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Abdulaali Abed T, Abdulla AA. Correlation of -475 IL-2 Promoter Gene Polymorphisms and the Levels of Serum IL-2 on the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 11:83-88. [PMID: 35765522 PMCID: PMC9208566 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of present study is to asset the IL-2 promoter gene (SNP -475) as a candidate gene for multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility. METHODS This study included 70 patients with relapsing - remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and 50 healthy controls. Following the extraction of genomic DNA from peripheral blood, frequency of genotypes and alleles of SNP -475 was calculated using Restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymer chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) and then the results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS The results revealed the unusual ratio for the heterozygous (AT) was 1.6972 indicating that heterozygous patients were at higher risk of multiple sclerosis than wild homozygous (AA), and homomutant (TT). The results show protective role for - 475 IL-2 promoter among individuals with multiple sclerosis, (O.R: 0.4872; C.I. 95%: 0.1617- 1.4680) and (O.R: 0.9275; C.I. 95%: 0.2476 - 3.4745) for both AA and TT genotypes, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results showed that in this population of Iraqi patients, the AT genotype / A allele of -475 IL-2 promoter gene SNP may include attributed factors for MS predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anwar Ali Abdulla
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Babylon, Iraq.
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2
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Abstract
A minority of children with idiopathic or immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) have the refractory chronic form with bleeding problems (stage III or IV). The aim of this article is to provide an update on the immunopathogenesis and management of children with bleeding and severe refractory ITP. The management of such patients, according to a staging guideline, is described. Recent clinical and laboratory observations document the disturbed immune responses that occur on various levels in chronic ITP. New therapeutic options are directed towards influencing these immunopathogenic mechanisms. Because ITP is not adequately defined and has heterogeneous manifestations, today's management recommendations are largely opinion-based rather than evidence-based. In severe refractory childhood ITP, consensus between the treating physician and the patient has to be achieved on an individual basis. The aim is to maintain the disease at stages I or II, with minimal intervention, and to prevent bleeding. If bleeding is not under control, medical treatment (as described in this article), or splenectomy, has to be considered.Although there is a paucity of data relating to children, potential new treatment options for refractory ITP include strategies aimed at influencing antigenemia, the T cell immune response (e.g. cyclosporine, CTLA-4-Ig) or the B-cell immune response (e.g. anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, interferon). New prospective, cooperative ITP registries have been created to search for subgroups with different severities of ITP, which will be the selection criteria of future controlled studies in pediatric patients with refractory ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Imbach
- Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Bellinger DL, Felten DL, Lorton D, Brouxhon S. Effects of interleukin-2 on the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in nerves and lymphoid cells in secondary lymphoid organs from the Fischer 344 rat. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 119:37-50. [PMID: 11525798 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of interleukin (IL)-2 on corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) immunoreactivity in the Fischer 344 (F344) rat spleen. Rats were given either vehicle or 1, 10, 25, 50, 100, or 200 ng of human recombinant (hr)IL-2 by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, and were sacrificed 0.5, 1, 4, 12, or 24 h after treatment. Spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes were prepared for immunocytochemistry to localize CRH. In spleens from vehicle-treated animals, CRH immunoreactivity was present in several types of cells of the immune system, but CRH(+) nerves were not observed in either spleens or lymph nodes from vehicle-treated animals. Treatment with IL-2 induced CRH expression in nerves in the spleen in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CRH(+) nerves were not found in the mesenteric lymph nodes after IL-2 treatment, instead a dramatic time- and dose-dependent accumulation of CRH(+) cells (resembling small lymphocytes and large granular mononuclear cells) in the cortex and medulla. These findings indicate that IL-2 stimulates the synthesis of CRH in nerves that innervate the F344 rat spleen, and promote the appearance of CRH(+) immunocytes into draining mesenteric lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bellinger
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Box 603, 11021 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92352, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura ITP is characterized by early platelet destruction due to an imbalanced immune response. In acute ITP, a transient increase of HLA-DR molecules has been detected while in individuals with chronic ITP, in addition, increased serum concentrations of IL-2 and other cytokines reflecting in vivo T-cell activation have been observed. Clinically, the hemorrhagic manifestation of ITP rather than the platelet count should define the indication for active intervention. In a staging system a patient with stage III has bleeding signs and platelet counts below 10 or 20 x 10(9)/L and needs treatment, a patient with stage II should be treated on an individual level (prevention of bleeding) and a patient with stage I (no bleeding, platelet count above 50 x 10(9)/L) should be observed only.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antigens, Human Platelet/immunology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Blood Platelets/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Hemorrhagic Disorders/etiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infections/complications
- Infections/immunology
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Isoantibodies/immunology
- Male
- Phagocytosis
- Pregnancy
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/etiology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/immunology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/therapy
- Remission, Spontaneous
- Splenectomy
- Transfusion Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- P Imbach
- Univ. Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Sivieri S, Ferrarini AM, Gallo P. Multiple sclerosis: IL-2 and sIL-2R levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Review of literature and critical analysis of ELISA pitfalls. Mult Scler 1998; 4:7-11. [PMID: 9532585 DOI: 10.1177/135245859800400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble IL-2 receptors (sIL-2R) in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) has been extensively investigated. These studies, however, have produced conflicting results. The only significant finding concerns the frequent detection of increased sIL-2R levels in the serum in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), especially after a short interval of time from the last relapse. Whether this finding can be used for clinical purposes requires further investigation. A standardization of the ELISA methods used to detect cytokines in biological fluids is urgently needed. Increased serum and/or CSF levels of IL-2 and sIL-2R strongly confirm a CD4+ Th1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sivieri
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
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6
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Bolton C. Recent advances in the pharmacological control of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the implications for multiple sclerosis treatment. Mult Scler 1995; 1:143-9. [PMID: 9345444 DOI: 10.1177/135245859500100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune, cell-mediated condition experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the representative model for the inflammatory central nervous system disease MS. EAE has been extensively employed to determine the efficacy of pharmacological agents that may be of ultimate use in the treatment of MS. A wide variety of drugs has been examined for activity in EAE but, over the last decade, three groups of compounds have emerged with clear and reproducible ability to modify significantly the onset and progression of the disease. The immunosuppressants, the modulators of catecholamine activity and the antineoplastic agents have convincingly altered the course of EAE and, as a consequence, provided understanding of the mechanisms of disease expression and offered further insight into the pathogenesis of MS. The article stresses the usefulness of EAE as a model to identify prospective pharmacological treatments for MS and, in particular, considers those compounds subsequently assessed for their ability to interfere with the progression of the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bolton
- Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Avon, UK
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7
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Semple JW, Freedman J. Abnormal cellular immune mechanisms associated with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Transfus Med Rev 1995; 9:327-38. [PMID: 8541715 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-7963(05)80080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Human Platelet/immunology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Blood Platelets/immunology
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/immunology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/therapy
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Semple
- Division of Hematology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Lu CZ, Fredrikson S, Xiao BG, Link H. Interleukin-2 secreting cells in multiple sclerosis and controls. J Neurol Sci 1993; 120:99-106. [PMID: 8289087 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(93)90032-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate systemic T cell activation and reactivity against putative autoantigens in multiple sclerosis (MS), numbers of interleukin-2 (IL-2) secreting cells were determined in peripheral blood of 32 patients with MS, 7 patients with acute aseptic meningitis (AM) and 12 patients with tension headache (TH). Numbers of IL-2 secreting cells were higher in MS patients compared to patients with AM + TH after stimulation with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), but not after stimulation with myelin basic protein (MBP). In response to MAG, MOG and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) the frequencies of IL-2 secreting cells were higher in patients with MS than TH, while there were no differences between AM and TH to any of the tested antigens. Between patients with MS and AM there was no difference regarding frequency of IL-2 secreting cells in response to any of the tested antigens except MAG to which the response was higher in MS patients. Six of 10 MS patients had IL-2 secreting cells in response to all four myelin antigens (MBP + PLP + MAG + MOG) or to three antigens, while this broad reactivity was not found in any control patient. There was no correlation between numbers of IL-2 secreting cells in MS patients and clinical variables, including exacerbation versus remission, disability and duration of disease. The results suggest that the systemic T cell response in patients with MS is directed to several antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Lu
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Sharief MK, Thompson EJ. Correlation of interleukin-2 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor with clinical activity of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56:169-74. [PMID: 8437006 PMCID: PMC1014817 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.56.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in serum and CSF samples were measured in 63 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) to evaluate their usefulness as markers of disease activity. CSF concentrations of IL-2 and sIL-2R were significantly higher in MS relapse compared with MS patients in remission or with control subjects. These concentrations correlated with the clinical score by which disease severity was assessed, with the number of relapses per year, and with the total disease duration. Furthermore, there was evidence of intrathecal release of IL-2 and sIL-2R in clinically active MS. The results extend the notion that an activated cellular immune state parallels the evolution of the pathological process in MS and suggest that measurement of IL-2 and sIL-2R concentrations may provide an objective marker of disease activity in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Sharief
- Department of Clinical Neurochemistry, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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10
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Tomioka R, Hamaguchi K, Ohno R, Hosokawa T, Kaneko A, Tsuji T, Kurihara K. Elevated interleukin 2 levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 650:347-50. [PMID: 1605493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb49150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Tomioka
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical School, Japan
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11
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Scolozzi R, Boccafogli A, Tola MR, Vicentini L, Camerani A, Degani D, Granieri E, Caniatti L, Paolino E. T-cell phenotypic profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 1992; 108:93-8. [PMID: 1352538 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(92)90193-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-nine patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) entered the study. Of 28 subjects with a relapsing-remitting course, 19 were classified in acute relapse, 9 in remission; 11 patients had a progressive course without remissions. Furthermore, 6 subjects with inflammatory neurological disease (IND), and 10 with non-inflammatory and non-neoplastic neurological disease (NIND) were investigated. We simultaneously studied cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood (PB) T-, B- and NK-cell subsets, as defined by following monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD3, -CD4, -CD8, -CD19, -CD16, -HLA-DR and -IL-2-R. We found a significant increase of CD4+ T-cells compared with controls in CSF, with respect to PB, of MS patients, particularly in acute relapse. An increase of HLA-DR+ cell percentages in the CSF than in the PB in all MS groups, especially in attacks of MS but also in remission, was also observed, with a positive correlation between CD4+ T-cell and DR+ cell percentages both in the CSF as well as in the PB of relapsing MS patients. These findings, together with the increase of IL-2-R+ cells in the PB, particularly in relapsing MS, give further support for the presence of a systemic T-cell activation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scolozzi
- Istitut di Medicina Interna, Università di Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Sharief MK, Hentges R, Thompson EJ. Determination of interleukin-2 in cerebrospinal fluid by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Immunol Methods 1992; 147:51-6. [PMID: 1541841 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(12)80028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive technique was developed for the quantitative detection of intrathecal production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Concentrations of IL-2 in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody and an affinity purified polyclonal antibody. The assay produced a linear response with respect to IL-2 concentration, and could readily detect levels of IL-2 as low as 1.5 international units/ml. Concentrations of IL-2 in CSF and serum samples were standardised by calculating their ratio to albumin concentration in order to correct for passive transudation of IL-2 across blood-CSF barriers. CSF IL-2/albumin ratios higher than concomitant serum ratios were considered indicative of intrathecal IL-2 production. The technique provides a sensitive, specific, and reproducible method for the determination of in vivo synthesis of IL-2 within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Sharief
- Department of Clinical Neurochemistry, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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13
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Hintzen RQ, van Lier RA, Kuijpers KC, Baars PA, Schaasberg W, Lucas CJ, Polman CH. Elevated levels of a soluble form of the T cell activation antigen CD27 in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 1991; 35:211-7. [PMID: 1659587 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(91)90175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the T cell membrane molecule CD27--a molecule that has recently been shown to belong to the nerve growth factor receptor superfamily--is strongly increased after activation of T lymphocytes via the T cell receptor/CD3 complex. In addition, activated cells release a 28-32 kDa soluble form of CD27 in their supernatant which can also be detected in serum and urine of healthy individuals. In this study we show that levels of soluble (s) CD27 are significantly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and of patients and of suffering from other inflammatory neurological diseases (OIND), whereas increased levels of sCD25 (soluble interleukin-2 receptor) were only found in CSF of patients with OIND. In MS patients, a significant correlation was found between CSF sCD27 titer and IgG index.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Q Hintzen
- Central Laboratory, The Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, University of Amsterdam
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14
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Trotter JL, Collins KG, van der Veen RC. Serum cytokine levels in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: interleukin-2 levels parallel tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. J Neuroimmunol 1991; 33:29-36. [PMID: 2056069 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(91)90031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum levels of the cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL-I alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and the soluble IL-2 receptor were measured in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis patients (CPMS) and normal, inflammatory, and noninflammatory disease controls. Serum IL-2 levels displayed the most consistent abnormalities in the group of tests for the CPMS group, and were the only cytokine levels to achieve significance in statistical group analyses. However, several patients with CPMS had normal serum IL-2 levels. An incidental finding was a statistical correlation between serum IL-2 and TNF-alpha levels among all groups tested. This finding was supported on analysis of serial serum samples from CPMS patients. These results suggest a linkage of IL-2 and TNF-alpha production, especially in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Trotter
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery (Neurology), St. Louis, MO 63110
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15
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The relationship of interleukin-2 and soluble interleukin-2 receptors to intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1991; 32:43-51. [PMID: 2002090 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(91)90070-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo relationship of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to the local humoral immune response within the central nervous system (CNS) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is hitherto largely unknown. Intrathecal levels of IL-2 and soluble IL-2 receptors (sIL-2R) were correlated to the local CNS synthesis of immunoglobulin G, A, D, and M isotypes in 70 patients with clinically definite MS. Levels were also determined in 19 normal control subjects to establish normal reference limits. High cerebrospinal fluid levels of IL-2 and sIL-2R were detected mainly in patients with acute relapsing-remitting MS and were significantly higher than corresponding serum levels. Intrathecal levels of IL-2 significantly correlated with local CNS synthesis of IgD and IgM, while no correlation was found with either IgG or IgA. Similarly, intrathecal sIL-2R levels significantly correlated with local CNS production of IgD and IgM, but not IgG or IgA. These findings further extend previous reports and also suggest that IL-2 and sIL-2R are involved in the early intrathecal humoral immune response in MS.
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16
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Gallo P, Piccinno MG, Tavolato B, Sidén A. A longitudinal study on IL-2, sIL-2R, IL-4 and IFN-gamma in multiple sclerosis CSF and serum. J Neurol Sci 1991; 101:227-32. [PMID: 1827837 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(91)90050-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were longitudinally investigated in 20 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. There were 80 paired CSF and serum samples (range 2-8 per patient) covering a 1-5 year (mean 2.5 year) period. Increased levels of IL-2 and sIL-2R were found in 56 and 71%, respectively, of MS sera. In all patients, one or several sera (totally 89%) exhibited values above the normal range for either one of the components or both. The occurrence of IL-2 or sIL-2R positive CSF specimens was much lower, 15 and 9%, respectively. Only 3 MS sera (from one patient) had clearly detectable IL-4 and no CSF samples were definitely positive. IFN-gamma was undetectable in all serum and CSF specimens. No correlations were found between the immunological parameters and the clinical disease activity. The cytokine patterns in MS give strong support for the presence of a systemic T-cell activation. Furthermore, the data argue for a predominant activation of an IL-2- and sIL-2R-producing but not IL-4-producing T-helper (Th) lymphocyte subpopulation, Th1/CD4 + CD45R + cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gallo
- Department of Neurology, University of Padova, School of Medicine, Italy
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