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Katzenellenbogen JA. The quest for improving the management of breast cancer by functional imaging: The discovery and development of 16α-[ 18F]fluoroestradiol (FES), a PET radiotracer for the estrogen receptor, a historical review. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:24-37. [PMID: 32229068 PMCID: PMC7442693 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 16α-[18F]Fluoroestradiol (FES), a PET radiotracer for the estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer, was the first receptor-targeted PET radiotracer for oncology and is continuing to prove its value in clinical research, antiestrogen development, and breast cancer care. The story of its conception, design, evaluation and use in clinical studies parallels the evolution of the whole field of receptor-targeted radiotracers, one greatly influenced by the research and intellectual contributions of William C. Eckelman. METHODS AND RESULTS The development of methods for efficient production of fluorine-18, for conversion of [18F]fluoride ion into chemically reactive form, and for its rapid and efficient incorporation into suitable estrogen precursor molecules at high molar activity, were all methodological underpinnings required for the preparation of FES. FES binds to ER with very high affinity, and its in vivo uptake by ER-dependent target tissues in animal models was efficient and selective, findings that preceded its use for PET imaging in patients with breast cancer. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE Comparisons between ER levels measured by FES-PET imaging of breast tumors with tissue-specimen ER quantification by IHC and other methods show that imaging provided improved prediction of benefit from endocrine therapies. Serial imaging of ER by FES-PET, before and after dosing patients with antiestrogens, is used to determine the efficacious dose for established antiestrogens and to facilitate clinical development of new ER antagonists. Beyond FES imaging, PET-based hormone challenge tests, which evaluate the functional status of ER by monitoring rapid changes in tumor metabolic or transcriptional activity after a brief estrogen challenge, provide highly sensitive and selective predictions of whether or not there will be a favorable response to endocrine therapies. There is sufficient interest in the clinical applications of FES that FDA approval is being sought for its wider use in breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS FES was the first PET probe for a receptor in cancer, and its development and clinical applications in breast cancer parallel the conceptual evolution of the whole field of receptor-binding radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America.
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2
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Lau CTS, Chan C, Zhang KY, Roy VAL, Lo KKW. Photophysical, Cellular-Uptake, and Bioimaging Studies of Luminescent Ruthenium(II)-Polypyridine Complexes Containing a d
-Fructose Pendant. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tsan-Shing Lau
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Vellaisamy A. L. Roy
- Department of Material Science and Engineering; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- Center for Functional Photonics; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
- Center for Functional Photonics; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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3
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Wu Y, Zeng G, Lvyue N, Wu W, Jiang T, Wu R, Guo W, Li X, Fan X. Triethylene glycol-modified iridium(iii) complexes for fluorescence imaging of Schistosoma japonicum. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:4973-4980. [PMID: 32264013 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00662d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, an infectious disease caused by the Schistosoma parasitic worm, presents a serious public health issue. To date, investigation of anti-Schistosomiasis drug mechanisms through fluorescence imaging remains challenging due to the lack of appropriate dyes as fluorescent probes. Phosphorescent Ir(iii) complexes have been attracting substantial attention among various classes of fluorophores given their excellent photophysical properties. Herein, four phosphorescent Ir(iii) complexes were synthesized, two of which contained a triethylene glycol (TEG) hydrophilic group. The phosphorescent emission range of the four complexes lay between 500 and 750 nm, and their quantum yields ranged from 0.031 to 0.146. Furthermore, under the experimental concentration conditions, the TEG-modified complexes had low cytotoxicity. Cell fluorescence labeling experiments indicated that the TEG-modified complexes had good membrane permeability. Finally, the TEG-modified complexes showed remarkable labeling effects in adult Schistosoma fluorescence imaging. Thus, TEG-modified Ir(iii) complexes could be used as a new class of bilharzial fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P. R. China.
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4
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Betanzos-Lara S, Chmel NP, Zimmerman MT, Barrón-Sosa LR, Garino C, Salassa L, Rodger A, Brumaghim JL, Gracia-Mora I, Barba-Behrens N. Redox-active and DNA-binding coordination complexes of clotrimazole. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3673-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The coordination compounds bind to DNA by two different binding modes depending on the concentration, sequence of the DNA, and the structure of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Betanzos-Lara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
| | - Nikola P. Chmel
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick CV4 7AL Coventry
- England
- UK
| | | | - Lidia R. Barrón-Sosa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence
- University of Turin
- 10125 Turin
- Italy
| | - Luca Salassa
- CIC biomaGUNE
- 20009 Donostia
- Spain
- Kimika Fakultatea
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick CV4 7AL Coventry
- England
- UK
| | | | - Isabel Gracia-Mora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
| | - Norah Barba-Behrens
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
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5
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Zhang G, Zhang H, Gao Y, Tao R, Xin L, Yi J, Li F, Liu W, Qiao J. Near-Infrared-Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes as Phosphorescent Dyes for Live Cell Imaging. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400676h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Zhang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Protein Science, School
of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Tao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijun Xin
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyang Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Protein Science, School
of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Protein Science, School
of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center
for Diagnosis
and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis
and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital,
College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular
Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
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6
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van Kruchten M, de Vries EGE, Brown M, de Vries EFJ, Glaudemans AWJM, Dierckx RAJO, Schröder CP, Hospers GAP. PET imaging of oestrogen receptors in patients with breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:e465-e475. [PMID: 24079874 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen receptors are overexpressed in around 70% of all breast cancers, and are a target for endocrine therapy. These receptors can be visualised on PET with use of 16α-[(18)F]-fluoro-17β-oestradiol ((18)F-FES) as a tracer. Compared with biopsy, which enables assessment of individual sites, whole-body (18)F-FES-PET enables quantification of oestrogen-receptor expression in all metastases. In several studies, measurement of tumour protein expression in oestrogen receptors by (18)F-FES-PET, concurrent with biopsy, detected oestrogen-receptor-positive tumour lesions with a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 98%. Roughly 45% of patients with metastatic breast cancer have discordant oestrogen-receptor expression across lesions (ie, (18)F-FES-positive and (18)F-FES-negative metastases). Low tumour (18)F-FES uptake in metastases can predict failure of hormonal therapy in patients with oestrogen-receptor-positive primary tumours. Finally, (18)F-FES-PET has shown that oestrogen-receptor binding capacity changes after intervention with hormonal drugs, but findings need to be confirmed. Factors other than oestrogen-receptor expression, including menopausal status and concomitant therapies, that can affect tumour (18)F-FES uptake must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel van Kruchten
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Carolien P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Geke A P Hospers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
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7
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Law WHT, Lee LCC, Louie MW, Liu HW, Ang TWH, Lo KKW. Phosphorescent Cellular Probes and Uptake Indicators Derived from Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Bipyridine Complexes Appended with a Glucose or Galactose Entity. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13029-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401714p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendell Ho-Tin Law
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Man-Wai Louie
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Tim Wai-Hung Ang
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials [Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)] and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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8
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Neto C, Oliveira MC, Gano L, Marques F, Yasuda T, Thiemann T, Kniess T, Santos I. Novel 7α-alkoxy-17α-(4'-halophenylethynyl)estradiols as potential SPECT/PET imaging agents for estrogen receptor expressing tumours: synthesis and binding affinity evaluation. Steroids 2012; 77:1123-32. [PMID: 22633985 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop potential radiolabelled probes for imaging estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumours, we have synthesized and characterized a series of novel 7α-alkoxy-17α-(4'-iodophenylethynyl)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diols and 7α-alkoxy-17α-(4'-fluorophenylethynyl)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diols. The fluoro-substituted compounds showed a higher ER binding affinity than the corresponding iodo-derivatives, where 7α-methoxy- and 17α-(4'-fluorophenylethynyl)estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol showed the highest ER binding affinities (RBA=80.9% and 78.9%, respectively), among the halophenylethynyl compounds studied and should be further explored as potential PET biomarkers for imaging of ER expressing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Neto
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal
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9
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Louie MW, Choi AWT, Liu HW, Chan BTN, Lo KKW. Synthesis, Emission Characteristics, Cellular Studies, and Bioconjugation Properties of Luminescent Rhenium(I) Polypyridine Complexes with a Fluorous Pendant. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om3003575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Wai Louie
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
| | - Alex Wing-Tat Choi
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
| | - Bruce Ting-Ngok Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas
of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's
Republic of China
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10
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Novel estradiol based metal complexes of Tc-99m. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 111:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Seimbille Y, Rousseau J, Bénard F, Ali H, Van Lier JE. Synthesis of 2, 16α- and 4, 16α-[16α-18F]difluoroestradiols and their 11β-methoxy derivatives for estrogen receptor imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.25804401122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Steunenberg P, Ruggi A, van den Berg NS, Buckle T, Kuil J, van Leeuwen FW, Velders AH. Phosphorescence Imaging of Living Cells with Amino Acid-Functionalized Tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2105-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201860s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Steunenberg
- Supramolecular Chemistry and
Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Supramolecular Chemistry and
Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke S. van den Berg
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121,
1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Interventional Molecular Imaging
Section, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121,
1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Interventional Molecular Imaging
Section, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri Kuil
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121,
1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Interventional Molecular Imaging
Section, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fijs W.B. van Leeuwen
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121,
1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Interventional Molecular Imaging
Section, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center,
Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H. Velders
- Supramolecular Chemistry and
Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- BioNanoTechnology
group, Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science Wageningen University, Dreijenplein
6, 6703 HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Ma Y, Liu S, Yang H, Wu Y, Yang C, Liu X, Zhao Q, Wu H, Liang J, Li F, Huang W. Water-soluble phosphorescent iridium(iii) complexes as multicolor probes for imaging of homocysteine and cysteine in living cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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XIIth international symposium on radiopharmaceutical chemistry: Abstracts and programme. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580401201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Lee JH, Zhou HB, Dence CS, Carlson KE, Welch MJ, Katzenellenbogen JA. Development of [F-18]fluorine-substituted Tanaproget as a progesterone receptor imaging agent for positron emission tomography. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1096-104. [PMID: 20496889 DOI: 10.1021/bc1001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The level of progesterone receptors (PRs) in breast tumors can be used to guide the selection of endocrine therapies for breast cancer patients. To this end, we have prepared a fluorine-18 labeled analogue of Tanaproget, a nonsteroidal progestin with very high PR binding affinity and low affinity for androgen and glucocorticoid receptors, and have studied its tissue distribution in estrogen-primed rats to evaluate its potential for imaging PR levels by positron emission tomography. 4-[(18)F]Fluoropropyl-Tanaproget ([(18)F]9, FPTP) was prepared in three steps, within 140 min at an overall decay-corrected yield of 5% and effective specific activity of >550 Ci/mmol. In biodistribution studies, [(18)F]9 uptake was high in target tissues at both 1 and 3 h (uterus, 4.55 and 5.26%ID/g; ovary, 2.32 and 2.20%ID/g, respectively) and was cleanly blocked by coinjection of excess unlabeled compound. Uterus to blood and muscle activity ratios were 9.2 and 5.2 at 1 h and 32 and 26 at 3 h, respectively. The biodistribution of [(18)F]9 compares favorably to that of previously prepared F-18 labeled steroidal progestins, FENP and FFNP. Its high target tissue uptake efficiency and selectivity, and prolonged retention, suggest that it has excellent promise as a PET imaging agent for PR-positive breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hak Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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16
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Synthesis, properties, and live-cell imaging studies of luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridine complexes containing two or three biotin pendants. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:6011-25. [PMID: 19480459 DOI: 10.1021/ic900412n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) bis-biotin complexes [Ir(N(wedge)C)(2)(N(wedge)N)](PF(6)) (HN(wedge)C = 2-(4-(N-(6-(biotinamido)hexyl)aminomethyl)phenyl)pyridine, HppyC6B, N(wedge)N = 2,2'-bipyridine, bpy (1); HN(wedge)C = 2-phenylpyridine, Hppy, N(wedge)N = 4,4'-bis((2-(biotinamido)ethyl)aminocarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, bpyC2B2 (2); HN(wedge)C = Hppy, N(wedge)N = 4,4'-bis((2-((6-(biotinamido)hexanoyl)amino)ethyl)aminocarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, bpyC2C6B2 (3)) and one tris-biotin complex [Ir(ppyC6B)(2)(bpyC6B)](PF(6)) (bpyC6B = 4-((6-(biotinamido)hexyl)aminocarbonyl)-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine) (4) have been synthesized and characterized. The biotin-free complex [Ir(ppy)(2)(bpyC4)](PF(6)) (bpyC4 = 4,4'-bis(n-butylaminocarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine) (5) has also been prepared for comparison studies. Upon photoexcitation, all the complexes displayed intense and long-lived greenish-yellow to red triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer ((3)MLCT) (dpi (Ir) --> pi*(N(wedge)N)) emission in fluid solutions at room temperature and in low-temperature glass. Cyclic voltammetric studies revealed iridium(IV/III) oxidation at about +1.21 to + 1.29 V and diimine-based reductions at about -1.07 to -1.39 V versus SCE. The interactions of the bis-biotin and tris-biotin complexes with avidin have been studied by 4'-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid (HABA) assays, emission titrations, and dissociation assays. The possibility of these complexes as cross-linkers for avidin has been examined by microscopy studies using avidin-conjugated green fluororescent microspheres and size-exclusion HPLC analysis. Utilization of these luminescent iridium(III) biotin complexes in signal amplification has been demonstrated using avidin-coated nonfluorescent microspheres and complex 3 as an example. Additionally, the lipophilicity of all the complexes has been determined by reversed-phase HPLC. The cytotoxicity of these iridium(III) complexes toward the human cervix epithelioid carcinoma (HeLa) cell line has been evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Furthermore, the cellular uptake of the complexes has been examined by ICP-MS, laser-scanning confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry.
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17
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Zhang KY, Liu HW, Fong TTH, Chen XG, Lo KKW. Luminescent Dendritic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Polypyridine Complexes: Synthesis, Emission Behavior, and Biological Properties. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:5432-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902443e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tommy Tsz-Him Fong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian-Guang Chen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang KY, Li SPY, Zhu N, Or IWS, Cheung MSH, Lam YW, Lo KKW. Structure, Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties, Biomolecular Interactions, and Intracellular Uptake of Luminescent Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Dipyridoquinoxaline Complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:2530-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Steve Po-Yam Li
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Nianyong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Iyana Wai-Shan Or
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Maggie Shau-Ha Cheung
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Wah Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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19
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Lau JSY, Lee PK, Tsang KHK, Ng CHC, Lam YW, Cheng SH, Lo KKW. Luminescent Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Polypyridine Indole Complexes—Synthesis, Photophysics, Electrochemistry, Protein-Binding Properties, Cytotoxicity, and Cellular Uptake. Inorg Chem 2008; 48:708-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ic801818x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Shing-Yip Lau
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pui-Kei Lee
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keith Hing-Kit Tsang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cyrus Ho-Cheong Ng
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Wah Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuk-Han Cheng
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Lo KKW, Lee PK, Lau JSY. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Luminescent Organoiridium(III) Polypyridine Complexes Appended with an Alkyl Chain and Their Interactions with Lipid Bilayers, Surfactants, and Living Cells. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800212t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pui-Kei Lee
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jason Shing-Yip Lau
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Lo KKW, Lee TKM, Lau JSY, Poon WL, Cheng SH. Luminescent Biological Probes Derived from Ruthenium(II) Estradiol Polypyridine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2007; 47:200-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic701735q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Terence Kwok-Ming Lee
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason Shing-Yip Lau
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing-Lin Poon
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuk-Han Cheng
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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22
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Lo KKW, Zhang KY, Chung CK, Kwok KY. Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties, and protein-binding studies of luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) bipyridine estradiol conjugates. Chemistry 2007; 13:7110-20. [PMID: 17566135 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new series of luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) bipyridine estradiol conjugates [Ir(N-C)2(N-N)](PF6) (N-N = 5-(4-(17alpha-ethynylestradiolyl)phenyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, bpy-est, HN-C = 2-phenylpyridine, Hppy (1 a), 1-phenylpyrazole, Hppz (2 a), 7,8-benzoquinoline, Hbzq (3 a), 2-phenylquinoline, Hpq (4 a), 2-((1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)benzothiazole, Hbsb (5 a); N-N = 4-(N-(6-(4-(17alpha-ethynylestradiolyl)benzoylamino)hexyl)aminocarbonyl)-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine, bpy-C6-est, HN-C = Hppy (1 b), Hppz (2 b), Hbzq (3 b), Hpq (4 b), Hbsb (5 b)) was synthesized, characterized, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties studied. Upon photoexcitation, all the complexes displayed intense and long-lived emission in fluid solutions at 298 K and in low-temperature glass. The emission of complexes 1 a-3 a and 1 b-3 b was assigned to a triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer ((3)MLCT) (dpi(Ir)-->pi*(bpy-est and N-C-)) state mixed with some triplet intraligand ((3)IL) (pi-->pi*) (N-C- and N-N) character. However, the emissive states of the pq- and bsb- complexes 4 a, 4 b, 5 a, and 5 b showed substantial (3)IL (pi-->pi*) (pq-/bsb-) character. The lipophilicity of all the complexes was determined by reversed-phase HPLC. Upon binding to estrogen receptor alpha, all of these iridium(III) estradiol conjugates exhibited emission enhancement and lifetime extension, rendering them a novel series of luminescent probes for this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Ahmed N, van Lier JE. A novel and stereoselective synthesis of 7α-alkynylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-estradiol. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Lo KKW, Tsang KHK, Zhu N. Luminescent Tricarbonylrhenium(I) Polypyridine Estradiol Conjugates: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Photophysical, Electrochemical, and Protein-Binding Properties. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om060193k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Keith Hing-Kit Tsang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianyong Zhu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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25
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Abusalimov SN, Nikol’skaya SK, Starova GL, Selivanov SI, Shavva AG. Synthesis of 6-oxaestra-1,3,5(10),8,14-pentaenes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428006010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Luyt LG, Bigott HM, Welch MJ, Katzenellenbogen JA. 7α- and 17α-Substituted estrogens containing tridentate tricarbonyl rhenium/Technetium complexes: synthesis of estrogen receptor imaging agents and evaluation using microPET with technetium-94m. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4977-89. [PMID: 14604660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To develop technetium and rhenium-labeled imaging agents for estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast tumors, we have prepared tridentate metal tricarbonyl chelates substituted at the 7alpha- and 17alpha-positions of estradiol. Some of the Re(CO)(3) conjugates have high binding for the ER in vitro. The in vivo biodistribution of the highest affinity of these novel metal tricarbonyl conjugates, prepared as the (94m)Tc labeled analogue, was evaluated by tissue dissection and microPET imaging. Although target tissue-selective uptake was not apparent, it is notable that microPET imaging identified the stomach as a major site of activity deposition, a site that might have been missed by standard tissue distribution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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27
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is evolving as a unique tool for drug development in oncology for improving both the efficacy of established treatment and in evaluating novel anticancer agents. As a non-invasive functional imaging modality, PET has an unrivalled sensitivity when monitoring the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs and biochemicals when radiolabelled with short living positron-emitting radioisotopes. This is of particular relevance in assessing newer molecular-targeted therapy where conventional evaluation criteria (maximum tolerated dose and tumour shrinkage for example) may be inappropriate. PET has already been applied to a wide number of drugs to demonstrate activity in vivo from standard chemotherapy such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) [J Clin Oncol 17 (1999) 1580], to novel molecular agents such as those involved in tumour angiogenesis [Br J Cancer 83 (2000) P6] and antivascular therapy [Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 19 (2000) 179a]. This review will evaluate the achievements of PET in the drug development process, an approach that promises to facilitate the rapid translation of scientific research into current clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gupta
- Cancer Research UK PET Oncology Group, Section of Cancer Therapeutics, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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28
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The reaction of aryl triflates and aryl pivalates with electrophiles. The triflate as a meta-directing group. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Bodine PVN, Harris HA, Lyttle CR, Komm BS. Estrogenic effects of 7alpha-methyl-17alpha-ethynylestradiol: a newly discovered tibolone metabolite. Steroids 2002; 67:681-6. [PMID: 12117614 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(02)00021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tibolone is a synthetic steroid that is prescribed to postmenopausal women for relief of climacteric symptoms and prevention of osteoporosis. It has been reported to be metabolized in a tissue-selective manner to three steroids that collectively have weak estrogenic, progestogenic, and androgenic activities. Recently, a new tibolone metabolite, 7alpha-methyl-17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-estradiol (7alpha-Me-EE2), was identified in women. In this report, we describe the pre-clinical estrogenic activities of this metabolite and compare these effects to those obtained with 17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-estradiol (EE2) and 17beta-estradiol (E2). In an in vitro ligand-binding assay, 7alpha-Me-EE2 bound to both human estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and -beta with IC(50)'s of 1.2 and 3.0 nM, respectively. Using MCF-7 human breast cancer cells that express high levels of ER-alpha, 7alpha-Me-EE2 transactivated an estrogen response element (ERE)-tk-luciferase reporter gene construct with an EC(50) of 0.021 nM. Likewise, 7alpha-Me-EE2 stimulated MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation with an EC(50) of 0.002 nM. In immature female rats, subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of 7alpha-Me-EE2 stimulated uterine wet weight gain with an ED(50) of 0.2 microg/kg. Moreover, 7alpha-Me-EE2 induced uterine complement component C3 gene expression, an estrogenic marker of epithelial cell stimulation, with an ED(50) of 0.5 microg/kg. When compared to EE2 and E2, 7alpha-Me-EE2 exhibited equivalent or greater potencies and efficacies in these assays. In summary, these results indicate that 7alpha-Me-EE2 is a very potent estrogen. This steroid appears to be the most potent estrogenic metabolite of tibolone identified to date, and additional studies are, therefore, warranted regarding the role of this metabolite in the biological actions of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V N Bodine
- Women's Health Research Institute, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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30
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Hussey SL, He E, Peterson BR. Synthesis of chimeric 7alpha-substituted estradiol derivatives linked to cholesterol and cholesterylamine. Org Lett 2002; 4:415-8. [PMID: 11820893 DOI: 10.1021/ol0171261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of 7alpha-substituted beta-estradiol derivatives bearing side chains terminated with cholesterol and 3beta-cholesterylamine. These chimeric compounds were designed to exhibit high affinity for estrogen receptors (ERs) and cellular plasma membranes to potentially enable regulated uptake of ERs by mammalian cells. Evaluation with recombinant yeast reporting compound-mediated ER dimerization revealed potencies similar to the antiestrogen ICI 182780. Compounds that efficiently deliver dominant negative ERs into cells may provide novel therapeutics against breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Hussey
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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31
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Buscombe JR. Scintimammography. IMAGING 2001. [DOI: 10.1259/img.13.3.130164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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32
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Skaddan MB, Wüst FR, Jonson S, Syhre R, Welch MJ, Spies H, Katzenellenbogen JA. Radiochemical synthesis and tissue distribution of Tc-99m-labeled 7alpha-substituted estradiol complexes. Nucl Med Biol 2000; 27:269-78. [PMID: 10832084 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(00)00083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis and staging of breast cancer could be improved by the development of radiopharmaceutical imaging agents that provide a noninvasive determination of the estrogen receptor (ER) status of tumor cells. Agents labeled with (99m)Tc would be especially valuable in this regard. In attempting to achieve this goal, we synthesized four (99m)Tc-labeled 7alpha-substituted estradiol complexes. One complex utilizes the "3+1" mixed ligand design to introduce the Tc metal, whereas the other three took advantage of the cyclopentadienyltricarbonylmetal (CpTM) design. The Tc moieties were attached to the 7alpha position of estradiol with a hexyl tether, a monoether tether, or a polyether tether. The corresponding rhenium compounds have binding affinities for the ER of 20-45% compared with estradiol. Radiochemical yields of the (99m)Tc-labeled compounds ranged from approximately 15% for the CpT-Tc complexes to 95% for the 3 + 1 inorganic complex. Tissue distribution studies in immature female rats showed low nonreceptor-mediated uptake in the target organs and high uptake in nontarget organs such as the liver and fat. These complexes represent the first time that estradiol has been labeled at the 7alpha position with (99m)Tc and provide a further refinement of our understanding of ligand structure-binding affinity correlations for the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Skaddan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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33
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Abstract
There is an increasing realization of the role of non-invasive monitoring of drug pharmacology. In this review, we discuss the role of positron emission tomography in such monitoring of tumour and normal tissue drug pharmacokinetics as well as assessment of tumour response, drug-receptor interactions and mechanisms of drug action and resistance. These studies represent a multidisciplinary research effort involving radiochemists, imaging scientists, clinicians, pharmacologists and mathematical modellers. This review evaluates achievements in the field from assessment of commonly used therapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil to target specific molecules such as markers for gene expression. It is envisaged that application of this technology will facilitate rational drug design and rapid translation of new ideas to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saleem
- CRC PET Oncology Group, Section of Cancer Therapeutics, Imperial College School of Medicine, MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK.
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34
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The first organometallic derivative of 11β-ethynylestradiol, a potential high-affinity marker for the estrogen receptor. J Organomet Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(99)00646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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36
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Skaddan MB, Wüst FR, Katzenellenbogen JA. Synthesis and Binding Affinities of Novel Re-Containing 7alpha-Substituted Estradiol Complexes: Models for Breast Cancer Imaging Agents. J Org Chem 1999; 64:8108-8121. [PMID: 11674724 DOI: 10.1021/jo990641g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis and staging of breast cancer could be improved by the development of imaging radiopharmaceuticals that provide a noninvasive determination of the estrogen receptor status in the tumor cells. Toward this goal, we have synthesized a number of novel Re-containing 7alpha-substituted estradiol complexes. The introduction of the 7alpha side chain involves the alkylation of tetrahydropyranyloxy-protected 6-keto estradiol. The methods used to introduce the rhenium metal involve "3 + 1" and "4 + 1" mixed ligand complexes (2a-c and 5, respectively), tricarbonyl dithioether complexes (3), and the cyclopentadienyltricarbonylmetal organometallic system (4ab, 6, 7). These complexes showed binding affinities for the estrogen receptor (as high as 45% for the "3 + 1" complex 2c) when compared to the native ligand estradiol. The polarity of some complexes (4ab) was modified to improve biodistribution properties by introducing (poly)ether linkages into the 7alpha side chain (6, 7). These complexes provide a further refinement of our understanding of ligand structure-binding affinity correlations for the estrogen receptor, and they furnish the synthetic groundwork for the synthesis of the analogous Tc-99m complexes for evaluation as breast tumor imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B. Skaddan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, and Institut für Bioanorganische und Radiopharmazeutische Chemie, FZ-Rossendorf e.V., Dresden, Germany
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37
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Skaddan MB, Katzenellenbogen JA. Integrated "3+1" oxorhenium(V) complexes as estrogen mimics. Bioconjug Chem 1999; 10:119-29. [PMID: 9893973 DOI: 10.1021/bc980094q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis and staging of breast cancer could be improved by the development of imaging radiopharmaceuticals that provide a noninvasive determination of the estrogen receptor (ER) status of tumor cells. Toward this goal, we have synthesized a number of integrated "3+1" oxorhenium(V) complexes designed to mimic estradiol and a class of nonsteroidal estrogens, the tetrahydrochrysenes (THC). The monodentate component of the estradiol mimic is a p-hydroxyphenethyl thiol ligand with ethyl substituents at the benzylic and homobenzylic positions. Model complexes of this ligand were easily made, but steric hindrance of the secondary thiol prevented the formation of the complex with the disubstituted ligand. The three "3+1" oxorhenium(V) complexes prepared to mimic the THC class mimics represent the first pyridinedithiol rhenium complexes of their kind to be made. These complexes are quite stable to air and moisture. The target tridentate ligand was prepared from chelidamic acid, and the VT NMR of the rhenium complex displays interesting fluxional behavior. The binding affinities of these complexes for the estrogen receptor are low, and their lipophilicities are rather high. Nevertheless, our findings provide a further refinement of our understanding of ligand structure-binding affinity correlations for the estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Skaddan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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38
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Jonson SD, Bonasera TA, Dehdashti F, Cristel ME, Katzenellenbogen JA, Welch MJ. Comparative breast tumor imaging and comparative in vitro metabolism of 16alpha-[18F]fluoroestradiol-17beta and 16beta-[18F]fluoromoxestrol in isolated hepatocytes. Nucl Med Biol 1999; 26:123-30. [PMID: 10096512 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(98)00079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
16beta-[18F]Fluoromoxestrol ([18]betaFMOX) is an analog of 16alpha-[18F]fluoroestradiol-17beta ([18F]FES), a radiopharmaceutical known to be an effective positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) human breast tumors. Based on comparisons of target tissue uptake efficiency and selectivity in a rat model, [18F]betaFMOX was predicted to be as effective an imaging agent as [18F]FES. However, in a preliminary PET imaging study with [18F]FMOX of 12 patients, 3 of whom had ER+ breast cancer, no tumor localization of [18F]betaFMOX was observed. In search for an explanation for the unsuccessful [18F]betaFMOX clinical trial, we have examined the rate of metabolism of [18F]FMOX and [18F]FES in isolated rat, baboon, and human hepatocytes. We have also studied the effect of the serum protein sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which binds [18F]FES better than [18F]betaFMOX, on these rates of metabolism. Immature rat hepatocytes were found to metabolize [18F]FES 31 times faster than [18F]betaFMOX, whereas mature rat cells metabolized [18F]FES only 3 times faster, and baboon and human hepatocytes only 2 times faster than [18F]betaFMOX. In the presence of SHBG, the metabolic consumption rate for [18F]FES in mature rat hepatocytes decreased by 26%. Thus, the very favorable target tissue uptake characteristics of [18F]betaFMOX determined in the rat probably result from its comparative resistance to metabolism (vis-a-vis [18F]FES) in this species, an advantage that is strongly reflected in comparative metabolism rates in rat hepatocytes. In the baboon and human, [18F]FES is extensively protein bound and protected from metabolism, an effect that may be reflected to a degree as a decrease in the rate of metabolism of this compound in baboon and human hepatocytes relative to [18F]betaFMOX. Thus in primates, SHBG may potentiate the ER-mediated uptake of [18F]FES in ER+ tumors by selectively protecting this ligand from metabolism and ensuring its delivery to receptor-containing cells. In addition to current screening methods for 18F-estrogens that involve evaluating in vivo ER-mediated uptake in the immature female rat, studies comparing the metabolism of the new receptor ligands in isolated hepatocytes, especially those from primates or humans, may assist in predicting the potential of these ligands for human PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Jonson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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39
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Jonson SD, d'Avignon DA, Katzenellenbogen JA, Welch MJ. Methyl hypofluorite in the synthesis of 16-methoxyestradiol stereoisomers. Steroids 1998; 63:470-8. [PMID: 9727094 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(98)00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The usual chemistry of methyl hypofluorite provides a previously unexplored route for functionalizing the 16-position of estradiol. Three isomers of 16-methoxyestradiol were prepared via two synthetic routes, each using methyl hypofluorite. The estrogen receptor binding affinity of these compounds was determined to evaluate their potential as positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging agents targeting estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Radiolabeled methyl hypofluorite ([11C]CH3OF) would allow the rapid preparation of novel carbon-11 PET imaging agents. The 17-trimethylsilyl enol ethers of 3-benzyloxy and 3-trifloxyestrone were prepared as substrates to react with methyl hypofluorite. Conditions for the reaction of methyl hypofluorite with simple substrates were optimized to provide reasonable reaction yields with the steroidal substrates. Following introduction of the methoxy substituent at the 16-position, reduction and deprotection conditions were manipulated to yield the various methoxyestradiol isomers. Two-dimensional NMR techniques (HMQC and HMQC-TOCSY) were instrumental in the characterization of the methoxyestradiol isomers. NOESY experiments confirmed the stereochemistry of the 16- and 17-positions. 16 alpha-Methoxyestradiol-17 beta and 16 beta-methoxyestradiol-17 beta each with the preferred beta orientation for the 17-alcohol, were determined to have relative binding affinities of 1.5% and 2.3%, respectively. The stereoisomer with the unfavored alpha orientation at the 17-position, 16 alpha-methoxyestradiol-17 alpha, exhibited only a 0.5% relative binding affinity for the estrogen receptor. The biological evaluation of these compounds was not pursued further because of their low binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Jonson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Tedesco R, Katzenellenbogen JA, Napolitano E. AN EXPEDITIOUS ROUTE TO 7α-SUBSTITUTED ESTRADIOL DERIVATIVES. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bonasera TA, Jonson SD, Pajeau TS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Welch MJ. Retardation of 17-oxidation of 16 alpha-[18F]fluoroestradiol-17 beta by substitution of deuterium for hydrogen in the 17 alpha position(6). Nucl Med Biol 1997; 24:239-49. [PMID: 9228658 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(97)00057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis, in vitro metabolism and biodistribution of [17 alpha-2H]16 alpha-[18F]fluoroestradiol ([18F]DFES). The clinically useful breast cancer imaging agent, 16 alpha-[18F]fluoroestradiol-17 beta ([18F]FES), was deuterated at the C-17 alpha position to lower the rate of C-17 alcohol oxidation. Metabolism studies in immature female rat and mature female baboon isolated hepatocytes showed [18F]DFES being consumed ca. 2.5 times slower than [18F]FES. Biodistribution studies and time-activity curve measurements in female rats showed [18F]DFES to have superior uptake characteristics compared to [18F]FES for imaging estrogen-receptor rich targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Bonasera
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Anstead GM, Carlson KE, Katzenellenbogen JA. The estradiol pharmacophore: ligand structure-estrogen receptor binding affinity relationships and a model for the receptor binding site. Steroids 1997; 62:268-303. [PMID: 9071738 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(96)00242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The accumulated knowledge on the binding of estradiol (E2) and its analogs and the results of affinity-labeling studies have been reviewed and are used herein to derive a binding site model for the estrogen receptor (ER). Estradiol is nonpolar and hydrophobic, except at its molecular termini. Most of its skeletal flexibility resides in the B-ring, and it probably binds in a low-energy conformation. The phenolic OH group in the A-ring contributes about 1.9 kcal/mol to the binding free energy and probably acts primarily as a hydrogen bond donor. The 17 beta-hydroxyl group in the D-ring contributes approximately 0.6 kcal/mol to the binding and probably acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor, either directly or via a water molecule. There also seems to be a degree of flexibility in the region of the receptor that encompasses the D-ring. The aromatic ring contributes about 1.5 kcal/mol, probably through weak polar interactions with receptor residues that contact the beta-face of the steroid. The receptor seems to surround the ligand, so that all four rings contribute significantly to binding. Small hydrophobic substituents enhance binding affinity at positions 4, 12 beta, 14, and 16 alpha; whereas, larger hydrophobic substituents are tolerated at positions 7 alpha, 11 beta, and 17 alpha. In general, the ER is intolerant of polar substituents. Based on E2 analogs bearing affinity-labeling groups, cysteine residues might be present in the binding site in the area of C-4, C-17 alpha, and C-17 beta, and a lysine residue might be located near C-16. Models that represent the limits of deformability of the ligand binding site, the position of preformed pockets, and space occupied by the receptor are presented. The various elements in this model for the binding of steroidal estrogens by the estrogen receptor are consistent with evidence emerging from the crystal structures of related nuclear hormone receptor ligand complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Anstead
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Albert B. Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, USA
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