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Pchelnikov AV, Yatsenyuk SP, Krasnikova MS. [Circulation of bovine herpesvirus (Herpesviridae: Varicellovirus) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (Flaviviridae: Pestivirus) among wild artiodactyls of the Moscow region]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:142-151. [PMID: 37264849 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pestiviruses and viruses of the Herpesviridae family are widely distributed among different species of ungulates, but the main information about these pathogens is related to their effect on farm animals. Data on detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus (BoHV) in wild ungulates reported from different countries in recent years raises the question of the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of cattle diseases. AIM OF WORK To study the prevalence of herpesviruses and pestiviruses in the population of wild artiodactyls of the Moscow region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of parenchymal organs and mucosal swabs from 124 wild deer (moose and roe deer) shot during hunting seasons 20192022 in Moscow Region were examined by PCR, virological and serological methods for the presence of genetic material and antibodies to bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea. RESULTS BVDV RNA was found in a sample from one moose, BoHV DNA was detected in samples from three roe deer and two moose shot in the Moscow region. Seropositive animals were of different sex and age, the total BoHVs and BVDV seroprevalence rates in wild artiodactyls were 46 and 29%, respectively. CONCLUSION Wild ruminant artiodactyls of the Moscow Region can be a natural reservoir of BoHV-1, and this must be taken into account when planning and organizing measures to control the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Cases of BVDV infection in wild artiodactyls are less common, so more research is needed to definitively establish their role in the epidemiology of this disease in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Pchelnikov
- All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Medicines for Animals and Feed
- Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MBA named after K.I. Skryabin
| | - S P Yatsenyuk
- All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Medicines for Animals and Feed
- Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MBA named after K.I. Skryabin
| | - M S Krasnikova
- All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Medicines for Animals and Feed
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Petrini S, König P, Righi C, Iscaro C, Pierini I, Casciari C, Pellegrini C, Gobbi P, Giammarioli M, De Mia GM. Serological Cross-Reactivity Between Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 and Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 in a gB-ELISA: A Case Report in Italy. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:587885. [PMID: 33195619 PMCID: PMC7656011 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.587885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated for the first time in Italy, the serological cross-reactivity between Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) and Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Five months after arriving at a performance test station in Central Italy, a 6-month-old calf, which was part of a group of 57 animals, tested positive for BoHV-1 in a commercial gB-ELISA test. It was immediately transferred to the quarantine unit and subjected to clinical observation and serological and virological investigations. During this period, the calf showed no clinical signs. The results from laboratory investigations demonstrated the presence of antibodies via competitive glycoprotein B (gB) ELISAs, indirect BoHV-1 ELISAs, and indirect BoHV-2 ELISAs. Furthermore, the plaque reduction assay provided evidence for the presence of antibodies only for BoHV-2, whereas the virus neutralization test showed negative results for both BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. These findings strongly suggest the occurrence of a serological cross-reactivity between BoHV-2 and BoHV-1. Interference of BoHV-2 antibodies in serological BoHV-1 diagnostics should be considered during routine IBR tests, especially when animals are kept in a performance test station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Patricia König
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmen Iscaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pierini
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Casciari
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Pellegrini
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Gobbi
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
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Huaman JL, Pacioni C, Forsyth DM, Pople A, Hampton JO, Carvalho TG, Helbig KJ. Serosurveillance and Molecular Investigation of Wild Deer in Australia Reveals Seroprevalence of Pestivirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070752. [PMID: 32668730 PMCID: PMC7412320 DOI: 10.3390/v12070752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since deer were introduced into Australia in the mid-1800s, their wild populations have increased in size and distribution, posing a potential risk to the livestock industry, through their role in pathogen transmission cycles. In comparison to livestock, there are limited data on viral infections in all wildlife, including deer. The aim of this study was to assess blood samples from wild Australian deer for serological evidence of exposure to relevant viral livestock diseases. Blood samples collected across eastern Australia were tested by ELISA to detect antigens and antibodies against Pestivirus and antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1. A subset of samples was also assessed by RT-PCR for Pestivirus, Simbu serogroup, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bovine ephemeral fever virus. Our findings demonstrated a very low seroprevalence (3%) for ruminant Pestivirus, and none of the other viruses tested were detected. These results suggest that wild deer may currently be an incidental spill-over host (rather than a reservoir host) for Pestivirus. However, deer could be a future source of viral infections for domestic animals in Australia. Further investigations are needed to monitor pathogen activity and quantify possible future infectious disease impacts of wild deer on the Australian livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Huaman
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
| | - Carlo Pacioni
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg 3084, Australia;
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - David M. Forsyth
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Orange 2800, Australia;
| | - Anthony Pople
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Invasive Plants & Animals Research, Biosecurity Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane 4102, Australia;
| | - Jordan O. Hampton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Ecotone Wildlife, P.O. Box 76, Inverloch, VIC 3996, Australia
| | - Teresa G. Carvalho
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
| | - Karla J. Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9479-6650
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Martins B, Ebling RC, Martins M, Diel DG, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Antigenic relationships between Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) and Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and experimental CpHV-1 infection of kids and calves. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103663. [PMID: 31404631 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is a worldwide pathogen of goats and is closely related to Bovine alphaherpevirus 1 (BoHV-1). We herein studied the antigenic relationships of CpHV-1 with BoHV-1 and investigated the pathogenesis of CpHV-1 in kids and calves. Monoclonal antibody reactivity revealed that CpHV-1 and BoHV-1 share immunogenic epitopes in the major envelope glycoproteins gB, gC and gD. The antigenic relationship was further demonstrated by virus-neutralizing assays, in which CpHV-1 and BoHV-1 antisera presented varied degrees of cross-neutralization against the respective heterologous viruses. Although cross-neutralization was observed between both viruses and the heterologous antisera, BoHV-1 antisera neutralized CpHV-1 with higher efficiency than CpHV-1 antisera neutralized BoHV-1. Hence, the antigenic cross-reactivity between CpHV-1 and BoHV-1 should be considered upon serologic testing of goats and cattle in regions where the two viruses co-circulate. Intranasal (IN) inoculation of CpHV-1 (WI13-46 isolate) in seven seronegative kids resulted in efficient viral replication in the respiratory tract. Additionally, mild to moderate systemic and respiratory signs were observed, including apathy, hyperthermia, nasal discharge and respiratory distress. Dexamethasone administration to the inoculated kids between days 36 and 40 pi did not result in virus shedding in nasal secretions. However, latent infection had been established, as evidenced by the detection of CpHV-1 DNA in trigeminal ganglia and olfactory bulbs of kids euthanized at day 67 pi. Contrasting with the outcome of infection in kids, IN inoculation of CpHV-1 in calves did not result in productive infection as no virus replication or shedding were detected, and the animals did not develop clinical signs nor seroconverted. The animal experiments demonstrated that CpHV-1 was able to produce respiratory disease in kids, but did not replicate to detectable levels in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Martins
- Setor de Virologia (SV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Ebling
- Setor de Virologia (SV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mathias Martins
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Xanxere, SC, 89820-000, Brazil
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization (SD-CBRC), South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia (SV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia (SV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Gür S, Erol N, Yapıcı O, Kale M, Tan MT, Turan T, Çakmak MA, Tosun C, Yılmaz S, Acar A, Özenli I, Gür C. The role of goats as reservoir hosts for bovine herpes virus 1 under field conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:753-758. [PMID: 30467815 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) is the cause of economically significant viral infections in cattle. Respiratory symptoms associated with the infection are known as Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Sheep and goats are less sensitive to the infection although their role in inter-species viral transmission under field conditions is subject to controversy. The objective of this study was to investigate seroprevalence of BoHV1 infections in cattle, sheep, and goats raised together for at least a year. Blood serum samples were taken from 226 cattle, 1.053 sheep, and 277 goats from 17 small- to medium-scale farms. BoHV1-specific antibody presence and titers were determined using virus neutralization test. In total, 73 of the 226 cattle (32.3%) were seropositive. The infection was detected in 13 of the 17 farms. Infection rates ranged from 5.8 to 88.8%. Only one of the 1053 sheep (0.09%) was seropositive. However, 58 of the 277 (20.9%) goats were seropositive. Goat samples taken from 8 of the 17 farms were seropositive with infection rates ranging from 17 to 38.9%. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation in infection rates between cattle and goats but not sheep. These results suggest that goats may be more sensitive to the BHV1 infection than sheep and the role of goats as possible reservoirs for BoHV1 in the control and eradication of BHV1 in cattle should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Gür
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Nural Erol
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Orhan Yapıcı
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kale
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tolga Tan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Turhan Turan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Cemil Tosun
- Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | | | - Abuzer Acar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Bovine herpesvirus type 1 marker vaccine induces cross-protection against bubaline herpesvirus type 1 in water buffalo. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116:56-62. [PMID: 24985155 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are susceptible to bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and a species-specific herpesvirus, bubaline herpesvirus type 1 (BuHV-1). In this study, an attenuated marker BoHV-1 based vaccine against BuHV-1 challenge was evaluated to determine whether it induces protection from viral replication. One group of water buffalo calves was immunized with an attenuated BoHV-1 marker vaccine. A second group was not vaccinated and used as the control. During the post-vaccination period, we monitored the humoral immune response. The efficacy of the vaccine was tested after intranasal challenge of the calves with a BuHV-1 strain. The experiment showed that after vaccination, BuHV-1 replication was significantly reduced by approximately three titer points compared to the controls. The control animals showed high levels of viral shedding and mild signs associated with BuHV-1 infection. Therefore, our study provides evidence for the existence of cross-protection between BoHV-1 and BuHV-1 in buffalo calves.
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das Neves CG, Roth S, Rimstad E, Thiry E, Tryland M. Cervid herpesvirus 2 infection in reindeer: a review. Vet Microbiol 2010; 143:70-80. [PMID: 20207086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses of the genus Varicellovirus are known to infect and cause disease in a variety of ruminant species, but the impact of cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is mostly unknown. Reindeer is a circum-polar species with a total estimated number of more than 5 million animals. Mortality may reach high values, as in northern Norway, especially in calves (37%; 2005-2006), and disease can potentially account for some of this mortality. CvHV2 has been isolated during a natural outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, indicating an etiologal link. Serological screening has shown that CvHV2 infection is prevalent in Northern Norway and experimental infection studies have demonstrated that viremia, latency and vertical transmission occur for CvHV2. The present review aims at summarizing current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular virology of CvHV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G das Neves
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 23, NO - 9010 Tromsø, Norway.
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Experimental infection of reindeer with cervid herpesvirus 2. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1758-65. [PMID: 19846680 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00218-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) has been isolated from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), and serological data indicate that in reindeer this virus is endemic in Fennoscandia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. CvHV2 has been described as a cause of subclinical genital infections in reindeer, but little information on primary infections exists. In this study, six seronegative and presumably pregnant reindeer were allocated to one of two groups. Two animals were inoculated with CvHV2 intratracheally, and two animals intravaginally, with one control animal in each group receiving sterile water. Mild hyperthermia and serous discharges from the vagina and nose were observed. No abortions were recorded, but one calf died shortly after birth. Inoculated animals seroconverted and had neutralizing antibodies after days 7 to 10 postinfection. CvHV2 was detected by PCR in nasal and vaginal swabs from animals in both groups but could be isolated only from nasal swabs in the respiratory group and from vaginal swabs in the genital group. CvHV2 was detected by PCR in various organs and tissues postmortem. In control animals, the virus could not be isolated in spite of PCR-positive nasal and vaginal swab samples and some degree of positive immunostaining. One of the animals that were inoculated intratracheally developed a hemorrhagic, necrotizing bronchopneumonia, which was CvHV2 positive by PCR and immunohistochemistry. We conclude that CvHV2 can cause systemic infection, that both genital and respiratory inoculations can lead to virus shedding, and that the virus can infect the fetus in utero.
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das Neves CG, Mørk T, Thiry J, Godfroid J, Rimstad E, Thiry E, Tryland M. Cervid herpesvirus 2 experimentally reactivated in reindeer can produce generalized viremia and abortion. Virus Res 2009; 145:321-8. [PMID: 19699769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) has never been isolated from reindeer in Norway, but serological data and investigations by PCR indicate that the virus is endemic in the country, with horizontal and vertical transmission, systemic spread, and latency in the trigeminal ganglion. In this study two seropositive reindeer, one of which was pregnant, were administered dexamethasone, to reactivate CvHV2 latent infection. One control animal received sterile water. All animals including the control reactivated, as shown by amplification of CvHV2 DNA from nasal swabs. The pregnant animal showed lesions in the lip mucosa 10 days after the first dexamethasone injection and CvHV2 was visualized by electron microscopy and isolated from those lesions, as well as from nasal and vaginal swabs. On day 13 she aborted and CvHV2 was isolated from both the aborted calf and the mother. CvHV2 was isolated from the other animal administered dexamethasone. Despite amplification of viral DNA in the control animal, it was never possible to isolate the virus. Molecular characterization of the new isolates confirmed these to be CvHV2, and similar to the previous known strain Salla82. Present results represent the first isolation of CvHV2 in Norway and reconfirm that this virus can cause systemic infections in reindeer even after reactivation episodes, and infect the fetus in utero despite a prompt immune response. While it is not possible to atribute the abortion to CvHV2 alone, present data together with previous reports of vertical transmission of CvHV2 and neonatal death, point to an abortogenic potential, which should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G das Neves
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 23, NO-9010 Tromsø, Norway.
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Das Neves CG, Roger M, Yoccoz NG, Rimstad E, Tryland M. Evaluation of three commercial bovine ELISA kits for detection of antibodies against Alphaherpesviruses in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Acta Vet Scand 2009; 51:9. [PMID: 19272136 PMCID: PMC2663558 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-51-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Varicellovirus (family Herpesviridae subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae) includes a group of viruses genetically and antigenically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) among which cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV-2) can be of importance in reindeer. These viruses are known to be responsible for different diseases in both wild and domestic animals. Reindeer are a keystone in the indigenous Saami culture and previous studies have reported the presence of antibodies against alphaherpesviruses in semi-domesticated reindeer in northern Norway. Mortality rates, especially in calves, can be very high in some herds and the abortion potential of alphaherpesvirus in reindeer, unlike in bovines, remains unknown. ELISA kits are the most used screening method in domestic ruminants and given the close genetic relationship between viruses within this genus, it might be possible to use such kits to screen cervids for different alphaherpesviruses. We have compared three different commercial ELISA kits in order to validate its use for reindeer and CvHV-2. Methods Three commercial bovine ELISA kits (A, B and C), using either indirect (A) or blocking (B and C) ELISA techniques to detect antibodies against BoHV-1 were tested with sera from 154 reindeer in order to detect antibodies against CvHV-2. A Spearman's rank-based coefficient of correlation (ρ) was calculated. A dilution trial was performed for all kits. A virus neutralization test using both BoHV-1 and CvHV-2 was carried out. Results Seroprevalence was almost the same with all kits (40–41%). Despite a similar qualitative score, quantitatively kits classified samples differently and a strong correlation was only identified between Kits B and C. Blocking kits performed better in both repeatability and in the dilution trial. The virus neutralization results confirmed the ELISA results to a very high degree. Neutralizing titres ranged from 1:2 to 1:256 and from 0 to 1:16 against CvHV-2 and BoHV-1 respectively. Conclusion Results show that the genetic and antigenic similarity between BoHV-1 and CvHV-2 enables the use of a bovine gB blocking ELISA kit to screen reindeer. The use of an ELISA kit is both cheaper and time saving, allowing screening of large populations. This study revealed a high number of positive animals against CvHV-2 and its impact and distribution in the general population should be further evaluated.
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Thiry J, Saegerman C, Chartier C, Mercier P, Keuser V, Thiry E. Serological evidence of caprine herpesvirus 1 infection in Mediterranean France. Vet Microbiol 2008; 128:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thiry J, Widén F, Grégoire F, Linden A, Belák S, Thiry E. Isolation and characterisation of a ruminant alphaherpesvirus closely related to bovine herpesvirus 1 in a free-ranging red deer. BMC Vet Res 2007; 3:26. [PMID: 17903260 PMCID: PMC2194762 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-3-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Varicellovirus of the Herpesviridae subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae includes a cluster of viruses antigenically and genetically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1): namely bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5), bubaline herpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), cervid herpesviruses 1 (CvHV-1) and 2 (CvHV-2) and elk herpesvirus 1 (ElkHV-1). Considering the serological relationship between these ruminant alphaherpesviruses, several surveys have studied the occurrence of BoHV-1 related virus infection in wild and domestic ruminant species. In this way, a recent investigation has indicated, in Belgium, a high increase in the serological prevalence of BoHV-1 related virus infection in free-ranging red deer population. In this context, it has been decided to investigate the presence of an alphaherpesvirus spreading in the Belgian free-ranging red deer population. RESULTS The current study reports the first isolation in a free-ranging red deer of a BoHV-1 closely related virus. The isolate was antigenically, genomically and genetically characterised by comparison with several ruminant alphaherpesvirus. Immunofluorescence assays revealed the isolate was antigenically distinct from bovine and caprine alphaherpesviruses. Similarly, BamHI and BstEII restriction analyses demonstrated the genomic difference between the isolate and the other ruminant alphaherpesviruses. Next, the sequencing of selected parts of UL27 and US8 genes showed a high degree of homologies between each BoHV-1 related ruminant alphaherpesvirus and the isolate. Besides the close relationship between all ruminant alphaherpesviruses, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate clustered with CvHV-1. CONCLUSION The first isolation of a virus closely related to BoHV-1 in a free-ranging red deer is reported. Data demonstrate that a CvHV-1 strain, named Anlier, circulates in wild red deer in continental Europe. Anlier strain show consistent differences with the virus isolated from Scottish farmed red deer. All together, these results improve our understanding of ruminant alphaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Thiry
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Frederik Widén
- Joint R&D Division, Departments of Virology, National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabien Grégoire
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Annick Linden
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sándor Belák
- Joint R&D Division, Departments of Virology, National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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13
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) related with the Animal health risks of feeding animals with ready to use dairy products without further treatment. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Keuser V, Espejo-Serrano J, Schynts F, Georgin JP, Thiry E. Isolation of caprine herpesvirus type 1 in Spain. Vet Rec 2004; 154:395-9. [PMID: 15083973 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.13.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of caprine herpesvirus type 1 (CpHV-1) were isolated after the experimental reactivation of two seropositive goats in Spain. Viral DNA from these isolates was compared with DNA from bovine herpesvirus type 1 and CpHV-1 reference strains by restriction endonuclease analysis. The two Spanish isolates were closely related but could easily be distinguished from each other and from the reference strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Keuser
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 4000 Liège, Belgium
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15
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Keuser V, Schynts F, Detry B, Collard A, Robert B, Vanderplasschen A, Pastoret PP, Thiry E. Improved antigenic methods for differential diagnosis of bovine, caprine, and cervine alphaherpesviruses related to bovine herpesvirus 1. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1228-35. [PMID: 15004081 PMCID: PMC356849 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.3.1228-1235.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Revised: 10/05/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis induced by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) requires sensitive and specific diagnostic assays. As BoHV-1 is antigenically and genetically related to four other alphaherpesviruses of ruminants-namely, BoHV-5, caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CvHV-1) and CvHV-2-diagnostic tests able to discriminate BoHV-1 from these related viruses are needed to avoid misdiagnosis, especially because some of these viruses are able to cross the species barrier. In this study, murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for BoHV-1, BoHV-5, CpHV-1, CvHV-1, and CvHV-2 were produced with the aim of setting up an immunofluorescence assay able to discriminate between these related herpesviruses. Produced MAbs were selected for their viral specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence staining of virus-infected cells. Radioimmunoprecipitation characterization of the selected MAbs revealed that four of them are directed against glycoprotein C (gC) and one of them is directed against gD of these related viruses. The obtained results demonstrate that the antibodies produced allow an unambiguous discrimination of each of the four alphaherpesviruses related to BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Keuser
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 4000 Liège, Belgium
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16
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Ros C, Riquelme ME, Forslund KO, Belák S. Improved detection of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses by specific amplification of viral genomic sequences. J Virol Methods 1999; 83:55-65. [PMID: 10598083 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The detection and discrimination of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CerHV-1), and rangiferine herpesvirus 1 (RanHV-1), were achieved by the development of specific PCR systems. The highly variable N-terminal of the glycoprotein C was chosen to select the diagnostic primers, except for the CerHV-1 primers, which targeted the glycoprotein D region. All the assays proved specific since no heterologous virus was amplified. BHV-1 and BHV-5 were detected by using the same PCR assay and the different sizes of the amplification products allowed their identification on agarose gels. The practical diagnostic applicability of the novel PCR assays, with special regard to the BHV-1 system, has been evaluated on clinical samples from experimentally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ros
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Ros C, Belák S. Studies of genetic relationships between bovine, caprine, cervine, and rangiferine alphaherpesviruses and improved molecular methods for virus detection and identification. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1247-53. [PMID: 10203465 PMCID: PMC84742 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.5.1247-1253.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1998] [Accepted: 01/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein B (gB) and D (gD) genes from five ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1, and rangiferine herpesvirus 1, were partially sequenced. The nucleotide sequence alignments revealed a highly conserved gB gene, with homologies ranging between 87.2 and 99.6%, and a more variable gD gene, with homologies ranging between 71.3 and 98.9%. The phylogenetic analysis of the gB and gD nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed that BHV-5 is the most closely related virus to the BHV-1 subtype 1 and BHV-1 subtype 2 cluster and that CapHV-1 is the most distantly related virus. The phylogenetic data showed a close relationship of all the studied viruses with suid herpesvirus 1. On the basis of sequence data for the gB gene, a nested PCR combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the PCR products was developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of the viruses that were studied. Nested primers from highly conserved sequence stretches were selected in order to amplify a region of 294 bp in all five viruses, and a subsequent REA of the PCR products allowed specific identification. A mimic molecule that served as an internal standard of the amplification efficiency was constructed. The practical diagnostic applicability of the assay was evaluated with clinical samples consisting of semen and organ specimens from experimentally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ros
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, S-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Lin TM, Shi GY, Tsai CF, Su HJ, Guo YL, Wu HL. Susceptibility of endothelial cells to bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BHV-4). J Virol Methods 1997; 63:219-25. [PMID: 9015293 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(96)02132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of two different types of cells to bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BHV-4) was compared by median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assays. The bovine arterial endothelial (BAE) cell culture derived from bovine carotid arteries was 100-1000 times more sensitive to two strains of BHV-4, Movar 33/63 and DN 599, than Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line commonly used for the propagation of these viruses. BAE cell cultures infected with BHV-4 displayed cytopathic effects (CPE) earlier and more prominently than the MDBK cells infected with the same viruses. BAE cells were also more sensitive than MDBK cells in conventional plaque assays in that the former developed well characterized and easily recognized plaques after infection with the viruses. BAE cells, which are proved to be exceptionally susceptible to BHV-4, can be used in the detection and quantitation of BHV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Lin
- Department of Medical Technology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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19
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Lyaku JR, Vilcek S, Nettleton PF, Marsden HS. The distinction of serologically related ruminant alphaherpesviruses by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction endonuclease analysis. Vet Microbiol 1996; 48:135-42. [PMID: 8701569 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The amplification and analysis of a 468bp fragment from the gB gene of the serologically related ruminant alphaherpesviruses bovine herpesvirus-1.1 and 1.2 (BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.2), caprine herpesvirus-1 (CapHV-1), cervine herpesvirus-1 (CerHV-1) and rangiferine herpesvirus-1 (RanHV-1) by PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis is described. As primers, 22bp oligomers selected from the BHV-1 gB gene sequences were used for the amplification of the DNA from the five viruses. The amplification product from each virus was analysed by the restriction endonuclease enzymes BglI, HinfI, SmaI and AvaI. The specific amplification obtained demonstrate the existence of the gB gene sequences for each of the five alphaherpesviruses. However, sequences from some of the fragments were found to be different from those predicted from the gB gene following restriction endonuclease analysis. All five amplification products generated the same number of fragments after digestion with HinfI except for two additional bands evident in CapHV-1. The CerHV-1 and RanHV-1 fragments contained slightly different BglI restriction sites from those of the other three. While BHV-1.1, BHV-1.2, CapHV-1 and CerHV-1 contained SmaI and AvaI restriction sites, the RanHV-1 amplification product lacked both SmaI and AvaI restriction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lyaku
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Abstract
Four foals were raised under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions. At 3 to 4 months of age, SPF foals and 1 other non-SPF foal were intranasally inoculated with equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1). Clinical signs included depression, fever, inappetence and intermittent coughing. Clinical recovery was complete by seven days but high titres of virus were detected in nasal mucus for at least 10 days after inoculation. Clinical illness was less severe in the non-SPF foal. Interferon was detected in the nasal mucus of all foals from 2 days post infection (dpi), persisting until 8 or 10 dpi. ELISA antibody was detected in serum from 6 dpi. Titres continued to rise throughout the period of observation, and were slightly stimulated by re-inoculation. EHV antibody, identified as belonging to the IgM class by the double sandwich ELISA, was detected from 6 dpi. Peak IgM titres were observed between day 10 and 18, declining to base levels by day 42. Virus neutralizing antibody was detectable in serum from day 14 and rises in titre were parallel to that of total ELISA antibody. Cellular immunity in EHV-1 infected SPF horses was examined by the antibody dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) test and the specific lymphocyte transformation test. The ability of foal neutrophils to effect ADCC decreased significantly between 3 to 10 days after inoculation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) displayed reactivity towards EHV-1 antigens from about day 14, with maximum stimulation indices being obtained between 28 and 42 dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Chong
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Lyaku JR, Nettleton PF, Marsden H. A comparison of serological relationships among five ruminant alphaherpesviruses by ELISA. Arch Virol 1992; 124:333-41. [PMID: 1605741 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays the cross reactivity of bovine herpesvirus-1.1, bovine herpesvirus-1.2, caprine herpesvirus-2, cervine (red deer) herpesvirus-1 and rangiferine (reindeer) herpesvirus-1 has been examined using rabbit hyperimmune antisera and convalescent cattle and red deer field sera. Significant cross-reactivity among all the five viruses was demonstrated. A detailed analysis showed that: (1) the two bovine herpesviruses are most closely related, (2) the cervine, caprine and rangiferine viruses are more closely related to the bovine viruses than they are to each other, (3) the cervine herpesvirus is more related to the bovine herpesvirus than to the rangiferine or caprine herpesviruses and (4) the rangiferine virus is more related to the cervine virus than to the bovine and caprine viruses. Cattle and red deer sera reacted most strongly with the bovine and cervine viruses respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lyaku
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
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22
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Williams JR, Evermann JF, Beede RF, Scott ES, Dilbeck PM, Whetstone CA, Stone DM. Association of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in a llama with bronchopneumonia. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991; 3:258-60. [PMID: 1655063 DOI: 10.1177/104063879100300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J R Williams
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
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