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Mizoguchi T. In vivo dynamics of hard tissue-forming cell origins: Insights from Cre/loxP-based cell lineage tracing studies. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2024; 60:109-119. [PMID: 38406212 PMCID: PMC10885318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue provides structural support for our bodies, with the inner bone marrow (BM) acting as a hematopoietic organ. Within the BM tissue, two types of stem cells play crucial roles: mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (or skeletal stem cells) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These stem cells are intricately connected, where BM-MSCs give rise to bone-forming osteoblasts and serve as essential components in the BM microenvironment for sustaining HSCs. Despite the mid-20th century proposal of BM-MSCs, their in vivo identification remained elusive owing to a lack of tools for analyzing stemness, specifically self-renewal and multipotency. To address this challenge, Cre/loxP-based cell lineage tracing analyses are being employed. This technology facilitated the in vivo labeling of specific cells, enabling the tracking of their lineage, determining their stemness, and providing a deeper understanding of the in vivo dynamics governing stem cell populations responsible for maintaining hard tissues. This review delves into cell lineage tracing studies conducted using commonly employed genetically modified mice expressing Cre under the influence of LepR, Gli1, and Axin2 genes. These studies focus on research fields spanning long bones and oral/maxillofacial hard tissues, offering insights into the in vivo dynamics of stem cell populations crucial for hard tissue homeostasis.
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Dawid M, Pich K, Mlyczyńska E, Respekta-Długosz N, Wachowska D, Greggio A, Szkraba O, Kurowska P, Rak A. Adipokines in pregnancy. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:172-269. [PMID: 38797542 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive success consists of a sequential events chronology, starting with the ovum fertilization, implantation of the embryo, placentation, and cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, endocrinology, or metabolic changes, which taken together finally conduct the birth of healthy offspring. Currently, many factors are known that affect the regulation and proper maintenance of pregnancy in humans, domestic animals, or rodents. Among the determinants of reproductive success should be distinguished: the maternal microenvironment, genes, and proteins as well as numerous pregnancy hormones that regulate the most important processes and ensure organism homeostasis. It is well known that white adipose tissue, as the largest endocrine gland in our body, participates in the synthesis and secretion of numerous hormones belonging to the adipokine family, which also may regulate the course of pregnancy. Unfortunately, overweight and obesity lead to the expansion of adipose tissue in the body, and its excess in both women and animals contributes to changes in the synthesis and release of adipokines, which in turn translates into dramatic changes during pregnancy, including those taking place in the organ that is crucial for the proper progress of pregnancy, i.e. the placenta. In this chapter, we are summarizing the current knowledge about levels of adipokines and their role in the placenta, taking into account the physiological and pathological conditions of pregnancy, e.g. gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, or intrauterine growth restriction in humans, domestic animals, and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Respekta-Długosz
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominka Wachowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Greggio
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szkraba
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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Gan HW, Cerbone M, Dattani MT. Appetite- and Weight-Regulating Neuroendocrine Circuitry in Hypothalamic Obesity. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:309-342. [PMID: 38019584 PMCID: PMC11074800 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Since hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) was first described over 120 years ago by Joseph Babinski and Alfred Fröhlich, advances in molecular genetic laboratory techniques have allowed us to elucidate various components of the intricate neurocircuitry governing appetite and weight regulation connecting the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, brainstem, adipose tissue, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. On a background of an increasing prevalence of population-level common obesity, the number of survivors of congenital (eg, septo-optic dysplasia, Prader-Willi syndrome) and acquired (eg, central nervous system tumors) hypothalamic disorders is increasing, thanks to earlier diagnosis and management as well as better oncological therapies. Although to date the discovery of several appetite-regulating peptides has led to the development of a range of targeted molecular therapies for monogenic obesity syndromes, outside of these disorders these discoveries have not translated into the development of efficacious treatments for other forms of HyOb. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the neuroendocrine physiology of appetite and weight regulation, and explore our current understanding of the pathophysiology of HyOb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoong-Wei Gan
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Manuela Cerbone
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mehul Tulsidas Dattani
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Pena-Leon V, Perez-Lois R, Villalon M, Prida E, Muñoz-Moreno D, Fernø J, Quiñones M, Al-Massadi O, Seoane LM. Novel mechanisms involved in leptin sensitization in obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116129. [PMID: 38490517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone that is secreted by adipocytes in proportion to adipose tissue size, and that informs the brain about the energy status of the body. Leptin acts through its receptor LepRb, expressed mainly in the hypothalamus, and induces a negative energy balance by potent inhibition of feeding and activation of energy expenditure. These actions have led to huge expectations for the development of therapeutic targets for metabolic complications based on leptin-derived compounds. However, the majority of patients with obesity presents elevated leptin production, suggesting that in this setting leptin is ineffective in the regulation of energy balance. This resistance to the action of leptin in obesity has led to the development of "leptin sensitizers," which have been tested in preclinical studies. Much research has focused on generating combined treatments that act on multiple levels of the gastrointestinal-brain axis. The gastrointestinal-brain axis secretes a variety of different anorexigenic signals, such as uroguanylin, glucagon-like peptide-1, amylin, or cholecystokinin, which can alleviate the resistance to leptin action. Moreover, alternative mechanism such as pharmacokinetics, proteostasis, the role of specific kinases, chaperones, ER stress and neonatal feeding modifications are also implicated in leptin resistance. This review will cover the current knowledge regarding the interaction of leptin with different endocrine factors from the gastrointestinal-brain axis and other novel mechanisms that improve leptin sensitivity in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pena-Leon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Perez-Lois
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Villalon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Prida
- Translational Endocrinology group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Moreno
- Translational Endocrinology group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5201 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- Translational Endocrinology group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luisa M Seoane
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Dong X, Zou M, Li C, Luo H, Zhu S, Gong Z. Leptin receptor Gln223Arg and Lys109Arg polymorphisms may be associated with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma risk: A system review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38634192 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested a strong association of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) susceptibility and Gln223Arg (rs1137101) and Lys109Arg (rs1137100) polymorphisms in leptin receptor (LEPR) genes. To provide a quantitative assessment for such correlation, we reviewed all related systems and conducted meta-analysis for case and control researches. A literature search of Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus as well as China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases was collected. 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) together with odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Five case-control researches consisting of 1323 cases and 1919 control cases were incorporated into meta-analysis. Researches indicated A-allelic and AA genotype of rs1137101 were substantially related to boosted susceptibility of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC (mutant model, OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.36-2.41, p < .001; allelic model, OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.32-1.83, p < .001). On the contrary, we observed GG genotype of rs1137101 substantially related to reduced risk of HBV-related HCC (wild model, OR 0.59, 95%CI = 0.46-0.75, p < .001). We observed AA genotype of rs1137100 relevant to boosted HCC risk (mutant model, OR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.14-2.01, p = .005) as well as in those with HBV-related HCCs (homozygous model, OR = 2.12, 95%CI = 1.49-3.02, p < .001; mutant model, OR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.23-2.26, p = .001). G-allele and AA genotype of rs1137101 might be in connection with boosted HBV-related HCC susceptibility, and wild-type GG genotype might prevent diseases. AA genotype of rs1137100 might also improve HBV-related HCC susceptibility. Such conclusions ought to be validated by larger and better-designed researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dong
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreas and Spleen Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Mengjie Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Chunxing Li
- Department of Operating Room, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Honglin Luo
- Institute of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Shaoliang Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreas and Spleen Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
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Guan D, Men Y, Bartlett A, Hernández MAS, Xu J, Yi X, Li HS, Kong D, Mazitschek R, Ozcan U. Central inhibition of HDAC6 re-sensitizes leptin signaling during obesity to induce profound weight loss. Cell Metab 2024; 36:857-876.e10. [PMID: 38569472 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Leptin resistance during excess weight gain significantly contributes to the recidivism of obesity to leptin-based pharmacological therapies. The mechanisms underlying the inhibition of leptin receptor (LepR) signaling during obesity are still elusive. Here, we report that histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) interacts with LepR, reducing the latter's activity, and that pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 activity disrupts this interaction and augments leptin signaling. Treatment of diet-induced obese mice with blood-brain barrier (BBB)-permeable HDAC6 inhibitors profoundly reduces food intake and leads to potent weight loss without affecting the muscle mass. Genetic depletion of Hdac6 in Agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons or administration with BBB-impermeable HDAC6 inhibitors results in a lack of such anti-obesity effect. Together, these findings represent the first report describing a mechanistically validated and pharmaceutically tractable therapeutic approach to directly increase LepR activity as well as identifying centrally but not peripherally acting HDAC6 inhibitors as potent leptin sensitizers and anti-obesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian Guan
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuqin Men
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Bartlett
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jie Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinchi Yi
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hu-Song Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dong Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Systems Biology, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umut Ozcan
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Supti DA, Akter F, Rahman MI, Munim MA, Tonmoy MIQ, Tarin RJ, Afroz S, Reza HA, Yeasmin R, Alam MR, Hossain MS. Meta-analysis investigating the impact of the LEPR rs1137101 (A>G) polymorphism on obesity risk in Asian and Caucasian ethnicities. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27213. [PMID: 38496879 PMCID: PMC10944198 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic condition which is identified by the buildup of excess body fat caused by a combination of various factors, including genetic predisposition and lifestyle choices. rs1137101 (A > G) polymorphism in the CHR1 domain of LEPR protein linked to different diseases including obesity. Nevertheless, the connection between this polymorphism and the likelihood of developing obesity has not been determined definitively. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between rs1137101 and the risk of obesity. The meta-analysis included all studies meeting pre-defined criteria, found through searching databases up until February 2023. A combined odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was estimated as overall and in continent subgroups for homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, dominant and allelic models using the fixed or the random-effects model. The meta-analysis identified 39 eligible studies with cases and controls (6099 cases/6711 controls) in 38 articles under different ethnic backgrounds. The results indicated a significant relationship between rs1137101 and the likelihood of developing obesity in each of the genetic models [the homozygous model (GG vs. AA: 95% Confidence Interval = 1.12-1.73, Odds Ratio = 1.39, P value = 0.003); the heterozygous model (AG vs. AA: 95% Confidence Interval = 1.07-1.42, Odds Ratio = 1.23, P value = 0.005); the dominant model (AG/GG vs AA: 95% Confidence Interval = 1.10-1.49, Odds Ratio = 1.28, P value = 0.001); the recessive model (GG vs AA/AG: 95% Confidence Interval = 1.02-1.45, Odds Ratio = 1.21, P value = 0.03); and the allelic model (G vs A; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.07-1.33, Odds Ratio = 1.19, P value = 0.002)] tested. Additionally, with an FDR <0.05, all genotypic models demonstrated statistical significance. The association remained significant among subgroups of Asian and Caucasian populations, although analysis in some genetic models did not show a significant association. Begg's and Egger's tests did not show publication biases. In sensitivity analysis, one particular study was found to have an impact on the Recessive model's significance, but other models remained unaffected. The current meta-analysis found significant indications supporting the association between rs1137101 and obesity. To avail a deeper understanding of this association, future research should include large-scale studies conducted in diverse ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Akhter Supti
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Akter
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imranur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Adnan Munim
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rabia Jahan Tarin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Afroz
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Al Reza
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Roksana Yeasmin
- Department of Biochemistry, Ibrahim Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rahanur Alam
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
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Sato S. Adipo-oncology: adipocyte-derived factors govern engraftment, survival, and progression of metastatic cancers. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:52. [PMID: 38238841 PMCID: PMC10797898 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapies for metastatic cancers have limited efficacy. Recently, cancer therapies targeting noncancerous cells in tumor microenvironments have shown improved clinical outcomes in patients. However, further advances in our understanding of the metastatic tumor microenvironment are required to improve treatment outcomes. Adipocytes are distributed throughout the body, and as a part of the metastatic tumor microenvironment, they interact with cancer cells in almost all organs. Adipocytes secrete various factors that are reported to exert clinical effects on cancer progression, including engraftment, survival, and expansion at the metastatic sites. However, only a few studies have comprehensively examined their impact on cancer cells. In this review, we examined the impact of adipocytes on cancer by describing the adipocyte-secreted factors that are involved in controlling metastatic cancer, focusing on adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, chemerin, resistin, apelin, and omentin. Adipocyte-secreted factors promote cancer metastasis and contribute to various biological functions of cancer cells, including migration, invasion, proliferation, immune evasion, and drug resistance at the metastatic sites. We propose the establishment and expansion of "adipo-oncology" as a research field to enhance the comprehensive understanding of the role of adipocytes in metastatic cancers and the development of more robust metastatic cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sato
- Morphological Analysis Laboratory, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2, Asahi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan.
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, 2-3-2, Asahi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan.
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center Hospital, 2-3-2, Asahi-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 241-8515, Japan.
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Veerabathiran R, P A, BK I, D R, RS AH. Genetic predisposition of LEPR (rs1137101) gene polymorphism related to type 2 diabetes mellitus - a meta-analysis. Ann Med 2024; 55:2302520. [PMID: 38198642 PMCID: PMC10783847 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2302520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifaceted disease appropriate to elevated blood glucose levels resulting from decreased insulin and beta-cell activity. Using a case-control methodology, researchers have examined the relationship between polymorphisms in LEPR and T2DM in a population from south India.Materials and Methods: We conducted a genetic analysis of 311 participants, and results were accomplished using a case-control study, a meta-analysis of previous studies on LEPR was conducted, and type 2 diabetes genotype distribution across various geographical regions Malaysians, Chinese Han, Kuwait, Iran, Mongolia, and Han Chinese, Greece, Saudi, India (North India, Punjabi), (South India, Tamilnadu). The study involved 254 prospective investigations, and nine association studies were preferred according to preset criteria. Studies were assessed for quality using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). An analysis of the genetic models was conducted to determine their relationship, statistical analysis was utilized to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and matching 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: The LEPR-rs1137101 polymorphism in the case-control study was associated with a significant increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis revealed a connection between LEPR gene polymorphism (rs1137101) and type 2 diabetes risk. Investigators might gain a more profound thought on the significance of the identified genetic variation and its impact on the chance of developing type 2 diabetes by verifying and strengthening previously reported findings. The model of fixed effects was chosen due to the low heterogeneity, and significant associations were observed in the allelic (OR = 0.79, 95% CI [0.70-0.87]), homozygote (OR = 0.58, 95% CI [0.46-0.72]), dominant (OR = 0.66, 95% CI [0.56-0.79]), and recessive (OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.71-0.96]) genetic models. A Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test indicated no publication bias. These findings suggest that the rs1137101 variant in the LEPR gene has been linked to a higher risk of T2DM.Conclusions: A larger sample size, however, is required for further research, and consideration of potential confounding factors is needed to validate these associations. Understanding the implications of LEPR gene polymorphisms in T2DM susceptibility may contribute to personalized treatment strategies for patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Veerabathiran
- Human Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Aswathi P
- Human Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Iyshwarya BK
- Human Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajasekaran D
- Department of General Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Akram Hussain RS
- Human Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Tamilnadu, India
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10
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Di Fusco SA, Mocini E, Gulizia MM, Gabrielli D, Grimaldi M, Oliva F, Colivicchi F. ANMCO (Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists) scientific statement: obesity in adults-an approach for cardiologists. Eat Weight Disord 2024; 29:1. [PMID: 38168872 PMCID: PMC10761446 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex, chronic disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach to its management. In clinical practice, body mass index and waist-related measurements can be used for obesity screening. The estimated prevalence of obesity among adults worldwide is 12%. With the expected further increase in overall obesity prevalence, clinicians will increasingly be managing patients with obesity. Energy balance is regulated by a complex neurohumoral system that involves the central nervous system and circulating mediators, among which leptin is the most studied. The functioning of these systems is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Obesity generally occurs when a genetically predisposed individual lives in an obesogenic environment for a long period. Cardiologists are deeply involved in evaluating patients with obesity. Cardiovascular risk profile is one of the most important items to be quantified to understand the health risk due to obesity and the clinical benefit that a single patient can obtain with weight loss. At the individual level, appropriate patient involvement, the detection of potential obesity causes, and a multidisciplinary approach are tools that can improve clinical outcomes. In the near future, we will probably have new pharmacological tools at our disposal that will facilitate achieving and maintaining weight loss. However, pharmacological treatment alone cannot cure such a complex disease. The aim of this paper is to summarize some key points of this field, such as obesity definition and measurement tools, its epidemiology, the main mechanisms underlying energy homeostasis, health consequences of obesity with a focus on cardiovascular diseases and the obesity paradox.Level of evidence V: report of expert committees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Angela Di Fusco
- Emergency Department, Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mocini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Domenico Gabrielli
- Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Heart Care Foundation, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Grimaldi
- Department of Cardiology, General Regional Hospital "F. Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, 70021, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Oliva
- De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162, Milan, Italy
| | - Furio Colivicchi
- Emergency Department, Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
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11
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Tucker JAL, Bornath DPD, McCarthy SF, Hazell TJ. Leptin and energy balance: exploring Leptin's role in the regulation of energy intake and energy expenditure. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:87-95. [PMID: 36583502 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2161135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a tonic appetite-regulating hormone, which is integral for the long-term regulation of energy balance. The current evidence suggests that the typical orexigenic or anorexigenic response of many of these appetite-regulating hormones, most notably ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK), require leptin to function whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is required for leptin to function, and these responses are altered when leptin injection or gene therapy is administered in combination with these same hormones or respective agonists. The appetite-regulatory pathway is complex, thus peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), orexin-A (OXA), and amylin also maintain ties to leptin, however these are less well understood. While reviews to date have focused on the existing relationships between leptin and the various neuropeptide modulators of appetite within the central nervous system (CNS) or it's role in thermogenesis, no review paper has synthesised the information regarding the interactions between appetite-regulating hormones and how leptin as a chronic regulator of energy balance can influence the acute appetite-regulatory response. Current evidence suggests that potential relationships exist between leptin and the circulating peripheral appetite hormones ghrelin, GLP-1, CCK, OXA and amylin to exhibit either synergistic or opposing effects on appetite inhibition. Though more research is warranted, leptin appears to be integral in both energy intake and energy expenditure. More specifically, functional leptin receptors appear to play an essential role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A L Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Derek P D Bornath
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
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12
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Paul B, Buchholz DR. Minireview: Glucocorticoid-Leptin Crosstalk: Role of Glucocorticoid-Leptin Counterregulation in Metabolic Homeostasis and Normal Development. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1127-1139. [PMID: 37708034 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids and leptin are two important hormones that regulate metabolic homeostasis by controlling appetite and energy expenditure in adult mammals. Also, glucocorticoids and leptin strongly counterregulate each other, such that chronic stress-induced glucocorticoids upregulate the production of leptin and leptin suppresses glucocorticoid production directly via action on endocrine organs and indirectly via action on food intake. Altered glucocorticoid or leptin levels during development can impair organ development and increase the risk of chronic diseases in adults, but there are limited studies depicting the significance of glucocorticoid-leptin interaction during development and its impact on developmental programming. In mammals, leptin-induced suppression of glucocorticoid production is critical during development, where leptin prevents stress-induced glucocorticoid production by inducing a period of short-hyporesponsiveness when the adrenal glands fail to respond to certain mild to moderate stressors. Conversely, reduced or absent leptin signaling increases glucocorticoid levels beyond what is appropriate for normal organogenesis. The counterregulatory interactions between leptin and glucocorticoids suggest the potential significant involvement of leptin in disorders that occur from stress during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Daniel R Buchholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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13
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Zhu F, Yin ZT, Zhao QS, Sun YX, Jie YC, Smith J, Yang YZ, Burt DW, Hincke M, Zhang ZD, Yuan MD, Kaufman J, Sun CJ, Li JY, Shao LW, Yang N, Hou ZC. A chromosome-level genome assembly for the Silkie chicken resolves complete sequences for key chicken metabolic, reproductive, and immunity genes. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1233. [PMID: 38057566 PMCID: PMC10700341 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of high-quality pan-genomes would help identify important genes that are still hidden/incomplete in bird reference genomes. In an attempt to address these issues, we have assembled a de novo chromosome-level reference genome of the Silkie (Gallus gallus domesticus), which is an important avian model for unique traits, like fibromelanosis, with unclear genetic foundation. This Silkie genome includes the complete genomic sequences of well-known, but unresolved, evolutionarily, endocrinologically, and immunologically important genes, including leptin, ovocleidin-17, and tumor-necrosis factor-α. The gap-less and manually annotated MHC (major histocompatibility complex) region possesses 38 recently identified genes, with differentially regulated genes recovered in response to pathogen challenges. We also provide whole-genome methylation and genetic variation maps, and resolve a complex genetic region that may contribute to fibromelanosis in these animals. Finally, we experimentally show leptin binding to the identified leptin receptor in chicken, confirming an active leptin ligand-receptor system. The Silkie genome assembly not only provides a rich data resource for avian genome studies, but also lays a foundation for further functional validation of resolved genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Tao Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang-Sen Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Chen Jie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Yu-Ze Yang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - David W Burt
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, KIH 8M5, Canada
| | - Zi-Ding Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Di Yuan
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jim Kaufman
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Cong-Jiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Ying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Wa Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhuo-Cheng Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Rd, 100193, Beijing, China.
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Tschöp MH, Friedman JM. Seeking satiety: From signals to solutions. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh4453. [PMID: 37992155 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Remedies for the treatment of obesity date to Hippocrates, when patients with obesity were directed to "reduce food and avoid drinking to fullness" and begin "running during the night." Similar recommendations have been repeated ever since, despite the fact that they are largely ineffective. Recently, highly effective therapeutics were developed that may soon enable physicians to manage body weight in patients with obesity in a manner similar to the way that blood pressure is controlled in patients with hypertension. These medicines have grown out of a revolution in our understanding of the molecular and neural control of appetite and body weight, reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Munich and Technical University Munich, Munich, 85758 Germany
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
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15
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Altarejos JY, Pangilinan J, Podgrabinska S, Akinci B, Foss-Freitas M, Neidert AH, Ray Y, Zheng W, Kim S, Kamat V, Huang M, Min S, Mastaitis J, Dominguez-Gutierrez G, Kim JH, Stevis P, Huang T, Zambrowicz B, Olson WC, Godin S, Bradley E, Gewitz AD, Baker M, Hench R, Davenport MS, Chenevert TL, DiPaola F, Yancopoulos GD, Murphy AJ, Herman GA, Musser BJ, Dansky H, Harp J, Gromada J, Sleeman MW, Oral EA, Olenchock BA. Preclinical, randomized phase 1, and compassionate use evaluation of REGN4461, a leptin receptor agonist antibody for leptin deficiency. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadd4897. [PMID: 37992152 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.add4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in the adipose-derived hormone leptin or leptin receptor signaling causes class 3 obesity in individuals with genetic loss-of-function mutations in leptin or its receptor LEPR and metabolic and liver disease in individuals with hypoleptinemia secondary to lipoatrophy such as in individuals with generalized lipodystrophy. Therapies that restore leptin-LEPR signaling may resolve these metabolic sequelae. We developed a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb), REGN4461 (mibavademab), that activates the human LEPR in the absence or presence of leptin. In obese leptin knockout mice, REGN4461 normalized body weight, food intake, blood glucose, and insulin sensitivity. In a mouse model of generalized lipodystrophy, REGN4461 alleviated hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis. In a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled two-part study, REGN4461 was well tolerated with an acceptable safety profile. Treatment of individuals with overweight or obesity with REGN4461 decreased body weight over 12 weeks in those with low circulating leptin concentrations (<8 ng/ml) but had no effect on body weight in individuals with higher baseline leptin. Furthermore, compassionate-use treatment of a single patient with atypical partial lipodystrophy and a history of undetectable leptin concentrations associated with neutralizing antibodies to metreleptin was associated with noteable improvements in circulating triglycerides and hepatic steatosis. Collectively, these translational data unveil an agonist LEPR mAb that may provide clinical benefit in disorders associated with relatively low leptin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Y Altarejos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jeffrey Pangilinan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Simona Podgrabinska
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Baris Akinci
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Maria Foss-Freitas
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Caswell Diabetes Institute, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adam H Neidert
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Caswell Diabetes Institute, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yonaton Ray
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Steven Kim
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Vishal Kamat
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Meilin Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Soo Min
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jason Mastaitis
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Jee-Hae Kim
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Panayiotis Stevis
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Tammy Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - William C Olson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Stephen Godin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bradley
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Andrew D Gewitz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Mark Baker
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Caswell Diabetes Institute, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rita Hench
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Caswell Diabetes Institute, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew S Davenport
- Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas L Chenevert
- Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Frank DiPaola
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - George D Yancopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Gary A Herman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Bret J Musser
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Hayes Dansky
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Joyce Harp
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jesper Gromada
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Mark W Sleeman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Elif A Oral
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Caswell Diabetes Institute, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin A Olenchock
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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16
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Ruck L, Wiegand S, Kühnen P. Relevance and consequence of chronic inflammation for obesity development. Mol Cell Pediatr 2023; 10:16. [PMID: 37957462 PMCID: PMC10643747 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-023-00170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing prevalence of morbid obesity accompanied by comorbidities like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) led to a demand for improving therapeutic strategies and pharmacological intervention options. Apart from genetics, inflammation processes have been hypothesized to be of importance for the development of obesity and related aspects like insulin resistance. MAIN TEXT Within this review, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue and the hypothalamus and the development of obesity. Further understanding of this relationship might improve the understanding of the underlying mechanism and may be of relevance for the establishment of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ruck
- Klinik Für Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Abteilung Interdisziplinär, Sozial-Pädiatrisches Zentrum, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Klinik Für Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Webster AN, Becker JJ, Li C, Schwalbe DC, Kerspern D, Karolczak EO, Godschall EN, Belmont-Rausch DM, Pers TH, Lutas A, Habib N, Güler AD, Krashes MJ, Campbell JN. Molecular Connectomics Reveals a Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Sensitive Neural Circuit for Satiety. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.31.564990. [PMID: 37961449 PMCID: PMC10635031 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.31.564990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Liraglutide and other agonists of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1RAs) are effective weight loss drugs, but how they suppress appetite remains unclear. GLP-1RAs inhibit hunger-promoting Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons of the arcuate hypothalamus (Arc) but only indirectly, implicating synaptic afferents to AgRP neurons. To investigate, we developed a method combining rabies-based connectomics with single-nuclei transcriptomics. Applying this method to AgRP neurons in mice predicts 21 afferent subtypes in the mediobasal and paraventricular hypothalamus. Among these are Trh+ Arc neurons (TrhArc), which express the Glp1r gene and are activated by the GLP-1RA liraglutide. Activating TrhArc neurons inhibits AgRP neurons and decreases feeding in an AgRP neuron-dependent manner. Silencing TrhArc neurons increases feeding and body weight and reduces liraglutide's satiating effects. Our results thus demonstrate a widely applicable method for molecular connectomics, reveal the molecular organization of AgRP neuron afferents, and shed light on a neurocircuit through which GLP-1RAs suppress appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison N. Webster
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | - Jordan J. Becker
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Chia Li
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Dana C. Schwalbe
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | - Damien Kerspern
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Eva O. Karolczak
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Tune H. Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Lutas
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Naomi Habib
- Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Krashes
- Section on Motivational Processes Underlying Appetite, Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - John N. Campbell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
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18
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Liu Z, Xiao T, Liu H. Leptin signaling and its central role in energy homeostasis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1238528. [PMID: 38027481 PMCID: PMC10644276 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1238528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin plays a critical role in regulating appetite, energy expenditure and body weight, making it a key factor in maintaining a healthy balance. Despite numerous efforts to develop therapeutic interventions targeting leptin signaling, their effectiveness has been limited, underscoring the importance of gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms through which leptin exerts its functions. While the hypothalamus is widely recognized as the primary site responsible for the appetite-suppressing and weight-reducing effects of leptin, other brain regions have also been increasingly investigated for their involvement in mediating leptin's action. In this review, we summarize leptin signaling pathways and the neural networks that mediate the effects of leptin, with a specific emphasis on energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxun Liu
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hailan Liu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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19
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Ma J, Hou YH, Liao ZY, Ma Z, Zhang XX, Wang JL, Zhu YB, Shan HL, Wang PY, Li CB, Lv YL, Wei YL, Dou JZ. Neuroprotective Effects of Leptin on the APP/PS1 Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model: Role of Microglial and Neuroinflammation. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 13:69-79. [PMID: 37905186 PMCID: PMC10613410 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s427781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are closely linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) many years ago; however, the pathological mechanisms of AD remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether leptin affected microglia in the hippocampus of young and aged male APP/PS1 mice. Objective In a transgenic model of AD, we investigated the association between intraperitoneal injection of leptin and microglia. Methods We intraperitoneal injection of leptin (1mg/kg) every day for one week and analyzed inflammatory markers in microglia in the hippocampus of adult (6 months) and aged (12 months) APP/PS1 mice. Results In all leptin treatment group, the brain Aβ levels were decrease. We found increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and microglial activation in the hippocampus of adult mice. Using aged mice as an experimental model for chronic neuroinflammation and leptin resistance, the number of Iba-1+ microglia and the levels of IL-1β/IL-6 in the hippocampus were greatly increased as compared to the adult. But between the leptin treatment and un-treatment, there were no difference. Conclusion Leptin signaling would regulate the activation of microglia and the release of inflammatory factors, but it is not the only underlying mechanism in the neuroprotective effects of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hui Hou
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Yan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Li Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bo Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Lei Shan
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping-Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Bo Li
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Lei Lv
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Zhi Dou
- Department of Neurology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Cha JJ, Park BY, Yoon SG, Park HJ, Yoo JA, Ghee JY, Cha DR, Seong JY, Kang YS. Spexin-based galanin receptor 2 agonist improves renal injury in mice with type 2 diabetes. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2023; 27:187-196. [PMID: 37789932 PMCID: PMC10543361 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2023.2263067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spexin-based GALR2 agonist (NS200) is a novel drug, which has shown antidepressant and anxiolytic action in a recent experimental study. In this study, we investigated the effects of NS200 on renal injury in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Eight-week-old diabetic db/db mice were administered NS200 for 12 weeks. NS200 was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day. Metabolic parameters and structural and molecular changes in the kidneys were compared among the three groups: non-diabetic db/m control, db/db mice, and NS200-treated db/db mice. In db/db mice, NS200 administration did not impact the body weight, food and water intake, urinary volume, fasting blood glucose level, or HbA1c levels. Insulin and glucose tolerance were also unaffected by NS200 treatment. However, NS200 improved urinary albumin excretion and glomerulosclerosis in diabetic kidneys. Activation of TGFβ1 and insulin signaling pathways, such as PI3 K /AKT/ERK, were inhibited by NS200. In conclusion, a spexin-based GALR2 agonist attenuated diabetic nephropathy by alleviating renal fibrosis in mice with type 2 diabetes. Spexin-based GALR2 agonists have considerable potential as novel treatment agents in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Boo Yeon Park
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gi Yoon
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Park
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ae Yoo
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Ghee
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Department of Nephrology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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21
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Sweeney P, Gimenez LE, Hernandez CC, Cone RD. Targeting the central melanocortin system for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:507-519. [PMID: 37365323 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A large body of preclinical and clinical data shows that the central melanocortin system is a promising therapeutic target for treating various metabolic disorders such as obesity and cachexia, as well as anorexia nervosa. Setmelanotide, which functions by engaging the central melanocortin circuitry, was approved by the FDA in 2020 for use in certain forms of syndromic obesity. Furthermore, the FDA approvals in 2019 of two peptide drugs targeting melanocortin receptors for the treatment of generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (bremelanotide) and erythropoietic protoporphyria-associated phototoxicity (afamelanotide) demonstrate the safety of this class of peptides. These approvals have also renewed excitement in the development of therapeutics targeting the melanocortin system. Here, we review the anatomy and function of the melanocortin system, discuss progress and challenges in developing melanocortin receptor-based therapeutics, and outline potential metabolic and behavioural disorders that could be addressed using pharmacological agents targeting these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sweeney
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Luis E Gimenez
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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22
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Velickovic K, Leija HAL, Kosic B, Sacks H, Symonds ME, Sottile V. Leptin deficiency impairs adipogenesis and browning response in mouse mesenchymal progenitors. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151342. [PMID: 37467572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although phenotypically different, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) are able to produce heat through non-shivering thermogenesis due to the presence of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The appearance of thermogenically active beige adipocytes in iWAT is known as browning. Both brown and beige cells originate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and in culture conditions a browning response can be induced with hypothermia (i.e. 32 °C) during which nuclear leptin immunodetection was observed. The central role of leptin in regulating food intake and energy consumption is well recognised, but its importance in the browning process at the cellular level is unclear. Here, immunocytochemical analysis of MSC-derived adipocytes established nuclear localization of both leptin and leptin receptor suggesting an involvement of the leptin pathway in the browning response. In order to elucidate whether leptin modulates the expression of brown and beige adipocyte markers, BAT and iWAT samples from leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice were analysed and exhibited reduced brown/beige marker expression compared to wild-type controls. When MSCs were isolated and differentiated into adipocytes, leptin deficiency was observed to induce a white phenotype, especially when incubated at 32 °C. These adaptations were accompanied with morphological signs of impaired adipogenic differentiation. Overall, our results indicate that leptin supports adipocyte browning and suggest a potential role for leptin in adipogenesis and browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Velickovic
- School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, UK; Faculty of Biology, The University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Bojana Kosic
- Faculty of Biology, The University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Harold Sacks
- VA Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Centre for Perinatal Research, Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, UK; Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, UK.
| | - Virginie Sottile
- School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, UK; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Pavia, Italy.
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23
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Fan X, Yuan W, Huang W, Lin Z. Recent progress in leptin signaling from a structural perspective and its implications for diseases. Biochimie 2023; 212:60-75. [PMID: 37080418 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
As a multi-potency cytokine, leptin not only plays a crucial role in controlling weight and energy homeostasis but also participates in the metabolic balance in the human body. Leptin is a small helical protein with a molecular weight of 16 kDa. It can interact with multiple subtypes of its receptors to initiate intracellular signal transduction and exerts physiological effects. Disturbances in leptin signaling may lead to obesity and a variety of metabolic diseases. Leptin was also found to be a critical factor in many diseases of the elderly. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the structural and molecular mechanisms of leptin signaling through its receptors with the aim of a deeper understanding of leptin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Wensu Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Weidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, PR China.
| | - Zhi Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.
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24
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Li S, Liu M, Cao S, Liu B, Li D, Wang Z, Sun H, Cui Y, Shi Y. The Mechanism of the Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Food Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:3728. [PMID: 37686760 PMCID: PMC10490484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of energy metabolism disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and anorexia, the regulation of feeding has become the focus of global attention. The gastrointestinal tract is not only the site of food digestion and absorption but also contains a variety of appetite-regulating signals such as gut-brain peptides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), bacterial proteins, and cellular components produced by gut microbes. While the central nervous system (CNS), as the core of appetite regulation, can receive and integrate these appetite signals and send instructions to downstream effector organs to promote or inhibit the body's feeding behaviour. This review will focus on the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding behaviour, discussing how the peripheral appetite signal is sensed by the CNS via the gut-brain axis and the role of the central "first order neural nuclei" in the process of appetite regulation. Here, elucidation of the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding regulation may provide new strategies for future production practises and the treatment of diseases such as anorexia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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25
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Melnyk S, Hakkak R. Effect of Metformin Treatment on Serum Metabolic Profile Changes in Lean and Obese Zucker Rat Model for Fatty Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1234. [PMID: 37627299 PMCID: PMC10452862 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive weight and obesity are the leading risk factors for the development of chronic diseases, including diabetes. Metformin is capable of significantly improving coexisting complications of diabetes. We used a metabolomics approach to examine the effects of metformin administration on lean and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. After 1 week of acclimation, twenty-eight 5-week-old female lean and obese rats were randomly assigned to and maintained in the following four groups (seven rats/group) for 10 weeks: (1) lean control (LC); (2) obese control (OC); (3) lean metformin (LM); and (4) obese metformin (OM). At the end of 10 weeks, serum was collected and analyzed using HPLC with electrochemical detection, HPLC with UV detection, and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. We selected 50 metabolites' peaks that were shared by all four groups of rats. Peak heights, as a defining factor, generally decreased in metformin-treated lean rats vs. untreated lean controls (3 LM:16 LC). Peak heights generally increased in metformin-treated obese rats vs. untreated obese controls (14 OM:5 OC). Overall, individual peaks were distributed as 11 that represented only lean rats, 11 that represented only obese rats, and 8 that were common among both lean and obese rats. In future studies, we will use a targeted metabolomics approach to identify those metabolites, map them to biochemical pathways and create a list of biomarkers. In summary, the current study contributed to a better understanding of the basic metabolic changes of lean and obese rats and demonstrated that both obesity and metformin make a significant impact on the metabolome of Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Melnyk
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Reza Hakkak
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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26
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Fu X, Wang Y, Zhao F, Cui R, Xie W, Liu Q, Yang W. Shared biological mechanisms of depression and obesity: focus on adipokines and lipokines. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:5917-5950. [PMID: 37387537 PMCID: PMC10333059 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression and obesity are both common disorders currently affecting public health, frequently occurring simultaneously within individuals, and the relationship between these disorders is bidirectional. The association between obesity and depression is highly co-morbid and tends to significantly exacerbate metabolic and related depressive symptoms. However, the neural mechanism under the mutual control of obesity and depression is largely inscrutable. This review focuses particularly on alterations in systems that may mechanistically explain the in vivo homeostatic regulation of the obesity and depression link, such as immune-inflammatory activation, gut microbiota, neuroplasticity, HPA axis dysregulation as well as neuroendocrine regulators of energy metabolism including adipocytokines and lipokines. In addition, the review summarizes potential and future treatments for obesity and depression and raises several questions that need to be answered in future research. This review will provide a comprehensive description and localization of the biological connection between obesity and depression to better understand the co-morbidity of obesity and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yicun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Fangyi Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
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27
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Borges JCO, Oliveira VAB, Serdan TDA, Silva FLR, Santos CS, Pauferro JRB, Ribas ASF, Manoel R, Pereira ACG, Correa IS, Pereira JNB, Bazotte RB, Levada-Pires AC, Pithon-Curi TC, Gorjão R, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Masi LN. Brain glucose hypometabolism and hippocampal inflammation in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12742. [PMID: 37377307 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain glucose hypometabolism and neuroinflammation are early pathogenic manifestations in neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation may also disrupt leptin signaling, an adipokine that centrally regulates appetite and energy balance by acting on the hypothalamus and exerting neuroprotection in the hippocampus. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) animal model used to investigate diabetes-associated molecular mechanisms without obesity jeopardizing effects. Wistar and GK rats received the maintenance adult rodent diet. Also, an additional control group of Wistar rats received a high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFHS) provided by free consumption of condensed milk. All diets and water were provided ad libitum for eight weeks. Brain glucose uptake was evaluated by 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-D-glucose under basal (saline administration) or stimulated (CL316,243, a selective β3-AR agonist) conditions. The animals were fasted for 10-12 h, anesthetized, and euthanized. The brain was quickly dissected, and the hippocampal area was sectioned and stored at -80°C in different tubes for protein and RNA analyses on the same animal. GK rats exhibited attenuated brain glucose uptake compared to Wistar animals and the HFHS group under basal conditions. Also, the hippocampus of GK rats displayed upregulated leptin receptor, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression and IL-1β and the subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB (p-p65) protein expression. No significant alterations were detected in the hippocampus of HFHS rats. Our data indicated that a genetic predisposition to T2DM has significant brain deteriorating features, including brain glucose hypometabolism, neuroinflammation, and leptin signaling disruption in the hippocampal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C O Borges
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V A B Oliveira
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T D A Serdan
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F L R Silva
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C S Santos
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J R B Pauferro
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A S F Ribas
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R Manoel
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A C G Pereira
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I S Correa
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J N B Pereira
- Seção de Produção de Imunobiológicos, Bioindustrial Centro, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R B Bazotte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - A C Levada-Pires
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T C Pithon-Curi
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R Gorjão
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R Curi
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Seção de Produção de Imunobiológicos, Bioindustrial Centro, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - S M Hirabara
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L N Masi
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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28
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Rosen CJ. Antagonizing the Leptin Receptor in Obesity. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:2291-2293. [PMID: 37314711 DOI: 10.1056/nejme2301915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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29
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Xiong C, Zhou Y, Han Y, Yi J, Pang H, Zheng R, Zhou Y. IntiCom-DB: A Manually Curated Database of Inter-Tissue Communication Molecules and Their Communication Routes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:833. [PMID: 37372118 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Inter-tissue communication (ITC) is critical for maintaining the physiological functions of multiple tissues and is closely related to the onset and development of various complex diseases. Nevertheless, there is no well-organized data resource for known ITC molecules with explicit ITC routes from source tissues to target tissues. To address this issue, in this work, we manually reviewed nearly 190,000 publications and identified 1408 experimentally supported ITC entries in which the ITC molecules, their communication routes, and their functional annotations were included. To facilitate our work, these curated ITC entries were incorporated into a user-friendly database named IntiCom-DB. This database also enables visualization of the expression abundances of ITC proteins and their interaction partners. Finally, bioinformatics analyses on these data revealed common biological characteristics of the ITC molecules. For example, tissue specificity scores of ITC molecules at the protein level are often higher than those at the mRNA level in the target tissues. Moreover, the ITC molecules and their interaction partners are more abundant in both the source tissues and the target tissues. IntiCom-DB is freely available as an online database. As the first comprehensive database of ITC molecules with explicit ITC routes to the best of our knowledge, we hope that IntiCom-DB will benefit future ITC-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxian Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiran Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingkun Yi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huai Pang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Noncoding RNA Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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30
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Gogiraju R, Witzler C, Shahneh F, Hubert A, Renner L, Bochenek ML, Zifkos K, Becker C, Thati M, Schäfer K. Deletion of endothelial leptin receptors in mice promotes diet-induced obesity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8276. [PMID: 37217565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity promotes endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial cells not only respond, but possibly actively promote the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Our aim was to characterize the role of endothelial leptin receptors (LepR) for endothelial and whole body metabolism and diet-induced obesity. Mice with tamoxifen-inducible, Tie2.Cre-ERT2-mediated deletion of LepR in endothelial cells (End.LepR knockout, KO) were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Body weight gain, serum leptin levels, visceral adiposity and adipose tissue inflammation were more pronounced in obese End.LepR-KO mice, whereas fasting serum glucose and insulin levels or the extent of hepatic steatosis did not differ. Reduced brain endothelial transcytosis of exogenous leptin, increased food intake and total energy balance were observed in End.LepR-KO mice and accompanied by brain perivascular macrophage accumulation, whereas physical activity, energy expenditure and respiratory exchange rates did not differ. Metabolic flux analysis revealed no changes in the bioenergetic profile of endothelial cells from brain or visceral adipose tissue, but higher glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration rates in those isolated from lungs. Our findings support a role for endothelial LepRs in the transport of leptin into the brain and neuronal control of food intake, and also suggest organ-specific changes in endothelial cell, but not whole-body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinikanth Gogiraju
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius Witzler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Shahneh
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid Hubert
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luisa Renner
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena L Bochenek
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Zifkos
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Clinic Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Madhusudhan Thati
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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31
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Sharma Y, Galvão AM. Maternal obesity and ovarian failure: is leptin the culprit? Anim Reprod 2023; 19:e20230007. [PMID: 36855701 PMCID: PMC9968511 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
At the time of its discovery and characterization in 1994, leptin was mostly considered a metabolic hormone able to regulate body weight and energy homeostasis. However, in recent years, a great deal of literature has revealed leptin's pleiotropic nature, through its involvement in numerous physiological contexts including the regulation of the female reproductive tract and ovarian function. Obesity has been largely associated with infertility, and leptin signalling is known to be dysregulated in the ovaries of obese females. Hence, the disruption of ovarian leptin signalling was shown to contribute to the pathophysiology of ovarian failure in obese females, affecting transcriptional programmes in the gamete and somatic cells. This review attempts to uncover the underlying mechanisms contributing to female infertility associated with obesity, as well as to shed light on the role of leptin in the metabolic dysregulation within the follicle, the effects on the oocyte epigenome, and the potential long-term consequence to embryo programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswi Sharma
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - António Miguel Galvão
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Olsztyn, Poland,Babraham Institute, Epigenetics Programme, Cambridge, United Kingdom UK,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom UK,Corresponding author: ;
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Habanjar O, Bingula R, Decombat C, Diab-Assaf M, Caldefie-Chezet F, Delort L. Crosstalk of Inflammatory Cytokines within the Breast Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044002. [PMID: 36835413 PMCID: PMC9964711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several immune and immunocompetent cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, adipocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells, are significantly correlated with the complex discipline of oncology. Cytotoxic innate and adaptive immune cells can block tumor proliferation, and others can prevent the immune system from rejecting malignant cells and provide a favorable environment for tumor progression. These cells communicate with the microenvironment through cytokines, a chemical messenger, in an endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine manner. These cytokines play an important role in health and disease, particularly in host immune responses to infection and inflammation. They include chemokines, interleukins (ILs), adipokines, interferons, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which are produced by a wide range of cells, including immune cells, such as macrophages, B-cells, T-cells, and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, a variety of stromal cells, and some cancer cells. Cytokines play a crucial role in cancer and cancer-related inflammation, with direct and indirect effects on tumor antagonistic or tumor promoting functions. They have been extensively researched as immunostimulatory mediators to promote the generation, migration and recruitment of immune cells that contribute to an effective antitumor immune response or pro-tumor microenvironment. Thus, in many cancers such as breast cancer, cytokines including leptin, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, IL-17, and IL-10 stimulate while others including IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ, inhibit cancer proliferation and/or invasion and enhance the body's anti-tumor defense. Indeed, the multifactorial functions of cytokines in tumorigenesis will advance our understanding of cytokine crosstalk pathways in the tumor microenvironment, such as JAK/STAT, PI3K, AKT, Rac, MAPK, NF-κB, JunB, cFos, and mTOR, which are involved in angiogenesis, cancer proliferation and metastasis. Accordingly, targeting and blocking tumor-promoting cytokines or activating and amplifying tumor-inhibiting cytokines are considered cancer-directed therapies. Here, we focus on the role of the inflammatory cytokine system in pro- and anti-tumor immune responses, discuss cytokine pathways involved in immune responses to cancer and some anti-cancer therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Habanjar
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rea Bingula
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Caroline Decombat
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- Equipe Tumorigénèse Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Anticancéreuse, Faculté des Sciences II, Université Libanaise Fanar, Beyrouth 1500, Lebanon
| | - Florence Caldefie-Chezet
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laetitia Delort
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Correspondence:
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Liu B, Xu J, Lu L, Gao L, Zhu S, Sui Y, Cao T, Yang T. Metformin induces pyroptosis in leptin receptor-defective hepatocytes via overactivation of the AMPK axis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:82. [PMID: 36737598 PMCID: PMC9898507 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the biguanide of hepatic insulin sensitizer for patients with non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Findings regarding its efficacy in restoring blood lipids and liver histology have been contradictory. In this study, we explore metformin's preventive effects on NAFLD in leptin-insensitive individuals. We used liver tissue, serum exosomes and isolated hepatocytes from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and leptin receptor (Lepr) knockout rats to investigate the correlation between hepatic Lepr defective and liver damage caused by metformin. Through immunostaining, RT-PCR and glucose uptake monitoring, we showed that metformin treatment activates adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream cytochrome C oxidase (CCO). This leads to overactivation of glucose catabolism-related genes, excessive energy repertoire consumption, and subsequent hepatocyte pyroptosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing further confirmed the hyper-activation of glucose catabolism after metformin treatment. Altogether, we showed that functional Lepr is necessary for metformin treatment to be effective, and that long-term metformin treatment might promote NAFLD progression in leptin-insensitive individuals. This provides important insight into the clinical application of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Jingyuan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Linyao Lu
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Shengjuan Zhu
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Yi Sui
- Department of Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China.
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Wu Y, Zhou J, Yang Y. Peripheral and central control of obesity by primary cilia. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:295-304. [PMID: 36632916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like structures that protrude from the cell surface. They are capable of sensing external cues and conveying a vast array of signals into cells to regulate a variety of physiological activities. Mutations in cilium-associated genes are linked to a group of diseases with overlapping clinical manifestations, collectively known as ciliopathies. A significant proportion of human ciliopathy cases are accompanied by metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to obesity are complex. In this article, we present an overview of primary cilia and highlight obesity-related ciliopathies. We also discuss the potential role of primary cilia in peripheral organs, with a focus on adipose tissues. In addition, we emphasize the significance of primary cilia in the central regulation of obesity, especially the involvement of ciliary signaling in the hypothalamic control of feeding behavior. This article therefore proposes a framework of both peripheral and central regulation of obesity by primary cilia, which may benefit further exploration of the ciliary role in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yunfan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Ni W, Zhang J, Wang B, Liang F, Bao L, Li P, Fang Y. Actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1 up-regulation in the hypothalamus prevents high-fat diet induced obesity. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:64-77. [PMID: 36382618 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health crisis in the modern society. Studies have shown that the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) induces hypothalamic inflammation and leptin resistance, which consequently favours body mass gain. Actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1 (ARPC1B), an actin-binding protein, is highly expressed in immune cells. Recent studies have shown that ARPC1B has a certain anti-inflammatory effect. While ARPC1B expression is decreased in the hypothalamus of mice fed a HFD, the role of ARPC1B in HFD-induced obesity remains unclear. Thus, we investigated whether ARPC1B up-regulation in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) could inhibit the development of obesity. Herein, ARPC1B overexpression lentiviral particles were stereotaxically injected into the ARC of male C57BL/6J mice (7 weeks old) fed with HFD. Overexpression of ARPC1B in the hypothalamic ARC attenuated HFD-induced ARC inflammation, reduced body-weight gain and feed efficiency. Furthermore, up-regulation of ARC ARPC1B improved the glucose tolerance and reduced subcutaneous/epididymal fat mass accumulation, which decreased the serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride and leptin levels. In addition, upon ARPC1B overexpression in the hypothalamic ARC, intraperitoneal injection of leptin increased the phosphorylation level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), an important transcription factor for leptin's action, in the ARC of obese mice. Accordingly, we suggest that up-regulation of ARPC1B in the hypothalamic ARC may improve the HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation and leptin resistance. Our findings demonstrate that ARPC1B is a promising target for the treatment of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Long Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Graduate School of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yan Fang
- Teaching and Research Section of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
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Shin S, You IJ, Jeong M, Bae Y, Wang XY, Cawley ML, Han A, Lim BK. Early adversity promotes binge-like eating habits by remodeling a leptin-responsive lateral hypothalamus-brainstem pathway. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:79-91. [PMID: 36510113 PMCID: PMC9829538 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early-life trauma (ELT) is a risk factor for binge eating and obesity later in life, yet the neural circuits that underlie this association have not been addressed. Here, we show in mice that downregulation of the leptin receptor (Lepr) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and its effect on neural activity is crucial in causing ELT-induced binge-like eating and obesity upon high-fat diet exposure. We also found that the increased activity of Lepr-expressing LH (LHLepr) neurons encodes sustained binge-like eating in ELT mice. Inhibition of LHLepr neurons projecting to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray normalizes these behavioral features of ELT mice. Furthermore, activation of proenkephalin-expressing ventrolateral periaqueductal gray neurons, which receive inhibitory inputs from LHLepr neurons, rescues ELT-induced maladaptive eating habits. Our results identify a circuit pathway that mediates ELT-induced maladaptive eating and may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for binge eating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Shin
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.
- FBRI Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, VA, USA.
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - In-Jee You
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- FBRI Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Minju Jeong
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yeeun Bae
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- FBRI Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mikel Leann Cawley
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- FBRI Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Abraham Han
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- FBRI Center for Neurobiology Research, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Lee JK, Ha JH, Kim DK, Kwon J, Cho YE, Kwun IS. Depletion of Zinc Causes Osteoblast Apoptosis with Elevation of Leptin Secretion and Phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010077. [PMID: 36615735 PMCID: PMC9824754 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) has been reported to mediate leptin secretion, and thus leptin can be an important candidate molecule linking Zn with bone formation. The present study investigated whether zinc deficiency induces leptin secretion by activating a JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and leads to osteoblastic apoptosis. MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated for 24 h in normal osteogenic differentiation medium (OSM) or OSM treated with either 1 μM (Low Zn) or 15 μM (High Zn) of ZnCl2 containing 5 μM TPEN (Zn chelator). Our results demonstrated that low Zn stimulated extracellular leptin secretion and increased mRNA and protein expression of leptin in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The OB-Rb (long isoform of leptin receptor) expressions were also elevated in osteoblasts under depletion of Zn. Leptin-signaling proteins, JAK2 and p-JAK2 in the cytosol of low Zn osteoblast conveyed leptin signaling, which ultimately induced higher p-STAT3 expression in the nucleus. Apoptotic effects of JAK2/STAT3 pathway were shown by increased caspase-3 in low Zn osteoblasts as well as apoptotic morphological features observed by TEM. Together, these data suggest that low Zn modulates leptin secretion by activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and induces apoptosis of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Lee
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Kyun Kim
- Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHee Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, 388 Songchundong, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, 388 Songchundong, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-E.C.); (I.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-54-820-5484 (Y.-E.C.)
| | - In-Sook Kwun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, 388 Songchundong, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-E.C.); (I.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-54-820-5484 (Y.-E.C.)
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Jiménez-Cortegana C, Hontecillas-Prieto L, García-Domínguez DJ, Zapata F, Palazón-Carrión N, Sánchez-León ML, Tami M, Pérez-Pérez A, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Vilariño-García T, de la Cruz-Merino L, Sánchez-Margalet V. Obesity and Risk for Lymphoma: Possible Role of Leptin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415530. [PMID: 36555171 PMCID: PMC9779026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, which is considered a pandemic due to its high prevalence, is a risk factor for many types of cancers, including lymphoma, through a variety of mechanisms by promoting an inflammatory state. Specifically, over the last few decades, obesity has been suggested not only to increase the risk of lymphoma but also to be associated with poor clinical outcomes and worse responses to different treatments for those diseases. Within the extensive range of proinflammatory mediators that adipose tissue releases, leptin has been demonstrated to be a key adipokine due to its pleotropic effects in many physiological systems and diseases. In this sense, different studies have analyzed leptin levels and leptin/leptin receptor expressions as a probable bridge between obesity and lymphomas. Since both obesity and lymphomas are prevalent pathophysiological conditions worldwide and their incidences have increased over the last few years, here we review the possible role of leptin as a promising proinflammatory mediator promoting lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Oncology Service, Department of Medicines, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hontecillas-Prieto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Service, Department of Medicines, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel J. García-Domínguez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Service, Department of Medicines, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Zapata
- Oncology Service, Department of Medicines, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Natalia Palazón-Carrión
- Oncology Service, Department of Medicines, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - María L. Sánchez-León
- Oncology Service, Department of Medicines, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Malika Tami
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Service, Department of Medicines, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Flora Sánchez-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Teresa Vilariño-García
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Luis de la Cruz-Merino
- Oncology Service, Department of Medicines, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.d.l.C.-M.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.d.l.C.-M.); (V.S.-M.)
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Choi W, Kim JW, Kang HJ, Kim HK, Kang HC, Lee JY, Kim SW, Stewart R, Kim JM. Interactive Effects of Serum Leptin Levels and Physical Comorbidity on the Pharmacotherapeutic Response of Depressive Disorders. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 20:662-674. [PMID: 36263641 PMCID: PMC9606432 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.4.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate individual and interactive associations of baseline serum leptin levels and physical comorbidity with short- and long-term treatment outcomes in outpatients with depressive disorders who received stepwise antidepressant treatment in a naturalistic prospective study design. METHODS Baseline serum leptin levels were measured, and the number of concurrent physical disorders ascertained from 1,094 patients. These patients received initial antidepressant monotherapy; then, for patients with an insufficient response or who experienced uncomfortable side effects, treatment was administered using alternative strategies every 3 weeks in the acute treatment phase (at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks) and every 3 months in the continuation treatment phase (at 6, 9, and 12 months). Then, 12-week and 12-month remission, defined as a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of ≤7, was estimated. RESULTS In multivariable logistic regression analyses, individual effects were found only between higher baseline serum leptin levels and 12-week non-remission. Significant interactive effects between higher leptin levels and fewer physical disorders (< 2 physical disorders) on 12-week non-remission were observed. However, neither individual nor interactive effects between leptin levels and physical comorbidity were associated with 12-month remission. CONCLUSION The combination of serum leptin level and number of physical disorders may be a useful predictor of short-term treatment responses in patients with depressive disorders receiving pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Ho-Cheol Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Robert Stewart
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea,Address for correspondence: Jae-Min Kim Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea, E-mail: , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7409-6306
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Correale J, Marrodan M. Multiple sclerosis and obesity: The role of adipokines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038393. [PMID: 36457996 PMCID: PMC9705772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration has been associated with various environmental and lifestyle factors. Population-based studies have provided evidence showing the prevalence of MS is increasing worldwide. Because a similar trend has been observed for obesity and metabolic syndrome, interest has grown in possible underlying biological mechanisms shared by both conditions. Adipokines, a family of soluble factors produced by adipose tissue that participate in a wide range of biological functions, contribute to a low state of chronic inflammation observed in obesity, and influence immune function, metabolism, and nutritional state. In this review, we aim to describe epidemiological and biological factors common to MS and obesity, as well as provide an update on current knowledge of how different pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines participate as immune response mediators in MS, as well as in the animal model for MS, namely, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Although its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, there is considerable evidence to suggest MS arises from complex interactions between individual genetic susceptibility and external environmental factors. In recent decades, population-based studies have provided evidence indicating the prevalence of MS is increasing worldwide, in parallel with the rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome. This synchronous increment in the incidence of both MS and obesity has led to a search for potential biological mechanisms linking both conditions. Notably, a large number of studies have established significant correlation between obesity and higher prevalence, or worse prognosis, of several immune-mediated conditions. Fat tissue has been found to produce a variety of soluble factors named adipokines. These mediators, secreted by both adipocytes as well as diverse immune cells, participate in a wide range of biological functions, further strengthening the concept of a link between immune function, metabolism, and nutritional state. Because obesity causes overproduction of pro-inflammatory adipokines (namely leptin, resistin and visfatin) and reduction of anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin and apelin), adipose tissue dysregulation would appear to contribute to a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation favoring the development of disease. In this review, we present a summary of current knowledge related to the pathological effects of different adipokines, prevalent in obese MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Departamento de Neurología, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gouvêa VN, Cooke RF, Marques RS. Impacts of stress-induced inflammation on feed intake of beef cattle. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.962748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock animals are often exposed to unavoidable stressful situations during their productive life that triggers stress-induced inflammatory responses, which are known to influence their nutrient requirements and feed intake. Decreased growth performance and immunocompetence of stressed livestock are often the main consequence of reduced feed intake. Because feed intake is usually reduced in animals experiencing stress conditions, concentrations of certain nutrients in the diets typically need to be increased to meet the requirements of the animals. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that control feed intake in animals experiencing stress-induced inflammation is essential for increasing intake, milk or meat production, feed efficiency, and animal health. This review highlights the hormones regulating feed intake in ruminants and how stress-induced inflammation affect these hormones at local and systemic levels. The mechanism of feed intake regulation in ruminants is extremely complex and involves multiple controls. The liver is an important sensor of energy status in animals under homeostatic conditions, which transmits signals to brain feeding centers that modulate appetite. However, the physiologic consequences associated with different stressors will rearrange the hierarchy of mechanisms controlling feed intake compared to animals under homeostatic conditions, and other tissues (e.g., intestines), systems (e.g., endocrine and lymphatic) hormones (e.g., leptin and ghrelin) will directly affect intake regulation during stress and inflammatory conditions. It is suggested that the immune system can interact with the central nervous system to modulate feed intake. As example, stress events elicit numerous stressors that increase circulating proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8, and acute-phase proteins (APP), and the magnitude of these responses are negatively correlated with feed intake. A direct effect of these cytokines on rumen microbial fermentation and intestinal barrier function was also reported and might indirectly affect intake regulation in ruminants. This review describes the main hormones and proinflammatory cytokines involved in stress-induced inflammation and how they can directly or indirectly affect intake regulation in ruminants. Understanding the mechanisms controlling feed intake in ruminants will help producers to implement management and feed strategies to optimize productivity and profitability in stressed livestock species.
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Martinez-Sanchez N, Sweeney O, Sidarta-Oliveira D, Caron A, Stanley SA, Domingos AI. The sympathetic nervous system in the 21st century: Neuroimmune interactions in metabolic homeostasis and obesity. Neuron 2022; 110:3597-3626. [PMID: 36327900 PMCID: PMC9986959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system maintains metabolic homeostasis by orchestrating the activity of organs such as the pancreas, liver, and white and brown adipose tissues. From the first renderings by Thomas Willis to contemporary techniques for visualization, tracing, and functional probing of axonal arborizations within organs, our understanding of the sympathetic nervous system has started to grow beyond classical models. In the present review, we outline the evolution of these findings and provide updated neuroanatomical maps of sympathetic innervation. We offer an autonomic framework for the neuroendocrine loop of leptin action, and we discuss the role of immune cells in regulating sympathetic terminals and metabolism. We highlight potential anti-obesity therapeutic approaches that emerge from the modern appreciation of SNS as a neural network vis a vis the historical fear of sympathomimetic pharmacology, while shifting focus from post- to pre-synaptic targeting. Finally, we critically appraise the field and where it needs to go.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen Sweeney
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Davi Sidarta-Oliveira
- Physician-Scientist Graduate Program, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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Regulation of feeding and therapeutic application of bioactive peptides. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen HH, Hsu HT, Liao MH, Teng MS. Effects of Sex and Obesity on LEP Variant and Leptin Level Associations in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012275. [PMID: 36293132 PMCID: PMC9603873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), for which obesity and genetics are known risk factors, is a chronic process that alters the structure and function of the intervertebral discs (IVD). Circulating leptin is positively correlated with body weight and is often measured to elucidate the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration. In this study, we examined the associations of LEP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genetic and environmental effects with IVDD. A total of 303 Taiwanese patients with IVDD (mean age, 58.6 ± 12.7 years) undergoing cervical discectomy for neck pain or lumbar discectomy for back pain were enrolled. Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits measured the circulating plasma leptin levels. TaqMan SNP genotyping assays genotyped the LEP SNPs rs2167270 and rs7799039. Leptin levels were significantly increased in obese individuals (p < 0.001) and non-obese or obese women (p < 0.001). In the dominant model, recoded minor alleles of rs2167270 and rs7799039 were associated with higher leptin levels in all individuals (p = 0.011, p = 0.012). Further, the association between these LEP SNPs and leptin levels was significant only in obese women (p = 0.025 and p = 0.008, respectively). There was an interaction effect between sex and obesity, particularly among obese women (interaction p = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). Our findings demonstrate that these SNPs have sex-specific associations with BMI in IVDD patients, and that obesity and sex, particularly among obese women, may modify the LEP transcription effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Hong Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ta Hsu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsiu Liao
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sheng Teng
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-6628-9779 (ext. 5790); Fax: +886-2-6628-9009
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Buonaiuto R, Napolitano F, Parola S, De Placido P, Forestieri V, Pecoraro G, Servetto A, Formisano L, Formisano P, Giuliano M, Arpino G, De Placido S, De Angelis C. Insight on the Role of Leptin: A Bridge from Obesity to Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101394. [PMID: 36291602 PMCID: PMC9599120 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a peptide hormone, mainly known for its role as a mediator of adipose tissue endocrine functions, such as appetite control and energy homeostasis. In addition, leptin signaling is involved in several physiological processes as modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and regulation of sex hormone levels. When adipose tissue expands, an imbalance of adipokines secretion may occur and increasing leptin levels contribute to promoting a chronic inflammatory state, which is largely acknowledged as a hallmark of cancer. Indeed, upon binding its receptor (LEPR), leptin activates several oncogenic pathways, such as JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT, and seems to affect cancer immune response by inducing a proinflammatory immune polarization and eventually enhancing T-cell exhaustion. In particular, obesity-associated hyperleptinemia has been related to breast cancer risk development, although the underlying mechanism is yet to be completely clarified and needs to be deemed in light of multiple variables, such as menopausal state and immune response. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the potential role of leptin as a bridge between obesity and breast cancer and to establish the physio-pathological basis of the linkage between these major health concerns in order to identify appropriate and novel therapeutic strategies to adopt in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Buonaiuto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Napolitano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Parola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Forestieri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pecoraro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Servetto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Giuliano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Arpino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine De Angelis
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Zhou Z, Wang M, Huang C, Li Y, Gao L, Zhu Y, Ying C, Zhou X. Treadmill exercise training alleviates diabetes-induced depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment by improving hippocampal CA1 neurons injury in db/db mice. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:84-96. [PMID: 36174874 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have an increased risk of diabetic encephalopathy symptoms such as depressive-like behaviour and cognitive impairment. Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating DM and diabetic complications. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of treadmill exercise training on diabetes-induced depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment in db/db mice. In this study, the mice were divided into three groups (n=10 per group) as follows: healthy-sedentary (db/m), diabetes-sedentary (db/db), and diabetes-treadmill exercise training (db/db-TET). The db/db-TET mice were performed five days per week at a speed of 8m/min for 60min/day for 8 weeks, following which body weight, fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, behavioral, synaptic ultrastructure, oxidative stress, apoptotic signaling, and inflammatory responses were evaluated. As a result, treadmill exercise training significantly decreased body weight and fasting blood glucose levels, increased insulin sensitivity, protected synaptic ultrastructure, reduced depression-like behavior, and improved learning and memory deficits in db/db mice. In addition, treadmill exercise training significantly suppressed NOX2-mediated oxidative stress, resulting in a decrease in NOX2-dependent ROS generation in the db/db mouse hippocampus CA1 region. Reduced ROS generation prevented the apoptotic signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, thereby ameliorating hippocampus neuronal damage. In summary, the results indicated that treadmill exercise training significantly ameliorates hippocampus injury by suppressing oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, consequently ameliorating diabetes-induced depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Zhou
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R.China; Department of Pain, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, 222000, P.R.China
| | - Meng Wang
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R.China
| | - Chengyu Huang
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R.China
| | - Yan Li
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R.China
| | - Lin Gao
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R.China
| | - Yandong Zhu
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R.China
| | - Changjiang Ying
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R.China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Laboratory of Morphology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R.China.
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Nalbantoğlu Ö, Hazan F, Acar S, Gürsoy S, Özkan B. Screening of non-syndromic early-onset child and adolescent obese patients in terms of LEP, LEPR, MC4R and POMC gene variants by next-generation sequencing. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2022; 35:1041-1050. [PMID: 35801948 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-syndromic monogenic obesity is a rare cause of early-onset severe obesity in the childhood period. The aim of this study was to screen four obesity related genes (LEP, LEPR, MC4R and POMC) in children and adolescents who had severe, non-syndromic early onset obesity. METHODS Next-generation sequencing of all exons in LEP, LEPR, MC4R and POMC was performed in 154 children and adolescents with early onset severe obesity obesity. RESULTS Fifteen different variants in nineteen patients were identified with a variant detection rate of 12.3%. While six different heterozygous variants were observed in MC4R gene (10/154 patients; 6.5%), five different variants in POMC gene (four of them were heterozygous and one of them was homozygous) (6/154 patients; 3.9%) and four different homozygous variants in LEPR gene (3/154 patients; 1.9%) were described. However, no variants were detected in the LEP gene. The most common pathogenic variant was c.496G>A in MC4R gene, which was detected in four unrelated patients. Six novel variants (6/15 variants; 40%) were described in seven patients. Four of them including c.233C>A and c.752T>C in MC4R gene and c.761dup and c.1221dup in LEPR gene were evaluated as pathogenic or likely pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, MC4R variants are the most common genetic cause of monogenic early-onset obesity, consistent with the literature. The c.496G>A variant in MC4R gene is highly prevalent in early-onset obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Nalbantoğlu
- Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. BehçetUz Child Disease and Pediatric Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Filiz Hazan
- Clinic of Medical Genetics, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. BehçetUz Child Disease and Pediatric Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sezer Acar
- Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. BehçetUz Child Disease and Pediatric Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Semra Gürsoy
- Clinic of Pediatric Genetics, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. BehçetUz Child Disease and Pediatric Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Behzat Özkan
- Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Dr. BehçetUz Child Disease and Pediatric Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
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Hebebrand J, Hildebrandt T, Schlögl H, Seitz J, Denecke S, Vieira D, Gradl-Dietsch G, Peters T, Antel J, Lau D, Fulton S. The role of hypoleptinemia in the psychological and behavioral adaptation to starvation: implications for anorexia nervosa. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104807. [PMID: 35931221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review aims to pinpoint mental and behavioral effects of starvation, which may be triggered by hypoleptinemia and as such may be amenable to treatment with leptin receptor agonists. The reduced leptin secretion results from the continuous loss of fat mass, thus initiating a graded triggering of diverse starvation related adaptive functions. In light of leptin receptors located in several peripheral tissues and many brain regions adaptations may extend beyond those of the hypothalamus-pituitary-end organ-axes. We focus on gastrointestinal tract and reward system as relevant examples of peripheral and central effects of leptin. Despite its association with extreme obesity, congenital leptin deficiency with its many parallels to a state of starvation allows the elucidation of mental symptoms amenable to treatment with exogenous leptin in both ob/ob mice and humans with this autosomal recessive disorder. For starvation induced behavioral changes with an intact leptin signaling we particularly focus on rodent models for which proof of concept has been provided for the causative role of hypoleptinemia. For humans, we highlight the major cognitive, emotional and behavioral findings of the Minnesota Starvation Experiment to contrast them with results obtained upon a lesser degree of caloric restriction. Evidence for hypoleptinemia induced mental changes also stems from findings obtained in lipodystrophies. In light of the recently reported beneficial cognitive, emotional and behavioral effects of metreleptin-administration in anorexia nervosa we discuss potential implications for the treatment of this eating disorder. We postulate that leptin has profound psychopharmacological effects in the state of starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Tom Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Haiko Schlögl
- Department of Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia Denecke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Vieira
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Gertraud Gradl-Dietsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Triinu Peters
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45134 Essen, Germany
| | - David Lau
- Department of Nutrition, Neuroscience - University of Montreal & CRCHUM, Montréal QC H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- Department of Nutrition, Neuroscience - University of Montreal & CRCHUM, Montréal QC H3T1J4, Canada
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Speakman JR, Elmquist JK. Obesity: an evolutionary context. LIFE METABOLISM 2022; 1:10-24. [PMID: 36394061 PMCID: PMC9642988 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
People completely lacking body fat (lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy) and those with severe obesity both show profound metabolic and other health issues. Regulating levels of body fat somewhere between these limits would, therefore, appear to be adaptive. Two different models might be contemplated. More traditional is a set point (SP) where the levels are regulated around a fixed level. Alternatively, dual-intervention point (DIP) is a system that tolerates fairly wide variation but is activated when critically high or low levels are breached. The DIP system seems to fit our experience much better than an SP, and models suggest that it is more likely to have evolved. A DIP system may have evolved because of two contrasting selection pressures. At the lower end, we may have been selected to avoid low levels of fat as a buffer against starvation, to avoid disease-induced anorexia, and to support reproduction. At the upper end, we may have been selected to avoid excess storage because of the elevated risks of predation. This upper limit of control seems to have malfunctioned because some of us deposit large fat stores, with important negative health effects. Why has evolution not protected us against this problem? One possibility is that the protective system slowly fell apart due to random mutations after we dramatically reduced the risk of being predated during our evolutionary history. By chance, it fell apart more in some people than others, and these people are now unable to effectively manage their weight in the face of the modern food glut. To understand the evolutionary context of obesity, it is important to separate the adaptive reason for storing some fat (i.e. the lower intervention point), from the nonadaptive reason for storing lots of fat (a broken upper intervention point). The DIP model has several consequences, showing how we understand the obesity problem and what happens when we attempt to treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Corresponding author. John R Speakman, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, China. E-mail:
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Joel K. Elmquist, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA. E-mail:
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Pavithra S, Kishor Kumar DG, Ramesh G, Panigrahi M, Sahoo M, Singh TU, Madhu CL, Manickam K, Shyamkumar TS, Kumar D, Parida S. Fat augments leptin-induced uterine contractions by decreasing JAK2 and BKCa channel expressions in late pregnant rats. Cytokine 2022; 157:155966. [PMID: 35905625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism in obesity causes pregnancy complications in humans and animals. Leptin levels increase in pregnancy, as well as obesity. However, the effect of obesity on uterine leptin receptors and its distal signaling is not clear. The present study aimed to understand the effect of increased fat on leptin signaling in rat uterus. Wistar female rats were fed with an HF diet (40% Fat, 17% Sucrose, 1.25% Cholesterol, 0.75% Cholic acid) for 6 weeks before the mating and during pregnancy. HF diet significantly increased the fat depots, liver weight, serum, and tissue cholesterol levels. It produced fatty degeneration in the liver and caused infiltration of inflammatory cells, cystic endometrial glands, and sub endometrial fibrosis of the uterus. In isometric tension experiments, leptin caused a significant increase in uterine contractions in high fat-fed animals compared to control animals. Analysis of receptor expressions revealed no significant difference between the groups. However, a significant decrease in the JAK2 and BKCaα mRNA expression was observed in the uterus of high fat-fed rats. No change in the BKCaβ, eNOS, iNOS, MLCP, and MLCK mRNA expressions was noticed in the HF group compared to the control. The findings of the present study suggest that the contractile response to leptin in the uterus of high fat-fed rats may be attributed to reduced signaling through JAK2 and, lowered expressions of BKCa channel α subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pavithra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - D G Kishor Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - G Ramesh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Thakur Uttam Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - C L Madhu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Kesavan Manickam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - T S Shyamkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India.
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