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Meyer MR, Haas E, Prossnitz ER, Barton M. Non-genomic regulation of vascular cell function and growth by estrogen. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 308:9-16. [PMID: 19549587 PMCID: PMC2780565 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens exert rapid, non-genomic effects, which are mediated by plasma membrane-associated estrogen receptors (mER) mERalpha and mERbeta, and the intracellular transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Membrane-initiated responses contribute to transcriptional activation, resulting in a complex interplay of nuclear and extra-nuclear mechanisms that mediate the acute physiological responses to estrogens. Non-genomic estrogen signaling also activates a variety of intracellular estrogen signaling pathways that regulate vascular function and cell growth involving rapid but also long-term effects. This review discusses recent advances in understanding of the mechanisms of non-genomic estrogen receptor signaling in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias R. Meyer
- Departement für Innere Medizin, Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elvira Haas
- Departement für Innere Medizin, Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric R. Prossnitz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87120, United States
| | - Matthias Barton
- Departement für Innere Medizin, Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich, Switzerland
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich
- Corresponding author: Matthias Barton, M.D., Professor and Head, Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, LTK Y44 G22, Winterthurer Strasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. Tel. +41-44-635 5451 Fax +41-44-635 6875,
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2
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Haas E, Meyer MR, Schurr U, Bhattacharya I, Minotti R, Nguyen HH, Heigl A, Lachat M, Genoni M, Barton M. Differential effects of 17beta-estradiol on function and expression of estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, and GPR30 in arteries and veins of patients with atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2007; 49:1358-63. [PMID: 17452498 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.089995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Venous complications have been implicated in the adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy. This study investigated acute effects of the natural estrogen, 17beta-estradiol, on function, estrogen receptors/GPR30 expression, and kinase activation in vascular rings and cultured smooth muscle cells from arteries and veins of patients with coronary artery disease. Changes in vascular tone of internal mammary arteries and saphenous veins exposed to the steroid were recorded. 17Beta-estradiol caused concentration-dependent, endothelium-independent relaxation in arteries (P<0.05 versus solvent control) but not in veins (P not significant). 17Beta-estradiol enhanced contractions to endothelin-1 in veins but not in arteries. The novel membrane estrogen receptor GPR30 was detected in both vessels. Moreover, gene expression of estrogen receptor beta was 10-fold higher than that of estrogen receptor alpha or GPR30 (P<0.05). Expression of all 3 of the receptors was reduced after exposure to 17beta-estradiol in arteries but not in veins (P<0.05). Basal phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase were higher in venous than in arterial smooth muscle cells and were increased by 17beta-estradiol in arterial cells only. In summary, this is the first study to report that, in human arteries but not in veins, 17beta-estradiol acutely affects vascular tone, estrogen receptor expression, including GPR30, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. These data indicate that effects of natural estrogens in humans differ between arterial and venous vascular beds, which may contribute to the vascular risks associated with menopause or hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Haas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine I, Medical Policlinic, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Prakash YS, Togaibayeva AA, Kannan MS, Miller VM, Fitzpatrick LA, Sieck GC. Estrogen increases Ca2+ efflux from female porcine coronary arterial smooth muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:H926-34. [PMID: 10070076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.3.h926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute estrogen administration relaxes vascular smooth muscle by decreasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that this reduction in [Ca2+]i is mediated in part by enhanced Ca2+ efflux. Coronary artery smooth muscle cells were isolated from gonad-intact, sexually mature female pigs. The [Ca2+]i response to endothelin-1 was measured using fluo 3 and confocal microscopy. 17beta-Estradiol (E2beta), but not 17alpha-estradiol or triamcinolone acetonide, caused a concentration-dependent (IC50 = 10 nM) decrease in the [Ca2+]i response to endothelin-1. This decrease was blocked by the specific estrogen receptor antagonist ICI-182780. Under conditions in which Ca2+ influx and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ reuptake were blocked, E2beta still decreased [Ca2+]i. The response was blocked by extracellular lanthanum. These data indicate that E2beta decreases [Ca2+]i in coronary artery smooth muscle by affecting Ca2+ efflux via a receptor-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology and Biophysics, Surgery, and Endocrinology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester 55905, USA
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Freay AD, Curtis SW, Korach KS, Rubanyi GM. Mechanism of vascular smooth muscle relaxation by estrogen in depolarized rat and mouse aorta. Role of nuclear estrogen receptor and Ca2+ uptake. Circ Res 1997; 81:242-8. [PMID: 9242185 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.81.2.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
17 beta-Estradiol induces vasodilation in vitro and in vivo, which has been suggested to contribute to the cardiovascular protection by this ovarian steroid hormone. However, the exact mechanism of vasorelaxation by estrogens remains to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the potential role of genomic mechanisms involving the nuclear estrogen receptor and inhibition of entry of extracellular Ca2+ in 17 beta-estradiol-induced vasorelaxation in depolarized aortic rings, isolated from male and female rats and male mice. In both male and female rat aortic rings without endothelium and in intact male mouse aortic rings treated with NG-nitro-L-arginine, 17 beta-estradiol caused dose-dependent (0.3 to 30 mumol/L) relaxation of contraction evoked by high-K+ depolarization (30 and 45 mmol/L KCl, respectively). The estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 164384 had no effect on 17 beta-estradiol-induced relaxations. 125I-17 beta-estradiol binding studies showed the presence of high-affinity cytosolic-nuclear estrogen receptors in control male mouse aortas. Comparable relaxations of aortic rings isolated from control and estrogen receptor-deficient transgenic mice provided direct evidence that the nuclear estrogen receptor is not involved in this response. 17 beta-Estradiol-induced relaxation of rat aortic rings could not be prevented by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, suggesting that the response was not mediated by de novo protein synthesis or gene transcription. In rat aortic rings, 17 beta-estradiol inhibited the increase of 45Ca uptake by 30 mmol/L KCl at concentrations (10 and 30 mumol/L) that caused vasorelaxation in the same tissue, suggesting that inhibition of Ca2+ entry contributes to the response. 17 alpha-Estradiol was less effective, and estrone was devoid of vasorelaxing activity. Vasorelaxation by estrogens in female and male rat aortas was similar, indicating no gender difference in vascular responses under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Freay
- Cardiovascular Research Department, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, Calif 94804, USA
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Abstract
Estrogen, like other steroids, is now believed to possess rapid membrane effects independent of the classical gene activation pathway of steroid action. The presence of membrane estrogen receptors has been demonstrated in different cell types, but not yet in vascular tissue. In vivo, estrogen administration rapidly promotes acetylcholine-induced vasodilation of the coronary and peripheral vascular beds of postmenopausal women. Estrogen also causes relaxation of precontracted isolated arterial segments and perfused organ preparations, within minutes of administration of the hormone. These rapid vasomotor effects of estrogen may be related to blockade of the cell membrane voltage-dependent calcium channels, resulting in inhibition of extracellular Ca2+ mobilization and flux. Recently, estradiol has been shown to rapidly affect cyclic nucleotide turnover in vascular segments, smooth muscle, and epithelial cell cultures, suggesting the possibility of a "cross-talk" between membrane-mediated events and nuclear receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Farhat
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Zhang AM, Altura BT, Altura BM. Endothelial-dependent sexual dimorphism in vascular smooth muscle: role of Mg2+ and Na+. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 105:305-10. [PMID: 1348443 PMCID: PMC1908644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In isolated aortae of the male rat [Mg2+]o withdrawal and concomitant reduction in [Na+]o (to 84 mM) induced significant increases of basal tone, but, surprisingly, this did not occur in intact aortae removed from female rats. Such tension development, however, was observed in endothelium-denuded aortic preparations from both sexes. These observed gender-related differences were not dependent on animal strain or types of tissue preparations. 2. No tension development was observed in aortae obtained from castrated males treated with oestradiol. Aortic tissues of sexually-immature male and female rats exhibited marked tension development when exposed to 0 mM [Mg2+]o and low [Na+]o. 3. Tension development in Mg(2+)-free, low-Na+ media was not tachyphylactic and completely dependent on extracellular Ca2+; addition of 1.2 mM Mg2+ to the Mg2+ and Na(+)-deficient incubation media relaxed the increase in tension to a normal basal level. 4. Two known endothelial-derived relaxant factor (EDRF) inhibitors, methylene blue and haemoglobin, induced tension development in female aortae with intact endothelium exposed to Mg(2+)-Na+ deficient media, while use of a specific inhibitor of EDRF-derived nitric oxide, viz., NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), resulted in potentiation of tension development in male, but not in female, aortae. This effect of L-NMMA was antagonized by L-arginine. 5. The Ca ionophore, A23187, partially relaxed contractile responses in male aortae (with intact endothelium) which were followed by potentiated contractions. Endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses to A23187 (10(-10)-10(-6) M) of aortic rings from male or female rats in normal Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution were not different.6. These results suggest that: (a) as in vascular smooth muscle cells, Mg2+ plays an important role in Ca2 + homeostasis in endothelial cells, probably via Na+-Ca2+ exchange; and (b) sex steroid hormones, probably the female sex hormone, 17-beta-oestradiol, may regulate contractile responses of intact vascular smooth muscle by modifying endothelium functions through such Mg2 '-regulated internal Natdependent Ca2+ entry. These data may help to explain why female subjects, despite Mg deficiency, unlike male subjects, are protected against ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease until menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Zhang
- Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Brooklyn 11203
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McCaffrey TA, Czaja JA. Diverse effects of estradiol-17 beta: concurrent suppression of appetite, blood pressure and vascular reactivity in conscious, unrestrained animals. Physiol Behav 1989; 45:649-57. [PMID: 2756058 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological and clinical investigations have suggested a relationship between estrogen-containing oral contraceptives and hypertension. The present series of studies, however, documents the ability of estradiol-17 beta, a natural ovarian estrogen, to lower resting blood pressure and pressor responses to norepinephrine in conscious, unrestrained guinea pigs. Arterial measurements were made of resting blood pressure and heart rate, plus pressor responses to intravenous infusions of 1.56 micrograms norepinephrine. Injection of 30 micrograms estradiol-17 beta reduced resting pressures up to 12% and pressor responses up to 20% in the interval from 12 to 48 hours postinjection. The estradiol treatment also significantly and reversibly lowered food intake, water intake, and body weight. These effects could be induced by either 3 or 30 micrograms of estradiol benzoate for up to 4 days if estradiol treatment was continued. Parallel studies indicated that NE-induced contractions of the isolated aorta were markedly reduced by pretreatment with estradiol. These studies indicate that natural ovarian estrogens may reduce blood pressure by reducing the contractility of the arterial smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A McCaffrey
- Cornell University Medical College, Division of Hematology/Oncology, New York, NY 10021
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Kishi Y, Numano F. Involvement of cyclic AMP in vasodilatation by amrinone: a comparative study with 3-isobutyl-methyl-xanthine (IBMX). JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1986; 42:477-85. [PMID: 2433480 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.42.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of amrinone, a non-glycosidic, non-adrenergic cardiotonic drug, on rabbit aortic strips and vascular smooth muscle cells cultured from rabbit aorta. Amrinone relaxed the strips precontracted by KCl, norepinephrine, serotonin or STA2 in a dose-dependent manner, and it shifted the dose-response curves downward. A similar mode of relaxation was noted with IBMX, an inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (cAMPPDE). Although propranolol did not affect the relaxation induced by amrinone, W-7, a calmodulin antagonist, slightly potentiated and IBMX attenuated the response. In intact smooth muscle cells in culture, amrinone increased basal levels of cAMP and markedly potentiated cAMP accumulation in response to 10(-6) M isoproterenol. The effect on cAMP accumulation mimicked that of IBMX but the effects were not additive. Inhibition of cAMPPDE was also demonstrated in a cell-free system, IC50 values for amrinone and IBMX being 2.1 X 10(-5) M and 1.2 X 10(-6) M, respectively, using a preparation of cAMPPDE partially purified from the cells by DEAE cellulose chromatography. Amrinone seems to exert a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle cells by potently inhibiting cAMPPDE. This inhibition would to some extent explain the vasodilatory property.
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Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1044-9. [PMID: 4047106 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198510243131703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the possible role of postmenopausal estrogen use in coronary heart disease, we surveyed 121,964 female nurses, aged 30 to 55 years, with mailed questionnaires, beginning in 1976. Information on hormone use and other potential risk factors was updated and the incidence of coronary heart disease was ascertained through additional questionnaires in 1978 and 1980, with a 92.7 per cent follow-up. End points were documented by medical records. During 105,786 person-years of observation among 32,317 postmenopausal women who were initially free of coronary disease, 90 women had either nonfatal myocardial infarctions (65 cases) or fatal coronary heart disease (25 cases). As compared with the risk in women who had never used postmenopausal hormones, the age-adjusted relative risk of coronary disease in those who had ever used them was 0.5 (95 per cent confidence limits, 0.3 and 0.8; P = 0.007), and the risk in current users was 0.3 (95 per cent confidence limits, 0.2 and 0.6; P = 0.001). The relative risks were similar for fatal and nonfatal disease and were unaltered after adjustment for cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, a parental history of myocardial infarction, past use of oral contraceptives, and obesity. These data support the hypothesis that the postmenopausal use of estrogen reduces the risk of severe coronary heart disease.
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Kishi Y, Nishiyama K, Numano F. Cyclic AMP accumulation in rabbit aorta smooth muscle cells altered in the presence of hyperlipidemic serum. Atherosclerosis 1985; 56:213-22. [PMID: 2416325 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(85)90020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of hyperlipidemic serum on cAMP accumulation in cultured smooth muscle cells from the rabbit aorta. The cells were grown to confluence, then cultured for 24 h in hyperlipidemic medium (total cholesterol: 2.2 mmol/l). cAMP accumulation was enhanced in response to isoproterenol 10(-6) M, as compared to control cells, and this enhancement was still detectable in the presence of IBMX 10(-3) M, a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Application of propranolol 10(-4) M at 5 min after isoproterenol showed a similar time course for cAMP disappearance. The phosphodiesterase activity in the 40 000 g supernatant of the Triton X-100 solubilized homogenates of the cells in hyperlipidemic medium remained unchanged. Beta-receptor assays showed an increased Bmax with a similar Kd, and such may contribute, at least in part, to the increased adenylate cyclase activity. An extended incubation in the presence of hyperlipidemic medium attenuated the cAMP accumulation, possibly due to excessive increases in the total cholesterol content.
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Abstract
Length-tension relationships and contractile responses to agonists associated with cyclic nucleotide levels in aortas from atherosclerotic rabbits were studied. The same number of tissues from healthy rabbits was also studied. Diffuse lesions were produced by denudation of the vascular endothelium of rabbit aorta using a balloon catheter and then feeding these rabbits a high cholesterol diet for two months. Stretch-passive tension curves and length-active tension curves which developed in the presence of 60 mM KCl significantly shifted to the left. The altered length-tension relationships indicate a decreased distensibility in these strips and this is attributed to an enhanced accumulation of collagen. Dose-response curve analysis revealed a marked hypersensitivity to serotonin as indicated by greater pD2 values (negative logarithm of half maximum dose) than seen in the controls. In addition, the mean absolute values of the maximum contraction induced by serotonin and KCl were significantly higher than in the controls. Although cyclic AMP levels in the strips with a pathology were lower and cyclic GMP/cyclic AMP ratios were higher than the controls in the basal state, serotonin induced no marked alterations in the cyclic nucleotides levels in the strips from either the diseased or control rabbits. These mechanical and pharmacological alterations of atherosclerotic vessels may relate to clinical events such as coronary spasm.
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Masumura S, Hashimoto Y, Hashimoto M, Sato T, Kihara I, Watanabe Y. Aortic fibrous components in exercised rats. EXPERIENTIA 1983; 39:371-2. [PMID: 6832312 DOI: 10.1007/bf01963128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In exercised female rats, the elastin content of the thoracic and abdominal aorta decreased by 4-8% (p less than 0.05). The collagen content in the thoracic aorta, was unchanged but in the abdominal aorta was reduced by 5.2% (p less than 0.05). These results are discussed in connection with physical training.
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