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Crawford MA, Sinclair AJ, Hall B, Ogundipe E, Wang Y, Bitsanis D, Djahanbakhch OB, Harbige L, Ghebremeskel K, Golfetto I, Moodley T, Hassam A, Sassine A, Johnson MR. The imperative of arachidonic acid in early human development. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101222. [PMID: 36746351 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is about the role of arachidonic acid (ArA) in foetal and early growth and development. In 1975 and '76, we reported the preferential incorporation of ArA into the developing brain of rat pups, its conservation as a principal component in the brains of 32 mammalian species and the high proportion delivered by the human placenta for foetal nutrition, compared to its parent linoleic acid (LA). ArA is quantitatively the principal acyl component of membrane lipids from foetal red cells, mononuclear cells, astrocytes, endothelium, and placenta. Functionally, we present evidence that ArA, but not DHA, relaxes the foetal mesenteric arteries. The placenta biomagnifies ArA, doubling the proportion of the maternal level in cord blood. The proportions of ArA and its allies (di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), adrenic acid and ω6 docosapentaenoic acid) are similar or higher than the total of ω3 fatty acids in human milk, maintaining the abundant supply to the developing infant. Despite the evidence of the importance of ArA, the European Food Standard Agency, in 2014 rejected the joint FAO and WHO recommendation on the inclusion of ArA in infant formula, although they recommended DHA. The almost universal dominance of ArA in the membrane phosphoglycerides during human organogenesis and prenatal growth suggests that the importance of ArA and its allies in reproductive biology needs to be re-evaluated urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Crawford
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK; The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Hall
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Enitan Ogundipe
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK; The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Dimitrios Bitsanis
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; EvexiaDiet dietetic practise, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Laurence Harbige
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, UK
| | | | - Ivan Golfetto
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; Department of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Therishnee Moodley
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK; Centre for Reproductive Medicine, St Bartholomew's, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - AnnieBelle Sassine
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK; The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Mark R Johnson
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus of Imperial College, London, UK
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Koletzko B. [Supply, metabolism and biological effects of trans-isomeric fatty acids in infants]. DIE NAHRUNG 1991; 35:229-83. [PMID: 2067565 DOI: 10.1002/food.19910350302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of trans-fatty acids increased markedly during this century due to the widespread use of partially hydrogenated fats. A sensitive analytical method was developed which enables the precise determination of 7 trans-isomers in small sample volumes. With this method we documented the materno-fetal transfer of trans-fatty acids across the human placenta. The content in human milk depends on maternal diet and is lower in Germany than in the Sudan. The distribution in fore- and hind-milk, in milk fat fractions and within the triglyceride molecule was determined. The content of trans-fatty acids is lower in commercial and home-made infant formulae than in human milk, although there is a certain batch to batch variation in formulae. Infants absorb dietary trans-isomers and incorporate them into endogenous lipids, subcutaneous tissue and cell membranes. Trans-fatty acids in plasma lipids are significantly higher in infants fed human milk than in those fed formulae. African children have a lower exposure than Germans. The relative contribution of trans-octadecenoic acid is lower in plasma sterol esters than in triglycerides and phospholipids, pointing to a negative selectivity of plasmatic cholesterol esterification with this fatty acid. Thus, a high supply of trans-octadecenoic acid might have negative effects on the cholesterol levels. In premature infants we found an inverse correlation between trans-fatty acid exposure and birthweight, thus interference with intrauterine growth appears possible. A possible causative factor could be impaired biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by trans-isomers, for which we found strong indications. The results of our investigations the question whether the consumption of trans-fatty acids in pregnant and lactating women and in infants is nutritionally safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Koletzko
- Kinderklinik der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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Dutta-Roy AK, Kahn NN, Sinha AK. Interaction of receptors for prostaglandin E1/prostacyclin and insulin in human erythrocytes and platelets. Life Sci 1991; 49:1129-39. [PMID: 1654491 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E1/I2 and insulin receptors of human erythrocyte and platelet are capable of modulating each other's activity. This modulation of the receptor activity and number in one system by a second receptor system in human platelet and erythrocyte seems to be beneficial. Insulin increases the PGE1 binding to platelets and thereby enhances the platelet antiaggregatory action of prostaglandin by increasing cyclic AMP levels. Similarly, PGE1 increases insulin binding to human erythrocyte, and thereby reduces the optimum concentration of insulin for a maximal reduction in membrane microviscosity. During ischemia the reduced response of platelets to the inhibitory effect of PGE1 or PGI2 relates to the impaired PGE1/I2 receptor activity. Treatment of these platelets with insulin at physiological concentrations can normalise the PGE1/I2 receptor activity. This review focuses on the relationship between the two receptor systems in human blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Dutta-Roy
- Receptor Research Lab, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K
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Ferretti A, Flanagan VP. Modification of prostaglandin metabolism in vivo by long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1045:299-301. [PMID: 2386802 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90134-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a pilot study conducted with a healthy male volunteer we determined that short-term dietary supplementation with fish oil markedly suppresses the systemic production of prostaglandin E (P = 0.04). This biochemical effect is observable after an incubation period of several days. The potential consequences of a reduced PGE synthetic rate on renal function, immune system and vascular dynamics, must be considered in the overall evaluation of the safety of fish oil supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferretti
- Lipid Nutrition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, MD 20705
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Ferretti A, Judd JT, Taylor PR, Schatzkin A, Brown C. Modulating influence of dietary lipid intake on the prostaglandin system in adult men. Lipids 1989; 24:419-22. [PMID: 2755319 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of moderate dietary changes on the prostaglandin system by measuring the urinary excretion of 7 alpha-hydroxy-5,11-dioxo-tetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid (PGE-M). In a crossover design, twenty-four free-living male subjects in good health (24 to 54 years of age) were fed two diets: (i) Regular (R) diet, 41% energy (en%) from fat, P/S 0.59, M/S 0.96; (ii) Experimental (E) diet, 19 en% from fat, P/S 1.31, M/S 1.48. Diet R contained 13.9 g/day of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and about 600 mg/day of cholesterol per 3200 kcal; Diet E contained 35.5 g/day NDF and about 280 mg/day cholesterol. Each controlled-diet period lasted ten weeks. The menu cycle was 7 days, and all diets were calculated to provide adequate amounts of essential nutrients. The PGE-M excretion rates were determined in 24-hr urine by stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion-monitoring mode. Low-fat Diet E, with an intake of 6.6 en% from polyunsaturates, was associated with an average 14.2% reduction in PGE-M daily output, compared to high-fat Diet R with a 9.3 en% from polyunsaturates (P = 0.046). These results support the view that dietary lipid changes can significantly alter the in vivo production of E-series prostaglandins. We cannot conclude, however, if this apparent diet effect was brought about by the change in linoleate intake alone or was the result of complex biochemical interactions among individual fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferretti
- Lipid Nutrition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS-USDA, MD 20705
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Huang YS, Nassar BA, Horrobin DF. The prostaglandin outflow from perfused mesenteric vasculature of rats fed different fats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989; 35:73-9. [PMID: 2717652 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(89)90168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and replacement with saturated fat or fish oil on the prostaglandin outflow from perfused mesenteric vasculature in rats were studied. Seventy-two weanling male rats were fed ad libitum a semi-synthetic diet supplemented with 10% by weight of oil, composed wholly of n-6 fatty acid-rich evening primrose oil, or replaced partly or completely (25, 50, 75 or 100%) by n-6 fatty acid-deficient fish oil or hydrogenated coconut oil for 8 weeks. The outflows of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, thromboxane B2, and prostaglandin E from the perfused mesenteric vasculature were measured at 60 min-time point after starting the perfusion. In general, the release of prostanoids from the mesenteric vasculature was significantly reduced in rats fed a diet in which evening primrose oil was partly or completely replaced by either hydrogenated coconut or fish oil. This was probably due to the insufficient conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid. The extent of reduction was greater in fish oil-fed than in hydrogenated coconut oil-fed rats, while the levels of arachidonic acid in aortic phospholipids were similar between these two groups. This result implies that the greater reduction of prostaglandin synthesis in rats fed fish oil was due to the inhibitory effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in fish oil on the conversion of arachidonate to eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Huang
- Efamol Research Institute, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
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8
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Prostaglandins and transplantation. Curr Probl Surg 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0011-3840(88)90018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Trocki O, Heyd TJ, Waymack JP, Alexander JW. Effects of fish oil on postburn metabolism and immunity. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987; 11:521-8. [PMID: 3480959 DOI: 10.1177/0148607187011006521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic effects and immune responses of different levels of fish oil in enteral formulas for postburn nutritional support were studied. Thirty-seven burned guinea pigs with previously placed gastrostomy feeding tubes were given diets containing 5, 15, 30, or 50% of nonprotein calories as fish oil. These diets were isonitrogenous, isocaloric, and contained identical amounts of vitamins and minerals. After 14 days of enteral feeding, there were no significant differences in resting metabolic expenditure, serum transferrin, and albumin levels. Weight loss was significantly greater in groups receiving 30 and 50% of fish oil compared to groups which received 5 and 15% of fish oil. Carcass weights and liver weights of animals in the two groups that received diets with higher lipid content were also significantly lower. Cell-mediated immunity, macrophage bactericidal indices, and opsonic indices were not different among the groups. This study confirms that diets containing lower levels of lipids are more effective for enteral nutritional support than those containing higher levels. In contrast to linoleic acid rich lipid sources, higher levels of fish oil did not show adverse effects on immunity possibly because it contained high concentrations of omega 3 fatty acids which are not precursors of immunosuppressive prostaglandin E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Trocki
- Shriners Burns Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45219
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Lysz TW, Centra M, Markey K, Keeting PE. Evidence for increased activity of mouse brain fatty acid cyclooxygenase following drug-induced convulsions. Brain Res 1987; 408:6-12. [PMID: 3109689 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic production of prostaglandins (PGs) from exogenous arachidonic acid was studied in brain microsomal fractions prepared from mice following pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) measured either by radioimmunoassay or after incubation with [1-14C]arachidonic acid (AA) was significantly increased in microsomes from the convulsed animals. Pretreatment of the mice with the anticonvulsant ethosuximide prevented the enhanced PG production. The increased PG synthesis could not be attributed to an increased substrate availability nor to an activated phospholipase nor to a direct effect of the convulsant on the fatty acid cyclooxygenase. Evidence that a modification of the cyclooxygenase had occurred with seizure activity was obtained from kinetic analysis; the apparent Km for the AA was lowered from 30 +/- 3 microM in the controls to 12 +/- 1 microM in the PTZ-treated mice. Further evidence for a modification of the fatty acid cyclooxygenase was obtained from incubations of the microsomes with catalase to reduce peroxide formation. Limiting peroxide levels did not decrease the microsomal cyclooxygenase activity in the PTZ-treated mice to control levels. Seizure activity induced by picrotoxin and strychnine also increased the microsomal capacity of the convulsed animals to synthesize PGs. The increased brain fatty acid cyclooxygenase activity may result from a biochemical modification of the enzyme induced by seizure activity.
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11
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Gyllenhammar H, Ringertz B, Becker W, Svensson J, Palmblad J. Essential fatty acid deficiency in rats: effects on arachidonate metabolism, generation of cyclooxygenase products and functional responses in neutrophils. Immunol Lett 1986; 13:185-9. [PMID: 3095230 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(86)90053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic and arachidonic acid concentrations in neutrophils from rats maintained on a diet with only 0.3% of the energy content as essential fatty acid (EFA, EFAD group) were reduced by 70 +/- 2.2% and 34.8 +/- 5.2%, respectively, compared with controls fed a diet with a normal 3% EFA content. Neutrophil chemiluminescence and aggregation induced by f-Met-Leu-Phe was substantially reduced in the EFAD group. Production of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 were significantly lower in the EFAD neutrophils when stimulated by the ionophore A23187, whereas there was no difference when leukotriene B4 was used as stimulus.
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Larsson-Backström C, Arrhenius E, Sagge K, Lindmark L, Svensson L. Influence of α-linolenic and γ-linolenic acid enriched and fat free diets on fatty acid profile and prostaglandin biosynthesis and on the outcome of rat intraperitoneal sepsis. Prog Lipid Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(86)90040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rocklin RE, Thistle L, Gallant L, Manku MS, Horrobin D. Altered arachidonic acid content in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells from patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Lipids 1986; 21:17-20. [PMID: 3083171 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously have found that monocytes from patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma produce less PGE2 than cells from normal subjects in response to a histamine-induced lymphokine. In order to investigate this observation further, we measured the fatty acid content in the total phospholipids derived from the plasma, red cells, buffy coat cells, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes of 27 allergic patients and 21 normal controls. There were no substantial differences between atopics and normals in the fatty acid analyses carried out for plasma and red cells. However, linoleic acid (18:2n-6) levels were elevated significantly in the buffy coat fraction, while arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) levels were reduced. Measurement of fatty acid levels after fractionation of the buffy coat population into neutrophils and monocytes yielded similar elevations in 18:2n-6 and reduced 20:4n-6. In contrast, lymphocytes appeared to have the reverse pattern, i.e., significantly reduced 18:2n-6 and elevated 20:4n-6 levels. These data suggest that atopic leukocytes may have altered essential fatty acid metabolism.
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Mathias MM, Dupont J. Quantitative relationships between dietary linoleate and prostaglandin (eicosanoid) biosynthesis. Lipids 1985; 20:791-801. [PMID: 4068908 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Essential fatty acid deficiency consistently depresses eicosanoid (prostaglandin E2, F2, and I2 and thromboxane) biosynthesis independent of sampling protocols. Tissue fatty acid analyses support the hypothesis that the decrease is due in part to depression of arachidonate and accumulation of eicosatrienoate (n-9). Research on the alteration of eicosanoid biosynthesis by dietary linoleate supplementation is reviewed extensively. Responses of whole blood, lung, liver and heart eicosanoid synthesis to feeding eight concentrations of dietary linoleate between 0 and 27 energy percent are reported. It is concluded that stimulation, depression and no change in eicosanoid production could be equally well documented as a response to linoleate supplementation. Evidence for the obvious mechanism that alterations in precursor fatty acid composition are a possible explanation is fragmentary and inconsistent. The appropriate sampling techniques appear not to be established at this time and most likely are species, gender and tissue specific.
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Zuccato E, Hornstra G, Dyerberg J. Long term 'marine diet' in Eskimos is not associated with altered urinary excretion of total tetranor prostaglandin metabolites. PROSTAGLANDINS 1985; 30:465-77. [PMID: 4059579 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(85)90119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The total urinary excretion of tetranor prostaglandin metabolites, measured as tetranorprostanedioic acid (TPD), was quantified in traditionally living Greenland Eskimos (E) and compared with that in Caucasian Danes (D). TPD excretion (microgram/24h) was not significantly different between both groups, neither for males (331 +/- 62.4 (E) vs. 331 +/- 25.7 (D), mean +/- SEM, n = 9 and 10) nor for females (190 +/- 31.7 (E) vs. 264 +/- 27.4 (D), n = 11 and 10, P2 greater than 0.05). Since urinary prostaglandin metabolites are thought to reflect the total prostaglandin turnover in vivo, these results suggest that a long-term intake of relatively large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the (n-3) family does not alter total prostaglandin turnover in vivo. This is in contrast to stimulated prostanoid formation in vitro, and thus suggests a different regulatory role of dietary and tissue fatty acids for 'stimulated' and 'basal' prostaglandin production.
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Sakr HM, Dunham EW. Reduced prostaglandin synthesis by renal and aortic tissues from adult rats fed essential fatty acid-deficient diet after food deprivation. PROSTAGLANDINS, LEUKOTRIENES, AND MEDICINE 1985; 18:183-92. [PMID: 3892546 DOI: 10.1016/0262-1746(85)90018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of a dietary technique for reducing prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in adult rats. Rats weighing 280-318 g were fed either essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient or EFA-adequate diets for 10-17 days after a period of food deprivation. Synthesis of renal papillary PGE2 and aortic PGI2 from endogenous precursor in vitro were estimated by liquid chromatographic and bioassay/radioimmunoassay techniques, respectively, as indices of the capacity of the technique to induce EFA deficiency. PGE synthesis and PGI2 synthesis by isolated tissues from rats fed the EFA-deficient diet were significantly decreased (ca. 50%) relative to control rats fed an EFA-adequate diet. Body and renal papillary weights were not significantly altered by the EFA-deficient diet.
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Ferretti A, Judd JT, Marshall MW, Flanagan VP, Roman JM, Matusik EJ. Moderate changes in linoleate intake do not influence the systemic production of E prostaglandins. Lipids 1985; 20:268-72. [PMID: 3925270 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A pilot study was undertaken to determine if moderate changes in linoleate (18:2 omega 6) intake would modulate the prostaglandin E turnover concurrently with, or independently of, changes in the plasma prostaglandin (PG) precursor levels. Four adult male volunteers in good health were fed two controlled diets containing 35% of energy from fat, with either 10 (diet L) or 30 g (diet H) linoleate/day, 30 to 50 g saturated fatty acids/day, and the balance mainly monounsaturated fatty acids. All four subjects were consuming sufficient amounts of polyunsaturates before the study. Protein (13-14%) and carbohydrate (51-53%) contribution to total caloric intake was kept constant. The menu cycle was 7 days, and all diets were calculated to provide adequate amounts of nutrients known to be required by man when data were available. Plasma fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography, and the turnover of E prostaglandins was assessed by measuring the urinary output of the major metabolite of PGE1 + PGE2 (PGE-M). Whereas we found a clear correlation between 18:2 omega 6 intake and 18:2 omega 6 concentrations in the neutral lipid (P = 0.007) and phosphoglyceride (P = 0.012) fractions of plasma, arachidonate (20:4 omega 6) concentrations in those same plasma fractions did not respond significantly to changes in linoleate intake. Moreover, we could not detect an influence of moderate changes in dietary levels of 18:2 omega 6 on the systemic production of PGE as measured by the daily urinary output of PGE-M.
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Hassall CH, Kirtland SJ. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid reverses hypertension induced in rats by diets rich in saturated fat. Lipids 1984; 19:699-703. [PMID: 6542168 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study has shown that hypertension induced in rats by a diet rich in saturated fat (16% coconut oil, 4% palmitic acid by weight) is reversed by the addition of the essential fatty acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHLA), at 5.0% but not at 0.5% of dietary energy. This potent effect of DHLA has been attributed to modulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis.
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Huang YS, Mitchell J, Jenkins K, Manku MS, Horrobin DF. Effect of dietary depletion and repletion of linoleic acid on renal fatty acid composition and urinary prostaglandin excretion. PROSTAGLANDINS, LEUKOTRIENES, AND MEDICINE 1984; 15:223-8. [PMID: 6593743 DOI: 10.1016/0262-1746(84)90179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To study the effect of dietary modification on urinary prostaglandin E (UPGE) excretion and on renal fatty acid compositions, weanling male rats were raised on a fat-free diet for 6 weeks and were switched to a diet containing 2 energy % of linoleic acid (LA) for 8 days. During fat deprivation, UPGE excretion increased in the first week (6.9 ng/24 hours urine), fell to a minimum of 1.1 ng/24 hours at 3rd week and thereafter remained at a level lower than that in the controls (3.1 ng/24 hours). UPGE excretion returned rapidly to normal (2.7 ng/hr) only 24 hours after LA supplementation. During LA treatment, arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations in renal cholesteryl esters rapidly increased from 19% to 27% (33% in the controls), while concentrations in renal phospholipids (PL) and renal free fatty acids (FFA) did not change during the first four days but reached the normal range at the 8th day. The present studies demonstrate that chronically fat deficient animals excreted significantly less UPGE than that in the controls. However, this deficiency could be rapidly reversed by LA supplementation despite the fact that AA levels in renal lipid fractions remained well below normal. This suggests that dietary LA may be rapidly converted to AA and subsequently to PGE without AA levels rising in the lipid fractions usually thought of as being PG precursors.
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Opmeer FA, Adolfs MJ, Bonta IL. Regulation of prostaglandin E2 receptors in vivo by dietary fatty acids in peritoneal macrophages from rats. J Lipid Res 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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