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Xu L, Li L, Zhang CY, Schluesener H, Zhang ZY. Natural Diterpenoid Oridonin Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis by Promoting Anti-inflammatory Macrophages Through Blocking Notch Pathway. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:272. [PMID: 31001070 PMCID: PMC6454011 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diterpenoid compound, Oridonin, extracted from the Chinese herb, Rabdosia rubescens, possesses multiple biological activities and properties. Oridonin exhibited efficient anti-inflammatory activity by inducing a switch in macrophage polarization to the anti-inflammatory phenotype through inhibition of the Notch pathway in our in vitro study; therefore, its potential therapeutic effects were further investigated in the animal model of human Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and other polyneuropathies - experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Either preventive or therapeutic treatments with Oridonin greatly attenuated disease peak severity, suppressed paraparesis, shortened disease duration, and even delayed EAN onset. Progression of neuropathic pain, demyelination, inflammatory cellular accumulations, and inflammatory cytokines in peripheral nerves were significantly attenuated. Meanwhile, accumulation of immune cells in the spinal roots and microglial activation in the lumbar spinal cord were also reduced. Interestingly, Oridonin treatment significantly increased the proportion of anti-inflammatory macrophages and made them locally dominant among all infiltrated macrophages in the peripheral nerves. The down-regulation of local Notch pathway proteins, together with our in vitro results indicated their possible involvement. Taken together, our results demonstrated that Oridonin effectively suppressed EAN by attenuating local inflammatory reaction and increasing the proportion of immune regulating macrophages in the peripheral nerves, possibly through blockage of the Notch pathway, which suggests Oridonin as a potential therapeutic candidate for human GBS and neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Yang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hermann Schluesener
- Division of Immunopathology of the Nervous System, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Division of Immunopathology of the Nervous System, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Liu Y, Luo B, Han F, Li X, Xiong J, Jiang M, Yang X, Wu Y, Zhang Z. Erythropoietin-derived nonerythropoietic peptide ameliorates experimental autoimmune neuritis by inflammation suppression and tissue protection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90942. [PMID: 24603865 PMCID: PMC3946253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is an autoantigen-specific T-cell-mediated disease model for human demyelinating inflammatory disease of the peripheral nervous system. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been known to promote EAN recovery but its haematopoiesis stimulating effects may limit its clinic application. Here we investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of an EPO-derived nonerythropoietic peptide, ARA 290, in EAN. Exogenous ARA 290 intervention greatly improved EAN recovery, improved nerve regeneration and remyelination, and suppressed nerve inflammation. Furthermore, haematopoiesis was not induced by ARA 290 during EAN treatment. ARA 290 intervention suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and altered helper T cell differentiation by inducing increase of Foxp3+/CD4+ regulatory T cells and IL-4+/CD4+ Th2 cells and decrease of IFN-γ+/CD4+ Th1 cells in EAN. In addition, ARA 290 inhibited inflammatory macrophage activation and promoted its phagocytic activity. In vitro, ARA 290 was shown to promote Schwann cell proliferation and inhibit its inflammatory activation. In summary, our data demonstrated that ARA 290 could effectively suppress EAN by attenuating inflammation and exerting direct cell protection, indicating that ARA 290 could be a potent candidate for treatment of autoimmune neuropathies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Erythropoietin/chemistry
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Male
- Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Neuropeptides/adverse effects
- Neuroprotective Agents/chemical synthesis
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Sciatic Nerve/drug effects
- Sciatic Nerve/immunology
- Sciatic Nerve/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Th1-Th2 Balance/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Bangwei Luo
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuyu Han
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Xiong
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Xioafeng Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (YW)
| | - Zhiren Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (YW)
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Yi C, Zhang Z, Wang W, Zug C, Schluesener HJ, Zhang Z. Doxycycline Attenuates Peripheral Inflammation in Rat Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1984-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang Z, Zhang ZY, Schluesener HJ. Compound A, a Plant Origin Ligand of Glucocorticoid Receptors, Increases Regulatory T Cells and M2 Macrophages to Attenuate Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis with Reduced Side Effects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3081-3091. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a helper T cell-mediated autoimmune demyelinating inflammatory disease of the peripheral nervous system and serves as the animal model for human inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies. Compound A, a plant-derived phenyl aziridine precursor, was reported to activate glucocorticoid receptors to exert transrepression but not transactivation properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of Compound A in EAN rats. Compound A greatly suppressed paraparesis in EAN, even when administrated after the appearance of the first neurological signs. Accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes, demyelination, and mRNA levels of inflammatory molecules in sciatic nerves of EAN were greatly attenuated by Compound A. In addition, Compound A inhibited progression of neuropathic pain and repressed microglia but not astrocyte activation and IL-1β and TNF-α up-regulation in EAN spinal cords. In EAN sciatic nerves, Compound A treatment increased numbers of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Furthermore, Compound A induced the switch of macrophages from inflammatory M1 type to anti-inflammatory M2 type in vitro. In lymph nodes of EAN rats, Compound A depressed Th1 and Th17 cytokines, but increased Th2 cytokine and Foxp3 expression. An increase of Foxp3+/CD4+ regulatory T cells was seen in peripheral blood of EAN rats following Compound A treatment. In addition, Compound A did not cause a hyperglycemia effect in EAN rats as compared with the immunosuppressive steroid prednisolone. Therefore, our data demonstrated that Compound A could effectively suppress EAN with reduced side effects by attenuating inflammation, suggesting that Compound A could be a potent candidate for treatment of autoimmune neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiren Zhang
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Zhang ZY, Zhang Z, Fauser U, Schluesener HJ. Expression of interleukin-16 in sciatic nerves, spinal roots and spinal cords of experimental autoimmune neuritis rats. Brain Pathol 2008; 19:205-13. [PMID: 18462471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-known animal model of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. In this study, we studied the spatiotemporal expression of interleukin-16 (IL-16) in the nervous system of EAN rats and pharmacological effects of minocycline on IL-16 expressions in EAN rats. In sciatic nerves and dorsal/ventral roots of EAN rats, IL-16+ cells, identified as macrophages and T cells, were mainly found to concentrate around blood vessels. However, in spinal cords, IL-16+ microglial cells were mainly found in lumbar dorsal horns. Massive IL-16+ cell accumulation in sciatic nerves and spinal roots was temporally correlated with severity of neurological signs of EAN. Furthermore, a strong correlation of IL-16+ cell accumulation with local demyelination in perivascular areas of sciatic nerves, and significant reduction of IL-16+ cell numbers in sciatic nerves and spinal cords by minocycline suggested a pathological contribution of IL-16+ cells in EAN. Taken together, robust IL-16+ cell accumulation in the nervous system and its temporal correlation with severity of neurological signs in EAN might suggest a pathological role of IL-16 in EAN, which makes IL-16 a potential pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Calwer Street 3, Tuebingen, Germany
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Zhang ZY, Zhang Z, Fauser U, Schluesener HJ. Improved outcome of EAN, an animal model of GBS, through amelioration of peripheral and central inflammation by minocycline. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:341-51. [PMID: 18400050 PMCID: PMC3823360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a widely used animal model of the human acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, which is the most common subtype of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. EAN is pathologically characterized by breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier, infiltration of reactive immune cells, local inflammation, demyelination in the peripheral nervous system and mechanical allodynia. Minocycline is known to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, relieve of neuropathic pain following minocycline administration was observed in a variety of animal models. Here, we investigated the effects of minocycline on rat EAN. Suppressive treatment with minocycline (50 mg/kg body weight daily immediately after immunization) significantly attenuated the severity and duration of EAN. Macrophage and T-cell infiltration and demyelination in sciatic nerves of EAN rats treated with minocycline were significantly reduced compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated EAN rats. mRNA expressions of matrix metallopeptidase-9, inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 β and tumour necrosis factor-α in EAN sciatic nerves were greatly decreased by administration of minocycline as well. Furthermore, minocycline attenuated mechanical allodynia in EAN rats and greatly suppressed spinal microglial activation. All together, our data showed that minocycline could effectively suppress the peripheral and spinal inflammation (immune activation) to improve outcome in EAN rats, which suggests that minocycline may be considered as a potential candidate of pharmacological treatment for autoimmune-mediated neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Germany
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Zhang Z, Fauser U, Schluesener HJ. Expression of RhoA by inflammatory macrophages and T cells in rat experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 11:111-9. [PMID: 17367505 PMCID: PMC4401224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoA is one of the best-studied members of Rho GTPases. Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), which is characterized by infiltration of T cells and macrophages into the peripheral nervous system, is an autoantigen-specific T-cell-mediated animal model of human Guillain-Barré Syndrome. In this study, RhoA expression has been investigated in the dorsal/ventral roots of EAN rats by immunohistochemistry. A significant accumulation of RhoA+ cells was observed on Day 12, with a maximum around Day 15, correlating to the clinical severity of EAN. In dorsal/ventral roots of EAN, RhoA+ cells were seen in perivascular areas but also in the parenchyma. Furthermore, double-labelling experiments showed that the major cellular sources of RhoA were reactive macrophages and T cells. In conclusion, this is the first demonstration of the presence of RhoA in the dorsal/ventral roots of EAN. The time courses and cellular sources of RhoA together with the functions of RhoA indicate that RhoA may function to facilitate macrophage and T-cell infiltration in EAN and therefore could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiren Zhang
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Burdan F, Madej B, Radzikowska E, Dudka J, Korobowicz A, Pasternak M, Maciejewski R. Activity of cathepsin B, D and L in rat cerebrum after cimetidine and famotidine administration. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2004; 90:115-23. [PMID: 12903910 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.90.2003.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal enzymes that are used a sensitive markers in various toxicological investigations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the influence of cimetidine and famotidine on the cerebral cortex, particularly on the activity of cortical cathepsin B, D and L in the frontal lobe of rat brain. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally, twice a day, for six weeks to male Wistar rats in two doses. The initial dose was 2.85 mg/kg for cimetidine and 0.285 mg/kg for famotidine. The second dose was 10 times higher. Control animals were injected with 0.9% NaCl. Half of the animals from each of the drug-treated and control groups were sacrificed on the 42nd day of the experiment. The remaining animals were raised for another 6 weeks without any xenobiotics, and sacrificed on the 84th day. The frontal lobe of the right cerebral hemisphere was taken for biochemical investigation. The activities of free and bound fractions of cathepsin B, D and L were evaluated spectrophotometrically in cortical homogenates. The activity of bound fraction of cathepsin D and L decreased significantly in animals exposed to the higher dose of cimetidine and sacrificed on the 42nd day. Also significant elevation of the free fraction of cathepsin L was noted in the same group of rats. Cathepsin activities were normalized during the next six weeks. No behavioural changes were noted among the observed animals. Unlike cimetidine, famotidine did not change profiles of the cerebral cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Burdan
- Experimental Teratology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Matejuk A, Hopke C, Dwyer J, Subramanian S, Jones RE, Bourdette DN, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. CNS gene expression pattern associated with spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:667-78. [PMID: 12929134 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice with T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for myelin basic protein (MBP)-Ac1-11 peptide and homozygous for the RAG-1 mutation (T/R- mice) spontaneously develop acute progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (Sp-EAE) mediated by CD4+ T cells. Microarray analysis of spinal cord tissue obtained from symptomatic versus non-symptomatic T/R- mice revealed strongly upregulated transcripts for genes involved in antigen presentation and processing, signal transduction, transcription regulation, metabolism, development, cell cycle, and many other processes involved in the induction of clinical and pathological signs of Sp-EAE. Several highly expressed genes were related directly to inflammation, including cytokines/receptors, chemokines/receptors, acute phase, complement molecules, and others. Many CNS-specific genes were also upregulated in sick mice. Abundance of message for the Tg TCR BV8S2 gene as well as several monocyte/macrophage-associated genes would suggest that both components play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Sp-EAE. The profile of transcriptional changes found during the development of Sp-EAE provides the first description of the encephalitogenic process in the absence of purposeful immunization with myelin peptides and immune-enhancing adjuvants. This unique approach is the first to implicate molecules and pathways that contribute naturally to onset of paralysis and demyelination, and thus may provide unique insights and novel treatment strategies for human diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matejuk
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Tews DS, Nissen A. Expression of adhesion factors and degrading proteins in primary and secondary glioblastomas and their precursor tumors. INVASION & METASTASIS 2000; 18:271-84. [PMID: 10729772 DOI: 10.1159/000024520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In tumor tissue specimens of 27 primary and 17 secondary glioblastomas and the precursor lesions, the immunohistochemical expression patterns of the membrane protein CD44s, the basal lamina proteins laminin, collagen IV, and fibronectin, the lectin galectin-3 recognizing tenascin and N-CAM as well as of the matrix-degrading enzymes matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 and MMP-9, and cathepsin D were studied. Besides expression of basal lamina proteins in vessels, all glioblastomas and the precursor lesions showed strong immunoreactivity of CD44s, tenascin, galectin-3, and N-CAM which were restricted to solid tumor masses. Present in solid tumor areas, MMP-2, MMP-9 and cathepsin D were also strongly expressed by single tumors cells invading adjacent brain tissue at the infiltrative margin. Neither the expression pattern in primary and secondary glioblastomas nor in the precursor tumors revealed significant differences. There was also no intraindividual constant expression pattern during glioma progression or correlation with malignancy. Restricted expression of CD44s, galectin-3, tenascin and N-CAM in solid tumor masses seems to contribute to homotypic tumor cell adhesion while single tumor cells abolish this expression profile and acquire invasive activities by expression of cathepsin D, MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tews
- Division of Neuropathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
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Hartung HP, Willison H, Jung S, Pette M, Toyka KV, Giegerich G. Autoimmune responses in peripheral nerve. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1996; 18:97-123. [PMID: 8984683 DOI: 10.1007/bf00792612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H P Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Watson SL, Westland K, Pollard JD. An electrophysiological and histological study of trypsin induced demyelination. J Neurol Sci 1994; 126:116-25. [PMID: 7853015 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(94)90260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ten-microliters quantities of trypsin or saline were injected into rat tibial nerve and the physiological and histological changes evaluated and compared to the focal demyelinating lesions induced by intraneural injection of rabbit EAN serum and proteinase K. The injection of trypsin produced progressive conduction block that was maximal on day 4, and a slowing of motor nerve conduction. Early retraction of myelin at paranodes, vesicular change, and macrophage stripping of myelin from nerve axons were seen on histological examination. At day 4, the first groups of completely demyelinated axons were seen, typically in a perivascular distribution. These changes were similar to those seen in the positive controls and thus support the postulate that proteolytic enzymes from macrophages--the dominant cellular species within the demyelinating lesion, play a central role in degradation of the myelin sheath in demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Watson
- Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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Tumminello FM, Bernacki RJ, Gebbia N, Leto G. Pepstatins: aspartic proteinase inhibitors having potential therapeutic applications. Med Res Rev 1993; 13:199-208. [PMID: 8445958 DOI: 10.1002/med.2610130206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F M Tumminello
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy
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Hartung HP, Jung S, Stoll G, Zielasek J, Schmidt B, Archelos JJ, Toyka KV. Inflammatory mediators in demyelinating disorders of the CNS and PNS. J Neuroimmunol 1992; 40:197-210. [PMID: 1331168 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Work in both experimental models and human disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system has delineated multiple effector mechanisms that operate to produce inflammatory demyelination. The role of various soluble inflammatory mediators generated and released by both blood-borne and resident cells in this process will be reviewed. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are pivotal in orchestrating immune and inflammatory cell-cell interactions and represent potentially noxious molecules to the myelin sheath, Schwann cells, and/or oligodendrocytes. Arachidonic acid metabolites, synthesized by and liberated from astrocytes, microglial cells and macrophages, are intimately involved in the inflammatory process by enhancing vascular permeability, providing chemotactic signals and modulating inflammatory cell activities. Reactive oxygen species can damage myelin by lipid peroxidation and may be cytotoxic to myelin-producing cells. They are released from macrophages and microglial cells in response to inflammatory cytokines. Activation of complement yields a number of inflammatory mediators and results in the assembly of the membrane attack complex that inserts into the myelin sheath-creating pores. Activated complement may contribute both to functional disturbance of neural impulse propagation, and to full-blown demyelination. Proteases, abundantly present at inflammatory foci, can degrade myelin. Vasoactive amines may play an important role in breaching of the blood-brain/blood-nerve barrier. The importance of nitric oxide metabolites in inflammatory demyelination merits investigation. A better understanding of the multiple effector mechanisms operating in inflammatory demyelination may help to devise more efficacious antigen non-specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany
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Sherman MP, Griscavage JM, Ignarro LJ. Nitric oxide-mediated neuronal injury in multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 1992; 39:143-6. [PMID: 1461176 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(92)90175-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although several explanations have been proposed for destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis, there is no proven mechanism of injury. We postulate that the autoimmune response seen in multiple sclerosis results in a cytokine-mediated increase in nitric oxide production by macrophages/microglia, smooth muscle cells and/or endothelium of the central nervous system. 3 mechanisms of cellular damage due to nitric oxide are proposed: 1. direct nitric oxide cytotoxicity; 2. injury due to peroxynitrite formation from superoxide anion and nitric oxide; and 3. nitric oxide-mediated elevations of cellular cGMP that enhance tumor necrosis factor-alpha toxicity. In support of these hypotheses, the anti-inflammatory effectors, dexamethasone and transforming growth factor-beta, ameliorate symptoms seen in clinical multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalitis, respectively. These 2 immunomodulators also inhibit induction of cytokine-mediated nitric oxide production by macrophages. An experimental design and therapeutic interventions which will evaluate the role of nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of experimental allergic encephalitis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sherman
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Medical Center 90024-1752
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Stoll G, Hartung HP. The role of macrophages in degeneration and immune-mediated demyelination of the peripheral nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-5428(06)80046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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