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Cusack S, Ruigrok RW, Krygsman PC, Mellema JE. Structure and composition of influenza virus. A small-angle neutron scattering study. J Mol Biol 1985; 186:565-82. [PMID: 4093979 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A detailed analysis is presented of the small-angle neutron scattering curves of homogeneous solutions of influenza B virus, both intact and after treatment with bromelain, which removes the external glycoprotein spikes. The two sets of data are consistent with the following low-resolution structure: the virus particles are spherical, about 1200 A in diameter and of Mr about 180 X 10(6). The lipid bilayer is centred at a radius of 425 A, is 40 A to 50 A thick and constitutes 25% to 28% of the virus mass. The surface glycoproteins, predominantly haemagglutinin, contribute 40% to 46% of the total mass. Surprisingly little protein is found in the interior of the virus. It is suggested that the reason for this is that many particles do not contain the full complement of ribonucleoprotein complexes. These results are in good agreement with recent scanning transmission electron microscopic measurements of molecular mass and cryo-electron microscopic observations of the same preparations. Appendix 1 describes a new method of deriving spherical shell models from contrast variation neutron scattering data on viruses, in which scattering curves from all measured contrasts are used simultaneously. There is also a discussion of the assumptions and limitations implicit in the structural interpretation of such models, with emphasis on viruses containing lipid bilayers. Appendix 2 examines the effect on the scattering curves of various arrangements of the surface glycoproteins.
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Membrane fusion activity of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. The low pH-induced conformational change. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Drescher HJ. [Influenza]. ARCHIVES OF OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT = ARCHIV FUR OHREN-, NASEN- UND KEHLKOPFHEILKUNDE. SUPPLEMENT 1983; 1:113-87. [PMID: 6579922 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-82057-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is the last great uncontrolled plague of mankind. Pandemics and epidemics occur at regular time intervals. The influenza viruses are divided into the types A, B and C and show unique variability of their surface antigens (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase). Influenza viruses of type A show the largest degree of antigenic variation which, in turn, resulted in the definition of a number of subtypes, each comprising many strains. By comparison, influenza viruses of types B and C exhibit much less variation of their surface antigens. As a consequence, no subtypes but many different strains have been recognized. The degree of antigenic variation correlates with the epidemiologic significance of the virus types, type A being the most and type C the least important. Two different kinds of antigenic variation have been recognized: In the case of minor variation of one or both surface antigens, the term "antigenic drift" is employed. Antigenic drift occurs with all three types of virus, it is caused by point mutations which increase the chance of survival of mutants in the diseased host. In addition, influenza A viruses show sudden and complete changes of their surface antigens in regular time intervals, resulting in the appearance of new subtypes. This event is called "antigenic shift". The mechanisms responsible for antigenic shift are poorly understood, only. In addition to the recycling of preceding subtypes, reassortment resulting from double infection of cells with strains of human and animal origin are considered possible explanations. By use of modern DNA recombinant technology, the base sequences of a series of virus genes and, as a consequence, the amino acid sequence of the corresponding antigens have been determined. By means of monoclonal antibodies, the antigenic structure of many influenza antigens has been further elucidated. It can be expected that further research on the molecular basis of antigenic variation could finally result in an understanding of the causal mechanisms. It is an outstanding feature of the epidemiology of influenza A viruses that a family of related strains prevails for a certain period of time and disappears abruptly as a new subtype emerges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Zwingelstein G, Tapiero H, Portoukalian J, Fourcade A. The effect of dimethylsulfoxide on the lipid composition of inducible and non inducible Friend leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 108:437-46. [PMID: 7150302 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)90848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Anderton P, Wild TF, Zwingelstein G. Modification of the fatty acid composition of phospholipid in measles virus-persistently infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 103:285-91. [PMID: 7317066 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Zwingelstein G, Tapiero H, Portoukalian J, Fourcade A. Changes in phospholipid and fatty acid composition in differentiated Friend leukaemic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 98:349-58. [PMID: 7225103 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)90847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Patzer EJ, Wagner RR, Dubovi EJ. Viral membranes: model systems for studying biological membranes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 6:165-217. [PMID: 378533 DOI: 10.3109/10409237909102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
The lipid composition of highly purified Flury strain of rabies virus (HEP) propagated in BHK-21 cells in a chemically defined medium was observed to be 6.7% neutral lipids, 15.8% phospholipids, and 1.5% glycolipids. In the virion, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin were the most abundant phospholipids, accounting for 90% of the total, and the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was 0.48. Uninfected BHK-21 cell membranes were obtained by nitrogen cavitation techniques and separated by density gradient centrifugation, and the membranes were assayed for purity using 5'-nucleotidase, cytochrome oxidase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase activities. Lipids of the plasma membrane were enriched in cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. In contrast, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were enriched in phosphatidylcholine, but contained smaller amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin. Comparison of the fatty acyl chains of virus and membranes from uninfected cells revealed the virion to have the lowest ratio of C18:1 to C18:0 (1.771), compared with values of about 3.0 for the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Total polyenoic fatty acids were enriched in the plasma membrane, whereas the virus contained higher amounts of total saturates than either of the two membrane preparations. Analysis of the polar and neutral lipid fractions as well as the acyl chain analysis suggests the virion has a lipid composition that is intermiediate to that of the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum and is consistent with the view that numerous viral particles are synthesized de novo by not utilizing a preexisting membrane template. From the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid of 0.48, we calculated that 1.92 X 10(5) molecules of lipid would cover 4.14 X 10(4) nm2 in the form of a bilayer. Considerations of the molecular dimensions of the rabies envelope (total surface area, 5 X 10(4) nm2) as a bilayer suggest that some penetration of lipids by envelope proteins (M and G) is necessary.
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Blough HA, Tiffany JM. Theoretical aspects of structure and assembly of viral envelops. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1975; 70:1-30. [PMID: 808396 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66101-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lenard J, Compans RW. The membrane structure of lipid-containing viruses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 344:51-94. [PMID: 4598854 PMCID: PMC7148776 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(74)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1973] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Key Words
- viruses, sfv, semliki forest virus
- ndv, newcastle disease virus
- sv5, simian virus 5
- vsv, vesicular stomatitis virus
- rsv, rous sarcoma virus
- cellscef, chick embryo fibroblasts
- bhk, bhk21 line of baby hamster kidney cells
- mdbk, madin-darby bovine kidney cell line
- mk, primary rhesus monkey kidney cells
- hak, hamster kidney cell line
- rk, primary rabbit kidney cells
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Gallaher WR, Weinstein DB, Blough HA. Rapid turnover of principal phospholipids in BHK-21 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 52:1252-6. [PMID: 4736910 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
This chapter discusses lipids in viruses. Lipid forms an integral part of many viruses and exists either in the form of a continuous envelope or in lipoprotein complexes that surround a nucleoprotein core or helix. In general, the envelope can be described as a molecular container for the genetic material of the virus. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are not known to carry genetic coding for enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Hence, they generally contain the same classes of lipid as are found in the host cell or their membrane of assembly. Lipids make up 20–35% by weight of most viruses; however, there are exceptions such as vaccinia virus, which has only 5% lipid despite having a complex multimembrane envelope structure. Naked herpesvirus capsids closely resemble non-lipid-containing viruses such as adenovirus or polyoma virus, which are also assembled in the nucleus but show full infectivity without any envelope. Both naked and enveloped herpesvirus particles are found in infected cells; however, only enveloped particles are found in extracellular fluids.
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Rouser G, Kritchevsky G, Yamamoto A, Baxter CF. Lipids in the nervous system of different species as a function of age: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, purified whole cell preparations, and subcellular particulates: regulatory mechanisms and membrane structure. ADVANCES IN LIPID RESEARCH 1972; 10:261-360. [PMID: 4344800 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-024910-7.50013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hirano K, Yamaura K, Shibuta H, Matumoto M. Lipids of Sendai virus and changes in cellular phospholipid synthesis caused by infection. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 15:383-96. [PMID: 4333519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1971.tb00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shatkin AJ. Viruses with segmented ribonucleic acid genomes: multiplication of influenza versus reovirus. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1971; 35:250-66. [PMID: 5114967 PMCID: PMC378389 DOI: 10.1128/br.35.3.250-266.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tiffany JM, Blough HA. Attachment of myxoviruses to artificial membranes: electron microscopic studies. Virology 1971; 44:18-28. [PMID: 4105990 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tiffany JM, Blough HA. Models of structure of the envelope of influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 65:1105-12. [PMID: 5266149 PMCID: PMC283029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.65.4.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Possible models of the structure of the influenza virus envelope are considered in terms of the known chemical composition. Models incorporating lipid in the form of a bimolecular leaflet are shown to be unlikely on geometrical grounds. A model having "inverted toadstool" protein units separated by spherical lipid micelles is favored, and is capable of explaining the appearance of the virus in the electron microscope and differences between normal and incomplete (von Magnus) forms of the virus.
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Klenk HD, Choppin PW. Lipids of plasma membranes of monkey and hamster kidney cells and of parainfluenza virions grown in these cells. Virology 1969; 38:255-68. [PMID: 4306590 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shibuta H, Yamaura K, Yamamoto T, Matumoto M. Incorporation of 32P into phospholipids of influenza A and parainfluenza 1 viruses. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1969; 13:212-4. [PMID: 4309398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1969.tb00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Blough HA, Merlie JP, Tiffany JM. The fatty acid composition of incomplete influenza virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969; 34:831-4. [PMID: 5779767 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tiffany JM, Blough HA. Myxovirus envelope proteins: a directing influence on the fatty acids of membrane lipids. Science 1969; 163:573-4. [PMID: 5812511 DOI: 10.1126/science.163.3867.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acyl chain compositions of the lipids of three strains of influenza virus show differences not anticipated from current theories of myxovirus assembly. Fatty acids of viruses with antigenically related envelope proteins show greater resemblance than those of an unrelated strain, which suggests that these proteins influence the composition of membrane lipids at the site of viral release.
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Blough HA, Tiffany JM. Incorporation of branched-chain fatty acids into myxoviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969; 62:242-7. [PMID: 4306046 PMCID: PMC285979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.62.1.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of free fatty acids into myxoviruses was shown, using branched-chain fatty acids as molecular markers. The presence of isostearic or phytanic acid was detected by gas-liquid chromatography in the phospholipid fraction of the A(0)/PR8/34 strain of influenza virus. Uptake of free fatty acids into the virus varied from 8 to 11 per cent and was accompanied by a shift in the fatty acid profile. Infected allantoic fluids from eggs treated with branched-chain acids possessed higher hemagglutinin activity when compared to fluids infected under normal conditions. Attempts to detect branched-chain acids in Sendai virus were unsuccessful. Shifts in acyl chain composition persisted after three passages of modified viruses in the absence of branched-chain acids. Force-area curves at an air-water interface revealed the cross-sectional area of branched-chain acids to be greater than their straight-chain homologs. It is suggested that hydrophobic interactions can alter the configuration of envelope proteins. Such changes may have an important role in the selection of fragments of influenza viral genome and can conceivably alter viral genotype.
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Blough HA, Lawson DE. The lipids of paramyxoviruses: a comparative study of Sendai and Newcastle disease viruses. Virology 1968; 36:286-92. [PMID: 4300882 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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