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Styles CT, Zhou J, Flight KE, Brown JC, Lewis C, Wang X, Vanden Oever M, Peacock TP, Wang Z, Millns R, O'Neill JS, Borodavka A, Grove J, Barclay WS, Tregoning JS, Edgar RS. Propylene glycol inactivates respiratory viruses and prevents airborne transmission. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17932. [PMID: 37970627 PMCID: PMC10701621 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable small molecule propylene glycol (PG) has robust virucidal activity. Propylene glycol rapidly inactivates a broad range of viruses including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2 and rotavirus and reduces disease burden in mice when administered intranasally at concentrations commonly found in nasal sprays. Most critically, vaporised PG efficiently abolishes influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity within airborne droplets, potently preventing infection at levels well below those tolerated by mammals. We present PG vapour as a first-in-class non-toxic airborne virucide that can prevent transmission of existing and emergent viral pathogens, with clear and immediate implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Katie E Flight
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
University College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Charlotte Lewis
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Michael Vanden Oever
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Life Edit TherapeuticsMorrisvilleNCUSA
| | | | - Ziyin Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosie Millns
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Joe Grove
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Rachel S Edgar
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
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2
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Geiger F, Acker J, Papa G, Wang X, Arter WE, Saar KL, Erkamp NA, Qi R, Bravo JPK, Strauss S, Krainer G, Burrone OR, Jungmann R, Knowles TPJ, Engelke H, Borodavka A. Liquid-liquid phase separation underpins the formation of replication factories in rotaviruses. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107711. [PMID: 34524703 PMCID: PMC8561643 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses induce the formation of subcellular organelles that provide microenvironments conducive to their replication. Here we show that replication factories of rotaviruses represent protein-RNA condensates that are formed via liquid-liquid phase separation of the viroplasm-forming proteins NSP5 and rotavirus RNA chaperone NSP2. Upon mixing, these proteins readily form condensates at physiologically relevant low micromolar concentrations achieved in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Early infection stage condensates could be reversibly dissolved by 1,6-hexanediol, as well as propylene glycol that released rotavirus transcripts from these condensates. During the early stages of infection, propylene glycol treatments reduced viral replication and phosphorylation of the condensate-forming protein NSP5. During late infection, these condensates exhibited altered material properties and became resistant to propylene glycol, coinciding with hyperphosphorylation of NSP5. Some aspects of the assembly of cytoplasmic rotavirus replication factories mirror the formation of other ribonucleoprotein granules. Such viral RNA-rich condensates that support replication of multi-segmented genomes represent an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Geiger
- Department of ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Julia Acker
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Guido Papa
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
- Present address:
Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC LMB)CambridgeUK
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Kadi L Saar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Nadia A Erkamp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Runzhang Qi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jack PK Bravo
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | - Sebastian Strauss
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoscienceMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
| | - Georg Krainer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Oscar R Burrone
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTriesteItaly
| | - Ralf Jungmann
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoscienceMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
| | | | - Hanna Engelke
- Department of ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesKarl‐Franzens‐Universität GrazGrazAustria
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of ChemistryLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoscienceMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMunichGermany
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3
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Lappalainen S, Pastor AR, Tamminen K, López-Guerrero V, Esquivel-Guadarrama F, Palomares LA, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Immune responses elicited against rotavirus middle layer protein VP6 inhibit viral replication in vitro and in vivo. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 10:2039-47. [PMID: 25424814 PMCID: PMC4186038 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is a common cause of severe gastroenteritis (GE) in children worldwide. Live oral RV vaccines protect against severe RVGE, but the immune correlates of protection are not yet clearly defined. Inner capsid VP6 protein is a highly conserved, abundant, and immunogenic RV protein, and VP6-specific mucosal antibodies, especially IgA, have been implicated to protect against viral challenge in mice. In the present study systemic and mucosal IgG and IgA responses were induced by immunizing BALB/c mice intranasally with a combination of recombinant RV VP6 protein (subgroup II [SGII]) and norovirus (NoV) virus-like particles (VLPs) used in a candidate vaccine. Following immunization mice were challenged orally with murine RV strain EDIMwt (SG non-I-non-II, G3P10[16]). In order to determine neutralizing activity of fecal samples, sera, and vaginal washes (VW) against human Wa RV (SGII, G1P1A[8]) and rhesus RV (SGI, G3P5B[3]), the RV antigen production was measured with an ELISA-based antigen reduction neutralization assay. Only VWs of immunized mice inhibited replication of both RVs, indicating heterotypic protection of induced antibodies. IgA antibody depletion and blocking experiments using recombinant VP6 confirmed that neutralization was mediated by anti-VP6 IgA antibodies. Most importantly, after the RV challenge significant reduction in viral shedding was observed in feces of immunized mice. These results suggest a significant role for mucosal RV VP6-specific IgA for the inhibition of RV replication in vitro and in vivo. In addition, these results underline the importance of non-serotype-specific immunity induced by the conserved subgroup-specific RV antigen VP6 in clearance of RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Lappalainen
- a Vaccine Research Center; School of Medicine; University of Tampere; Tampere, Finland
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Xue B, Jin M, Yang D, Guo X, Chen Z, Shen Z, Wang X, Qiu Z, Wang J, Zhang B, Li J. Effects of chlorine and chlorine dioxide on human rotavirus infectivity and genome stability. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3329-38. [PMID: 23591108 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the health risks posed by waterborne human rotavirus (HRV), little information is available concerning the effectiveness of chlorine or chlorine dioxide (ClO2), two common disinfectants of public water sources, against HRV and their effects on its genome remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of chlorine and ClO2 on purified HRV by using cell culture and RT-PCR to assess virus infectivity and genetic integrity, respectively. The disinfection efficacy of ClO2 was found to be higher than that of chlorine. According to the efficiency factor Hom model, Ct value (mg/L min) ranges required for a 4-log reduction of HRV at 20 °C by chlorine and ClO2 were 5.55-5.59 and 1.21-2.47 mg/L min, respectively. Detection of the 11 HRV genome segments revealed that damage to the 1227-2354 bp of the VP4 gene was associated with the disappearance of viral infectivity by chlorine. However, no complete accordance between culturing and RT-PCR assays was observed after treatment of HRV with ClO2. These results collectively indicate that the current practice of chlorine disinfection may be inadequate to manage the risk of waterborne HRV infection, and offer the potential to monitor the infectivity of HRV adapting PCR-based protocols in chlorine disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Department of Environment and Health, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, No. 1 Dali Road, Tianjin 300050, China
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5
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A colorimetric-based accurate method for the determination of enterovirus 71 titer. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:303-10. [PMID: 24293817 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The 50 % tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) is still one of the most commonly used techniques for estimating virus titers. However, the traditional TCID50 assay is time consuming, susceptible to subjective errors and generates only quantal data. Here, we describe a colorimetric-based approach for the titration of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) using a modified method for making virus dilutions. In summary, the titration of EV71 using MTT or MTS staining with a modified virus dilution method decreased the time of the assay and eliminated the subjectivity of observational results, improving accuracy, reproducibility and reliability of virus titration, in comparison with the conventional TCID50 approach (p < 0.01). In addition, the results provided evidence that there was better correlation between a plaquing assay and our approach when compared to the traditional TCID50 approach. This increased accuracy also improved the ability to predict the number of virus plaque forming units present in a solution. These improvements could be of use for any virological experimentation, where a quick accurate titration of a virus capable of causing cell destruction is required or a sensible estimation of the number of viral plaques based on TCID50 of a virus is desired.
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Trefry JC, Wooley DP. Rapid assessment of antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles using a novel application of the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay. J Virol Methods 2012; 183:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yang W, Gu AZ, Zeng SY, Li D, He M, Shi HC. Development of a combined immunomagnetic separation and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for sensitive detection of infectious rotavirus in water samples. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 84:447-53. [PMID: 21256895 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative and rapid detection method for rotavirus in water samples was developed using immunomagnetic separation combined with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (IMS-RT-qPCR). Magnetic beads coated with antibodies against representative group A rotavirus were used to capture and purify intact rotavirus particles in both artificial and real environmental water sample matrix. Compared to extracting RNA using commercial kits and RT-qPCR assay, the developed IMS-RT-qPCR method increased the detection sensitivity by about one order of magnitude when applied in clean water, with a detection limit of 3.16 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50))/mL within 5h. This method was compatible with various commonly used virus eluants, including beef extract (BE), beef extract with 0.05M glycine (BEG) and urea arginine phosphate buffer (UAPB). The recovery efficiencies from various eluants using IMS-RT-qPCR are higher than that using direct RT-qPCR method, demonstrating the effectiveness of the IMS step for eliminating inhibitors in the eluant matrix. This method was also successfully applied to purify and detect rotavirus particles seeded in 10(3)-fold concentrated wastewater influent samples. It seemed to reduce the interference from complex sample background and increase the qPCR product reliability comparing to RT-qPCR method without the IMS step. The results indicated that IMS-RT-qPCR is a rapid, sensitive and reliable tool for detecting rotaviruses in complex water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Bose PS, Naspinski J, Kartha G, Bennett PS, Wang CJ, Haynes JI, Benetti L. Development of a high-throughput rubella virus infectivity assay based on viral activation of caspases. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Nakamura S, Hata J, Kawamukai M, Matsuda H, Ogawa M, Nakamura K, Jing H, Kitts DD, Nakai S. Enhanced Anti-Rotavirus Action of Human Cystatin C by Site-Specific Glycosylation in Yeast. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 15:1289-96. [PMID: 15546195 DOI: 10.1021/bc049838s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA encoding human cystatin C (HCC) was subjected to site-specific substitution of alanine for serine at the position 37, to obtain the Asn(35)-Lys(36)-Ser(37) sequence that is a signal for asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycosylation of protein in eukaryotes, and was transformed into Pichia pastoris X33. As a result, 1.2 mg/L oligomannosyl HCC with a carbohydrate chain of Man(10)GlcNAc(2) was produced by the Pichia transformant. The oligomannosyl HCC was more stable at the low ionic strength condition of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, than the wild-type. In addition, the oligomannosylation substantially improved the molecular stability of cystatin against an aspartic proteinase, cathepsin D, in which the susceptibility decreased to less than 50% of nonglycosylated one. The anti-rotavirus activity of HCC was substantially enhanced by the site-directed glycosylation using the yeast expression system. A MA-104 cell line was used as a host cell for human rotavirus type-2 Wa strain in this study, to which both the wild-type and oligomannosyl HCCs did not show cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 mug/mL. More than 80% viability of the host cell infected with 1.0 x 10(5) PFU/mL of rotavirus was conserved under the condition coexisting with 75 mug/mL of the oligomannosyl HCC, which was 15.2% higher than that of wild-type HCC. Thus, the in vitro anti-rotavirus assay indicated that the supplement of a proper amount of the oligomannosyl HCC could be used as an anti-rotavirus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Nakamura
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan.
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10
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LaBarre DD, Lowy RJ. Improvements in methods for calculating virus titer estimates from TCID50 and plaque assays. J Virol Methods 2001; 96:107-26. [PMID: 11445142 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calculation of titer estimates and use of titer reduction assays are fundamental approaches used by virologists. Titer assays being biological assays and based on limiting dilution methods require good error control, both methodologically and analytically. The need for good statistical analysis is likely to become even greater as in clinical, manufacturing, as well as the research settings, improved analytical criteria, quality control, and assurance standards are adopted. Furthermore, increasingly, virus titer assays are based on high throughput methods, which generate continuous rather than traditional quantal data. Described here are two different weighted linear regression methods to determine TCID50 and PFU titers from CPE assays. The TCID50 analysis makes use of a generalized least squares approach using continuous colorimetric data. The plaque analysis makes use of weighted least squares forced through the origin using quantal plaque data generated by serial dilutions. Both methods are improvements in titer and error estimation compared to simpler calculation methods. These methods may have greatest value when lack of experimental material or costs of analysis precludes extensive replicate titer determinations but good estimates of titers and/or treatment differences are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D LaBarre
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
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