1
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Edgar JA, Molyneux RJ, Colegate SM. 1,2-Dehydropyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Their Potential as a Dietary Cause of Sporadic Motor Neuron Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:340-354. [PMID: 35238548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), can be caused by spontaneous genetic mutations. However, many sporadic cases of ALS and other debilitating neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are believed to be caused by environmental factors, subject to considerable debate and requiring intensive research. A common pathology associated with MND development involves progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in motor neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to apoptosis. Consequent degeneration of skeletal and respiratory muscle cells can lead to death from respiratory failure. A significant number of MND cases present with cancers and liver and lung pathology. This Perspective explores the possibility that MNDs could be caused by intermittent, low-level dietary exposure to 1,2-dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (1,2-dehydroPAs) that are increasingly recognized as contaminants of many foods consumed throughout the world. Nontoxic, per se, 1,2-dehydroPAs are metabolized, by particular cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms, to 6,7-dihydropyrrolizines that react with nucleophilic groups (-NH, -SH, -OH) on DNA, proteins, and other vital biochemicals, such as glutathione. Many factors, including aging, gender, smoking, and alcohol consumption, influence CYP450 isoform activity in a range of tissues, including glial cells and neurons of the CNS. Activation of 1,2-dehydroPAs in CNS cells can be expected to cause gene mutations and oxidative stress, potentially leading to the development of MNDs and other NDDs. While relatively high dietary exposure to 1,2-dehydroPAs causes hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, pulmonary venoocclusive disease, neurotoxicity, and diverse cancers, this Perspective suggests that, at current intermittent, low levels of dietary exposure, neurotoxicity could become the primary pathology that develops over time in susceptible individuals, along with a tendency for some of them to also display liver and lung pathology and diverse cancers co-occurring with some MND/NDD cases. Targeted research is recommended to investigate this proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Edgar
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Russell J Molyneux
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Steven M Colegate
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, ARS/USDA, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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2
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Naito Y, Yoshinouchi Y, Sorayama Y, Kohara H, Kitano S, Irie S, Matsusaki M. Constructing vascularized hepatic tissue by cell-assembled viscous tissue sedimentation method and its application for vascular toxicity assessment. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:275-288. [PMID: 34826641 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro Construction of the liver sinusoidal structure using artificial tissue is an important but worthwhile challenge, particularly for assessing the risk of diseases such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). Current models are unsuitable for evaluating the toxicity because of lacking sinusoidal capillary. In this study, we developed a vascularized hepatic tissue (VHT) using a unique tissue engineering technique, the cell assembled viscous tissue by sedimentation (CAViTs) method. The "viscous bodies" created using the CAViTs method exhibited significant self-assembly within 6 h after seeding, promoting cell-cell interaction. The level of albumin secreted by the VHT was four times higher than that of 2D-coculture and maintained for 1 month. The gene expression pattern of the VHT was closer to that of total human liver, compared with the 2D system. Quantitative evaluations of the vascular structure of VHT treated with two typical SOS-inducing compounds, monocrotaline and retrorsine, revealed higher sensitivity (IC50 = 40.35 µM), 19.92 times higher than the cell-viability assay. Thus, VHT represents an innovative in vitro model that mimics the vessel network structure and could become a useful tool for the early screening of compounds associated with a risk of vascular toxicity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mimicking sinusoidal structures in in vitro liver model is important to consider from the perspective of predicting hepatotoxicity such like sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). However, it was difficult to reconstruct the vascular structure within the hepatocyte-rich environment. In this study, we constructed a vascularized hepatic tissue in a high-throughput manner by a unique method using collagen and heparin, and evaluated its applicability to toxicity assessment. Vessel morphology analysis of the model treated by monocrotaline, which is a well-known SOS-inducing compound, could predict the toxicity with higher sensitivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to provide vascularized hepatic tissues using sinusoidal endothelial cells at least for demonstrating applicability to the evaluation of SOS induction risk.
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3
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Chen Y, Xiong F, Wang W, Jiang K, Ye X, Deng G, Wang C, Yang L, Xiong A, Wang Z. The long persistence of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-derived pyrrole-protein adducts in vivo: Kinetic study following multiple exposures of a pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing extract of Gynura japonica. Toxicol Lett 2020; 323:41-47. [PMID: 31982501 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gynura japonica (also named Tusanqi in Chinese) is used as a folk herbal medicine for treating blood stasis or traumatic injury. However, hundreds of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) cases have been reported after consumption of preparations made from G. japonica because it contains large amounts of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). To date, blood pyrrole-protein adducts (PPAs) are suggested as biomarkers for the diagnosis of PA-induced HSOS in clinics. However, the concentration of PPAs in the blood is greatly affected by several factors including the amount of PA exposure, herb intake period, and blood sampling time after the last exposure. In present study, the kinetic characters of PPAs in serum and liver as well as other potential target organs were studied systematically and comprehensively following multiple exposures of PAs in G. japonica extract (GJE). As results, PPAs content reached to a plateau both in serum and liver after the mice were treated with GJE for 2 weeks on daily basis. PPAs cleared significantly slower in liver (T1/2ke∼184.6 h, ∼7.7 days) than in serum (T1/2ke∼95.8 h, ∼4.0 days). Although more than 90 % PPAs were removed 2 weeks after the last dosing, PPAs still persisted in the liver until the end of the experiment, i.e. 8 weeks after the last dosing. The results would be of great help for understanding the importance of PPAs for PA-induced toxicity and its detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fen Xiong
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Weiqian Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kaiyuan Jiang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuanling Ye
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Gang Deng
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, 201203, China
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4
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Lu Y, Ma J, Lin G. Development of a two-layer transwell co-culture model for the in vitro investigation of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:391-398. [PMID: 31054999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are hepatotoxic and specifically damage hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) via cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs)-mediated metabolic activation. Due to the lack of CYPs in HSECs, currently there is no suitable cell model for investigating PA-induced HSEC injury. This study aimed to establish a two-layer transwell co-culture model that mimics hepatic environment by including HepaRG hepatocytes and HSECs to evaluate cytotoxicity of PAs on their major target HSECs. In this model, PAs were metabolically activated by CYPs in HepaRG hepatocytes to generate reactive pyrrolic metabolites, which react with co-cultured HSECs leading to HSEC damage. Three representative PAs, namely retrorsine, monocrotaline, and clivorine, induced significant concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in HSECs in the co-culture model, but did no cause obvious cytotoxicity directly in HSECs. Using the developed co-cultured model, further mechanism studies of retrorsine-induced HSEC damage demonstrated that the reactive pyrrolic metabolite generated by CYP-mediated bioactivation in HepaRG hepatocytes caused formation of pyrrole-protein adducts, reduction of GSH content, and generation of reactive oxygen species in HSECs, leading to cell apoptosis. The established co-culture model is reliable and applicable for cytotoxic assessment of PA-induced HSEC damage and offers a novel platform for screening toxicity of different PAs on their target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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He X, Xia Q, Wu Q, Tolleson WH, Lin G, Fu PP. Primary and secondary pyrrolic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids form DNA adducts in human A549 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 54:286-294. [PMID: 30366057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Humans and animals can be exposed to carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) through consumption of plants commonly found in many parts of the world. Although the liver is the primary target organ for carcinogenic PAs, they have also induced lung tumors in rodents. Hepatic cytochrome P450 activity converts PAs into dehydro-PAs that can be hydrolyzed to dehydropyrrolizidine (DHP); these reactive pyrrolic metabolites can produce four characteristic DNA adducts associated with PA-induced liver tumor initiation in laboratory animals. We reported recently that these four DNA adducts are also formed when 7-glutathione-DHP (7-GS-DHP) or 7-cysteine-DHP is incubated with calf thymus DNA. Here we showed that the four characteristic DNA adducts were formed when human A549 brochoalveolar carcinoma cells were treated with three dehydro-PAs (dehydroriddelliine, dehydromonocrotaline, or dehydroretronecine) or with 7-GS-DHP or 7-cysteine-DHP. For comparison, two parent PAs (riddelliine and monocrotaline) and 7,9-di-glutathionine-DHP were studied. No DHP-DNA adducts were detected with these incubations, confirming that A549 lung carcinoma cells do not express cytochrome P450 enzymes required for metabolic activation of PAs. Our results show that primary and secondary pyrrolic metabolites of carcinogenic PAs produce characteristic DHP-containing DNA adducts in A549 lung cancer cells, suggesting that they are DNA reactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo He
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Qiangen Wu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William H Tolleson
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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6
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Xia Q, He X, Ma L, Chen S, Fu PP. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Secondary Pyrrolic Metabolites Construct Multiple Activation Pathways Leading to DNA Adduct Formation and Potential Liver Tumor Initiation. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:619-628. [PMID: 29855181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxide derivatives are hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic phytochemicals. PAs induce liver tumors through a general genotoxic mechanism mediated by a set of four (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5 H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts. To date, the primary pyrrolic metabolites dehydro-PAs, their hydrolyzed metabolite DHP, and two secondary pyrrolic metabolites 7-glutathione-DHP (7-GS-DHP) and 7-cysteine-DHP are the known metabolites that can generate these DHP-DNA adducts in vivo and/or in PA-treated cells. Secondary pyrrolic metabolites are formed from the reaction of dehydro-PAs with glutathione, amino acids, and proteins. In this investigation, we determined whether or not more secondary pyrrolic metabolites can bind to calf thymus DNA and to cellular DNA in HepG2 cells resulting in the formation of DHP-DNA adducts using a series of secondary pyrrolic metabolites (including 7-methoxy-DHP, 9-ethoxy-DHP, 9-valine-DHP, 7-GS-DHP, 7-cysteine-DHP, and 7,9-diglutathione-DHP) and synthetic pyrroles for study. We found that (i) many secondary pyrrolic metabolites are DNA reactive and can form DHP-DNA adducts and (ii) multiple activation pathways are involved in producing DHP-DNA adducts associated with PA-induced liver tumor initiation. These results suggest that secondary pyrrolic metabolites play a vital role in the initiation of PA-induced liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research , Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Xiaobo He
- National Center for Toxicological Research , Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Liang Ma
- National Center for Toxicological Research , Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Shoujun Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research , Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas 72079 , United States
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research , Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas 72079 , United States
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7
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Wen R, Cen L, Ma Y, Wang J, Zhu S. One-pot, five-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: A facile synthesis of spiropyrrolidine and spiropyrrolizidine derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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He X, Xia Q, Fu PP. 7-Glutathione-pyrrole and 7-cysteine-pyrrole are potential carcinogenic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 35:69-83. [PMID: 28418776 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2017.1298358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are hepatotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic phytochemicals. Metabolism of PAs in vivo generates four (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-DNA adducts that have been proposed to be responsible for PA-induced liver tumor formation in rats. In this present study, we determined that the same set of DHP-DNA adducts was formed upon the incubation of 7-glutathione-DHP and 7-cysteine-DHP with cultured human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. These results suggest that 7-glutathione-DHP and 7-cysteine-DHP are reactive metabolites of PAs that can bind to cellular DNA to form DHP-DNA adducts in HepG2 cells, and can potentially initiate liver tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo He
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Qingsu Xia
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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9
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Fu PP. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Metabolic Activation Pathways Leading to Liver Tumor Initiation. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:81-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological
Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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10
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7-N-Acetylcysteine-pyrrole conjugate-A potent DNA reactive metabolite of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:682-694. [PMID: 28911605 PMCID: PMC9337289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widespread throughout the world and are the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. PAs require metabolic activation to form reactive dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (dehydro-PAs) that are capable of alkylating cellular DNA and proteins, form (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-DNA and DHP-protein adducts, and lead to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity. In this study, we determined that the metabolism of riddelliine and monocrotaline by human and rat liver microsomes in the presence of N-acetylcysteine both produced 7-N-acetylcysteine-DHP (7-NAC-DHP) and DHP. Reactions of 7-NAC-DHP with 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG), 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA), and calf thymus DNA in aqueous solution followed by enzymatic hydrolysis yielded DHP-dG and/or DHP-dA adducts. These results indicate that 7-NAC-DHP is a reactive metabolite that can lead to DNA adduct formation.
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11
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Gayen B, Banerji A, Dhara K. 1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions of nonstabilized azomethine ylides to planar chalcones via regio- and stereoselective route: A three-component strategy. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1135954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Gayen
- Budge Budge Institute of Technology, Budge Budge, Kolkata, India
| | - Avijit Banerji
- Centre of Advanced Studies on Natural Products including Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Kaliprasanna Dhara
- Centre of Advanced Studies on Natural Products including Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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12
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He X, Xia Q, Ma L, Fu PP. 7-cysteine-pyrrole conjugate: A new potential DNA reactive metabolite of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 34:57-76. [PMID: 26761716 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1135593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) require metabolic activation to exert cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and tumorigenicity. We previously reported that (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP)-derived DNA adducts are responsible for PA-induced liver tumor formation in rats. In this study, we determined that metabolism of riddelliine and monocrotaline by human or rat liver microsomes produced 7-cysteine-DHP and DHP. The metabolism of 7-glutathionyl-DHP by human and rat liver microsomes also generated 7-cysteine-DHP. Further, reaction of 7-cysteine-DHP with calf thymus DNA in aqueous solution yielded the described DHP-derived DNA adducts. This study represents the first report that 7-cysteine-DHP is a new PA metabolite that can lead to DNA adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo He
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Qingsu Xia
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Liang Ma
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- a National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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13
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Yang M, Ruan J, Fu PP, Lin G. Cytotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloid in human hepatic parenchymal and sinusoidal endothelial cells: Firm evidence for the reactive metabolites mediated pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 243:119-26. [PMID: 26365561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) widely distribute in plants and can cause hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS), which typically presents as a primary sinusoidal endothelial cell damage. It is well-recognized that after ingestion, PAs undergo hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYPs)-mediated metabolic activation to generate dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (DHPAs), which are hydrolyzed to dehydroretronecine (DHR). DHPAs and DHR are reactive metabolites having same core pyrrole moiety, and can bind proteins to form pyrrole-protein adducts, which are believed as the primary cause for PA-induced HSOS. However, to date, the direct evidences supporting the toxicity of DHPAs and DHR in the liver, in particular in the sinusoidal endothelial cells, are lacking. Using human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC) and HepG2 (representing hepatic parenchymal cells), cells that lack CYPs activity, this study determined the direct cytotoxicity of dehydromonocrotaline, a representative DHPA, and DHR, but no cytotoxicity of the intact PA (monocrotaline) in both cell lines, confirming that reactive metabolites mediate PA intoxication. Comparing with HepG2, HSEC had significantly lower basal glutathione (GSH) level, and was significantly more susceptible to the reactive metabolites with severer GSH depletion and pyrrole-protein adducts formation. The toxic potency of two reactive metabolites was also compared. DHPA was more reactive than DHR, leading to severer toxicity. In conclusion, our results unambiguously provided the first direct evidence for the critical role of DHPA and DHR in the reactive metabolites-mediated PA-induced hepatotoxicity, which occurs predominantly in HSEC due to severe GSH depletion and the significant formation of pyrrole-protein adducts in HSEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbi Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jianqing Ruan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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14
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Zhao Y, Wang S, Xia Q, Gamboa da Costa G, Doerge DR, Cai L, Fu PP. Reaction of Dehydropyrrolizidine Alkaloids with Valine and Hemoglobin. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1720-31. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Shuguang Wang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | | | - Daniel R. Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Lining Cai
- Biotranex LLC, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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Xia Q, Zhao Y, Von Tungeln LS, Doerge DR, Lin G, Cai L, Fu PP. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Derived DNA Adducts as a Common Biological Biomarker of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid-Induced Tumorigenicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1384-96. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400241c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Yuewei Zhao
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Linda S. Von Tungeln
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Daniel R. Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Ge Lin
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Lining Cai
- Biotranex LLC, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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Silva-Neto J, Barreto R, Pitanga B, Souza C, Silva V, Silva A, Velozo E, Cunha S, Batatinha M, Tardy M, Ribeiro C, Costa M, El-Bachá R, Costa S. Genotoxicity and morphological changes induced by the alkaloid monocrotaline, extracted from Crotalaria retusa, in a model of glial cells. Toxicon 2010; 55:105-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hasal SJ, Sun Y, Yan CC, Brendel K, Huxtable RJ. Effects of taurine in precision-cut liver slices exposed to the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 442:79-83. [PMID: 9635017 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0117-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Hasal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson 85724, USA
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Sun Y, Hasal SJ, Yan CC, Brendel K, Huxtable RJ. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced depletion of taurine from rat liver in vivo and in vitro. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 442:71-7. [PMID: 9635016 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0117-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson 85724, USA
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Yan CC, Huxtable RJ. Effect of taurine on biliary metabolites of glutathione in liver perfused with the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 442:85-9. [PMID: 9635018 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0117-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C C Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson 85724, USA
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Huxtable RJ, Yan CC, Wild S, Maxwell S, Cooper R. Physicochemical and metabolic basis for the differing neurotoxicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, trichodesmine and monocrotaline. Neurochem Res 1996; 21:141-6. [PMID: 9182239 DOI: 10.1007/bf02529131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Monocrotaline and trichodesmine are structurally closely related pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) exhibiting different extrahepatic toxicities, trichodesmine being neurotoxic (LD(50) 57 mu mol/kg) and monocrotaline pneumotoxic (LD(50) 335 mu mol/kg). We have compared certain physicochemical properties and metabolic activities of these two PAs in order to understand the quantitative and qualitative differences in toxicity. Both PAs were metabolized in the isolated, perfused rat liver to highly reactive pyrrolic dehydroalkaloids that appear to be responsible for the toxicity of PAs. More dehydrotrichodesmine (468 nmol/g liver) than dehydromonocrotaline (116 nmol/g liver) was released from liver into perfusate on perfusion for 1 hr with 0.5 mM of the parent PA. Dehydrotrichodesmine had a significantly longer aqueous half-life (5.4 sec) than that of dehydromonocrotaline (3.4 sec). In vivo, significantly higher levels of bound pyrroles were found in the brain 18 hr after injection of trichodesmine (25 mg/kg; i.p.) than were seen following either an equal dose (25 mg/kg; i.p.) or an equitoxic dose (90 mg/kg; i.p.) of monocrotaline. Trichodesmine had a higher partition coefficient than monocrotaline for both chloroform and heptane, indicating its greater lipophilicity. The pK(a) of trichodesmine (7.07) was only slightly higher than that of monocrotaline (pK(a¿ 6.83), suggesting that a difference in degree of ionization was not a major factor affecting the relative ability of the dehydroalkaloids to cross the blood-brain barrier. We conclude that the greater lethality and neurotoxicity of trichodesmine compared to monocrotaline is due to two structural characteristics: (i) steric hindrance at position 14 of dehydrotrichodesmine results in greater resistance to hydrolysis, allowing more to be released from the liver and to be delivered to the brain; (ii) the larger isopropyl substituent at position 14 of dehydrotrichodesmine renders the molecule more lipophilic, leading to greater penetration of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Huxtable
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson 85724, USA
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Yan CC, Huxtable RJ. Effect of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline on taurine and sulfur amino acid metabolism in the rat liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 403:135-45. [PMID: 8915351 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0182-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C C Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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