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García-Villada L, Drake JW. The three faces of riboviral spontaneous mutation: spectrum, mode of genome replication, and mutation rate. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002832. [PMID: 22844250 PMCID: PMC3405988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboviruses (RNA viruses without DNA replication intermediates) are the most abundant pathogens infecting animals and plants. Only a few riboviral infections can be controlled with antiviral drugs, mainly because of the rapid appearance of resistance mutations. Little reliable information is available concerning i) kinds and relative frequencies of mutations (the mutational spectrum), ii) mode of genome replication and mutation accumulation, and iii) rates of spontaneous mutation. To illuminate these issues, we developed a model in vivo system based on phage Qß infecting its natural host, Escherichia coli. The Qß RT gene encoding the Read-Through protein was used as a mutation reporter. To reduce uncertainties in mutation frequencies due to selection, the experimental Qß populations were established after a single cycle of infection and selection against RT− mutants during phage growth was ameliorated by plasmid-based RT complementation in trans. The dynamics of Qß genome replication were confirmed to reflect the linear process of iterative copying (the stamping-machine mode). A total of 32 RT mutants were detected among 7,517 Qß isolates. Sequencing analysis of 45 RT mutations revealed a spectrum dominated by 39 transitions, plus 4 transversions and 2 indels. A clear template•primer mismatch bias was observed: A•C>C•A>U•G>G•U> transversion mismatches. The average mutation rate per base replication was ≈9.1×10−6 for base substitutions and ≈2.3×10−7 for indels. The estimated mutation rate per genome replication, μg, was ≈0.04 (or, per phage generation, ≈0.08), although secondary RT mutations arose during the growth of some RT mutants at a rate about 7-fold higher, signaling the possible impact of transitory bouts of hypermutation. These results are contrasted with those previously reported for other riboviruses to depict the current state of the art in riboviral mutagenesis. Viral disease is a subject of major concern in public health. Diseases produced by riboviruses (RNA viruses sensu stricto) represent a special urgency, because these viruses display an exceptional capability to generate resistance mutations against antiviral drugs. Unfortunately, little is known about the rate and nature of spontaneous mutation in riboviruses. Thus, characterization of their mutation process may be helpful in the development of improved ways to counteract riboviral diseases. In this study, we investigated the mutation process in vivo of a model ribovirus, the bacteriophage Qß, focusing on three key aspects: i) the kinds and relative frequencies of mutations, ii) the mode of genome replication, and iii) the rate of spontaneous mutation. Our results, combined with other information about riboviral mutagenesis, depict a ribovirus mutation spectrum largely dominated by transitions, a predominantly linear mode of genome replication, and a mutation rate per genome replication on the order of 0.04 for bacteriophages and plant viruses but perhaps an order of magnitude higher for mammalian riboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John W. Drake
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2
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Tsukada K, Okazaki M, Kita H, Inokuchi Y, Urabe I, Yomo T. Quantitative analysis of the bacteriophage Qβ infection cycle. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Priano C, Arora R, Butke J, Mills DR. A complete plasmid-based complementation system for RNA coliphage Q beta: three proteins of bacteriophages Q beta (group III) and SP (group IV) can be interchanged. J Mol Biol 1995; 249:283-97. [PMID: 7783194 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1995.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has established a bacteriophage Q beta cDNA-containing plasmid system in which virtually all coding defects present within the 4217 nucleotide Q beta genome can be complemented in trans. In this system, Q beta minus strand RNAs are constitutively transcribed from plasmid cDNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Replication of these minus strands results in the synthesis of Q beta plus RNA, thereby triggering an infectious cycle in which Q beta phase particles are generated. Genetically engineered Q beta genome mutations that result in defective viral proteins can be complemented in trans by the products of one or more Q beta helper plasmids that express either: (1) Q beta maturation protein, which can complement defects in the Q beta maturation cistron (nucleotides 61 to 1320); (2) Q beta readthrough protein, which can complement defects in the readthrough cistron (nucleotides 1344 to 2330); or (3) Q beta replicase, which can complement defects in the replicase cistron (nucleotides 2352 to 4118). Each plasmid component of this system contains a unique origin of replication and carries a different antibiotic gene, thereby enabling all combinations of these plasmids to coexist in the same host. We have further developed a second series of helper plasmids that generate the corresponding viral proteins of the related group IV RNA phage SP. Each of these SP helper proteins can complement respective defects within the Q beta genome with efficiencies similar to those observed for the Q beta helper proteins. It is now possible to supply functional Q beta or SP proteins in trans to examine Q beta genomes that contain protein coding defects for their ability to synthesize Q beta proteins, replicate Q beta RNA, assemble virions, and/or lyse the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Priano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn 11203, USA
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4
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Kajitani M, Ishihama A. Identification and sequence determination of the host factor gene for bacteriophage Q beta. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:1063-6. [PMID: 2020545 PMCID: PMC333781 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.5.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The host factor (HF-I) required for phage Q beta RNA-directed synthesis of complementary minus-strand RNA was purified to homogeneity from phage-infected Escherichia coli cells. The hfq gene encoding HF-I was cloned using synthetic probes designed based on the partial amino acid sequence of HF-I, and mapped at 94.8 min on the E. coli chromosome downstream of the miaA gene involved in 2-methylthio-N6-(isopentyl)-adenosine (ms2i6A) tRNA modification. Sequence determination of the cloned hfq gene indicated that HF-I is a small protein of Mr 11,166 consisting of 102 amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kajitani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
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5
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Witherell GW, Gott JM, Uhlenbeck OC. Specific interaction between RNA phage coat proteins and RNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 40:185-220. [PMID: 2031083 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G W Witherell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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6
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Mills DR, Priano C, Merz PA, Binderow BD. Q beta RNA bacteriophage: mapping cis-acting elements within an RNA genome. J Virol 1990; 64:3872-81. [PMID: 2196383 PMCID: PMC249683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.8.3872-3881.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified, for the first time, regions of cis-acting RNA elements within the bacteriophage Q beta replicase cistron by analyzing the infectivities of 76 replicase gene mutant phages in the presence of a helper replicase. Two separate classes of mutant Q beta phage genomes (35 different insertion mutants, each containing an insertion of 3 to 15 nucleotides within the replicase gene, and 41 deletion genomes, each having from 15 to 935 nucleotides deleted from different regions of the gene) were constructed, and their corresponding RNAs were tested for the ability to direct the formation of progeny virus particles. Each mutant phage was tested for plaque formation in an Escherichia coli (F+) host strain that supplied helper Q beta replicase in trans from a plasmid DNA. Of the 76 mutant genomes, 34% were able to direct virus production at or close to wild-type levels (with plaque yield ratios of greater than 0.5), another 36% also produced virus particles, but at much lower levels than those of wild-type virus (with plaque yield ratios of less than 0.05), and the remaining 30% produced no virus at all. From these data, we have been able to define regions within the Q beta replicase gene that contain functional cis-acting RNA elements and further correlate them with regions of RNA that are solely required to code for functional RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mills
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, State University of New York, Brooklyn 11203
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7
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Mills DR, Priano C, DiMauro P, Binderow BD. Q beta replicase: mapping the functional domains of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Mol Biol 1989; 205:751-64. [PMID: 2538637 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have localized a functional region of the RNA bacteriophage Q beta replicase following an extensive mutational analysis. Using the method of oligonucleotide linker-insertion mutagenesis, we specifically introduced mutations into a cloned DNA copy of the Q beta replicase gene so that the resulting replicase products would putatively contain small amino acid insertions. In a selective phenotypic assay, we screened mutant replicases for RNA-directed replication activity in vivo. Analysis of 37 different mutant clones indicated that Q beta replicase can accept amino acid substitutions and insertions at several sites at the amino and carboxy termini without abolishing functional activity in vivo or in vitro. However, disruption within the internal amino acid sequence resulted almost exclusively in nonfunctional enzyme. The results suggest that the central region of the replicase protein contains a rigid amino acid composition that is required for replicase function, whereas the amino and carboxy termini are much more receptive to small amino acid insertions and substitutions. These experiments should further enable us to analyze the coding function of the Q beta replicase gene independently of other phage RNA functions contained within this nucleotide region.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mills
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Brooklyn 11203
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8
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Atkins JF, Gesteland RF. Resolution of the discrepancy between a gene translation--termination codon and the deduced sequence for release of the encoded polypeptide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 137:509-16. [PMID: 6662107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The translation-termination codon of the synthetase gene of the RNA phage MS2 has been determined, by nucleotide sequencing and suppression studies in vitro, to be UAG. However in one of the only two studies on the signals for polypeptide chain release at the end of genes, Capecchi and Klein [(1970) Nature (Lond.) 226, 1029-1033] deduced that the synthetase of an almost identical phage, R17, is released at UAA. Here we show that under certain conditions the synthetase is released at the UAG terminator but that this UAG is especially prone to read-through with resulting release at the downstream UAA codon. The possible significance of the UAG being in a context prone to leakiness is discussed but is unresolved.
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9
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Uhlenbeck OC, Carey J, Romaniuk PJ, Lowary PT, Beckett D. Interaction of R17 coat protein with its RNA binding site for translational repression. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1983; 1:539-52. [PMID: 6401118 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.1983.10507460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between bacteriophage R17 coat protein and its RNA binding site for translational repression was studied as an example of a sequence-specific RNA-protein interaction. A nitrocellulose filter retention assay is used to demonstrate equimolar binding between the coat protein and a synthetic 21 nucleotide RNA fragment. The Kd at 2 degrees C in a buffer containing 0.19 M salt is about 1 nM. The relatively weak ionic strength dependence of Ka and a delta H = -19 kcal/mole indicates that most of the binding free energy is due to non-electrostatic interactions. Since a variety of RNAs failed to compete with the 21 nucleotide fragment for coat protein binding, the interaction appears highly sequence specific. We have synthesized more than 30 different variants of the binding site sequence in order to identify the portions of the RNA molecule which are important for protein binding. Out of the five single stranded residues examined, four were essential for protein binding whereas the fifth could be replaced by any nucleotide. One variant was found to bind better than the wild type sequence. Substitution of nucleotides which disrupted the secondary structure of the binding fragment resulted in very poor binding to the protein. These data indicated that there are several points of contact between the RNA and the protein and the correct hairpin secondary structure of the RNA is essential for protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Uhlenbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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10
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Bruce AG, Atkins JF, Wills N, Uhlenbeck O, Gesteland RF. Replacement of anticodon loop nucleotides to produce functional tRNAs: amber suppressors derived from yeast tRNAPhe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:7127-31. [PMID: 6961400 PMCID: PMC347291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The method of anticodon loop replacement has been used to make derivatives of yeast tRNAPhe. By constructing tRNAs with a CUA anticodon, complementary to the amber (UAG) terminator, functional amber suppressor tRNAs were produced. The activity of these tRNAs was assayed in a mammalian cell-free protein synthesizing system. The level of suppression reflects the efficiency of codon recognition. tRNAs were constructed with either A, C, U, or G on the 3' side of the CUA anticodon. The tRNAs containing the purines were efficient amber suppressors, whereas those containing pyrimidines were inefficient.
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11
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Abstract
We isolated fairly stable lysogenic-like bacteria from a lysogenic state established between an amber mutant for the maturation protein gene of RNA phage Q beta (Q beta am 205) and its nonpermissive host BE110. These bacteria contained few mature phages intracellularly (less than 10(-3) plaque forming unit per cell), continued to grow with a potentiality to produce Q beta am 205 spontaneously, and showed an immunity-like response against homologous phage infection. These characteristics were maintained by growth in liquid medium containing anti-Q beta serum. We designated these cells as pseudolysogenic bacteria. The relative amounts of RNA genomes in these pseudolysogenic cells (about 10(2) infectious RNA strands per cell) indicated that the RNA genomes could replicate in nonpermissive cells and be distributed in daughter cells synchronizing well with cell division.
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12
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Abstract
We have isolated a conditional lethal mutant of bacteriophage 12 which makes plaques only on E. coli strains carrying a UGA suppressor. It grows normally in nonsuppressing hosts but does not lyse such strains. The mutation complements with amber mutations in each of the three known phage cistrons. These observations lead us to postulate the existence of a fourth gene in the RNA phage.
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13
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Küppers B. Towards an experimental analysis of molecular self-organization and precellular Darwinian evolution. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1979; 66:228-43. [PMID: 381944 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An experimental system is described, which opens up a novel pathway towards a molecular understanding of the origin of life. The systemic conditions for the evolution of biological macromolecules are investigated in detail.
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14
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Ando A, Furuse K, Miyake T, Shiba T, Watanabe I. Three complementation subgroups in group IV RNA phago SP. Virology 1976; 74:64-72. [PMID: 982826 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Weber H. The binding site for coat protein on bacteriophage Qbeta RNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 418:175-83. [PMID: 1247542 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The site of interaction of phage Qbeta coat protein with Qbeta RNA was determined by ribonuclease T1 degradation of complexes of coat protein and [32P]-RNA obtained by codialysis of the components from urea into buffer solutions. The degraded complexes were recovered by filtration through nitrocellulose filters, and bound [32P]RNA fragments were extracted and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fingerprinting and further sequence analysis established that the three main fragments obtained (chain lengths 88, 71 and 27 nucleotides) all consist of sequences extending from the intercistronic region to the beginning of the replicase cistron. These results suggest that in the replication of Qbeta, as in the case of R17, coat protein acts as a translational repressor by binding to the ribosomal initiation site of the replicase cistron.
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16
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Abstract
Incorporation of an analoque into MS2 coded proteins prevents the maturation of phages. In addition, there is an alteration in the relative amount of coat protein to replicase protein synthesized, which supports the hypothesis that normal coat protein serves a physiological role as a translation repressor. Further, abnormal proteins, synthesized from the phage genome, are degraded, presumably by a host catabolic system, more rapidly than the normal gene products.
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17
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Atkins JF, Lewis JB, Anderson CW, Gesteland RF. Enhanced differential synthesis of proteins in a mammalian cell-free system by addition of polyamines. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Hofstetter H, Monstein HJ, Weissmann C. The readthrough protein A1 is essential for the formation of viable Q beta particles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 374:238-51. [PMID: 4611493 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Morrison TG, Lodish HF. Recognition of Protein Synthesis Initiation Signals on Bacteriophage Ribonucleic Acid by Mammalian Ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)79897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Hori K, Harada K, Kuwano M. Function of bacteriophage Qbeta replicase containing an altered subunit IV. J Mol Biol 1974; 86:699-708. [PMID: 4610144 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Kuwano M, Endo H, Kamiya T, Hori K. A mutant of Escherichia coli blocked in peptide elongation: altered elongation factor Ts. J Mol Biol 1974; 86:689-98. [PMID: 4610143 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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23
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Villa-Komaroff L, McDowell M, Baltimore D, Lodish HF. Translation of reovirus mRNA, poliovirus RNA and bacteriophage Qbeta RNA in cell-free extracts of mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 1974; 30:709-23. [PMID: 4369395 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(74)30068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Weiner AM, Weber K. A single UGA codon functions as a natural termination signal in the coliphage q beta coat protein cistron. J Mol Biol 1973; 80:837-55. [PMID: 4773031 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Kuwano M, Ono M, Yamamoto M, Endo H, Kamiya T. Elongation factor T altered in a temperature-sensitive Escherichia coli mutant. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 244:107-9. [PMID: 4578427 DOI: 10.1038/newbio244107a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Ozaki M, Valentine RC. Inhibition of bacterial cell wall mucopeptide synthesis: a new function of RNA bacteriophage Qbeta. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 304:707-14. [PMID: 4269478 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(73)90216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Palmenberg A, Kaesberg P. Amber mutant of bacteriophage Q capable of causing overproduction of Q replicase. J Virol 1973; 11:603-5. [PMID: 4573365 PMCID: PMC355144 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.4.603-605.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amber mutant amB86 of bacteriophage Qbeta is capable of causing the production of five to eight times more viral replicase than wild-type phage. Su(-) bacteria infected with the mutant can carry the viral RNA in a plasmid-like state for many bacterial generations.
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28
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Ball LA, Kaesberg P. A polarity gradient in the expression of the replicase gene of RNA bacteriophage Q beta. J Mol Biol 1973; 74:547-62. [PMID: 4729523 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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29
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Weissmann C, Billeter MA, Weber H, Goodman HM, Hindley J. Structure and function of phage RNA: a summary of current knowledge. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1973; 1:13-28. [PMID: 4589675 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0877-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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30
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Hindley J. Structure and strategy in phage RNA. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 26:269-321. [PMID: 4575322 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(73)90021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Kamen R, Kondo M, Römer W, Weissmann C. Reconstitution of Q replicase lacking subunit with protein-synthesis-interference factor i. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 31:44-51. [PMID: 4640466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb02498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Remaut E, Fiers W. Studies on the bacteriophage MS2. XVI. The termination signal of the A protein cistron. J Mol Biol 1972; 71:243-61. [PMID: 4564480 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Steitz JA. Oligonucleotide sequence of replicase initiation site in Q RNA. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 236:71-5. [PMID: 4502455 DOI: 10.1038/newbio236071a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Kozak M, Nathans D. Translation of the genome of a ribonucleic acid bacteriophage. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1972; 36:109-34. [PMID: 4555183 PMCID: PMC378432 DOI: 10.1128/br.36.1.109-134.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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35
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Kamen R. A new method for the purification of Q RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 262:88-100. [PMID: 4552904 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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Weiner AM, Weber K. Natural read-through at the UGA termination signal of Q-beta coat protein cistron. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 234:206-9. [PMID: 5288807 DOI: 10.1038/newbio234206a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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37
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Moore CH, Farron F, Bohnert D, Weissmann C. Possible origin of a minor virus specific protein (A1) in Q-beta particles. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 234:204-6. [PMID: 5288806 DOI: 10.1038/newbio234204a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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