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Fredsgaard M, Kaniki SEK, Antonopoulou I, Chaturvedi T, Thomsen MH. Phenolic Compounds in Salicornia spp. and Their Potential Therapeutic Effects on H1N1, HBV, HCV, and HIV: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5312. [PMID: 37513186 PMCID: PMC10384198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite public health risk mitigation measures and regulation efforts by many countries, regions, and sectors, viral outbreaks remind the world of our vulnerability to biological hazards and the importance of mitigation actions. The saltwater-tolerant plants in the Salicornia genus belonging to the Amaranthaceae family are widely recognized and researched as producers of clinically applicable phytochemicals. The plants in the Salicornia genus contain flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acids, including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, isoquercitrin, and myricitrin, which have all been shown to support the antiviral, virucidal, and symptom-suppressing activities. Their potential pharmacological usefulness as therapeutic medicine against viral infections has been suggested in many studies, where recent studies suggest these phenolic compounds may have pharmacological potential as therapeutic medicine against viral infections. This study reviews the antiviral effects, the mechanisms of action, and the potential as antiviral agents of the aforementioned phenolic compounds found in Salicornia spp. against an influenza A strain (H1N1), hepatitis B and C (HBV/HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), as no other literature has described these effects from the Salicornia genus at the time of publication. This review has the potential to have a significant societal impact by proposing the development of new antiviral nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals derived from phenolic-rich formulations found in the edible Salicornia spp. These formulations could be utilized as a novel strategy by which to combat viral pandemics caused by H1N1, HBV, HCV, and HIV-1. The findings of this review indicate that isoquercitrin, myricetin, and myricitrin from Salicornia spp. have the potential to exhibit high efficiency in inhibiting viral infections. Myricetin exhibits inhibition of H1N1 plaque formation and reverse transcriptase, as well as integrase integration and cleavage. Isoquercitrin shows excellent neuraminidase inhibition. Myricitrin inhibits HIV-1 in infected cells. Extracts of biomass in the Salicornia genus could contribute to the development of more effective and efficient measures against viral infections and, ultimately, improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Io Antonopoulou
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden
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Efficacy and safety of novel herbal tablets in COVID-19 patients in hospital stay days, ICU admission and mortality rate thereof: An open-label, single-blind randomized clinical trial. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.117677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the super-spreading virus, has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the novel suggested herbal compound, formulated as compressed tablets, in reducing the length of hospital stay (LoS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality in confirmed COVID-19 cases. Methods: Following an open-label, single-blind randomized clinical trial design, a total of 200 patients aged 18-65 admitted to Imam Reza hospital in Tabriz, northwest of Iran, were randomized to intervention and control groups in a 1:1 ratio, i.e., 100 subjects in each group. The former received standard treatment along with the compressed herbal tablets, and the latter only received the standard treatment. Adverse reactions incidence within 180 days after the beginning of the intervention was set as the primary safety endpoint. The most important and active ingredients of the tablets were Terminalia chebula, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Senna alexandrina, Ferrula asafoetida, Pistacia lentiscus, Zizyphus jujuba, Crocus sativus, Echinacea angustifolia, and Hyssopus officinalis. This trial is registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (code: IRCT20200522047545N1). Results: Those in the intervention arm had significantly lower rates of LoS (7.38 vs. 9.45, P = 0.030), ICU admission (6 out of 100 vs. 32 out of 100, P = 0.000), and mortality (1 vs. 19 out of 100, P = 0.000). Conclusions: Our observations suggest that adequate improvement is provided by the prepared herbal compound along with substantial savings in hospitalization hoteling costs. While further multi-center studies with a larger sample size are needed to extend our knowledge regarding the effect of this new option, these novel clinical data may well provide a new alternative for the management of COVID-19 disease.
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Mićović T, Topalović D, Živković L, Spremo-Potparević B, Jakovljević V, Matić S, Popović S, Baskić D, Stešević D, Samardžić S, Stojanović D, Maksimović Z. Antioxidant, Antigenotoxic and Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils and Methanol Extracts of Hyssopus officinalis L. Subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman (Lamiaceae). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040711. [PMID: 33916934 PMCID: PMC8067569 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyssopus officinalis L. is a well-known aromatic plant used in traditional medicine and the food and cosmetics industry. The aim of this study is to assess the antioxidant, genotoxic, antigenotoxic and cytotoxic properties of characterized hyssop essential oils and methanol extracts. Chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with diode array detection and mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS), respectively. Antioxidant activity was examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) tests; genotoxic and antigenotoxic activity were examined by the comet assay, while cytotoxicity was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye (MTT) test against tumor cell lines (SW480, MDA-MB 231, HeLa) and non-transformed human lung fibroblast cell lines (MRC-5). The essential oils were rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (e.g., limonene; 7.99–23.81%), oxygenated monoterpenes (1,8-cineole; 38.19–67.1%) and phenylpropanoids (methyl eugenol; 0.00–28.33%). In methanol extracts, the most abundant phenolics were chlorogenic and rosmarinic acid (23.35–33.46 and 3.53–17.98 mg/g, respectively). Methanol extracts expressed moderate to weak antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 56.04–199.89 µg/mL, FRAP = 0.667–0.959 mmol Fe2+/g). Hyssop preparations significantly reduced DNA damage in human whole blood cells, induced by pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide. Methanol extracts exhibited selective and potent dose- and time-dependent activity against the HeLa cell line. Results of the current study demonstrated notable H. officinalis medicinal potential, which calls for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Mićović
- Institute for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Bulevar Ivana Crnojevića 64a, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Dijana Topalović
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.T.); (L.Ž.); (B.S.-P.)
| | - Lada Živković
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.T.); (L.Ž.); (B.S.-P.)
| | - Biljana Spremo-Potparević
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.T.); (L.Ž.); (B.S.-P.)
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Human Pathology, First Moscow State Medical University I. M. Sechenov, Trubetskaya Street 8, Str. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sanja Matić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Suzana Popović
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Dejan Baskić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.P.); (D.B.)
- Public Health Institute, Nikole Pašića 1, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela Stešević
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Džordža Vašingtona bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Stevan Samardžić
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Danilo Stojanović
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Zoran Maksimović
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence:
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Kaur R, Sharma P, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F, Kumar D. Structure-Activity-Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2070. [PMID: 32365518 PMCID: PMC7249135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which chiefly originatesfroma retrovirus named Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has impacted about 70 million people worldwide. Even though several advances have been made in the field of antiretroviral combination therapy, HIV is still responsible for a considerable number of deaths in Africa. The current antiretroviral therapies have achieved success in providing instant HIV suppression but with countless undesirable adverse effects. Presently, the biodiversity of the plant kingdom is being explored by several researchers for the discovery of potent anti-HIV drugs with different mechanisms of action. The primary challenge is to afford a treatment that is free from any sort of risk of drug resistance and serious side effects. Hence, there is a strong demand to evaluate drugs derived from plants as well as their derivatives. Several plants, such as Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Aegle marmelos, Wistaria floribunda, Lindera chunii, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and others have displayed significant anti-HIV activity. Here, weattempt to summarize the main results, which focus on the structures of most potent plant-based natural products having anti-HIV activity along with their mechanisms of action and IC50 values, structure-activity-relationships and important key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Girish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot 145001, India;
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
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The Effect of Zufa Versus Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwashes on Oral Flora of Patients Under Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.89639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Salehi B, Kumar NVA, Şener B, Sharifi-Rad M, Kılıç M, Mahady GB, Vlaisavljevic S, Iriti M, Kobarfard F, Setzer WN, Ayatollahi SA, Ata A, Sharifi-Rad J. Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1459. [PMID: 29757986 PMCID: PMC5983620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected around 70 million people worldwide, most of whom reside is sub-Saharan Africa. There have been very promising developments in the treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral drug cocktails. However, drug resistance to anti-HIV drugs is emerging, and many people infected with HIV have adverse reactions or do not have ready access to currently available HIV chemotherapies. Thus, there is a need to discover new anti-HIV agents to supplement our current arsenal of anti-HIV drugs and to provide therapeutic options for populations with limited resources or access to currently efficacious chemotherapies. Plant-derived natural products continue to serve as a reservoir for the discovery of new medicines, including anti-HIV agents. This review presents a survey of plants that have shown anti-HIV activity, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 88777539 Tehran, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 22439789 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nanjangud V Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Bilge Şener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, 61663-335 Zabol, Iran.
| | - Mehtap Kılıç
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gail B Mahady
- PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Sanja Vlaisavljevic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Athar Ata
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
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Konar M, Ghosh D, Roy P, Dasgupta S. Probing the role of ortho-dihydroxy groups on lysozyme fibrillation. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:619-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Akram M, Tahir IM, Shah SMA, Mahmood Z, Altaf A, Ahmad K, Munir N, Daniyal M, Nasir S, Mehboob H. Antiviral potential of medicinal plants against HIV, HSV, influenza, hepatitis, and coxsackievirus: A systematic review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:811-822. [PMID: 29356205 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are being managed therapeutically through available antiviral regimens with unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. The refractory viral infections resistant to available antiviral drugs are alarming threats and a serious health concern. For viral hepatitis, the interferon and vaccine therapies solely are not ultimate solutions due to recurrence of hepatitis C virus. Owing to the growing incidences of viral infections and especially of resistant viral strains, the available therapeutic modalities need to be improved, complemented with the discovery of novel antiviral agents to combat refractory viral infections. It is widely accepted that medicinal plant heritage is nature gifted, precious, and fueled with the valuable resources for treatment of metabolic and infectious disorders. The aims of this review are to assemble the facts and to conclude the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants in the eradication and management of various viral diseases such as influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis, and coxsackievirus infections, which have been proven in diverse clinical studies. The articles, published in the English language since 1982 to 2017, were included from Web of Science, Cochrane Library, AMED, CISCOM, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, and PubMed by using relevant keywords including plants possessing antiviral activity, the antiviral effects of plants, and plants used in viral disorders. The scientific literature mainly focusing on plant extracts and herbal products with therapeutic efficacies against experimental models of influenza, HIV, HSV, hepatitis, and coxsackievirus were included in the study. Pure compounds possessing antiviral activity were excluded, and plants possessing activity against viruses other than viruses in inclusion criteria were excluded. Hundreds of plant extracts with antiviral effect were recognized. However, the data from only 36 families investigated through in vitro and in vivo studies met the inclusion criteria of this review. The inferences from scientific literature review, focusing on potential therapeutic consequences of medicinal plants on experimental models of HIV, HSV, influenza, hepatitis, and coxsackievirus have ascertained the curative antiviral potential of plants. Fifty-four medicinal plants belonging to 36 different families having antiviral potential were documented. Out of 54 plants, 27 individually belong to particular plant families. On the basis of the work of several independent research groups, the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants against listed common viral diseases in the region has been proclaimed. In this context, the herbal formulations as alternative medicine may contribute to the eradication of complicated viral infection significantly. The current review consolidates the data of the various medicinal plants, those are Sambucus nigra, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, and Hypericum connatum, holding promising specific antiviral activities scientifically proven through studies on experimental animal models. Consequently, the original research addressing the development of novel nutraceuticals based on listed medicinal plants is highly recommended for the management of viral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Mahmood Tahir
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Ali Shah
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahed Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Awais Altaf
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ahmad
- Department of Eastern Medicine, University College of Conventional Medicine, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Suhaila Nasir
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Huma Mehboob
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Bekut M, Brkić S, Kladar N, Dragović G, Gavarić N, Božin B. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti(retro)viral therapy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 133:301-314. [PMID: 29258916 PMCID: PMC7129285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Constant search for new drugs with antiviral properties often extends to products of natural origin. Lamiaceae is one of the most important herbal families, well known for various biological and medicinal effects of a variety of aromatic spices, including thyme, mint, oregano, basil, sage, savory, rosemary, self-heal, hyssop, lemon balm and many others. The paper provides a review of antiviral potential of previously mentioned plants which has been demonstrated so far, with special emphasis on anti-HIV properties. Relevant articles were compiled by searching plant names combined with keywords describing antiviral activity. The antiviral effect is direct, with prominent activity against enveloped viral species. Initial stages of the viral life cycle are the most affected, as these plants appear to be targeting mainly viral structures responsible for attachment to target cells. In case of HIV, there is some activity against key enzymes in the viral life cycle. Even in the case of drug resistance, there is an equal susceptibility to applied herbal preparations. Some in vivo experiments suggest that use of Lamiaceae representatives could help in prevention and treatment of some viral diseases. A possible reduction of side effects of diseases and conventional drug therapy are also some aspects worth further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Bekut
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Snežana Brkić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Hajduk Veljkova 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Dragović
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dr Subotica 1/III, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Gavarić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Božin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Jahantigh O, Najafi F, Naghdi Badi H, Khavari-Nejad RA, Sanjarian F. Essential oil composition of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under salt stress at flowering stage. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzaneh Najafi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Sanjarian
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Ardah MT, Paleologou KE, Lv G, Abul Khair SB, Kazim AS, Minhas ST, Al-Tel TH, Al-Hayani AA, Haque ME, Eliezer D, El-Agnaf OMA. Structure activity relationship of phenolic acid inhibitors of α-synuclein fibril formation and toxicity. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:197. [PMID: 25140150 PMCID: PMC4122169 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is considered the key pathogenic event in many neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, giving rise to a whole category of neurodegenerative diseases known as synucleinopathies. Although the molecular basis of α-syn toxicity has not been precisely elucidated, a great deal of effort has been put into identifying compounds that could inhibit or even reverse the aggregation process. Previous reports indicated that many phenolic compounds are potent inhibitors of α-syn aggregation. The aim of the present study was to assess the anti-aggregating effect of gallic acid (GA) (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a benzoic acid derivative that belongs to a group of phenolic compounds known as phenolic acids. By employing an array of biophysical and biochemical techniques and a cell-viability assay, GA was shown not only to inhibit α-syn fibrillation and toxicity but also to disaggregate preformed α-syn amyloid fibrils. Interestingly, GA was found to bind to soluble, non-toxic oligomers with no β-sheet content, and to stabilize their structure. The binding of GA to the oligomers may represent a potential mechanism of action. Additionally, by using structure activity relationship data obtained from fourteen structurally similar benzoic acid derivatives, it was determined that the inhibition of α-syn fibrillation by GA is related to the number of hydroxyl moieties and their position on the phenyl ring. GA may represent the starting point for designing new molecules that could be used for the treatment of PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa T Ardah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, UAE
| | - Katerina E Paleologou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Guohua Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University New York, NY, USA
| | - Salema B Abul Khair
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, UAE
| | - Abdulla S Kazim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, UAE
| | - Saeed T Minhas
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, UAE
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- College of Pharmacy and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah Sharjah, UAE
| | - Abdulmonem A Al-Hayani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed E Haque
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, UAE
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University Al Ain, UAE ; Faculty of Medicine, King Abdel Aziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Pandey V, Verma RS, Chauhan A, Tiwari R. Compositional variation in the leaf, flower and stem essential oils of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) from Western-Himalaya. J Herb Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Khan R, Shawl AS, Tantry MA. Determination and seasonal variation of chemical constituents of essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis growing in Kashmir valley as incorporated species of Western Himalaya. Chem Nat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-012-0290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Old Remedies for Epilepsy: Avicenna's Medicine. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 14:174-7. [PMID: 22737575 PMCID: PMC3372027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The history of epilepsy and its treatments dates back to at least 4 millennia. Avicenna, c. 980 AD in Bukhara, Khorasan-1037 in Hamedan was a Persian-speaking Iranian physician, who has many recommendations and suggested various therapies for epilepsy in his book, The Canon of Medicine. METHODS We first reviewed the most important ancient treatments for epilepsy mentioned by Avicenna and considered those as the key words for our next step. Then, we made a literature search (medline and scopus) with those key words to find out new scientific findings in modern medicine about the Avicenna's suggestions. RESULTS Among the Avicenna's recommended therapies for epilepsy, only Rue has been tested for anticonvulsant activities in modern medicine. Interestingly, it had a dose dependent anticonvulsant effect. CONCLUSION It is worthwhile to consider the Avicenna's recommended therapies for epilepsy and to design future scientific studies based on his suggestions.
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Han H, He W, Wang W, Gao B. Inhibitory effect of aqueous Dandelion extract on HIV-1 replication and reverse transcriptase activity. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 11:112. [PMID: 22078030 PMCID: PMC3261818 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is an immunosuppressive disease that results in life-threatening opportunistic infections. The general problems in current therapy include the constant emergence of drug-resistant HIV strains, adverse side effects and the unavailability of treatments in developing countries. Natural products from herbs with the abilities to inhibit HIV-1 life cycle at different stages, have served as excellent sources of new anti-HIV-1 drugs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-HIV-1 activity of aqueous dandelion extract. METHODS The pseudotyped HIV-1 virus has been utilized to explore the anti-HIV-1 activity of dandelion, the level of HIV-1 replication was assessed by the percentage of GFP-positive cells. The inhibitory effect of the dandelion extract on reverse transcriptase activity was assessed by the reverse transcriptase assay kit. RESULTS Compared to control values obtained from cells infected without treatment, the level of HIV-1 replication and reverse transcriptase activity were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The data suggest that dandelion extract has a potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 replication and reverse transcriptase activity. The identification of HIV-1 antiviral compounds from Taraxacum officinale should be pursued. CONCLUSIONS The dandelion extract showed strong activity against HIV-1 RT and inhibited both the HIV-1 vector and the hybrid-MoMuLV/MoMuSV retrovirus replication. These findings provide additional support for the potential therapeutic efficacy of Taraxacum officinale. Extracts from this plant may be regarded as another starting point for the development of an antiretroviral therapy with fewer side effects.
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Application of methods for viral clearance in stem cell production. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2007; 43:371-8. [PMID: 17934782 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-007-9059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine therapies will allow in the future the transplant of cells of human origin in some diseases that until now have been incurable. The assurance of the safety and quality, especially from a microbiological point of view, is very important for these therapeutic products. Depending on the starting material, there are several sources of pathogen presence, mainly human viruses. Also, the use of feeders of animal origin as layers in which the stem cells can grow may permit the transmission of animal pathogens to these cells. However, cell sources are limited due to the low availability of spare in vitro fecundation human embryos and the low rate of success in the derivation of human stem cell lines. Thus, in several cases, it will be necessary to evaluate the possibility of removing or inactivating these microorganisms. In this paper, we summarize the main methods of viral clearance and we have provided an overview of the main features taking into account in the viral clearance techniques.
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Hassan Khan MT, Ather A. Potentials of phenolic molecules of natural origin and their derivatives as anti-HIV agents. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2007; 13:223-64. [PMID: 17875479 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(07)13009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of phenolic compounds and their derivatives interfering the several steps of the viral life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is focused for the development of novel molecules for the treatment of AIDS. Several phenolic compounds isolated and characterized from natural sources have been studied in detail and found to exhibit inhibitory effects against different steps of the HIV-1 life cycle, including virus-cell fusion and virus absorption, reverse transcription, integration (IN) and proteolytic cleavage. In the review, we are summarizing some strong evidences demonstrating several phenolic molecules and their derivatives from natural sources display promising anti-HIV-1 activities. The anti-HIV compounds have been organized in this review according to their mechanism of action in the life cycle of HIV. We also mentioned some findings using in silico approaches, like virtual screening, docking, neural network, etc., and even the chemogenomics and/or functional genomics approaches could be useful for the quick identifying promising new lead anti-HIV molecules without having any other unwanted pharmacological effects. Plants having large amount of phenolic compounds, can be considered as strong sources of molecules for the treatment of HIV-1. Despite the continuous advances made in antiretroviral combination therapy, AIDS has become the leading cause of death in Africa and the fourth worldwide. Today, many research groups are exploring the bio- and chemo-diversity of the plant kingdom to find new and better anti-HIV drugs with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
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19
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Kang KA, Lee KH, Zhang R, Piao M, Chae S, Kim KN, Jeon YJ, Park DB, You HJ, Kim JS, Hyun JW. Caffeic acid protects hydrogen peroxide induced cell damage in WI-38 human lung fibroblast cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1820-4. [PMID: 16946492 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytoprotective effect of caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid) on human lung fibroblast (WI-38) cells against hydrogen peroxide induced damage was investigated. Caffeic acid was found to scavenge intracellular reactive oxygen species, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, and thus prevented lipid peroxidation. The caffeic acid protected cell damage of WI-38 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), via the activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase protein. Caffeic acid increased the activity of catalase and its protein expression. Hence, from the present study, it is suggestive that caffeic acid protects WI-38 cells against H2O2 damage by enhancing the cellular antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ah Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Cheju National University, Jeju-si, Korea
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20
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Formation of phenolic compounds in various cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10438-005-0018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fraternale D, Ricci D, Epifano F, Curini M. Composition and Antifungal Activity of Two Essential Oils of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalisL.). JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2004.9698810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Plant-based therapeutic preparations are cyclically returning to complement dermatologic therapy. They serve as therapeutic alternatives, safer choices, or in some cases, as the only effective treatment. Folk medicine tradition provides different indicators for use than the medical disease model. Advantages of multiple synergistic components of crude extracts are discussed, as well as herbs already used in dermatology. Bitter digestive stimulants are used for vitiligo. Bioflavinoids from buckwheat and horse chestnut are used for varicose veins, and silymarin is used for liver protection. Gotu kola and sarsaparilla are used for inflammatory skin conditions. Oregon grape root has synergistic antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and bile-stimulating properties which make the crude extract useful in acne. Philosophical differences in herbology compared to medicine exist in the application of science toward improving elimination and strengthening the host as opposed to destroying the vector or manifestation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Dattner
- Integrative Medicine and Dermatology, New Rochelle, New York 10805, USA.
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Bedoya LM, Palomino SS, Abad MJ, Bermejo P, Alcami J. Screening of selected plant extracts for in vitro inhibitory activity on human immunodeficiency virus. Phytother Res 2002; 16:550-4. [PMID: 12237813 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As part of our screening of anti-AIDS agents from natural sources, extracts of 15 medicinal plants widely used in the folk medicines of North America and Europe were evaluated in vitro. Most of the extracts tested were relatively nontoxic to human lymphocytic MT-2 cells, but only the extracts of Hysopp officinalis and Dittrichia viscosa exhibited anti-HIV activity in an in vitro MTT assay. The 50% hydroalcohol extract of Hysopp officinalis and the aqueous extract of Dittrichia viscosa showed inhibitory effects against HIV-1 induced infections in MT-2 cells at concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 microg/mL and 25 to 400 microg/mL, respectively. Both extracts showed no appreciable cytotoxicity at these concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bedoya
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Nardini M, Leonardi F, Scaccini C, Virgili F. Modulation of ceramide-induced NF-kappaB binding activity and apoptotic response by caffeic acid in U937 cells: comparison with other antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30:722-33. [PMID: 11275472 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide acts as second messenger in the signal transduction triggered by a variety of stress stimuli and extracellular agents. Stress response through ceramide is involved in the development of many human diseases, such as atherosclerosis, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Dietary polyphenols have been reported to exert a beneficial effect on the onset and development of most of these human chronic-degenerative pathologies. However, the mechanisms underlying this beneficial effect are mostly not understood at the present. To investigate the ability of polyphenols in modulating fundamental cellular functions, we studied the effect of caffeic acid, a widespread phenolic acid largely present in human diet, in the modulation of ceramide-induced signal transduction pathway leading to apoptosis in U937 cells, in comparison with other established antioxidants of nutritional interest (N-acetylcysteine, d-alpha-tocopherol acetate and ascorbic acid). Our results indicate that caffeic acid efficiently inhibits both ceramide-induced NF-kappaB binding activity and apoptosis at micromolar concentration. Other antioxidants tested are totally ineffective in inhibiting apoptosis, although affecting NF-kappaB activation. Caffeic acid was found to inhibit protein tyrosine kinase activity, suggesting that this mechanism can be on the basis of the inhibition of apoptosis. Our results suggest that dietary caffeic acid might modulate ceramide-induced signal transduction pathway and NF-kappaB activation through either antioxidant and nonantioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nardini
- Free Radical Research Group, National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Piccaglia R, Pace L, Tammaro F. Characterization of Essential Oils from Three Italian Ecotypes of Hyssop[Hyssopus officinalisL. subsp.aristatus(Godron) Briq.]. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.1999.9711998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cowan
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA.
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Bourne KZ, Bourne N, Reising SF, Stanberry LR. Plant products as topical microbicide candidates: assessment of in vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus type 2. Antiviral Res 1999; 42:219-26. [PMID: 10443534 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in developing topical microbicides; products to be used intravaginally by women for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Many compounds derived from plants have been shown to have antimicrobial properties. We examined 19 such compounds in vitro by plaque reduction assay to determine their activity against a common sexually transmitted pathogen, herpes simplex virus type 2. Compounds with an ED50 < or = 7.0 mg/ml were tested for efficacy in vivo. Four compounds, carrageenan lambda type IV, cineole, curcumin, and eugenol, provided significant protection (P < 0.05) in a mouse model of intravaginal HSV-2 challenge. Eugenol, which provided the greatest protection in mice was also evaluated using the guinea pig model of genital HSV-2 infection where it also demonstrated significant protection. Based on these results, several plant-derived compounds appear to warrant further evaluation as potential microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Bourne
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Ng TB, Huang B, Fong WP, Yeung HW. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) natural products with special emphasis on HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Life Sci 1997; 61:933-49. [PMID: 9296332 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review article aims at summarizing research findings concerning natural products which are endowed with the ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). An emphasis is placed on HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors because the bulk of the literature is focused on these compounds. It was found that a spectacular diversity of chemical structures encompassing proteins, terpenoids, coumarins, xanthones, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and polysaccharides, which are elaborated by plant species as phylogenetically remote as the algae, gymnosperms and angiosperms, were capable of rendering the retroviral enzyme less active. The literature pertaining to natural products with HIV protease and integrase inhibitory activities is less voluminous.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories
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Sarin PS, Goldstein AL. Treatment of AIDS with drugs targeted to inhibit different stages of the HIV life cycle. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1995; 17:217-45. [PMID: 7650288 DOI: 10.3109/08923979509019748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P S Sarin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20037, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schinazi
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA 30322
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