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Platel A, Privat K, Talahari S, Delobel A, Dourdin G, Gateau E, Simar S, Saleh Y, Sotty J, Antherieu S, Canivet L, Alleman LY, Perdrix E, Garçon G, Denayer FO, Lo Guidice JM, Nesslany F. Study of in vitro and in vivo genotoxic effects of air pollution fine (PM 2.5-0.18) and quasi-ultrafine (PM 0.18) particles on lung models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134666. [PMID: 31812380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and particulate matter (PM) are classified as carcinogenic to humans. Pollutants evidence for public health concern include coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles. However, ultrafine particles (PM0.1) are assumed to be more toxic than larger particles, but data are still needed to better understand their mechanism of action. In this context, the aim of our work was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo genotoxic potential of fine (PM2.5-018) and quasi ultra-fine (PM0.18) particles from an urban-industrial area (Dunkirk, France) by using comet, micronucleus and/or gene mutation assays. In vitro assessment was performed with 2 lung immortalized cell lines (BEAS-2B and NCI-H292) and primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) grown at the air-liquid interface or in submerged conditions (5 µg PM/cm2). For in vivo assessment, tests were performed after acute (24 h, 100 µg PM/animal), subacute (1 month, 10 µg PM/animal) and subchronic (3 months, 10 µg PM/animal) intranasal exposure of BALB/c mice. In vitro, our results show that PM2.5-018 and PM0.18 induced primary DNA damage but no chromosomal aberrations in immortalized cells. Negative results were noted in primary cells for both endpoints. In vivo assays revealed that PM2.5-018 and PM0.18 induced no significant increases in DNA primary damage, chromosomal aberrations or gene mutations, whatever the duration of exposure. This investigation provides initial answers regarding the in vitro and in vivo genotoxic mode of action of PM2.5-018 and PM0.18 at moderate doses and highlights the need to develop standardized specific methodologies for assessing the genotoxicity of PM. Moreover, other mechanisms possibly implicated in pulmonary carcinogenesis, e.g. epigenetics, should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Platel
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - K Privat
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - S Talahari
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - A Delobel
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - G Dourdin
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - E Gateau
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - S Simar
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Y Saleh
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - J Sotty
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - S Antherieu
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - L Canivet
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - L-Y Alleman
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France; Ecole des Mines de Douai, Département Chimie et Environnement, 941 Rue Charles Bourseul, BP 10838, 59508 Douai Cedex, France.
| | - E Perdrix
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France; Ecole des Mines de Douai, Département Chimie et Environnement, 941 Rue Charles Bourseul, BP 10838, 59508 Douai Cedex, France.
| | - G Garçon
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - F O Denayer
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - J M Lo Guidice
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - F Nesslany
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
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Wesp HF, Tang X, Edenharder R. The influence of automobile exhausts on mutagenicity of soils: contamination with, fractionation, separation, and preliminary identification of mutagens in the Salmonella/reversion assay and effects of solvent fractions on the sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocyte cultures and in the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Mutat Res 2000; 472:1-21. [PMID: 11113694 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To test the assumption that automobile exhausts contribute to soil mutagenicity, two soils with low levels of mutagenic activities were exposed to traffic exhausts at a heavily charged junction of German motorways (Autobahnen) for 3, 7, 10, 13, 17, 21, and 26 weeks. Indeed, in the presence of a metabolic activation system from rat liver (S9), an average increase of 8 and 9 (4 and 12) revertants per gram per week was found in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 (TA 100). In the absence of S9, meaningful measurements were impossible on account of a concurrent dose dependent increase of toxicity. No correlation between the increase of mutagenicity and the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) could be detected. In another series, soils sampled at the roadside and at distances of 10 and 50m of five roads near Mainz expressed 10-20-fold higher mutagenicity (revertants per gram) under identical test conditions as compared with the average of agricultural soils. Toxic effects, however, again confounded the results and no correlation between the distance from roads and the levels of mutagenicity could be demonstrated. Subsequently, Soxhlet-extraction with the solvent sequence dichloromethane, acetone, and toluene/diethylketone was found to be an optimum procedure for soils at roadsides. The mass balance of solvent fractionation of such soils revealed that <2% each belonged to organic acids and bases, approximately 4% to fractions designed polar neutrals, approximately 8% to polar aromatics, approximately 7% to dichloromethane solubles, and approximately 79% to cylohexane solubles, among them approximately 63% acetone soluble compounds. The major part of mutagenicity (55-65%) was present in the fraction of polar aromatics, followed by polar neutrals and the acetone subfraction of cyclohexane solubles ( approximately 10% each) summarizing the results obtained with S. typhimurium TA 98, TA 98NR, YG 1021, YG 1024, TA 100, YG 1026, and YG 1029 with and without addition of S9. The modified tester strains, either deficient in nitroreductase (TA 98NR) or overproducing nitroreductase (YG 1021, 1026) or O-acetyl-transferase (YG 1024, 1026), indicated a major contribution of nitroarenes to soil mutagenicity. With respect to mutagenic PAH, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that >90% of dibenz[a,h]anthracene (4.18mg/kg soil), benzo[a]pyrene (1.96mg), benzofluoranthenes (0.14mg), and benz[a]anthracene (0. 18mg) were present in the acetone subfraction of cyclohexane solubles. Concentrations and mutagenic activities, however, did not correlate. Additional preparative and analytical HPLC of the solvent fractions of polar neutrals and polar aromatics, resulted in the tentative identification of 2-nitrofluorene. Analysis of the vertical profile of soil revealed an increase of mutagenicity per gram from the surface to a maximum at 5-15cm depth and a subsequent decrease with very little activity remaining deeper than 35cm. In human lymphocyte cultures, the fraction of polar aromatics, 0.01-0. 3microg/ml, induced 11.27+/-4.76-20.70+/-6.19 sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) per cell in the absence of S9 (solvent control: 10. 16+/-4.83 SCE per cell) and 12.77+/-6.53-17.87+/-4.93 SCE per cell in the presence of S9 (solvent control: 8.37+/-3.92 SCE per cell). However, no activities could be detected in the fractions of polar neutrals and non-polar neutrals. Again, negative results were obtained in the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay at 2000mg/kg p.o. with all fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Wesp
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strabetae 67, D-55131, Mainz, Germany
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Zwanenburg TS. Comparative analysis of the clastogenicity and cytotoxicity of airborne particulate matter generated during the fire at Schweizerhalle on November 1, 1986. Mutat Res 1988; 206:395-409. [PMID: 3200259 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(88)90126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Methanol extracts from 4 pairs of airconditioner filters (one fire-exposed and one control) from various locations (A, B, C and D) at various distances from the site of the fire were examined for their capacity to induce structural chromosomal aberrations and/or cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Extracts from 2 additional sets of 3 filters which were exposed to urban air for 3 consecutive periods of 10 or 11 days some 4 months after the fire were also tested. Chromosomal aberrations were induced by all filter extracts from location B, as well as by an unused (non-exposed) filter, in a dose-dependent manner. Without the addition of metabolizing enzymes, aberrations were induced only at concentrations which caused more than 95% cell killing. This was not taken as an indication for clastogenic activity of the filter extracts, but was assumed to represent the chromosomal expression of metabolic changes in dying cells. Upon the addition of S9, chromosomal aberrations were induced at biologically relevant survival rates. Under metabolizing conditions, the ranking of the potential of the filter extracts from location B to induce chromosomal aberrations and to cause cell killing was identical. The remaining extracts (locations A, C and D) were therefore tested for cytotoxicity only. The toxicity data indicated that, of 3 pairs of filters, the fire-exposed one was not different from the control. Of the fourth pair (location B), the fire-exposed filter was 2.0-2.5 times more cytotoxic and clastogenic than the control. However, extracts of urban air-exposed filters from this location (exposed in March and April 1987) showed a large variation in toxicity and clastogenicity as well. One was clearly more active than the control (but less than the fire-exposed filter), while the other 2 were either somewhat more or less clastogenic than the control filter. In addition, 4 out of 5 filters from this location were more polluted (as indicated by cytotoxicity) than all the filters from the other locations, irrespective of whether they were fire-exposed or not. It is concluded that the results of this V79 cytotoxicity/clastogenicity test did not confirm the hypothesis that the fire at Schweizerhalle produced clastogenic material at quantities detectable under the conditions employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Zwanenburg
- Sandoz Ltd., Pharmaceutical Department, Basel, Switzerland
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