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Sung JH, Sim CS, Ock M, Oh I, Jeong KS, Yoo C. Comparison of a 10-Year Cumulative Age-Standardized Incidence Rate of Lung Cancer among Metropolitan Cities in Korea (During the 2000⁻2009 Period): Review of Occupational and Environmental Hazards Associated with Lung Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1259. [PMID: 29899316 PMCID: PMC6024990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In Korea, lung cancer is a common cancer, and has the highest mortality rate in both males and females. Approximately 80% of lung cancer is due to smoking, and the remaining cases are known to be due to genetic factors, history of respiratory disease, infection, diet, and occupational and environmental factors. Since the occupational and environmental hazards may differ from region to region, the lung cancer risk may differ too. To identify this, we selected seven metropolitan cities, and compared occupational and environmental hazards. Furthermore, we calculated smoking rate adjusted standardized rate ratio (ratio of 10-year cumulative age-standardized incidence rate of lung cancer during the 2000⁻2009 period at target region versus reference region) to compare the regional lung cancer risk. The result showed that the emissions and concentrations of air pollutant were higher in high-risk regions, and the risk of lung cancer was significantly elevated in such area. In this study, we simultaneously consider the cumulative incidence, age-standardization and smoking rate adjustment. Therefore, we can conclude that the validity of the finding of this study is higher than that of past studies. In conclusion, the occupational and environmental hazards have an effect on lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Sung
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Korea.
| | - Chang Sun Sim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877, Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea.
| | - Minsu Ock
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877, Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea.
| | - Inbo Oh
- Environmental Health Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877, Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Sook Jeong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si 14066, Korea.
| | - Cheolin Yoo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877, Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea.
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Pedersen DU, Durant JL, Penman BW, Crespi CL, Hemond HF, Lafleur AL, Cass GR. Human-cell mutagens in respirable airborne particles in the northeastern United States. 1. Mutagenicity of fractionated samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:682-689. [PMID: 14968851 DOI: 10.1021/es0347282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have characterized the regional scale (300-500 km) variability of the mutagenicity of respirable airborne particles (PM2.5). We previously collected 24-h PM2.5 samples for 1 year from background, suburban, and urban sites in Massachusetts (MA) and rural and urban sites in upstate New York (NY) (n = 53-60 samples per site). Bimonthly composites of these samples were mutagenic to human cells. The present report describes our effort to identify chemical classes responsible for the mutagenicity of the samples, to quantify spatial differences in mutagenicity, and to compare the mutagenicity of samples composited in different ways. Organic extracts and HPLC fractions (two nonpolar, one semipolar, and one polar) of annual composites were tested for mutagenicity in the h1A1v2 cells, a line of human B-lymphoblastoid cells that express cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 cDNA. The mutagenic potency (induced mutant fraction per microg organic carbon) of the semipolarfractions was the highest at all five sites, accounting for 35-82% of total mutagenic potency of the samples, vs the nonpolar (4-38%) and polar (14-32%) fractions. These results are consistent with previous studies. While unfractionated extracts exhibited no spatial variations, the mutagenicity of semipolar fractions at the NY sites was approximately 2-fold higher than at the MA sites. This suggests there may be significant regional differences in the sources and/ or transport and transformation of mutagenic compounds in PM2.5. In addition, mutagenic potency was sensitive to whether samples were fractionated and how they were composited: unfractionated annual composite samples at the NY sites were significantly less mutagenic than their semipolar fractions and the annual average of bimonthly composites; spatial differences in the mutagenic potency of bimonthly composites and the semipolar fractions were not apparent in the annual composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel U Pedersen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Abstract
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) have been identified in airborne particulate organic matter extracts. The pollutant sources were generally contributed by motor vehicles and industrial activity. Massive quantities of urban solid wastes, containing plastic materials such as PVC, PET, PS, and PE, burnt in the open air in local garbage dumps are frequently found in developing countries. In this study, the smog particulates from the combustion of these synthetic polymers were produced in a laboratory combustion chamber. The mutagenicity of acetone extracts from the smog particulates was evaluated with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 in the presence and absence of S9 mix. Four samples in TA98 exhibited higher mutagenicity than those in TA100. The greatest mutagenicity was observed from the extracts of particulates from combustion of PVC followed by that of PS, PET, and PE. To determine the major mutagenic compounds in these samples, mutagens were partially purified through TLC and their mutagenicity was monitored with TA98. 1-NP and DNPs in the above samples were also determined by HPLC. The amounts of 1-NP and DNPs generally corresponded with their mutagenicity. Higher levels of 1-NP and DNPs were generated from the combustion of PVC, PET, and PS. The combustion of synthetic polymer wastes might be responsible for the presence of high levels of 1-NP and DNPs in Taiwan urban air.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- Environmental Toxicological Center, Chung Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
The Ames test has been used to detect the mutagenic activity of organic extracts from Santiago (Chile) airborne particles collected in 1990 and 1991 in one of the monitoring net system stations (MACAM). The samples were assayed with the strains TA98, TA98-NR, and TA98/1,8-DNP6 of Salmonella typhimurium, in the presence and in the absence of liver S9 fraction obtained from rats treated with Aroclor 1254. With the strain TA98 all the samples showed a very high mutagenic response either in the presence or in the absence of S9 fraction, suggesting that Santiago airborne particles contain both indirect-acting (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and direct-acting mutagenic agents. The mutagenicity of Santiago airborne particles was much higher than that reported in studies performed in other countries. Results obtained with the strains TA98-NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6 suggest that the extracts also contain mononitro and dinitroarenes. These nitroarenes have been described as very potent mutagenic agents, that can be generated by photochemical reactions under certain atmospheric conditions, or in the combustion of fuel, especially of diesel motors. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitroarenes in Santiago airborne particles, as well as the high levels of mutagenicity detected, suggest that the inhabitants permanent exposure to these kinds of compounds represents a high risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago
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Stolfová D, Terenová A. Testing of mutagens and cigarette side smoke using a modified Salmonella assay. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1993; 38:411-4. [PMID: 8262453 DOI: 10.1007/bf02898768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The results of two mutagens are presented in order to demonstrate the sensitivity of a modified Salmonella microsuspension assay (Kado et al. 1983) compared to the standard plate-incorporation assay. The first procedure was 2.4-7.3 times more sensitive in detecting the mutagens, 2-aminoanthracene and sodium 5-(3-nitro-2-furyl)acrylate. Methanol extract and cyclohexane extract from cigarette side smoke enhanced the response in the absence and presence of S9 activation mixture with the TA 98 strain. The cigarette side smoke mutagens were detected in 10 times lower volume samples (0.1 m3 of sampled air) in the microsuspension assay than in the plate incorporation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stolfová
- Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Barale R, Giromini L, Ghelardini G, Scapoli C, Loprieno N, Pala M, Valerio F, Barrai I. Correlations between 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the mutagenicity of the total PAH fraction in ambient air particles in La Spezia (Italy). Mutat Res 1991; 249:227-41. [PMID: 2067536 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(91)90150-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter has been monitored 4 times a month for 1 year (1988) in the city of La Spezia (Italy). The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions were extracted, purified and characterized for the content of 15 individual PAH. In general when concentrations of individual PAH were compared statistical correlation was obtained. Mutagenicity studies were performed by the use of the Ames plate test with the Salmonella strains TA98, TA100, TA98NR and TA98DNP6 with and without metabolic activation (S9 mix). The TA98 strain was by far the most responsive and the S9 mix was absolutely required as expected when PAH are assayed. Besides mutagenicity, toxicity was also considered and it proved to be correlated with mutagenicity in TA98, +S9. The TA98NR and TA98DNP6 strains showed no appreciable differences from the parental strain TA98 indicating the absence of significant amounts of direct-acting nitro derivatives in our PAH samples. Of the 15 PAH considered in this study the amounts of cyclopental[c,d]pyrene (CPP) correlated best with mutagenicity. The role of CPP in contributing to the indirect mutagenicity of urban air PAH samples is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barale
- Istituto di Zoologia, Università di Ferrara, Italy
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Barale R, Giorgelli F, Scarpato R, Scapoli C, Loprieno N, Barrai I. Correlation between mutagenicity of airborne particles and air pollution parameters in eleven Italian towns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 1991; 1:37-53. [PMID: 26927845 DOI: 10.1080/09603129109356703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic extracts from airborne particles collected in 11 Italian towns between February and April, 1988, were tested for mutagenicity on TA98 and TA100 (± S9), and their nitroreductase (NR) deficient Salmonella strains, by the use of the Ames plate incorporation assay. Mutagenic responses were fitted by an equation which takes into account toxic effects on tester organisms. Generally parallel responses were obtained with the two Salmonella strains, but the TA98 gave, mostly, higher increases of revertants over the control level. No dramatic decreases in mutagenicity were observed with the NR derivative strains, except in a few cases with TA98NR and, more frequently, with TA100NR strains. During air sampling, temperature, atmospheric pressure, light, wind strength and direction, SO2, CO, NO2, O3 and non-methanic hydrocarbons (NMHC) concentrations were continuously monitored. Meteorological variables seem not to be significantly correlated with mutagenicity variations, while the highest correlation (r = 0.91) was observed between induced reversion in TA98 (+ S9) and NMHC concentration in air. Therefore, in spite of the wide range of different types of towns included in the study, air NMHC concentration can be considered a good predictor for the mutagenicity of the total organic material extracted from particles of urban air.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barale
- a Istituto di Zoologia , Universita' di Ferrara , Ferrara , 44100 , Italy
| | - F Giorgelli
- b Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio , Universita' di Pisa , Pisa , 56100 , Italy
| | - R Scarpato
- b Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio , Universita' di Pisa , Pisa , 56100 , Italy
| | - C Scapoli
- a Istituto di Zoologia , Universita' di Ferrara , Ferrara , 44100 , Italy
| | - N Loprieno
- b Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio , Universita' di Pisa , Pisa , 56100 , Italy
| | - I Barrai
- a Istituto di Zoologia , Universita' di Ferrara , Ferrara , 44100 , Italy
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Zwanenburg TS. Comparative analysis of the clastogenicity and cytotoxicity of airborne particulate matter generated during the fire at Schweizerhalle on November 1, 1986. Mutat Res 1988; 206:395-409. [PMID: 3200259 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(88)90126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Methanol extracts from 4 pairs of airconditioner filters (one fire-exposed and one control) from various locations (A, B, C and D) at various distances from the site of the fire were examined for their capacity to induce structural chromosomal aberrations and/or cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Extracts from 2 additional sets of 3 filters which were exposed to urban air for 3 consecutive periods of 10 or 11 days some 4 months after the fire were also tested. Chromosomal aberrations were induced by all filter extracts from location B, as well as by an unused (non-exposed) filter, in a dose-dependent manner. Without the addition of metabolizing enzymes, aberrations were induced only at concentrations which caused more than 95% cell killing. This was not taken as an indication for clastogenic activity of the filter extracts, but was assumed to represent the chromosomal expression of metabolic changes in dying cells. Upon the addition of S9, chromosomal aberrations were induced at biologically relevant survival rates. Under metabolizing conditions, the ranking of the potential of the filter extracts from location B to induce chromosomal aberrations and to cause cell killing was identical. The remaining extracts (locations A, C and D) were therefore tested for cytotoxicity only. The toxicity data indicated that, of 3 pairs of filters, the fire-exposed one was not different from the control. Of the fourth pair (location B), the fire-exposed filter was 2.0-2.5 times more cytotoxic and clastogenic than the control. However, extracts of urban air-exposed filters from this location (exposed in March and April 1987) showed a large variation in toxicity and clastogenicity as well. One was clearly more active than the control (but less than the fire-exposed filter), while the other 2 were either somewhat more or less clastogenic than the control filter. In addition, 4 out of 5 filters from this location were more polluted (as indicated by cytotoxicity) than all the filters from the other locations, irrespective of whether they were fire-exposed or not. It is concluded that the results of this V79 cytotoxicity/clastogenicity test did not confirm the hypothesis that the fire at Schweizerhalle produced clastogenic material at quantities detectable under the conditions employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Zwanenburg
- Sandoz Ltd., Pharmaceutical Department, Basel, Switzerland
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Hughes TJ, Simmons DM, Monteith LG, Claxton LD. Vaporization technique to measure mutagenic activity of volatiles organic chemicals in the Ames/Salmonella assay. ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 1987; 9:421-41. [PMID: 3556157 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860090408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop and characterize a sensitive test method to detect mutagenic activity of volatile liquid organic chemicals (i.e, volatiles) in the Ames/Salmonella assay. A Tedlar bag vaporization technique was developed, which increased contact time between the volatiles and bacterial test system, circumvented volatilization limitations in the standard plate incorporation and preincubation methods, allowed chemical analysis during incubation, and was flexible in design. The vaporization technique was evaluated concurrently against the plate incorporation and preincubation techniques with eight liquid volatile mutagens in the Ames/Salmonella mutagenicity assay with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA102. Results suggested that when volatile organic chemicals with boiling points below 63 degrees C were tested for mutagenic activity, the most sensitive test conditions were the vaporization technique with TA100. GC analysis of epichlorohydrin and butylene oxide concentrations within Tedlar bags suggested that these two chemicals volatilized and were contained in the media after 1 hr of incubation at 37 degrees C. The mutagenic activity of six volatile liquid mutagens was similar in single and triple plate Tedlar bags. Three general test groups of volatile organic chemicals were identified by test data: chemicals which had boiling points below 63 degrees C, for which the vaporization technique was the most sensitive test procedure (ethylene, propylene, and butylene oxides and methylene chloride); chemicals which had boiling points from 107 degrees to 132 degrees C, for which the vaporization technique was still useful, but where sensitivity was only slightly increased over the preincubation technique (1-bromo-2-chloroethane, epichlorohydrin, and ethylene dibromide); and 3) a chemical which had a boiling point at 194 degrees C, where the preincubation technique was the most appropriate test method (styrene oxide).
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Pyysalo H, Tuominen J, Wickström K, Skyttä E, Tikkanen L, Salomaa S, Sorsa M, Nurmela T, Mattila T, Pohjola V. Polycyclic organic material (POM) in urban air. Fractionation, chemical analysis and genotoxicity of particulate and vapour phases in an industrial town in Finland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0004-6981(87)90244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hadnagy W, Seemayer NH, Tomingas R. Cytogenetic effects of airborne particulate matter in human lymphocytes in vitro. Mutat Res 1986; 175:97-101. [PMID: 3762578 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(86)90131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
City smog was collected in a heavily industrialized area and investigated for its ability to induce cytogenetic effects in human lymphocytes in vitro. Total extract of city smog was found to produce sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in a dose-dependent manner. In addition cell-cycle delay was observed at higher concentrations of city smog extract. Results of cytogenetic testing are discussed with respect to cell-cycle kinetics.
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Tokiwa H, Ohnishi Y. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of nitroarenes and their sources in the environment. Crit Rev Toxicol 1986; 17:23-60. [PMID: 2427276 DOI: 10.3109/10408448609037070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitroarenes are postulated to play a principal part among mutagens/carcinogens which are induced in the combustion process and, in addition, are widely distributed in the environment. This review deals with the following points concerning nitroarene toxicity. Data on the mutagenicity of nitroarenes obtained by short-term bioassays are expected to provide us with sufficient information for us to determine their genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Therefore, mutagenicity detected with Salmonella, Escherichia, and yeast test systems is discussed. Genotoxicity in mammalian cells is also important for determining the mutagenic properties of nitroarenes. In this article, mutagenicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells, sister chromatid exchanges, and cell transformation is summarized. The metabolism of nitroarenes in vivo and in vitro is of importance for determining their behavior and active forms. Therefore, current studies regarding metabolism of nitroarenes are described. Carcinogenicity of nitroarenes for animals has been reported by many workers. In this review, the incidence and histological features of tumors induced by nitroarenes are described. Furthermore, the possible association between human lung cancer and nitroarenes is discussed. Sources of nitroarenes in the environment are given. The results of various chemical tests for identifying nitroarenes are summarized, and speculation on the risk of nitroarenes for humans is presented.
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Stärk G, Stauff J, Miltenburger HG, Stumm-Fischer I. Photodecomposition of 1-nitropyrene and other direct-acting mutagens extracted from diesel-exhaust particulates. Mutat Res 1985; 155:27-33. [PMID: 2578607 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(85)90021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of irradiation with wavelengths of 320-418 nm on direct-acting mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and particulate-matter extracts of a direct-injecting diesel engine was examined. The activity of samples in the Ames test with and without addition of S9 mix in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98, TA100 and TA1538 decreased with increasing irradiation energy. Visible light was sufficient to destroy the mutagenicity of a 0.1-mM 1-NP solution. The same was true for particulate matter crude extracts as well as the transitional and oxygenate subfractions isolated by column chromatography. UV spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography and GC-MS analysis were performed to characterize the irradiation products of 1-NP. The mechanism of photodecomposition of 1-NP at different wavelengths and the significance of this finding for the evaluation of health risks from diesel vehicles are discussed.
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van Houdt JJ, Jongen WM, Alink GM, Boleij JS. Mutagenic activity of airborne particles inside and outside homes. ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 1984; 6:861-9. [PMID: 6389111 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Indoor concentrations of total suspended particles often exceed outdoor concentrations. Although it is known that particulate matter may contain mutagenic compounds and that several sources in the home produce mutagens, virtually no data concerning the mutagenicity of indoor particulate matter are available. In this study, experiments were carried out to determine the contribution of indoor and outdoor sources to the mutagenicity of indoor particles. Using six samplers, particles in kitchens, living rooms, and outdoors were collected simultaneously. Methanol extracts of the material obtained were tested in the Salmonella/microsome assay. An increase in mutagenic activity was shown in the presence of a metabolizing system in all indoor and outdoor samples but one. The data presented suggest that mutagenic components of indoor particulate matter are different from those found in outdoor particles. Indoor samples show a higher mutagenic activity after metabolic activation, while direct mutagenic activity of indoor particles was lower than that of outdoor particles. Furthermore, only indoor samples showed cytotoxic effects. Our findings suggest that, with respect to the mutagenic activity of particulate matter, cigarette smoke is the most important contaminant of indoor air. Kitchen samples also show mutagenic activity, probably as a result of volatilization of cooking products. No contribution of outdoor sources to mutagenicity of indoor particles was observed.
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