toe-clamp technique. RESULTS Sedation was not evident following any treatment. Times to sternal and lateral recumbency did not differ among treatments. Duration of lateral recumbency was significantly longer for treatment AB than for treatment C. Duration of antinociception was significantly longer for treatments A and AB, compared with treatment C, and longer for treatment AB, compared with treatment B2. Treatment B1 resulted in a significant decrease in respiratory rate, compared with treatment C. Compared with treatment C, diastolic and mean blood pressures were lower after treatment A. Heart rate was increased with treatment A, compared with treatment B1 or treatment C. Although severe hypoxemia developed in llamas anesthetized with TZ alone and with each treatment-TZ combination, hemoglobin saturation remained high and the hypoxemia was not considered clinically important. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sedation or changes in heart and respiratory rates were not detected with any treatment before administration of TZ. Acepromazine alone and acepromazine with butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg) prolonged the duration of antinociception in TZ-treated llamas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio M Prado
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Johnson JA, Robertson SA, Pypendop BH. Antinociceptive effects of butorphanol, buprenorphine, or both, administered intramuscularly in cats. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:699-703. [PMID: 17605603 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.7.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the antinociceptive action of IM-administered butorphanol, buprenorphine, or a combination of both by use of a thermal threshold method in cats. ANIMALS 2 male and 4 female domestic cats. PROCEDURES In a controlled, masked, randomized, crossover study design, thermal thresholds were measured by use of a thermal threshold-testing device developed for cats. Each cat received 4 treatments 1 week apart, consisting of 2 simultaneous IM injections in a random order (butorphanol-saline [0.9% NaCl] solution, buprenorphine-saline solution, butorphanol-buprenorphine, and saline solution-saline solution). The tester was unaware of the treatment given. Thermal thresholds were measured prior to injection, at intervals up to 12 hours, and at 22 hours after injection. RESULTS There was no significant change in threshold over time after saline solution administration. All 3 opioid treatment groups had significant increases in thermal threshold, compared with pretreatment values (butorphanol, from 50 minutes to 8 hours; buprenorphine, from 35 minutes to 5 hours; and butorphanol-buprenorphine, from 50 minutes to 8 hours). Thermal thresholds did not differ significantly among opioid treatments at any time points, and thermal thesholds of only 2 opioid treatments (butorphanol at 50 minutes and butorphanol-buprenorphine at 8 hours) were significantly different from that of saline solution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE All 3 opioid treatments provided similar antinociception, although there was considerable intercat variability in the response to the different opioid treatments. This emphasizes the importance of assessing each patient individually and applying the treatment that works best for that patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Johnson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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DeRossi R, Almeida RG, Medeiros U, Righetto FR, Frazílio FO. Subarachnoid butorphanol augments lidocaine sensory anaesthesia in calves. Vet J 2007; 173:658-63. [PMID: 16632389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To determine the efficacy and safety of subarachnoid butorphanol combined with lidocaine, six calves were studied. Each calf underwent two treatments, at least one week apart, via subarachnoid injection: (1) butorphanol (0.03 mg/kg) plus 2% lidocaine (4 mg/kg) and (2) 2% lidocaine (4 mg/kg) alone. Subarachnoid injections were performed at the lumbosacral space. Analgesia, motor block, sedation, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry, and rectal temperature were compared before and after subarachnoid administration of drugs. Subarachnoid administration of the butorphanol-lidocaine combination induced bilateral prolonged analgesia extending from the coccygeal to the T11-T13 dermatomes in the calves, with minimal sedation and severe ataxia. Cardiovascular effects were significant in both treatments: heart rate was increased, and there was a minimal decrease in arterial pressure. It was concluded that adding a small dose of butorphanol to subarachnoid lidocaine in calves is effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael DeRossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine-Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, Holt TN, Garry FB. Abdominal emergencies in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2006; 21:655-96, vi. [PMID: 16243629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David C Van Metre
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Doherty TJ, Will WA, Rohrbach BW, Geiser DR. Effect of morphine and flunixin meglumine on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in goats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2004; 31:97-101. [PMID: 15053747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2987.2004.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of morphine and flunixin meglumine on isoflurane (ISO) minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in goats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized experimental study. ANIMALS Five adult, wether goats from 1 to 3 years in age, and weighing 24-65 kg. METHODS Anesthesia was induced using ISO, which was delivered via a mask. Goats were intubated and ventilated to maintain an end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration between 25 and 30 mm Hg (3.3-4 kPa). End-tidal ISO concentration was measured using an infrared analyzer. The baseline ISO MAC that prevented purposeful movement in response to clamping a claw was determined. Following baseline MAC determination, each goat received one of the following four treatments intravenously (IV): morphine (2 mg kg(-1)), flunixin (1.5 mg kg(-1)), flunixin (1.5 mg kg(-1)) plus morphine (2 mg kg(-1)) or saline, and the MAC was re-determined. Goats were studied at weekly intervals, and each goat received each treatment in a randomized fashion. RESULTS The baseline ISO MAC for the control treatment was 1.43%. Morphine reduced the MAC by 29.7%. Flunixin did not significantly decrease the MAC nor did it potentiate the effect of morphine on MAC. The quality of recovery was good in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Morphine (2 mg kg(-1), IV) significantly reduced the ISO MAC in goats and did not adversely affect the quality of recovery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of morphine, at the dose studied, in association with ISO anesthesia, will allow a clinically significant reduction in the concentration of ISO required to maintain general anesthesia in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Doherty
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Smith RP, Miller SL, Igosheva N, Peebles DM, Glover V, Jenkin G, Hanson MA, Fisk NM. Cardiovascular and endocrine responses to cutaneous electrical stimulation after fentanyl in the ovine fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:836-42. [PMID: 15042022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2003.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether physical stimulation is stressful to the ovine fetus, as judged from physiologic changes that are similar to those reported for other stressors (such as hypoxia); whether any stress response could be blocked by clinically used doses of fentanyl; and whether fentanyl alone had any potentially deleterious physiologic effects in the fetus. STUDY DESIGN We investigated the effect of fentanyl analgesia on the cardiovascular and endocrine response to cutaneous electrical stimulation in the late gestation (>125 days) ovine fetus (n=7 fetuses). Chronically implanted catheters and blood flow probes were used to measure fetal arterial blood pressure, heart rate, carotid and femoral blood flow, pH, Po(2), Pco(2), lactate, cortisol, and beta-endorphin levels before, during, and for 1 hour after 5 minutes of cutaneous electrical stimulation to the lip, forelimb, and abdomen, in a crossover design. Clinically used 30 or 150 microg doses of fentanyl (which approximated 10 or 50 microg/kg estimated fetal weight) or saline solution were given intravenously to the fetus 2 minutes before stimulation. RESULTS When compared with the control, stimulation caused a significant rise in fetal heart rate (P=.003; mean maximal rise, 48.6+/-14.0 beats/min, 0-10 minutes after the start of stimulation) but caused no change in any other parameters studied. Neither dose of fentanyl attenuated the changes in heart rate that were observed in response to stimulation alone. Fentanyl alone significantly increased fetal heart rate, carotid blood flow, and lactate and cortisol levels and significantly decreased pH and Po(2). CONCLUSION Cutaneous electrical stimulation in the fetal sheep causes an increase in heart rate, which fentanyl does not block. Fentanyl itself has significant effects on the cardiovascular and endocrine system, which might adversely affect the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Smith
- Department of Maternal & Fetal Medicine, Institute of Reproductive & Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, UK
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Doherty TJ, Rohrbach BW, Geiser DR. Effect of acepromazine and butorphanol on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2002; 25:65-7. [PMID: 11874529 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2002.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Doherty
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Carroll GL, Boothe DM, Hartsfield SM, Martinez EA, Spann AC, Hernandez A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of butorphanol in llamas after intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219:1263-7. [PMID: 11697372 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate disposition of butorphanol after i.v. and i.m. administration, effects on physiologic variables, and analgesic efficacy after i.m. administration in llamas. DESIGN Nonrandomized crossover study. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult male llamas. PROCEDURE Butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb] of body weight) was administered i.m. first and i.v. 1 month later. Blood samples were collected intermittently for 24 hours after administration. Plasma butorphanol versus time curves were subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis. Two months later, butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg) was administered i.m., and physiologic variables and analgesia were assessed. RESULTS Extrapolated peak plasma concentrations after i.v. and i.m. administration were 94.8 +/- 53.1 and 34.3 +/- 11.6 ng/ml, respectively. Volume of distribution at steady state after i.v. administration was 0.822 +/- 0.329 L/kg per minute and systemic clearance was 0.050 +/- 0.014 L/kg per minute. Slope of the elimination phase was significantly different, and elimination half-life was significantly shorter after i.v. (15.9 +/- 9.1 minutes) versus i.m. (66.8 +/- 13.5 minutes) administration. Bioavailability was 110 +/- 49% after i.m. administration. Heart rate decreased and rectal temperature increased. Somatic analgesia was increased for various periods. Two llamas became transiently sedated, and 2 became transiently excited after butorphanol administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although i.v. administration of butorphanol results in a short half-life that may limit its analgesic usefulness, the elimination half-life of butorphanol administered i.m. is likely to be clinically useful. The relationship among plasma butorphanol concentration, time, and analgesia differed with the somatic analgesia model; clinically useful analgesia may occur at lower plasma concentrations than those reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Carroll
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4474, USA
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25
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Kästner SB, Von Rechenberg B, Keller K, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Comparison of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine as premedication in isoflurane anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery in domestic sheep. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2001; 48:231-41. [PMID: 11413983 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the potency of dexmedetomidine in relation to medetomidine in sheep undergoing orthopaedic surgery by comparing the anaesthetic requirements and cardiovascular changes at a dose relationship that represented equipotency in vitro. Twenty-four non-pregnant, female sheep were used. The study was carried out as a blind, randomized, experimental trial. Group 1 received 5 micrograms/kg bodyweight (BW) dexmedetomidine and group 2 received 10 micrograms/kg BW medetomidine intravenously 5 min prior to induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.0 mg/kg BW intravenously) and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. End expired anaesthetic concentration (FEIso), end expired carbon dioxide concentration (FECO2), respiratory frequency (fR), direct arterial blood pressures, heart rates (HR) and arterial blood gases were monitored. Data were averaged over time and tested for differences between groups by independent t-tests, and analysis of variance for repeated measures. Average FEIso concentrations required to maintain a surgical plane of anaesthesia were not different between groups (1: 1.02 +/- 0.04%; 2: 0.99 +/- 0.07%). There was no difference in HR, arterial blood pressures, fR, FECO2 and arterial blood gases between groups. Average mean PaO2 were 279.54 +/- 113.37 mmHg and 220.21 +/- 102.15 mmHg with individual minimum values of 27.2 mmHg and 58.5 mmHg in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In conclusion, intravenous dexmedetomidine at 5 micrograms/kg BW and medetomidine at 10 micrograms/kg BW have the same effects on isoflurane requirements and cardiopulmonary parameters in sheep, indicating an equipotent dose relationship. Both preparations induced moderate to severe hypoxaemia in individual sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Kästner
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Carroll GL, Hooper RN, Slater MR, Hartsfield SM, Matthews NS. Detomidine-butorphanol-propofol for carotid artery translocation and castration or ovariectomy in goats. Vet Surg 1998; 27:75-82. [PMID: 9449181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1998.tb00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and efficacy of propofol, after detomidine-butorphanol premedication, for induction and anesthetic maintenance for carotid artery translocation and castration or ovariectomy in goats. STUDY DESIGN Case series. ANIMALS Nine 4-month-old Spanish goats (17.1 +/- 2.6 kg) were used to evaluate propofol anesthesia for carotid artery translocation and castration or ovariectomy. METHODS Goats were premedicated with detomidine (10 micrograms/kg intramuscularly [i.m.]) and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg i.m.) and induced with an initial bolus of propofol (3 to 4 mg/kg intravenously [i.v.]). If necessary for intubation, additional propofol was given in 5-mg (i.v.) increments. Propofol infusion (0.3 mg/kg/min i.v.) was used to maintain anesthesia, and oxygen was insufflated (5 L/min). The infusion rate was adjusted to maintain an acceptable anesthetic plane as determined by movement, muscle relaxation, ocular signs, response to surgery, and cardiopulmonary responses. Systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures, heart rate (HR), ECG, respiratory rate (RR), SpO2, and rectal temperature (T) were recorded every 5 minutes postinduction; arterial blood gas samples were collected every 15 minutes. Normally distributed data are represented as mean +/- SD; other data are medians (range). RESULTS Propofol (4.3 +/- 0.9 mg/kg/min i.v.) produced smooth, rapid (15.2 +/- 6 sec) sternal recumbency. Propofol infusion (0.52 +/- 0.11 mg/kg/min i.v.) maintained anesthesia. Mean anesthesia time was 83 +/- 15 minutes. Muscle relaxation was good; eye signs indicated surgical anesthesia; two goats moved before surgery began; one goat moved twice during laparotomy. Means are reported over the course of the data collection period. Means during the anesthesia for pHa (arterial PH), PaCO2, PaO2, HCO3-, and BE (base excess) ranged from 7.233 +/- 0.067 to 7.319 +/- 0.026, 54.1 +/- 4.6 to 65.3 +/- 12.0 mm Hg, 133.1 +/- 45.4 to 183.8 +/- 75.1 mm Hg, 26.9 +/- 2.6 to 28.2 +/- 2.1 mEq/L, and -0.8 +/- 2.9 to 1.4 +/- 2.2 mEq/L. Means over time for MAP were 53 +/- 12 to 85 +/- 21 mm Hg. Mean HR varied over time from 81 +/- 6 to 91 +/- 11 beats/minute; mean RR, from 9 +/- 8 to 15 +/- 5 breaths/minute; SpO2 from 97 +/- 3% to 98 +/- 3%; mean T, from 36.0 +/- 0.6 degrees C to 39.1 +/- 0.7 degrees C. Over time, SpO2 and SaO2 did not change significantly; HR, RR, T, and PaCO2 decreased significantly; SAP, DAP, MAP, pHa, PaO2, and BE increased significantly. HCO3- concentrations increased significantly, peaking at 45 minutes. Recoveries were smooth and rapid; the time from the end of propofol infusion to extubation was 7.3 +/- 3 minutes, to sternal was 9.2 +/- 5 minutes, and to standing was 17.7 +/- 4 minutes. Median number of attempts to stand was two (range of one to four). Postoperative pain was mild to moderate. CONCLUSIONS Detomidine-butorphanol-propofol provided good anesthesia for carotid artery translocation and neutering in goats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Detomidine-butorphanol-propofol anesthesia with oxygen insufflation may be safely used for surgical intervention in healthy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Carroll
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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Abstract
Sedation, anesthesia, protection of the airway during general anesthesia, and control of pain in the perioperative period are important considerations in the management of sheep, goats, and cattle. Though ruminants are classically considered farm animals and are often intended for the production of food and fiber, these species are used extensively in research and teaching and they are increasingly important as companion animals. Whatever their use may be, anesthetic and analgesic drugs and techniques should be used to ensure minimal stress and discomfort during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Carroll
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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Nolan AM, Besley W, Reid J, Gray G. The effects of butorphanol on locomotor activity in ponies: a preliminary study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1994; 17:323-6. [PMID: 7966554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Nolan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, UK
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