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Ramapriyan R, Vykunta VS, Vandecandelaere G, Richardson LGK, Sun J, Curry WT, Choi BD. Altered cancer metabolism and implications for next-generation CAR T-cell therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 259:108667. [PMID: 38763321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This review critically examines the evolving landscape of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in treating solid tumors, with a particular focus on the metabolic challenges within the tumor microenvironment. CAR T-cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable success in hematologic malignancies, yet its efficacy in solid tumors remains limited. A significant barrier is the hostile milieu of the tumor microenvironment, which impairs CAR T-cell survival and function. This review delves into the metabolic adaptations of cancer cells and their impact on immune cells, highlighting the competition for nutrients and the accumulation of immunosuppressive metabolites. It also explores emerging strategies to enhance CAR T-cell metabolic fitness and persistence, including genetic engineering and metabolic reprogramming. An integrated approach, combining metabolic interventions with CAR T-cell therapy, has the potential to overcome these constraints and improve therapeutic outcomes in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishab Ramapriyan
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Vivasvan S Vykunta
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gust Vandecandelaere
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Leland G K Richardson
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jing Sun
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - William T Curry
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Ünlü S, Sánchez Navarro BG, Cakan E, Berchtold D, Meleka Hanna R, Vural S, Vural A, Meisel A, Fichtner ML. Exploring the depths of IgG4: insights into autoimmunity and novel treatments. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346671. [PMID: 38698867 PMCID: PMC11063302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
IgG4 subclass antibodies represent the rarest subclass of IgG antibodies, comprising only 3-5% of antibodies circulating in the bloodstream. These antibodies possess unique structural features, notably their ability to undergo a process known as fragment-antigen binding (Fab)-arm exchange, wherein they exchange half-molecules with other IgG4 antibodies. Functionally, IgG4 antibodies primarily block and exert immunomodulatory effects, particularly in the context of IgE isotype-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. In the context of disease, IgG4 antibodies are prominently observed in various autoimmune diseases combined under the term IgG4 autoimmune diseases (IgG4-AID). These diseases include myasthenia gravis (MG) with autoantibodies against muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), nodo-paranodopathies with autoantibodies against paranodal and nodal proteins, pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus with antibodies against desmoglein and encephalitis with antibodies against LGI1/CASPR2. Additionally, IgG4 antibodies are a prominent feature in the rare entity of IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD). Intriguingly, both IgG4-AID and IgG4-RD demonstrate a remarkable responsiveness to anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion therapy (BCDT), suggesting shared underlying immunopathologies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of B cells, antibody subclasses, and their general properties before examining the distinctive characteristics of IgG4 subclass antibodies in the context of health, IgG4-AID and IgG4-RD. Furthermore, we will examine potential therapeutic strategies for these conditions, with a special focus on leveraging insights gained from anti-CD20-mediated BCDT. Through this analysis, we aim to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of IgG4-mediated diseases and identify promising possibilities for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Ünlü
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Blanca G. Sánchez Navarro
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elif Cakan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Berchtold
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Meleka Hanna
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Secil Vural
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Atay Vural
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam L. Fichtner
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Strassl I, Podar K. The preclinical discovery and clinical development of ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Cilta-cel) for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:377-391. [PMID: 38369760 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2319672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite remarkable therapeutic advances over the last two decades, which have resulted in dramatic improvements in patient survival, multiple myeloma (MM) is still considered an incurable disease. Therefore, there is a high need for new treatment strategies. Genetically engineered/redirected chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells may represent the most compelling modality of immunotherapy for cancer treatment in general, and MM in particular. Indeed, unprecedented response rates have led to the recent approvals of the first two BCMA-targeted CAR T cell products idecabtagene-vicleucel ('Ide-cel') and ciltacabtagene-autoleucel ('Cilta-Cel') for the treatment of heavily pretreated MM patients. In addition, both are emerging as a new standard-of-care also in earlier lines of therapy. AREAS COVERED This article briefly reviews the history of the preclinical development of CAR T cells, with a particular focus on Cilta-cel. Moreover, it summarizes the newest clinical data on Cilta-cel and discusses strategies to further improve its activity and reduce its toxicity. EXPERT OPINION Modern next-generation immunotherapy is continuously transforming the MM treatment landscape. Despite several caveats of CAR T cell therapy, including its toxicity, costs, and limited access, prolonged disease-free survival and potential cure of MM are finally within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Strassl
- Division of Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation, Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ordensklinikum Linz Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Klaus Podar
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Krems, Austria
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Hematology, Department of General and Translational Oncology and Hematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
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Dey S, Devender M, Rani S, Pandey RK. Recent advances in CAR T-cell engineering using synthetic biology: Paving the way for next-generation cancer treatment. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:91-156. [PMID: 38762281 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
This book chapter highlights a comprehensive exploration of the transformative innovations in the field of cancer immunotherapy. CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-cell therapy represents a groundbreaking approach to treat cancer by reprogramming a patient immune cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells. This chapter underscores the critical role of synthetic biology in enhancing the safety and effectiveness of CAR T-cell therapies. It begins by emphasizing the growing importance of personalized medicine in cancer treatment, emphasizing the shift from one-size-fits-all approaches to patient-specific solutions. Synthetic biology, a multidisciplinary field, has been instrumental in customizing CAR T-cell therapies, allowing for fine-tuned precision and minimizing unwanted side effects. The chapter highlights recent advances in gene editing, synthetic gene circuits, and molecular engineering, showcasing how these technologies are optimizing CAR T-cell function. In summary, this book chapter sheds light on the remarkable progress made in the development of CAR T-cell therapies using synthetic biology, providing hope for cancer patients and hinting at a future where highly personalized and effective cancer treatments are the norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Dey
- CSO Department, Cellworks Research India Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Moodu Devender
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swati Rani
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
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Negishi S, Girsch JH, Siegler EL, Bezerra ED, Miyao K, Sakemura RL. Treatment strategies for relapse after CAR T-cell therapy in B cell lymphoma. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1305657. [PMID: 38283399 PMCID: PMC10811220 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1305657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T (CART19) cell therapy have shown high overall response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies. CART19 cell therapy has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients who relapsed less than 12 months after initial therapy or who are refractory to first-line therapy. However, durable remission of CART19 cell therapy is still lacking, and 30%-60% of patients will eventually relapse after CART19 infusion. In general, the prognosis of patients who relapse after CART19 cell therapy is poor, and various strategies to treat this patient population have been investigated extensively. CART19 failures can be broadly categorized by the emergence of either CD19-positive or CD19-negative lymphoma cells. If CD19 expression is preserved on the lymphoma cells, a second infusion of CART19 cells or reactivation of previously infused CART19 cells with immune checkpoint inhibitors can be considered. When patients develop CD19-negative relapse, targeting different antigens (e.g., CD20 or CD22) with CAR T cells, investigational chemotherapies, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are potential treatment options. However, salvage therapies for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma after CART19 cell therapy have not been fully explored and are conducted based on clinicians' case-by-case decisions. In this review, we will focus on salvage therapies reported to date and discuss the management of relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphomas after CART19 cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuto Negishi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan, Japan
| | - James H. Girsch
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Siegler
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Evandro D. Bezerra
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kotaro Miyao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Japan
| | - R. Leo Sakemura
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Lee HN, Lee SE, Inn KS, Seong J. Optical sensing and control of T cell signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1321996. [PMID: 38269062 PMCID: PMC10806162 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1321996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells regulate adaptive immune responses through complex signaling pathways mediated by T cell receptor (TCR). The functional domains of the TCR are combined with specific antibodies for the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. In this review, we first overview current understanding on the T cell signaling pathways as well as traditional methods that have been widely used for the T cell study. These methods, however, are still limited to investigating dynamic molecular events with spatiotemporal resolutions. Therefore, genetically encoded biosensors and optogenetic tools have been developed to study dynamic T cell signaling pathways in live cells. We review these cutting-edge technologies that revealed dynamic and complex molecular mechanisms at each stage of T cell signaling pathways. They have been primarily applied to the study of dynamic molecular events in TCR signaling, and they will further aid in understanding the mechanisms of CAR activation and function. Therefore, genetically encoded biosensors and optogenetic tools offer powerful tools for enhancing our understanding of signaling mechanisms in T cells and CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Nim Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technoloy, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
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Poirier A, Ormonde JVS, Aubry I, Abidin BM, Feng CH, Martinez-Cordova Z, Hincapie AM, Wu C, Pérez-Quintero LA, Wang CL, Gingras AC, Madrenas J, Tremblay ML. The induction of SHP-1 degradation by TAOK3 ensures the responsiveness of T cells to TCR stimulation. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadg4422. [PMID: 38166031 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adg4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Thousand-and-one-amino acid kinase 3 (TAOK3) is a serine and threonine kinase that belongs to the STE-20 family of kinases. Its absence reduces T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and increases the interaction of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, a major negative regulator of proximal TCR signaling, with the kinase LCK, a component of the core TCR signaling complex. Here, we used mouse models and human cell lines to investigate the mechanism by which TAOK3 limits the interaction of SHP-1 with LCK. The loss of TAOK3 decreased the survival of naïve CD4+ T cells by dampening the transmission of tonic and ligand-dependent TCR signaling. In mouse T cells, Taok3 promoted the secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in response to TCR activation in a manner that depended on Taok3 gene dosage and on Taok3 kinase activity. TCR desensitization in Taok3-/- T cells was caused by an increased abundance of Shp-1, and pharmacological inhibition of Shp-1 rescued the activation potential of these T cells. TAOK3 phosphorylated threonine-394 in the phosphatase domain of SHP-1, which promoted its ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. The loss of TAOK3 had no effect on the abundance of SHP-2, which lacks a residue corresponding to SHP-1 threonine-394. Modulation of SHP-1 abundance by TAOK3 thus serves as a rheostat for TCR signaling and determines the activation threshold of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poirier
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - João Vitor Silva Ormonde
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials (LNBio - CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Aubry
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Belma Melda Abidin
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
| | - Chu-Han Feng
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zuzet Martinez-Cordova
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ana Maria Hincapie
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chenyue Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Chia-Lin Wang
- NYU Langone Medical Center, 660 1st Ave, Fl 5, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anne Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joaquín Madrenas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 40095, USA
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, H3A 1A3 Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Sun Y, Yang XN, Yang SS, Lyu YZ, Zhang B, Liu KW, Li N, Cui JC, Huang GX, Liu CL, Xu J, Mi JQ, Chen Z, Fan XH, Chen SJ, Chen S. Antigen-induced chimeric antigen receptor multimerization amplifies on-tumor cytotoxicity. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:445. [PMID: 38062078 PMCID: PMC10703879 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand-induced receptor dimerization or oligomerization is a widespread mechanism for ensuring communication specificity, safeguarding receptor activation, and facilitating amplification of signal transduction across the cellular membrane. However, cell-surface antigen-induced multimerization (dubbed AIM herein) has not yet been consciously leveraged in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineering for enriching T cell-based therapies. We co-developed ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel), whose CAR incorporates two B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted nanobodies in tandem, for treating multiple myeloma. Here we elucidated a structural and functional model in which BCMA-induced cilta-cel CAR multimerization amplifies myeloma-targeted T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Crystallographic analysis of BCMA-nanobody complexes revealed atomic details of antigen-antibody hetero-multimerization whilst analytical ultracentrifugation and small-angle X-ray scattering characterized interdependent BCMA apposition and CAR juxtaposition in solution. BCMA-induced nanobody CAR multimerization enhanced cytotoxicity, alongside elevated immune synapse formation and cytotoxicity-mediating cytokine release, towards myeloma-derived cells. Our results provide a framework for contemplating the AIM approach in designing next-generation CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiu-Na Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yi-Zhu Lyu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Kai-Wen Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Na Li
- National Facility for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jia-Chen Cui
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guang-Xiang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jian-Qing Mi
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Hu Fan
- Legend Biotech China, Nanjing, 211112, China.
- Wondercel Biotechnology, Shenzhen, 518052, China.
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Shuo Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Sayadmanesh A, Yekehfallah V, Valizadeh A, Abedelahi A, Shafaei H, Shanehbandi D, Basiri M, Baradaran B. Strategies for modifying the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to improve safety and reduce toxicity in CAR T cell therapy for cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111093. [PMID: 37897950 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, which has shown promising efficacy in patients with some hematologic malignancies, has introduced several successfully approved CAR T cell therapy products. Nevertheless, despite significant advances, treatment with these products has major challenges regarding potential toxicity and sometimes fatal adverse effects for patients. These toxicities can result from cytokine release or on-target off-tumor toxicity that targets healthy host tissue following CAR T cell therapy. The present study focuses on the unexpected side effects of targeting normal host tissues with off-target toxicity. Also, recent safety strategies such as replacing or adding different components to CARs and redesigning CAR structures to eliminate the toxic impact of CAR T cells, including T cell antigen coupler (TAC), switch molecules, suicide genes, and humanized monoclonal antibodies in the design of CARs, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sayadmanesh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Yekehfallah
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amir Valizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Abedelahi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Shafaei
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Miliotou AN, Georgiou-Siafis SK, Ntenti C, Pappas IS, Papadopoulou LC. Recruiting In Vitro Transcribed mRNA against Cancer Immunotherapy: A Contemporary Appraisal of the Current Landscape. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9181-9214. [PMID: 37998753 PMCID: PMC10670245 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 100 innovative in vitro transcribed (IVT)-mRNAs are presently undergoing clinical trials, with a projected substantial impact on the pharmaceutical market in the near future. Τhe idea behind this is that after the successful cellular internalization of IVT-mRNAs, they are subsequently translated into proteins with therapeutic or prophylactic relevance. Simultaneously, cancer immunotherapy employs diverse strategies to mobilize the immune system in the battle against cancer. Therefore, in this review, the fundamental principles of IVT-mRNA to its recruitment in cancer immunotherapy, are discussed and analyzed. More specifically, this review paper focuses on the development of mRNA vaccines, the exploitation of neoantigens, as well as Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cells, showcasing their clinical applications and the ongoing trials for the development of next-generation immunotherapeutics. Furthermore, this study investigates the synergistic potential of combining the CAR immunotherapy and the IVT-mRNAs by introducing our research group novel, patented delivery method that utilizes the Protein Transduction Domain (PTD) technology to transduce the IVT-mRNAs encoding the CAR of interest into the Natural Killer (NK)-92 cells, highlighting the potential for enhancing the CAR NK cell potency, efficiency, and bioenergetics. While IVT-mRNA technology brings exciting progress to cancer immunotherapy, several challenges and limitations must be acknowledged, such as safety, toxicity, and delivery issues. This comprehensive exploration of IVT-mRNA technology, in line with its applications in cancer therapeutics, offers valuable insights into the opportunities and challenges in the evolving landscape of cancer immunotherapy, setting the stage for future advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Androulla N. Miliotou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (A.N.M.); (S.K.G.-S.); (C.N.)
- Department of Health Sciences, KES College, 1055 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sofia K. Georgiou-Siafis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (A.N.M.); (S.K.G.-S.); (C.N.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Thessaly, Greece;
| | - Charikleia Ntenti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (A.N.M.); (S.K.G.-S.); (C.N.)
- 1st Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Pappas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Thessaly, Greece;
| | - Lefkothea C. Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (A.N.M.); (S.K.G.-S.); (C.N.)
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11
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Kath J, Franke C, Drosdek V, Du W, Glaser V, Fuster-Garcia C, Stein M, Zittel T, Schulenberg S, Porter CE, Andersch L, Künkele A, Alcaniz J, Hoffmann J, Abken H, Abou-El-Enein M, Pruß A, Suzuki M, Cathomen T, Stripecke R, Volk HD, Reinke P, Schmueck-Henneresse M, Wagner DL. Integration of ζ-deficient CARs into the CD3-zeta gene conveys potent cytotoxicity in T and NK cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.10.565518. [PMID: 38116030 PMCID: PMC10729737 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.565518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-reprogrammed immune cells hold significant therapeutic potential for oncology, autoimmune diseases, transplant medicine, and infections. All approved CAR-T therapies rely on personalized manufacturing using undirected viral gene transfer, which results in non-physiological regulation of CAR-signaling and limits their accessibility due to logistical challenges, high costs and biosafety requirements. Here, we propose a novel approach utilizing CRISPR-Cas gene editing to redirect T cells and natural killer (NK) cells with CARs. By transferring shorter, truncated CAR-transgenes lacking a main activation domain into the human CD3 ζ (CD247) gene, functional CAR fusion-genes are generated that exploit the endogenous CD3 ζ gene as the CAR's activation domain. Repurposing this T/NK-cell lineage gene facilitated physiological regulation of CAR-expression and reprogramming of various immune cell types, including conventional T cells, TCRγ/δ T cells, regulatory T cells, and NK cells. In T cells, CD3 ζ in-frame fusion eliminated TCR surface expression, reducing the risk of graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic off-the-shelf settings. CD3 ζ-CD19-CAR-T cells exhibited comparable leukemia control to T cell receptor alpha constant ( TRAC )-replaced and lentivirus-transduced CAR-T cells in vivo . Tuning of CD3 ζ-CAR-expression levels significantly improved the in vivo efficacy. Compared to TRAC -edited CAR-T cells, integration of a Her2-CAR into CD3 ζ conveyed similar in vitro tumor lysis but reduced susceptibility to activation-induced cell death and differentiation, presumably due to lower CAR-expression levels. Notably, CD3 ζ gene editing enabled reprogramming of NK cells without impairing their canonical functions. Thus, CD3 ζ gene editing is a promising platform for the development of allogeneic off-the-shelf cell therapies using redirected killer lymphocytes. Key points Integration of ζ-deficient CARs into CD3 ζ gene allows generation of functional TCR-ablated CAR-T cells for allogeneic off-the-shelf use CD3 ζ-editing platform allows CAR reprogramming of NK cells without affecting their canonical functions.
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12
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Capponi S, Daniels KG. Harnessing the power of artificial intelligence to advance cell therapy. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:147-165. [PMID: 37415280 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies are powerful technologies in which human cells are reprogrammed for therapeutic applications such as killing cancer cells or replacing defective cells. The technologies underlying cell therapies are increasing in effectiveness and complexity, making rational engineering of cell therapies more difficult. Creating the next generation of cell therapies will require improved experimental approaches and predictive models. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods have revolutionized several fields in biology including genome annotation, protein structure prediction, and enzyme design. In this review, we discuss the potential of combining experimental library screens and AI to build predictive models for the development of modular cell therapy technologies. Advances in DNA synthesis and high-throughput screening techniques enable the construction and screening of libraries of modular cell therapy constructs. AI and ML models trained on this screening data can accelerate the development of cell therapies by generating predictive models, design rules, and improved designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Capponi
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kyle G Daniels
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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13
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Alahdal M, Elkord E. Non-coding RNAs in cancer immunotherapy: Predictive biomarkers and targets. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1425. [PMID: 37735815 PMCID: PMC10514379 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, standardising clinical predictive biomarkers for assessing the response to immunotherapy remains challenging due to variations in personal genetic signatures, tumour microenvironment complexities and epigenetic onco-mechanisms. MAIN BODY Early monitoring of key non-coding RNA (ncRNA) biomarkers may help in predicting the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and come up with standard predictive ncRNA biomarkers. For instance, reduced miR-125b-5p level in the plasma of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with anti-PD-1 predicts a positive outcome. The level of miR-153 in the plasma of colorectal cancer patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor T lymphocyte (CAR-T) cell therapy may indicate the activation of T-cell killing activity. miR-148a-3p and miR-375 levels may forecast favourable responses to CAR-T-cell therapy in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In cancer patients treated with the GPC3 peptide vaccine, serum levels of miR-1228-5p, miR-193a-5p and miR-375-3p were reported as predictive biomarkers of good response and improved overall survival. Therefore, there is a critical need for further studies to elaborate on the key ncRNA biomarkers that have the potential to predict early clinical responses to immunotherapy. CONCLUSION This review summarises important predictive ncRNA biomarkers that were reported in cancer patients treated with different immunotherapeutic modalities, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cells. In addition, a concise discussion on forthcoming perspectives is provided, outlining technical approaches for the optimal utilisation of immunomodulatory ncRNA biomarkers as predictive tools and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Alahdal
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, StPetersburgFloridaUSA
- Department of OncologySydney Kimmel Cancer CenterSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Department of Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceUniversity of SharjahUniversity CitySharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Biomedical Research CenterSchool of ScienceEngineering and EnvironmentUniversity of SalfordManchesterUK
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14
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Liu X, Ciulli A. Proximity-Based Modalities for Biology and Medicine. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1269-1284. [PMID: 37521793 PMCID: PMC10375889 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular proximity orchestrates biological function, and blocking existing proximities is an established therapeutic strategy. By contrast, strengthening or creating neoproximity with chemistry enables modulation of biological processes with high selectivity and has the potential to substantially expand the target space. A plethora of proximity-based modalities to target proteins via diverse approaches have recently emerged, opening opportunities for biopharmaceutical innovation. This Outlook outlines the diverse mechanisms and molecules based on induced proximity, including protein degraders, blockers, and stabilizers, inducers of protein post-translational modifications, and agents for cell therapy, and discusses opportunities and challenges that the field must address to mature and unlock translation in biology and medicine.
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15
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Dagar G, Gupta A, Masoodi T, Nisar S, Merhi M, Hashem S, Chauhan R, Dagar M, Mirza S, Bagga P, Kumar R, Akil ASAS, Macha MA, Haris M, Uddin S, Singh M, Bhat AA. Harnessing the potential of CAR-T cell therapy: progress, challenges, and future directions in hematological and solid tumor treatments. J Transl Med 2023; 21:449. [PMID: 37420216 PMCID: PMC10327392 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cancer treatments use nonspecific drugs and monoclonal antibodies to target tumor cells. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, however, leverages the immune system's T-cells to recognize and attack tumor cells. T-cells are isolated from patients and modified to target tumor-associated antigens. CAR-T therapy has achieved FDA approval for treating blood cancers like B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, large B-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma by targeting CD-19 and B-cell maturation antigens. Bi-specific chimeric antigen receptors may contribute to mitigating tumor antigen escape, but their efficacy could be limited in cases where certain tumor cells do not express the targeted antigens. Despite success in blood cancers, CAR-T technology faces challenges in solid tumors, including lack of reliable tumor-associated antigens, hypoxic cores, immunosuppressive tumor environments, enhanced reactive oxygen species, and decreased T-cell infiltration. To overcome these challenges, current research aims to identify reliable tumor-associated antigens and develop cost-effective, tumor microenvironment-specific CAR-T cells. This review covers the evolution of CAR-T therapy against various tumors, including hematological and solid tumors, highlights challenges faced by CAR-T cell therapy, and suggests strategies to overcome these obstacles, such as utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing and artificial intelligence to optimize clinical-grade CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Dagar
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab.), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ashna Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab.), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ravi Chauhan
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab.), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Manisha Dagar
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sameer Mirza
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir, 182320, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab.), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.
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16
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Nanjireddy PM, Olejniczak SH, Buxbaum NP. Targeting of chimeric antigen receptor T cell metabolism to improve therapeutic outcomes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121565. [PMID: 36999013 PMCID: PMC10043186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can cure patients with cancers that are refractory to standard therapeutic approaches. To date, adoptive cell therapies have been less effective against solid tumors, largely due to impaired homing and function of immune cells within the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Cellular metabolism plays a key role in T cell function and survival and is amenable to manipulation. This manuscript provides an overview of known aspects of CAR T metabolism and describes potential approaches to manipulate metabolic features of CAR T to yield better anti-tumor responses. Distinct T cell phenotypes that are linked to cellular metabolism profiles are associated with improved anti-tumor responses. Several steps within the CAR T manufacture process are amenable to interventions that can generate and maintain favorable intracellular metabolism phenotypes. For example, co-stimulatory signaling is executed through metabolic rewiring. Use of metabolic regulators during CAR T expansion or systemically in the patient following adoptive transfer are described as potential approaches to generate and maintain metabolic states that can confer improved in vivo T cell function and persistence. Cytokine and nutrient selection during the expansion process can be tailored to yield CAR T products with more favorable metabolic features. In summary, improved understanding of CAR T cellular metabolism and its manipulations have the potential to guide the development of more effective adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Maridhi Nanjireddy
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Pediatric Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Immunology Department, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Scott H. Olejniczak
- Immunology Department, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nataliya Prokopenko Buxbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nataliya Prokopenko Buxbaum,
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17
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Wei Y, Song D, Wang R, Li T, Wang H, Li X. Dietary fungi in cancer immunotherapy: From the perspective of gut microbiota. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1038710. [PMID: 36969071 PMCID: PMC10032459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1038710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are recently emerged as a new strategy in treating various kinds of cancers which are insensitive to standard therapies, while the clinical application of immunotherapy is largely compromised by the low efficiency and serious side effects. Gut microbiota has been shown critical for the development of different cancer types, and the potential of gut microbiota manipulation through direct implantation or antibiotic-based depletion in regulating the overall efficacy of cancer immunotherapies has also been evaluated. However, the role of dietary supplementations, especially fungal products, in gut microbiota regulation and the enhancement of cancer immunotherapy remains elusive. In the present review, we comprehensively illustrated the limitations of current cancer immunotherapies, the biological functions as well as underlying mechanisms of gut microbiota manipulation in regulating cancer immunotherapies, and the benefits of dietary fungal supplementation in promoting cancer immunotherapies through gut microbiota modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dingka Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoguang Li, ; Hui Wang,
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoguang Li, ; Hui Wang,
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18
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Tousley AM, Rotiroti MC, Labanieh L, Rysavy LW, Kim WJ, Lareau C, Sotillo E, Weber EW, Rietberg SP, Dalton GN, Yin Y, Klysz D, Xu P, de la Serna EL, Dunn AR, Satpathy AT, Mackall CL, Majzner RG. Co-opting signalling molecules enables logic-gated control of CAR T cells. Nature 2023; 615:507-516. [PMID: 36890224 PMCID: PMC10564584 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have altered the treatment landscape for B cell malignancies, the risk of on-target, off-tumour toxicity has hampered their development for solid tumours because most target antigens are shared with normal cells1,2. Researchers have attempted to apply Boolean-logic gating to CAR T cells to prevent toxicity3-5; however, a truly safe and effective logic-gated CAR has remained elusive6. Here we describe an approach to CAR engineering in which we replace traditional CD3ζ domains with intracellular proximal T cell signalling molecules. We show that certain proximal signalling CARs, such as a ZAP-70 CAR, can activate T cells and eradicate tumours in vivo while bypassing upstream signalling proteins, including CD3ζ. The primary role of ZAP-70 is to phosphorylate LAT and SLP-76, which form a scaffold for signal propagation. We exploited the cooperative role of LAT and SLP-76 to engineer logic-gated intracellular network (LINK) CAR, a rapid and reversible Boolean-logic AND-gated CAR T cell platform that outperforms other systems in both efficacy and prevention of on-target, off-tumour toxicity. LINK CAR will expand the range of molecules that can be targeted with CAR T cells, and will enable these powerful therapeutic agents to be used for solid tumours and diverse diseases such as autoimmunity7 and fibrosis8. In addition, this work shows that the internal signalling machinery of cells can be repurposed into surface receptors, which could open new avenues for cellular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan M Tousley
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Louai Labanieh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea Wenting Rysavy
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Won-Ju Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Lareau
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Evan W Weber
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Skyler P Rietberg
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yajie Yin
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dorota Klysz
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eva L de la Serna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robbie G Majzner
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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19
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Liu Q, Li J, Zheng H, Yang S, Hua Y, Huang N, Kleeff J, Liao Q, Wu W. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for solid neoplasms beyond CAR-T. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:28. [PMID: 36750830 PMCID: PMC9903509 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy are two milestone achievements in clinical immunotherapy. However, both show limited efficacies in most solid neoplasms, which necessitates the exploration of new immunotherapeutic modalities. The failure of CAR-T and immune checkpoint blockade in several solid neoplasms is attributed to multiple factors, including low antigenicity of tumor cells, low infiltration of effector T cells, and diverse mechanisms of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. New adoptive cell therapies have been attempted for solid neoplasms, including TCR-T, CAR-natural killer cells (CAR-NK), and CAR-macrophages (CAR-M). Compared to CAR-T, these new adoptive cell therapies have certain advantages in treating solid neoplasms. In this review, we summarized the 40-year evolution of adoptive cell therapies, then focused on the advances of TCR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M in solid neoplasms and discussed their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofei Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jiayi Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Huaijin Zheng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Sen Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yuze Hua
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Nan Huang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jorg Kleeff
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Wenming Wu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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20
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Labanieh L, Mackall CL. CAR immune cells: design principles, resistance and the next generation. Nature 2023; 614:635-648. [PMID: 36813894 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable clinical activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapies in B cell and plasma cell malignancies has validated the use of this therapeutic class for liquid cancers, but resistance and limited access remain as barriers to broader application. Here we review the immunobiology and design principles of current prototype CARs and present emerging platforms that are anticipated to drive future clinical advances. The field is witnessing a rapid expansion of next-generation CAR immune cell technologies designed to enhance efficacy, safety and access. Substantial progress has been made in augmenting immune cell fitness, activating endogenous immunity, arming cells to resist suppression via the tumour microenvironment and developing approaches to modulate antigen density thresholds. Increasingly sophisticated multispecific, logic-gated and regulatable CARs display the potential to overcome resistance and increase safety. Early signs of progress with stealth, virus-free and in vivo gene delivery platforms provide potential paths for reduced costs and increased access of cell therapies in the future. The continuing clinical success of CAR T cells in liquid cancers is driving the development of increasingly sophisticated immune cell therapies that are poised to translate to treatments for solid cancers and non-malignant diseases in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louai Labanieh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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21
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Anderko RR, Mailliard RB. Mapping the interplay between NK cells and HIV: therapeutic implications. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:109-138. [PMID: 36822173 PMCID: PMC10043732 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly effective at durably suppressing plasma HIV-1 viremia, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment regimens do not eradicate the virus, which persists in long-lived CD4+ T cells. This latent viral reservoir serves as a source of plasma viral rebound following treatment interruption, thus requiring lifelong adherence to ART. Additionally, challenges remain related not only to access to therapy but also to a higher prevalence of comorbidities with an inflammatory etiology in treated HIV-1+ individuals, underscoring the need to explore therapeutic alternatives that achieve sustained virologic remission in the absence of ART. Natural killer (NK) cells are uniquely positioned to positively impact antiviral immunity, in part due to the pleiotropic nature of their effector functions, including the acquisition of memory-like features, and, therefore, hold great promise for transforming HIV-1 therapeutic modalities. In addition to defining the ability of NK cells to contribute to HIV-1 control, this review provides a basic immunologic understanding of the impact of HIV-1 infection and ART on the phenotypic and functional character of NK cells. We further delineate the qualities of "memory" NK cell populations, as well as the impact of HCMV on their induction and subsequent expansion in HIV-1 infection. We conclude by highlighting promising avenues for optimizing NK cell responses to improve HIV-1 control and effect a functional cure, including blockade of inhibitory NK receptors, TLR agonists to promote latency reversal and NK cell activation, CAR NK cells, BiKEs/TriKEs, and the role of HIV-1-specific bNAbs in NK cell-mediated ADCC activity against HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee R Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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22
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Hiltensperger M, Krackhardt AM. Current and future concepts for the generation and application of genetically engineered CAR-T and TCR-T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121030. [PMID: 36949949 PMCID: PMC10025359 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has seen a steep rise of new therapeutic approaches in its immune-oncology pipeline over the last years. This is in great part due to the recent approvals of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies and their remarkable efficacy in certain soluble tumors. A big focus of ACT lies on T cells and how to genetically modify them to target and kill tumor cells. Genetically modified T cells that are currently utilized are either equipped with an engineered CAR or a T cell receptor (TCR) for this purpose. Both strategies have their advantages and limitations. While CAR-T cell therapies are already used in the clinic, these therapies face challenges when it comes to the treatment of solid tumors. New designs of next-generation CAR-T cells might be able to overcome these hurdles. Moreover, CARs are restricted to surface antigens. Genetically engineered TCR-T cells targeting intracellular antigens might provide necessary qualities for the treatment of solid tumors. In this review, we will summarize the major advancements of the CAR-T and TCR-T cell technology. Moreover, we will cover ongoing clinical trials, discuss current challenges, and provide an assessment of future directions within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hiltensperger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- IIIrd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Hiltensperger, ; Angela M. Krackhardt,
| | - Angela M. Krackhardt
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- IIIrd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Hiltensperger, ; Angela M. Krackhardt,
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23
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Chopp L, Redmond C, O'Shea JJ, Schwartz DM. From thymus to tissues and tumors: A review of T-cell biology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:81-97. [PMID: 36272581 PMCID: PMC9825672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
T cells are critical orchestrators of the adaptive immune response that optimally eliminate a specific pathogen. Aberrant T-cell development and function are implicated in a broad range of human disease including immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and allergic diseases. Accordingly, therapies targeting T cells and their effector cytokines have markedly improved the care of patients with immune dysregulatory diseases. Newer discoveries concerning T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity and T-cell exhaustion have further prompted development of highly effective and novel treatment modalities for malignancies, including checkpoint inhibitors and antigen-reactive T cells. Recent discoveries are also uncovering the depth and variability of T-cell phenotypes: while T cells have long been described using a subset-based classification system, next-generation sequencing technologies suggest an astounding degree of complexity and heterogeneity at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Christopher Redmond
- Clinical Fellowship Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.
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24
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Daniels KG, Wang S, Simic MS, Bhargava HK, Capponi S, Tonai Y, Yu W, Bianco S, Lim WA. Decoding CAR T cell phenotype using combinatorial signaling motif libraries and machine learning. Science 2022; 378:1194-1200. [PMID: 36480602 PMCID: PMC10026561 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) costimulatory domains derived from native immune receptors steer the phenotypic output of therapeutic T cells. We constructed a library of CARs containing ~2300 synthetic costimulatory domains, built from combinations of 13 signaling motifs. These CARs promoted diverse human T cell fates, which were sensitive to motif combinations and configurations. Neural networks trained to decode the combinatorial grammar of CAR signaling motifs allowed extraction of key design rules. For example, non-native combinations of motifs that bind tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) and phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) enhanced cytotoxicity and stemness associated with effective tumor killing. Thus, libraries built from minimal building blocks of signaling, combined with machine learning, can efficiently guide engineering of receptors with desired phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Daniels
- Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shangying Wang
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Milos S Simic
- Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hersh K Bhargava
- Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sara Capponi
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yurie Tonai
- Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wendell A Lim
- Cell Design Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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25
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Britain DM, Town JP, Weiner OD. Progressive enhancement of kinetic proofreading in T cell antigen discrimination from receptor activation to DAG generation. eLife 2022; 11:e75263. [PMID: 36125261 PMCID: PMC9536835 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells use kinetic proofreading to discriminate antigens by converting small changes in antigen-binding lifetime into large differences in cell activation, but where in the signaling cascade this computation is performed is unknown. Previously, we developed a light-gated immune receptor to probe the role of ligand kinetics in T cell antigen signaling. We found significant kinetic proofreading at the level of the signaling lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) but lacked the ability to determine where the multiple signaling steps required for kinetic discrimination originate in the upstream signaling cascade (Tiseher and Weiner, 2019). Here, we uncover where kinetic proofreading is executed by adapting our optogenetic system for robust activation of early signaling events. We find the strength of kinetic proofreading progressively increases from Zap70 recruitment to LAT clustering to downstream DAG generation. Leveraging the ability of our system to rapidly disengage ligand binding, we also measure slower reset rates for downstream signaling events. These data suggest a distributed kinetic proofreading mechanism, with proofreading steps both at the receptor and at slower resetting downstream signaling complexes that could help balance antigen sensitivity and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Britain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jason P Town
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Orion David Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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26
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Luo Z, Yao X, Li M, Fang D, Fei Y, Cheng Z, Xu Y, Zhu B. Modulating tumor physical microenvironment for fueling CAR-T cell therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114301. [PMID: 35439570 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has achieved unprecedented clinical success against hematologic malignancies. However, the transition of CAR-T cell therapies for solid tumors is limited by heterogenous antigen expression, immunosuppressive microenvironment (TME), immune adaptation of tumor cells and impeded CAR-T-cell infiltration/transportation. Recent studies increasingly reveal that tumor physical microenvironment could affect various aspects of tumor biology and impose profound impacts on the antitumor efficacy of CAR-T therapy. In this review, we discuss the critical roles of four physical cues in solid tumors for regulating the immune responses of CAR-T cells, which include solid stress, interstitial fluid pressure, stiffness and microarchitecture. We highlight new strategies exploiting these features to enhance the therapeutic potency of CAR-T cells in solid tumors by correlating with the state-of-the-art technologies in this field. A perspective on the future directions for developing new CAR-T therapies for solid tumor treatment is also provided.
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27
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Lian H, Jiang J, Wang Y, Yu X, Zheng R, Long J, Zhou M, Zhou S, Wei C, Zhao A, Gao J. A novel multimeric sCD19-streptavidin fusion protein for functional detection and selective expansion of CD19-targeted CAR-T cells. Cancer Med 2022; 11:2978-2989. [PMID: 35621033 PMCID: PMC9359867 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CARs are engineered receptors comprising an immunoglobulin single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) that identifies and binds to the target antigen, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular T‐cell signaling domain. CD19 is a B lineage‐specific transmembrane glycoprotein and is expressed in more than 95% of B‐cell malignancies. Streptavidin (SA) is a homo‐tetrameric protein derived from Streptomyces avidinii, which can bind four biotin molecules with an extremely high affinity at a Kd value of 10‐15 M. Aims The aim of the study is to generate a novel soluble multimeric fusion protein, sCD19‐streptavidin (sCD19‐SA) for functional detection and selective expansion of CD19‐targeted CAR‐T cells. Methods The fusion proteins CD19‐SA was expressed in CHO cells and purified by use of Ni‐nitrilotriacetic acid agarose beads. Results A novel fusion protein (sCD19‐SA) was generated, consisting of the extracellular domain of human CD19 and the core region of SA, and could be used to functionally detect CD19‐targeted CAR‐T cells. Furthermore, this protein was demonstrated to form multimers to activate CAR‐T cells to induce their selective expansion. Importantly, sCD19‐SA‐stimulated CD19‐targeted CAR‐T cells could improve antitumor effects in vivo. Conclusions Our study has highlighted the potential of utilizing antigen‐SA fusion proteins such as sCD19‐SA for CAR‐T therapy for the functional detection of CAR expression and selective expansion of CAR‐T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lian
- The First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhong Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Lishui People's Hospital, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengjie Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shirong Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Wei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ai Zhao
- Department of Geriatric, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Qixin Biotech, Wenzhou, China
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28
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Dong R, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Zeng X. Engineering γδ T Cells: Recognizing and Activating on Their Own Way. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889051. [PMID: 35603176 PMCID: PMC9120431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with engineered T cells has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Among them, there is great interest in engineered γδ T cells for ACT. With both adaptive and innate immune characteristics, γδ T cells can be activated by γδ TCRs to recognize antigens in a MHC-independent manner, or by NK receptors to recognize stress-induced molecules. The dual recognition system enables γδ T cells with unique activation and cytotoxicity profiles, which should be considered for the design of engineered γδ T cells. However, the current designs of engineered γδ T cells mostly follow the strategies that used in αβ T cells, but not making good use of the specific characteristics of γδ T cells. Therefore, it is no surprising that current engineered γδ T cells in preclinical or clinical trials have limited efficacy. In this review, we summarized the patterns of antigen recognition of γδ T cells and the features of signaling pathways for the functions of γδ T cells. This review will additionally discuss current progress in engineered γδ T cells and provide insights in the design of engineered γδ T cells based on their specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Dong
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Analysis of rainbow trout TCRαβ/CD3 complex: An in-silico modeling approach. Mol Immunol 2022; 144:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Wu Y, Huang Z, Harrison R, Liu L, Zhu L, Situ Y, Wang Y. Engineering CAR T cells for enhanced efficacy and safety. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:011502. [PMID: 35071966 PMCID: PMC8769768 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its success in treating hematologic malignancies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy faces two major challenges which hinder its broader applications: the limited effectiveness against solid tumors and the nonspecific toxicities. To address these concerns, researchers have used synthetic biology approaches to develop optimization strategies. In this review, we discuss recent improvements on the CAR and other non-CAR molecules aimed to enhance CAR T cell efficacy and safety. We also highlight the development of different types of inducible CAR T cells that can be controlled by environmental cues and/or external stimuli. These advancements are bringing CAR T therapy one step closer to safer and wider applications, especially for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Wu
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ziliang Huang
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Reed Harrison
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Longwei Liu
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Linshan Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yinglin Situ
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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31
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Emerging CAR T Cell Strategies for the Treatment of AML. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051241. [PMID: 35267549 PMCID: PMC8909045 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting CD19 have emerged as a new treatment for hematological malignancies. As a “living therapy”, CARs can precisely target and eliminate tumors while proliferating inside the patient’s body. Various preclinical and clinical studies are ongoing to identify potential CAR-T cell targets for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We shed light on the continuing efforts of CAR development to overcome tumor escape, exhaustion, and toxicities. Furthermore, we summarize the recent progress of a range of putative targets exploring this unmet need to treat AML. Lastly, we discuss the advances in preclinical models that built the foundation for ongoing clinical trials. Abstract Engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on their cell surface can redirect antigen specificity. This ability makes CARs one of the most promising cancer therapeutic agents. CAR-T cells for treating patients with B cell hematological malignancies have shown impressive results. Clinical manifestation has yielded several trials, so far five CAR-T cell therapies have received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. However, emerging clinical data and recent findings have identified some immune-related toxicities due to CAR-T cell therapy. Given the outcome and utilization of the same proof of concept, further investigation in other hematological malignancies, such as leukemias, is warranted. This review discusses the previous findings from the pre-clinical and human experience with CAR-T cell therapy. Additionally, we describe recent developments of novel targets for adoptive immunotherapy. Here we present some of the early findings from the pre-clinical studies of CAR-T cell modification through advances in genetic engineering, gene editing, cellular programming, and formats of synthetic biology, along with the ongoing efforts to restore the function of exhausted CAR-T cells through epigenetic remodeling. We aim to shed light on the new targets focusing on acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
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Zhang B, Zhong W, Yang B, Li Y, Duan S, Huang J, Mao Y. Gene expression profiling reveals candidate biomarkers and probable molecular mechanisms in chronic stress. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6048-6060. [PMID: 35184642 PMCID: PMC8973686 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress refers to nonspecific systemic reactions under the over-stimulation of different external and internal factors for a long time. Previous studies confirmed that chronic psychological stress had a negative effect on almost all tissues and organs. We intended to further identify potential gene targets related to the pathogenesis of chronic stress-induced consequences involved in different diseases. In our study, mice in the model group lived under the condition of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) until they expressed behaviors like depression which were supposed to undergo chronic stress. We applied high-throughput RNA sequencing to assess mRNA expression and obtained transcription profiles in lung tissue from CUMS mice and control mice for analysis. In view of the prediction of high-throughput RNA sequences and bioinformatics software, and mRNA regulatory network was constructed. First, we conducted differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and obtained 282 DEGs between CUMS (group A) and the control model (group B). Then, we conducted functional and pathway enrichment analyses. In general, the function of upregulated regulated DEGs is related to immune and inflammatory responses. PPI network identified several essential genes, of which ten hub genes were related to the T cell receptor signaling pathway. qRT-PCR results verified the regulatory network of mRNA. The expressions of CD28, CD3e, and CD247 increased in mice with CUMS compared with that in control. This illustrated immune pathways are related to the pathological molecular mechanism of chronic stress and may provide information for identifying potential biomarkers and early detection of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, SH, China
| | - Weijie Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ninth People Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, SH, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, SH, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ninth People Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, SH, China
| | - Shuxian Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ninth People Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, SH, China
| | - Junlong Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, SH, China
| | - Yanfei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, SH, China
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Nobari ST, Nojadeh JN, Talebi M. B-cell maturation antigen targeting strategies in multiple myeloma treatment, advantages and disadvantages. J Transl Med 2022; 20:82. [PMID: 35144648 PMCID: PMC8832753 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a transmembrane glycoprotein member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 17 (TNFRSF17), highly expressed on the plasma cells of Multiple myeloma (MM) patients, as well as the normal population. BCMA is used as a biomarker for MM. Two members of the TNF superfamily proteins, including B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), are closely related to BCMA and play an important role in plasma cell survival and progression of MM. Despite the maximum specificity of the monoclonal antibody technologies, introducing the tumor-specific antigen(s) is not applicable for all malignancies, such as MM that there plenty of relatively specific antigens such as GPCR5D, MUC1, SLAMF7 and etc., but higher expression of BCMA on these cells in comparison with normal ones can be regarded as a relatively exclusive marker. Currently, different monoclonal antibody (mAb) technologies applied in anti-MM therapies such as daratuzumab, SAR650984, GSK2857916, and CAR-T cell therapies are some of these tools that are reviewed in the present manuscript. By the way, the structure, function, and signaling of the BCMA and related molecule(s) role in normal plasma cells and MM development, evaluated as well as the potential side effects of its targeting by different CAR-T cells generations. In conclusion, BCMA can be regarded as an ideal molecule to be targeted in immunotherapeutic methods, regarding lower potential systemic and local side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Teymouri Nobari
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jafar Nouri Nojadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Department of Applied Cells Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Adoptive Cellular Therapy for Multiple Myeloma Using CAR- and TCR-Transgenic T Cells: Response and Resistance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030410. [PMID: 35159220 PMCID: PMC8834324 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the substantial improvement of therapeutic approaches, multiple myeloma (MM) remains mostly incurable. However, immunotherapeutic and especially T cell-based approaches pioneered the therapeutic landscape for relapsed and refractory disease recently. Targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) on myeloma cells has been demonstrated to be highly effective not only by antibody-derived constructs but also by adoptive cellular therapies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transgenic T cells lead to deep, albeit mostly not durable responses with manageable side-effects in intensively pretreated patients. The spectrum of adoptive T cell-transfer covers synthetic CARs with diverse specificities as well as currently less well-established T cell receptor (TCR)-based personalized strategies. In this review, we want to focus on treatment characteristics including efficacy and safety of CAR- and TCR-transgenic T cells in MM as well as the future potential these novel therapies may have. ACT with transgenic T cells has only entered clinical trials and various engineering strategies for optimization of T cell responses are necessary to overcome therapy resistance mechanisms. We want to outline the current success in engineering CAR- and TCR-T cells, but also discuss challenges including resistance mechanisms of MM for evading T cell therapy and point out possible novel strategies.
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Nai Y, Du L, Shen M, Li T, Huang J, Han X, Luo F, Wang W, Pang D, Jin A. TRAIL-R1-Targeted CAR-T Cells Exhibit Dual Antitumor Efficacy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:756599. [PMID: 34988114 PMCID: PMC8721281 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.756599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) has limited expression in normal tissues but was highly expressed in various types of tumors, making it an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we utilized the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) from our previously identified TRAIL-R1-targeting monoclonal antibody (TR1419) with antitumor efficacy and produced the TR1419 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. We characterized the phenotypes and functions of these CAR-T cells and found that the third-generation TR1419-28BBζ CAR-T cells exhibited greater target sensitivity and proliferative capability, with slightly higher PD-1 expression after antigen stimulation. Importantly, we found that the TR1419 CAR-T cells could induce TRAIL-R1-positive tumor cell death via a dual mechanism of the death receptor-dependent apoptosis as well as the T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Altogether, the TR1419 CAR-T cells could serve as a promising strategy for targeting the TRAIL-R1-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Nai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiying Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.,Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojian Han
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feiyang Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Aishun Jin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abrantes R, Duarte HO, Gomes C, Wälchli S, Reis CA. CAR-Ts: new perspectives in cancer therapy. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:403-416. [PMID: 34978080 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy is a promising anticancer treatment that exploits the host's immune system to fight cancer. CAR-T cell therapy relies on immune cells being modified to express an artificial receptor targeting cancer-specific markers, and infused into the patients where they will recognize and eliminate the tumour. Although CAR-T cell therapy has produced encouraging outcomes in patients with haematologic malignancies, solid tumours remain challenging to treat, mainly due to the lack of cancer-specific molecular targets and the hostile, often immunosuppressive, tumour microenvironment. CAR-T cell therapy also depends on the quality of the injected product, which is closely connected to CAR design. Here, we explain the technology of CAR-Ts, focusing on the composition of CARs, their application, and limitations in cancer therapy, as well as on the current strategies to overcome the challenges encountered. We also address potential future targets to overcome the flaws of CAR-T cell technology in the treatment of cancer, emphasizing glycan antigens, the aberrant forms of which attain high tumour-specific expression, as promising targets for CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Abrantes
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique O Duarte
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Cellular Therapy, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Celso A Reis
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
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Development and clinical translation of ex vivo gene therapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2986-3003. [PMID: 35782737 PMCID: PMC9218169 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral gene therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic modality for multiple inherited and acquired human diseases. The capability of delivering curative treatment or mediating therapeutic benefits for a long-term period following a single application fundamentally distinguishes this medical intervention from traditional medicine and various lentiviral/γ-retroviral vector-mediated gene therapy products have been approved for clinical use. Continued advances in retroviral vector engineering, genomic editing, synthetic biology and immunology will broaden the medical applications of gene therapy and improve the efficacy and safety of the treatments based on genetic correction and alteration. This review will summarize the advent and clinical translation of ex vivo gene therapy, with the focus on the milestones during the exploitation of genetically engineered hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) tackling a variety of pathological conditions which led to marketing approval. Finally, current statue and future prospects of gene editing as an alternative therapeutic approach are also discussed.
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Li Y, Chen S, Li X, Wang X, Li H, Ning S, Chen H. CD247, a Potential T Cell-Derived Disease Severity and Prognostic Biomarker in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:762594. [PMID: 34880861 PMCID: PMC8645971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.762594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has high mortality worldwide. The CD247 molecule (CD247, as known as T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 zeta chain) has been reported as a susceptibility locus in systemic sclerosis, but its correlation with IPF remains unclear. Methods Datasets were acquired by researching the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). CD247 was identified as the hub gene associated with percent predicted diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dlco% predicted) and prognosis according to Pearson correlation, logistic regression, and survival analysis. Results CD247 is significantly downregulated in patients with IPF compared with controls in both blood and lung tissue samples. Moreover, CD247 is significantly positively associated with Dlco% predicted in blood and lung tissue samples. Patients with low-expression CD247 had shorter transplant-free survival (TFS) time and more composite end-point events (CEP, death, or decline in FVC >10% over a 6-month period) compared with patients with high-expression CD247 (blood). Moreover, in the follow-up 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months, low expression of CD247 was still the risk factor of CEP in the GSE93606 dataset (blood). Thirteen genes were found to interact with CD247 according to the protein-protein interaction network, and the 14 genes including CD247 were associated with the functions of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells such as PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we also found that a low expression of CD247 might be associated with a lower activity of TIL (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes), checkpoint, and cytolytic activity and a higher activity of macrophages and neutrophils. Conclusion These results imply that CD247 may be a potential T cell-derived disease severity and prognostic biomarker for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shibin Chen
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xincheng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huiwen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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39
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Using chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy to fight glioblastoma multiforme: past, present and future developments. J Neurooncol 2021; 156:81-96. [PMID: 34825292 PMCID: PMC8714623 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) constitutes one of the deadliest tumors to afflict humans, although it is still considered an orphan disease. Despite testing multiple new and innovative therapies in ongoing clinical trials, the median survival for this type of malignancy is less than two years after initial diagnosis, regardless of therapy. One class of promising new therapies are chimeric antigen receptor T cells or CAR-T which have been shown to be very effective at treating refractory liquid tumors such as B-cell malignancies. However, CAR-T effectivity against solid tumors such as GBM has been limited thus far. Methods A Pubmed, Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Web of Science literature search using the terms chimeric antigen receptor or CAR-T, GBM, solid tumor immunotherapy, immunotherapy, and CAR-T combination was performed for publication dates between January 1987 and November 2021. Results In the current review, we present a comprehensive list of CAR-T cells developed to treat GBM, we describe new possible T-cell engineering strategies against GBM while presenting a short introductory history to the reader regarding the origin(s) of this cutting-edge therapy. We have also compiled a unique list of anti-GBM CAR-Ts with their specific protein sequences and their functions as well as an inventory of clinical trials involving CAR-T and GBM. Conclusions The aim of this review is to introduce the reader to the field of T-cell engineering using CAR-Ts to treat GBM and describe the obstacles that may need to be addressed in order to significantly delay the relentless growth of GBM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11060-021-03902-8.
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Guo X, Kazanova A, Thurmond S, Saragovi HU, Rudd CE. Effective chimeric antigen receptor T cells against SARS-CoV-2. iScience 2021; 24:103295. [PMID: 34693218 PMCID: PMC8520176 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involve vaccines against the spike protein S1 of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we outline an alternative approach involving chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in T cells (CAR-Ts). CAR-T recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) peptide induced ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation, the increased expression of activation antigen, CD69 and effectors, interferon-γ, granzyme B, perforin, and Fas-ligand on overlapping subsets of CAR-Ts. CAR-Ts further showed potent in vitro killing of target cells loaded with RBD, S1 peptide, or expressing the S1 protein. The efficacy of killing varied with different sized hinge regions, whereas time-lapse microscopy showed CAR-T cluster formation around RBD-expressing targets. Cytolysis of targets was mediated primarily by the GZMB/perforin pathway. Lastly, we showed in vivo killing of S1-expressing cells by our SARS-CoV-2 CAR-Ts in mice. The successful generation of SARS-CoV-2 CAR-Ts represents a living vaccine approach for the treatment of COVID-19. Cytolytic CAR-Ts can be successfully developed against SARS-CoV-2 CAR-Ts binding to RBD peptide induced effectors IFN-γ, GZMB, Perforin and FasL CAR-Ts with different hinge regions showed differences in target killing SARS-CoV-2 CAR-Ts show successful in vivo killing of S1-expressing cells in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Guo
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Researche-Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kazanova
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Researche-Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Stephanie Thurmond
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Researche-Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - H. Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Translational Center for Research in Cancer, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Rudd
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de Researche-Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (CR-HMR), Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
- Division of Oncology and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Corresponding author
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Cappell KM, Kochenderfer JN. A comparison of chimeric antigen receptors containing CD28 versus 4-1BB costimulatory domains. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:715-727. [PMID: 34230645 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered proteins designed to target T cells to cancer cells. To effectively activate the T cells in which they are expressed, CARs must contain a costimulatory domain. The CAR T cell products approved for the treatment of B cell lymphomas and/or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or multiple myeloma incorporate either a CD28-derived or a 4-1BB-derived costimulatory domain. Almost all other clinically tested CARs also use costimulatory domains from CD28 or 4-1BB. In preclinical experiments, cytokine release is usually greater with CARs containing CD28 versus 4-1BB costimulatory domains; however, constructs with either domain confer similar anticancer activity in mouse models. T cell products expressing CARs with either CD28 or 4-1BB costimulatory domains have been highly efficacious in patients with relapsed haematological malignancies, with anti-CD19 products having similar activity regardless of the source of the costimulatory domain. In large-cohort clinical trials, the rates of neurological toxicities have been higher with CD28-costimulated CARs, although this finding is probably the result of a combination of factors rather than due to CD28 signalling alone. Future preclinical and clinical research should aim to compare different costimulatory domains while controlling for confounding variables. Herein, we provide an overview of T cell costimulation by CD28 and 4-1BB and, using the available preclinical and clinical data, compare the efficacy and toxicity profiles associated with CARs containing either costimulatory domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Cappell
- Hematology Oncology Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Li X, Liu MJ, Mou N, Yang ZX, Wang J, Mu J, Zhu HB, Deng Q. Efficacy and safety of humanized CD19 CAR-T as a salvage therapy for recurrent CNSL of B-ALL following murine CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:788. [PMID: 34584566 PMCID: PMC8461760 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the differences between the humanized CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and the murine CD19 CAR-T therapy in recurrent B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). A 62-year-old male patient who had B-ALL (BCR/ABL+) for 4 years was diagnosed with relapsed central nervous system leukemia (CNSL). After several courses of high dose methotrexate combined with intrathecal chemotherapy, the patient received murine CD19 CAR-T therapy and achieved complete response (CR). The patient was diagnosed with relapsed CNSL again 15 months after his murine CD19 CAR-T therapy, and was therefore enrolled in the humanized CD19 CAR-T therapy. Subsequently, the present study aimed to compare murine and humanized CD19 CAR-T cells against Nalm-6 cells in vitro and in mice. The patient initially achieved CR from his murine CD19 CAR-T therapy with Grade 1 cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) and Grade 1 CAR-T cell-related encephalopathy syndrome (CRES). The patient then achieved CR again from his humanized CD19 CAR-T therapy with Grade 1 CRS and Grade 2 CRES. Peak levels of CD19 CAR-T cells were higher in humanized CD19 CAR-T therapy than those in murine CD19 CAR-T therapy 7 days after infusion in the peripheral blood, in bone marrow and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cytokine levels were higher in humanized CD19 CAR-T therapy than those in murine CD19 CAR-T therapy in the peripheral blood and in CSF. The cytotoxicity to Nalm-6 cells was higher in humanized CD19 CAR-T cells than that in murine CD19 CAR-T cells in vitro. In Nalm-6 BALB/c mice, the median survival time of mice in the murine CD19 CAR-T group was 35 days, while it was 43 days in the humanized CD19 CAR-T group. In conclusion, humanized CD19 CAR-T cell therapy had a better curative effect than that of murine CD19 CAR-T therapy, and may be used as a salvage treatment for recurrent B-ALL after treatment with murine CD19 CAR-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, The First Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Nan Mou
- Shanghai Genbase Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 201210, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Xing Yang
- Shanghai Genbase Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 201210, P.R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Juan Mu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Qi Deng
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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Wilhelm KB, Morita S, McAffee DB, Kim S, O'Dair MK, Groves JT. Height, but not binding epitope, affects the potency of synthetic TCR agonists. Biophys J 2021; 120:3869-3880. [PMID: 34453921 PMCID: PMC8511163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules can trigger T cell receptors (TCRs) as monovalent ligands that are sparsely distributed on the plasma membrane of an antigen-presenting cell. TCRs can also be triggered by artificial clustering, such as with pMHC tetramers or antibodies; however, these strategies circumvent many of the natural ligand discrimination mechanisms of the T cell and can elicit nonphysiological signaling activity. We have recently introduced a synthetic TCR agonist composed of an anti-TCRβ Fab′ antibody fragment covalently bound to a DNA oligonucleotide, which serves as a membrane anchor. This Fab′-DNA ligand efficiently triggers TCR as a monomer when membrane associated and exhibits a potency and activation profile resembling agonist pMHC. In this report, we explore the geometric requirements for efficient TCR triggering and cellular activation by Fab′-DNA ligands. We find that T cells are insensitive to the ligand binding epitope on the TCR complex but that length of the DNA tether is important. Increasing, the intermembrane distance spanned by Fab′-DNA:TCR complexes decreases TCR triggering efficiency and T cell activation potency, consistent with the kinetic-segregation model of TCR triggering. These results establish design parameters for constructing synthetic TCR agonists that are able to activate polyclonal T cell populations, such as T cells from a human patient, in a similar manner as the native pMHC ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera B Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Shumpei Morita
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Darren B McAffee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Sungi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Mark K O'Dair
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California.
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Xue T, Zhao X, Zhao K, Lu Y, Yao J, Ji X. Immunotherapy for lung cancer: Focusing on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. Curr Probl Cancer 2021; 46:100791. [PMID: 34538649 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2021.100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Besides traditional treatment strategies, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy for lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer incidence and death, immunotherapy has also emerged as a new treatment strategy. The goal of immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system responses against cancer, using various approaches such as therapeutic vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and T-cell therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, one of the most popular cancer immunotherapy approaches in the last decade, are genetically engineered T-cells to redirect patients' immune responses to recognize and eliminate tumor-associated antigens (TAA)-expressing tumor cells. CAR-T cell therapy provides promising benefits in lung tumors. In this review, we summarize different immunotherapy approaches for lung cancer, the structure of CAR-T cells, currently undergoing CARs in clinical trials, and various TAAs are being investigated as potential targets in designing CAR-T cells for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqing Xue
- Department of Pain and Intervention Management, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Yao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xianguo Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian 223200, Huaian, Jiangsu, China.
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45
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Wang H, Wang L, Li Y, Li G, Zhang X, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Liu L, Chu Y, Xu G. Nanobody-armed T cells endow CAR-T cells with cytotoxicity against lymphoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:450. [PMID: 34429118 PMCID: PMC8386010 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taking advantage of nanobodies (Nbs) in immunotherapy, we investigated the cytotoxicity of Nb-based chimeric antigen receptor T cells (Nb CAR-T) against lymphoma cells. Methods CD19 Nb CAR-T, CD20 Nb CAR-T, and Bispecific Nb CAR-T cells were generated by panning anti-human CD19- and CD20-specific nanobody sequences from a natural Nb-expressing phage display library, integrating Nb genes with a lentiviral cassette that included other CAR elements, and finally transducing T cells that were expanded under an optimization system with the above generated CAR lentivirus. Prepared Nb CAR-T cells were cocultured with tumour cell lines or primary tumour cells for 24 h or 5 days to evaluate their biological function. Results The nanobodies that we selected from the natural Nb-expressing phage display library had a high affinity and specificity for CD19 and CD20. CD19 Nb CAR-T, CD20 Nb CAR-T and Bispecific Nb CAR-T cells were successfully constructed, and these Nb CAR-T cells could strongly recognize Burkitt lymphoma cell lines (Raji and Daudi), thereby leading to activation, enhanced proliferation, and specific killing of target cells. Furthermore, similar results were obtained when using patient samples as target cells, with a cytotoxicity of approximately 60%. Conclusions Nanobody-based CAR-T cells can kill both tumour cell lines and patient-derived tumour cells in vitro, and Nb-based CAR-T cells may be a promising therapeutic strategy in future immunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02151-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanning Li
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guangqi Li
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liyuan Liu
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuankui Chu
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guangxian Xu
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
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46
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Abken H. Building on Synthetic Immunology and T Cell Engineering: A Brief Journey Through the History of Chimeric Antigen Receptors. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1011-1028. [PMID: 34405686 PMCID: PMC10112879 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancement in our understanding of immune cell recognition and emerging cellular engineering technologies during the last decades made active manipulation of the T cell response possible. Synthetic immunology is providing us with an expanding set of composite receptor molecules capable to reprogram immune cell function in a predefined fashion. Since the first prototypes in the late 1980s, the design of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs; T-bodies, immunoreceptors), has followed a clear line of stepwise improvements from antigen-redirected targeting to designed "living factories" delivering transgenic products on demand. Building on basic research and creative clinical exploration, CAR T cell therapy has been achieving spectacular success in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, now beginning to improve the outcome of cancer patients. In this study, we briefly review the history of CARs and outline how the progress in the basic understanding of T cell recognition and of cell engineering technologies made novel therapies possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinrich Abken
- Department of Genetic Immunotherapy, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
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47
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Abstract
T cells experience complex temporal patterns of stimulus via receptor-ligand-binding interactions with surrounding cells. From these temporal patterns, T cells are able to pick out antigenic signals while establishing self-tolerance. Although features such as duration of antigen binding have been examined, our understanding of how T cells interpret signals with different frequencies or temporal stimulation patterns is relatively unexplored. We engineered T cells to respond to light as a stimulus by building an optogenetically controlled chimeric antigen receptor (optoCAR). We discovered that T cells respond to minute-scale oscillations of activation signal by stimulating optoCAR T cells with tunable pulse trains of light. Systematically scanning signal oscillation period from 1 to 150 min revealed that expression of CD69, a T cell activation marker, reached a local minimum at a period of ∼25 min (corresponding to 5 to 15 min pulse widths). A combination of inhibitors and genetic knockouts suggest that this frequency filtering mechanism lies downstream of the Erk signaling branch of the T cell response network and may involve a negative feedback loop that diminishes Erk activity. The timescale of CD69 filtering corresponds with the duration of T cell encounters with self-peptide-presenting APCs observed via intravital imaging in mice, indicating a potential functional role for temporal filtering in vivo. This study illustrates that the T cell signaling machinery is tuned to temporally filter and interpret time-variant input signals in discriminatory ways.
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48
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Guo J, Kent A, Davila E. Chimeric non-antigen receptors in T cell-based cancer therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002628. [PMID: 34344725 PMCID: PMC8336119 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptively transferred T cell-based cancer therapies have shown incredible promise in treatment of various cancers. So far therapeutic strategies using T cells have focused on manipulation of the antigen-recognition machinery itself, such as through selective expression of tumor-antigen specific T cell receptors or engineered antigen-recognition chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). While several CARs have been approved for treatment of hematopoietic malignancies, this kind of therapy has been less successful in the treatment of solid tumors, in part due to lack of suitable tumor-specific targets, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and the inability of adoptively transferred cells to maintain their therapeutic potentials. It is critical for therapeutic T cells to overcome immunosuppressive environmental triggers, mediating balanced antitumor immunity without causing unwanted inflammation or autoimmunity. To address these hurdles, chimeric receptors with distinct signaling properties are being engineered to function as allies of tumor antigen-specific receptors, modulating unique aspects of T cell function without directly binding to antigen themselves. In this review, we focus on the design and function of these chimeric non-antigen receptors, which fall into three broad categories: ‘inhibitory-to-stimulatory’ switch receptors that bind natural ligands, enhanced stimulatory receptors that interact with natural ligands, and synthetic receptor-ligand pairs. Our intent is to offer detailed descriptions that will help readers to understand the structure and function of these receptors, as well as inspire development of additional novel synthetic receptors to improve T cell-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Guo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew Kent
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA .,Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Dadwal N, Mix C, Reinhold A, Witte A, Freund C, Schraven B, Kliche S. The Multiple Roles of the Cytosolic Adapter Proteins ADAP, SKAP1 and SKAP2 for TCR/CD3 -Mediated Signaling Events. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703534. [PMID: 34295339 PMCID: PMC8290198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are the key players of the adaptive immune response. They coordinate the activation of other immune cells and kill malignant and virus-infected cells. For full activation T cells require at least two signals. Signal 1 is induced after recognition of MHC/peptide complexes presented on antigen presenting cells (APCs) by the clonotypic TCR (T-cell receptor)/CD3 complex whereas Signal 2 is mediated via the co-stimulatory receptor CD28, which binds to CD80/CD86 molecules that are present on APCs. These signaling events control the activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells. In addition, triggering of the TCR/CD3 complex induces the activation of the integrin LFA-1 (leukocyte function associated antigen 1) leading to increased ligand binding (affinity regulation) and LFA-1 clustering (avidity regulation). This process is termed "inside-out signaling". Subsequently, ligand bound LFA-1 transmits a signal into the T cells ("outside-in signaling") which enhances T-cell interaction with APCs (adhesion), T-cell activation and T-cell proliferation. After triggering of signal transducing receptors, adapter proteins organize the proper processing of membrane proximal and intracellular signals as well as the activation of downstream effector molecules. Adapter proteins are molecules that lack enzymatic or transcriptional activity and are composed of protein-protein and protein-lipid interacting domains/motifs. They organize and assemble macromolecular complexes (signalosomes) in space and time. Here, we review recent findings regarding three cytosolic adapter proteins, ADAP (Adhesion and Degranulation-promoting Adapter Protein), SKAP1 and SKAP2 (Src Kinase Associated Protein 1 and 2) with respect to their role in TCR/CD3-mediated activation, proliferation and integrin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirdosh Dadwal
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlie Mix
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Witte
- Coordination Center of Clinical Trials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Moreno V, Hernandez T, de Miguel M, Doger B, Calvo E. Adoptive cell therapy for solid tumors: Chimeric antigen receptor T cells and beyond. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 59:70-84. [PMID: 34153896 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor T cells has caused a significant revolution in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Unfortunately, for solid tumors, this treatment modality has been proven insufficient to achieve significant antitumor activity. The use of modified T cell receptors towards tumor-associated antigens (NY-ESO, MAGE-A4) has recently shown antitumor activity in synovial sarcoma. Also, treatment with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes shows clinical activity in metastatic cervical cancer and melanoma resistant to checkpoint inhibitors. Strategies to improve results and broaden the applicability of therapeutic lymphocytes for solid tumors include local delivery, fourth generation chimeric antigen receptor T cells, off-the-shelf T lymphocytes and private neoantigen-directed cells, among others. In this review, we summarize the status of adoptive cell therapy using T cells for solid tumors and the investigational strategies being tested in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tatiana Hernandez
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria de Miguel
- START Madrid-CIOCC: Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernard Doger
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emiliano Calvo
- START Madrid-CIOCC: Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal, Madrid, Spain
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