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Miranda C, Batista S, Mateus TL, Vieira-Pinto M, Ribeiro V, Dantas R, Brito NV. A Preliminary Investigation of Salmonella Populations in Indigenous Portuguese Layer Hen Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3389. [PMID: 37958144 PMCID: PMC10648303 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sustainability of agroecological systems, biodiversity protection, animal welfare, and consumer demand for higher quality products from alternative and extensive farming methods have reinforced interest in local breeds that are well adapted to low-input environments. However, food safety needs to be safeguarded to reinforce consumer confidence. The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation on the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in eggshells, hen's cloaca, and litter materials from autochthonous Portuguese laying hens raised in a semi-extensive system for small-scale production. A total of 279 samples from 31 flocks belonging to 12 farms were obtained, with 63 samples from the "Preta Lusitânica" breed, and 72 samples each from the remaining autochthonous breeds, namely, "Branca", "Amarela", and "Pedrês Portuguesa". None (0%) of the samples analyzed were positive for Salmonella spp. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first results of Salmonella evaluation from hen's cloaca, eggshells, and litter materials in autochthonous Portuguese chickens, suggesting that a semi-extensive production system can contribute to better food security and a lower risk to public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Miranda
- 1H-TOXRUN–One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- LAQV-REQUIMTE–Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sónia Batista
- CISAS–Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal; (S.B.); (T.L.M.); (M.V.-P.)
| | - Teresa Letra Mateus
- CISAS–Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal; (S.B.); (T.L.M.); (M.V.-P.)
- CECAV–Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- EpiUnit–Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- CISAS–Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal; (S.B.); (T.L.M.); (M.V.-P.)
- CECAV–Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Virgínia Ribeiro
- AMIBA–Associação dos Criadores de Bovinos de Raça Barrosã, 4730-260 Vila Verde, Portugal; (V.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Rui Dantas
- AMIBA–Associação dos Criadores de Bovinos de Raça Barrosã, 4730-260 Vila Verde, Portugal; (V.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Nuno V. Brito
- 1H-TOXRUN–One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- CISAS–Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, NUTRIR (Technological Center for AgriFood Sustainability), Monte de Prado, 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal; (S.B.); (T.L.M.); (M.V.-P.)
- AMIBA–Associação dos Criadores de Bovinos de Raça Barrosã, 4730-260 Vila Verde, Portugal; (V.R.); (R.D.)
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Jibril AH, Okeke IN, Dalsgaard A, Olsen JE. Prevalence and whole genome phylogenetic analysis reveal genetic relatedness between antibiotic resistance Salmonella in hatchlings and older chickens from farms in Nigeria. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102427. [PMID: 36584420 PMCID: PMC9827064 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella in hatchlings is the single most important risk factor for the introduction of Salmonella into poultry farms, and resistant strains are particularly worrisome, as they could affect treatment outcomes in humans infected through consumption of contaminated poultry products. This study estimated Salmonella prevalence, determined resistance profiles of strains recovered from hatchlings in Nigeria, and determined genetic relatedness between hatchling strains and strains from poultry farms. In this study, 300 fecal samples were collected. Salmonella was isolated by culture and confirmed by PCR, and isolates were tested for susceptibility to antimicrobials by the disk diffusion method. Strains were pair-end sequenced, and genomes were used to obtain serotypes and antibiotic resistance genes. Whole-genome based phylogenetic analysis was used to determine genetic relatedness between these isolates and strains from previously characterized older chicken within the same geographical area. A prevalence of 10.7% was obtained belonging to 13 Salmonella serovars. Resistance to kanamycin (30/32), ciprofloxacin (22/32), nalidixic acid (22/32), and sulfonamides (22/32) were the most commonly observed phenotypic resistances. Twenty-two (68.8%) isolates showed multidrug resistance. In silico predictions identified 36 antimicrobial resistance genes. Four (12.5%) and 22 (68.8%) strains showed point mutations in gyrA and parC. Commonly observed acquired resistance genes included sul1, sul2, sul3, and tet(A) as well as a variety of aminoglycoside-modifying genes. Eleven (34.4%) isolates were predicted to have genes that confer resistance to fosfomycin (fosA7, fosB). A strain of S. Stanleyville was predicted to have optrA, which confers resistance to furazolidone. Strains of S. Kentucky, S. Muenster, and S. Menston obtained from hatchlings showed close genetic relatedness by having less than 30 SNPs difference to strains recovered from chickens at farms previously receiving hatchlings from the same sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Hassan Jibril
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Iruka N Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Pellissery AJ, Vinayamohan PG, Xue J, Wang X, Viju LS, Joseph D, Luo Y, Donoghue AM, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of pectin-based caproic acid, caprylic acid, linalool, and cuminaldehyde coatings in reducing Salmonella Heidelberg on chicken eggs. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.874219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the animal derived food products, contamination of poultry eggs, and egg shell surface is one of the major causes for foodborne salmonellosis in the United States. As a means of reducing the pathogen transfer to the internal egg contents, polysaccharide-based coatings containing antimicrobial phytochemicals could potentially serve as a biocontrol strategy for shelled egg products. The current study investigated the efficacy of four GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)-status plant-derived compounds, namely, caproic acid (CAO), caprylic acid (CAY), linalool (LIN) and cuminaldehyde (CUM), as pectin-based coating treatments, individually or in combination, for reducing Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) on shell eggs. A three-strain mixture of SH (~8.0 log CFU in 50 μL inoculum) was spot-inoculated on surface sterilized white-shelled eggs. Eggs were evenly coated with either pectin-based treatments of CAO (1%), CAY (1%), LIN (1%) and CUM (1%), individually, or a combination of 4 phytochemicals (COMB- each phytochemical at 0.5% v/v level of inclusion). The treated eggs were stored at 4°C and SH counts were enumerated on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 of storage. The study was replicated thrice, 3 eggs/treatment/day time point, and the data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with significance tested at p < 0.05. On day 0, pectin-coated control eggs had ~7.6 log CFU of SH/egg. At the end of refrigerated storage (day 21), pectin-based coating of CAO and CAY at 1% level reduced SH by 2.0–2.5 log CFU/egg (P < 0.05) when compared to controls. In addition, the CUM and LIN based coatings produced 3.0 log and 3.9 log reduction, respectively, in SH counts on eggs by day 21 of storage. Among the treatments with phytochemical combinations, COMB1 [pectin (2%) + Caprylic acid, caproic acid and cuminaldehyde (each at 0.5% level)] was found to be most effective, reducing SH counts to 2.5–3.3 log CFU/egg from day 0 through day 14, and by the end of storage period (day 21), a 3.5 log CFU reduction/egg (p < 0.05) compared to untreated controls. Morphological studies of treated eggs using atomic force microscopy (AFM) have shown that the roughness of eggs can be influenced by a combination of various compounds. Results indicate the potential efficacy of the aforesaid phytochemicals in reducing SH on shell eggs; however, further studies investigating their industrial feasibility and effects on sensory attributes of eggs are warranted.
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Maguire M, Khan AS, Adesiyun AA, Georges K, Gonzalez-Escalona N. Genomic Comparison of Eight Closed Genomes of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated From Broiler Farms and Processing Plants in Trinidad and Tobago. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:863104. [PMID: 35620095 PMCID: PMC9127609 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide. We used long and short-read sequencing to close genomes of eight multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enterica strains, belonging to serovars Infantis (2), Albany, Oranienburg, I 4,[5],12:i:-, Javiana, Schwarzengrund, and Kentucky from broiler chicken farms and processing plants in Trinidad and Tobago. They also belonged to seven different sequence types (STs- 32, 292, 1510, 19, 24, 152, and 96). Among the strains, seven had demonstrated multi-drug resistance with the presence of at least three AMR genes, whereas three isolates contained the quinolone resistance gene qnr B19 in plasmids (CFSAN103840, CFSAN103854, and CFSAN103872). The extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes bla CTX-M-65 (CFSAN103796) and bla TEM-1 (CFSAN103852) were detected in this study. The genomes closed in this study will be useful for future source tracking and outbreak investigations in Trinidad and Tobago and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anisa S Khan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Abiodun A Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Karla Georges
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Narjol Gonzalez-Escalona
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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Zion B, Gollop R, Barak M, Sela (Saldinger) S, Arbel A. External disinfection of shell eggs using steam in a Thermal Trap. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Oliveira GDS, dos Santos VM, Nascimento ST. Essential oils as sanitisers for hatching eggs. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1959276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. D. S. Oliveira
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - V. M. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Poultry Science, Federal Institute of Brasília - Campus Planaltina, Brasília, Brazil
| | - S. T. Nascimento
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAV), University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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7
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Lin Q, Chousalkar KK, McWhorter AR, Khan S. Salmonella Hessarek: An emerging food borne pathogen and its role in egg safety. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cardoso MJ, Nicolau AI, Borda D, Nielsen L, Maia RL, Møretrø T, Ferreira V, Knøchel S, Langsrud S, Teixeira P. Salmonella in eggs: From shopping to consumption-A review providing an evidence-based analysis of risk factors. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2716-2741. [PMID: 33960652 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nontyphoidal salmonellae are among the most prevalent foodborne pathogens causing gastrointestinal infections worldwide. A high number of cases and outbreaks of salmonellosis are associated with the consumption of eggs and egg products, and several of these occur at the household level. The aim of the current study is to critically evaluate the current status of knowledge on Salmonella in eggs from a consumer's perspective, analyzing the hazard occurrence and the good practices that should be applied to reduce salmonellosis risk. Following a HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) based approach, some steps along the food journey were identified as Critical Consumer Handling (CCH)-steps in which consumers, through their behavior or choice, can significantly reduce the level of Salmonella in eggs and egg products. From shopping/collecting to consumption, each of these steps is discussed in this review to provide an evidence-based overview of risk factors of human salmonellosis related to egg consumption. The main message to consumers is to choose Salmonella-free eggs (those that some official entity or producer guarantees that does not contain Salmonella), when available, especially for dishes that are not fully heat treated. Second, as guaranteed Salmonella-free eggs are only available in a few countries, refrigerated storage from the point of collection and proper cooking will significantly reduce the risk of salmonellosis. This will require a revision of the actual recommendations/regulations, as not all ensure that eggs are maintained at temperatures that prevent growth of Salmonella from collection until the time of purchasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Cardoso
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anca Ioana Nicolau
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Daniela Borda
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Line Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rui Leandro Maia
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP-ENAS), University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Vânia Ferreira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susanne Knøchel
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Paula Teixeira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
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Edwards JJ, Amadi VA, Soto E, Jay-Russel MT, Aminabadi P, Kenelty K, Charles K, Arya G, Mistry K, Nicholas R, Butler BP, Marancik D. Prevalence and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from three species of wild marine turtles in Grenada, West Indies. Vet World 2021; 14:222-229. [PMID: 33642807 PMCID: PMC7896897 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.222-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Salmonella enterica causes enteric disease in mammals and may potentially be transmitted from marine turtles that shed the pathogen in the environment. Marine turtle-associated human salmonellosis is a potential public health concern in Grenada, as the island supports populations of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) that interface with veterinarians and conservation workers, the local population, and the thousands of visitors that frequent the island yearly. To date, the prevalence of S. enterica has only been examined in a small subset of marine turtles in the Caribbean and no studies have been conducted in Grenada. The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence of S. enterica in leatherback, hawksbill and green turtles in Grenada, characterize phenotypes and DNA profiles, and explore the potential risk to human health in the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 102 cloacal swabs were obtained from nesting leatherback turtles and foraging hawksbill and green turtles. Samples were cultured on enrichment and selective media and isolates were phenotypically characterized using serotyping, pulsed-phase gel electrophoresis, and antibiotic susceptibility. Enrichment broths were additionally screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using S. enterica-specific primers. RESULTS S. enterica was cultured from 15/57 (26.3%) leatherback turtles, 0/28 hawksbill, and 0/17 green turtles. This included S. enterica serovars Montevideo, S. I:4,5,12:i:-, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Newport, S. I:6,7:-:-, and S. I:4,5,12:-:-. Five/15 leatherback turtles carried multiple serovars. Eight pulsotype groups were identified with multiple clustering; however, there was no clear association between pulsotype group and serotype profile. Five/71 isolates showed resistance to streptomycin or ampicillin. Twenty-one/57 leatherback turtles, 14/28 hawksbill turtles, and 8/17 green turtles tested positive for S. enterica by quantitative PCR. CONCLUSION Nesting leatherback turtles actively shed S. enterica and poses a risk for zoonosis; however, the presence of viable pathogen in green and hawksbill species is unclear. These findings help elucidate the role of marine turtles as potential sources of zoonotic S. enterica and provide baseline data for one health research in Grenada and the wider Caribbean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnel J. Edwards
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Victor A. Amadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Peiman Aminabadi
- Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Kenelty
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Gitanjali Arya
- Office of International des Epizooties Salmonella Reference Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ketna Mistry
- Office of International des Epizooties Salmonella Reference Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roxanne Nicholas
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Brian P. Butler
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - David Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
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Nielsen L, Knøchel S. Inactivation of salmonella strains in acidified broth and raw egg yolk as a function of pH and acid type. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Hu L, Cao G, Brown EW, Allard MW, Ma LM, Khan AA, Zhang G. Antimicrobial resistance and related gene analysis of Salmonella from egg and chicken sources by whole-genome sequencing. Poult Sci 2020; 99:7076-7083. [PMID: 33248624 PMCID: PMC7705029 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a valuable tool in research on foodborne pathogens. In this study, a total of 143 isolates of Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg sourced from eggs and chickens were analyzed for their antimicrobial resistance profiles using WGS data. The isolates carried high rate of genes resistant to aminoglycoside (70.63%), tetracycline (26.57%), fosfomycin (25.17%), sulfonamides (23.78%), and β-lactamases (15.38%); and aadA was the most frequently observed antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG). Antimicrobial resistance varies by Salmonella serotypes, with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella ser. Enteritidis) isolates being highly resistant to aminoglycoside (particularly streptomycin); Salmonella ser. Typhimurium more resistant to aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamides; and Salmonella ser. Heidelberg more resistant to aminoglycoside and fosfomycin. Salmonella ser. Typhimurium isolates presented more varieties of ARG than Salmonella ser. Enteritidis and Salmonella ser. Heidelberg. Our data showed that 5 isolates of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium and Salmonella ser. Heidelberg contained ARG resistant to ≥ 5 antimicrobials. In addition, 23 Salmonella isolates carried ARG resistant to 4 antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hu
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Guojie Cao
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Eric W Brown
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Marc W Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Li M Ma
- National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Ashraf A Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD.
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12
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Baron F, Cochet MF, Alabdeh M, Guérin-Dubiard C, Gautier M, Nau F, Andrews SC, Bonnassie S, Jan S. Egg-White Proteins Have a Minor Impact on the Bactericidal Action of Egg White Toward Salmonella Enteritidis at 45°C. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:584986. [PMID: 33133053 PMCID: PMC7578404 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is noted for its ability to survive the harsh antibacterial activity of egg white which is presumed to explain its occurrence as the major food-borne pathogen associated with the consumption of eggs and egg products. Liquid egg white is a major ingredient for the food industry but, because of its thermal fragility, pasteurization is performed at the modest temperature of 57°C (for 2–6 min). Unfortunately, such treatment does not lead to sufficient reduction in S. Enteritidis contamination, which is a clear health concern when the product is consumed without cooking. However, egg white is able to limit S. Enteritidis growth due to its alkaline pH, iron deficiency and multiple antimicrobial proteins. This anti-Salmonella activity of egg white is temperature dependent and becomes bactericidal once the incubation temperature exceeds 42°C. This property is exploited in the highly promising pasteurization treatment (42–45°C for 1–5 days) which achieves complete killing of S. Enteritidis. However, the precise mechanism and the role of the egg-white proteins are not fully understood. Here, the impact of exposure of S. Enteritidis to egg white-based media, with or without egg-white proteins (>10 kDa), under bactericidal conditions (45°C) was explored by measuring survival and global expression. Surprisingly, the bactericidal activity of egg white at 45°C was only slightly affected by egg-white proteins indicating that they play a minor role in the bactericidal activity observed. Moreover, egg-white proteins had minimal impact on the global-gene-expression response to egg white such that very similar, major regulatory responses (20% genes affected) were observed both with and without egg-white proteins following incubation for 45 min at 45°C. Egg-white proteins caused a significant change in expression for just 64 genes, including the psp and lysozyme-inhibitor responses genes which is suggestive of an early membrane perturbation effect. Such damage was supported by disruption of the proton motive force by egg-white proteins. In summary, the results suggest that low-mass components of egg white are largely responsible for the bactericidal activity of egg white at 45°C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon C Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Bonnassie
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, Rennes, France.,UFR Sciences de la Vie et de l'Environnement, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Jan
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, Rennes, France
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13
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Yang Y, Geveke DJ, Niemira BA. Quality of radio frequency pasteurized shell eggs during extended storage under normal and moderate abuse conditions. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Shterzer N, Rothschild N, Sbehat Y, Stern E, Nazarov A, Mills E. Large Overlap Between the Intestinal and Reproductive Tract Microbiomes of Chickens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1508. [PMID: 32760363 PMCID: PMC7372964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work characterized the chicken reproductive tract (oviduct) microbiome composition and its similarity to the egg and chick microbiomes. However, the origin of the oviduct microbiome has not been addressed yet. Here, we characterized the microbiome composition along the oviduct (infundibulum, magnum, and shell gland) as well as in the gut (jejunum and cecum) of broiler breeders at 37 weeks of age of the Cobb industrial breed. We found that while the microbiome composition along the oviduct is similar, the three sites, jejunum, cecum, and oviduct hold distinct microbiomes. However, there was also a large overlap in the composition of the gut and oviduct microbiomes, with 55 and 53% of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) representing 96 and 90% of the total abundance in the jejunum and cecum, respectively, shared with the magnum. Furthermore, we identified a strong correlation between the relative abundance of ASVs in the gut and their probability to be found in the oviduct. These results suggest that material from the gut travels the full length of the oviduct. This is possibly the result of chicken physiology which includes the cloaca, a cavity to which both the intestinal and reproductive tracts open into. As the cloaca is common to birds, reptiles, amphibians, most fish, and monotremes, our finding may be relevant to many vertebrates. Importantly, these results indicate that mere presence in, and ascending of the oviduct are not virulence characteristics specific to pathogens, as commonly thought, but are the result of chicken physiology and characterize all gut bacteria. Furthermore, whereas a vertical transmission route from the hen to the chick has been suggested, our work starts laying a mechanistic foundation to this route, by describing the movement of gut bacteria to the oviduct, where they may be enclosed in the developing egg. Last, as our results show that gut material travels the full length of the oviduct, fertilization in poultry occurs in the presence of at least bacterial products if not live bacteria, and therefore food additives, probiotics, and diet possibly have a much more direct effect on reproduction and egg formation than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Shterzer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Rothschild
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yara Sbehat
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einav Stern
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Albert Nazarov
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erez Mills
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in eggs from backyard chicken flocks in Portugal and Romania - Results of a preliminary study. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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17
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Messens W, Grijspeerdt K, Herman L. Eggshell penetration by Salmonella: a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Messens
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Agricultural Research Centre-Ghent, Department of Animal Product Quality and Transformation Technology, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - K. Grijspeerdt
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Agricultural Research Centre-Ghent, Department of Animal Product Quality and Transformation Technology, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - L. Herman
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Agricultural Research Centre-Ghent, Department of Animal Product Quality and Transformation Technology, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
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18
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19
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20
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Babu US, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Sharma GM, Pereira M, Balan KV. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of tissue colonization and survival capacity of Salmonella Oranienburg in laying hens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3230-3235. [PMID: 29788466 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg (SO) was linked to a human salmonellosis outbreak in the Midwest in 2015 and 2016 from consumption of eggs. However, unlike Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE), little is known regarding the potential of SO to colonize in laying hens and contaminate eggs. We used in vivo and in vitro models to evaluate tissue colonization and survival capacity of SO. Twenty eight-week-old laying hens were each challenged with an oral dose of approximately 107 (n = 92) or 109 (n = 96) colony-forming units (CFU) in 1 mL saline and evaluated after 1, 2, and 4 wk. Standard microbiological methods with pre-enrichment and enrichment in selective media were used for detection of SO in tissues, egg shell wash, internal egg contents, and excreta. Peak colonization of spleen (86.9%), ovaries (31.6%), upper oviduct (15.8%), and lower oviduct (34.3%) was detected between 1 and 2 wk post-infection (pi), while at 4 wk SO was only recovered from spleens (25%). Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg was not recovered from internal egg contents. However, the presence of SO on egg shells was seen when there were traces of excreta. Shedding in excreta was found in 92 and 100% birds gavaged with 107 and 109 CFU at 2 wk pi, respectively. The invasion and proliferation of SO in ovarian granulosa cells (GC) was compared to that of SE, and while the invasion of SO into GC was comparable to SE, proliferation of SO was significantly lower (P < 0.05). The infective potential of SO was also assessed by enumerating survival in egg white over 4 wk under refrigerated conditions, resulting in 65% survival at 4 wk. Overall, our data suggested that SO infection in layers did not result in egg contamination via vertical transmission, and colonization of egg-forming tissues was limited to 2 wk pi. Survival within GC and egg white demonstrates the ability of SO to withstand antibacterial factors and the potential of SO to penetrate the yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma S Babu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Girdhari M Sharma
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Marion Pereira
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Kannan V Balan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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21
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van de Reep L, Nielen M, Verstappen KMHW, Broens EM, van den Broek J, Velkers FC. Response to a Salmonella Enteritidis challenge in old laying hens with different vaccination histories. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2733-2739. [PMID: 29726970 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extending the laying period of laying hens is beneficial for economic and sustainability purposes. Because vaccines were designed with a shorter laying period envisaged, it is unclear whether current Salmonella vaccines can provide sufficient levels of protection against infection at an older age. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the efficacy of early rearing vaccination schemes against Salmonella challenge late in the laying period. There were four treatment groups: birds that had not been vaccinated (Group 1), birds vaccinated with live Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) (Group 2), with live and inactivated SE (Group 3), or with live SE and live Salmonella Typhimurium (Group 4). At the end of the laying period, the birds were transported from the laying farm to the research facility where they were orally challenged with 2.06 × 109 colony-forming units SE at around 82 wk of age. Hens were euthanized and bacteriology was performed on cecum, liver, spleen, and follicular fluid samples to determine SE colonization 7 and 14 d after challenge. Clinical and bacteriological findings of hens vaccinated with different vaccination schemes and the non-vaccinated control group were compared. No significant differences in SE colonization were found for vaccinated groups compared to the non-vaccinated control group. This may be a result of waning immunity due to the long time between vaccination and challenge. Also, as vaccination took place in the rearing period in the field, initial levels of immunity may not have been optimal due to shortcomings in the vaccination technique. Furthermore, the results of this study may have been affected by differences in age, breed, and origin between the groups. Therefore, controlled studies from early age onwards are necessary for more accurate comparisons between vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van de Reep
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.151, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Nielen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.151, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K M H W Verstappen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Postbus 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Postbus 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J van den Broek
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.151, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F C Velkers
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.151, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Synergistic effect of X-ray irradiation and sodium hypochlorite against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium biofilms on quail eggshells. Food Res Int 2018; 107:496-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Chousalkar K, Gast R, Martelli F, Pande V. Review of egg-related salmonellosis and reduction strategies in United States, Australia, United Kingdom and New Zealand. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:290-303. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1368998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Richard Gast
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Vivek Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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24
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High prevalence of clonally diverse spa type t026 Staphylococcus aureus contaminating rural eggshells. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1196-1201. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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25
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Gradl JA, Curtis PA, Jones DR, Anderson KE. Assessing the impact of egg sweating on Salmonella Enteritidis penetration into shell eggs. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2393-2399. [PMID: 28339755 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) prevalence in eggs is a major concern to the egg industry. Some research has shown that egg sweating can increase Salmonella penetration into egg contents when refrigerated eggs are moved to a warmer temperature. This occurs when eggs are tempered before wash, to minimize thermal cracks. The effect of egg sweating on SE penetration into shell eggs over a 6 week storage period at 4°C was assessed. A 2 × 2 factorial of SE inoculation and egg sweating was utilized. Treatments included (SES) nalidixic acid (NA)-resistant SE inoculated and sweated, (SENS) NA-resistant SE inoculated and not sweated, (NSES) buffered peptone water (BPW) inoculated and sweated, and (NSENS) BPW inoculated and not sweated. Eggs were inoculated with 108 SE. Eggs formed condensation for approximately 17 min in a 32°C incubator. Shell rinse, shell emulsion, and egg contents were sampled then enumerated and assessed for prevalence of SE over a 6 wk storage period at 4°C. After wk 1, the SENS shell rinse had higher SE counts (0.32 log10 CFU/mL) than the other 3 treatments, where no SE was enumerated. A significant week by treatment interaction was found for the shell rinse SE detection (P < 0.05). In subsequent weeks, no SE counts were obtained from the egg shell rinse, shell emulsion, or egg contents. The SENS shell rinses had significantly higher SE prevalence than the SES rinses in weeks 1 (100% vs. 34.3%), 2 (57.6% vs. 22.2%), and 3 (38.2% vs. 11.1%) (P < 0.05). In samples from weeks 4, 5, and 6, there was no difference in SE prevalence between SES and SENS. Egg sweating did not increase SE penetration into the shell emulsion across treatment or week (P < 0.05). The decreasing trend of SE prevalence obtained over the study period indicate that refrigeration is effective at inhibiting SE growth. These results indicate that egg sweating occurring under common US egg handling practices is not harmful to egg safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Gradl
- Auburn University Food Systems Institute, Auburn, Alabama, 36830
| | | | - Deana R Jones
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, US National Poultry Research Center, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia, 30605
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 29765
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26
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Hu L, Ma L, Zheng S, He X, Wang H, Brown E, Hammack T, Zhang G. Evaluation of 3M Molecular Detection System and ANSR Pathogen Detection System for rapid detection of Salmonella from egg products. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1410-1418. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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27
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Whitney BM, Mainero C, Humes E, Hurd S, Niccolai L, Hadler JL. Socioeconomic Status and Foodborne Pathogens in Connecticut, USA, 2000-2011(1). Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1617-24. [PMID: 26291087 PMCID: PMC4550151 DOI: 10.3201/eid2109.150277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens cause >9 million illnesses annually. Food safety efforts address the entire food chain, but an essential strategy for preventing foodborne disease is educating consumers and food preparers. To better understand the epidemiology of foodborne disease and to direct prevention efforts, we examined incidence of Salmonella infection, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection, and hemolytic uremic syndrome by census tract-level socioeconomic status (SES) in the Connecticut Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network site for 2000-2011. Addresses of case-patients were geocoded to census tracts and linked to census tract-level SES data. Higher census tract-level SES was associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, regardless of serotype; hemolytic uremic syndrome; salmonellosis in persons ≥5 years of age; and some Salmonella serotypes. A reverse association was found for salmonellosis in children <5 years of age and for 1 Salmonella serotype. These findings will inform education and prevention efforts as well as further research.
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28
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Perry JJ, Yousef AE. Salmonella enteritidis in shell eggs: evolving concerns and innovative control measures. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 81:243-74. [PMID: 22958532 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394382-8.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The issue of egg contamination with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis rose to prominence several decades ago with increasing rate of infection around the world. Recent outbreaks have assured that this problem maintains a place in the public consciousness. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the factors precipitating contamination events, their avoidance, and mitigation of the threat of contaminated eggs; consequently, regulations have been put in place to increase the safety of shell eggs. Despite these measures, rate of illness remains significantly higher than projected goals. This chapter includes information regarding the contraction of Salmonella species by laying hens and the subsequent deposition of these cells in shell eggs. Particular attention will be given to the prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs and egg-containing products relative to other salmonellae. Research has been conducted to elucidate the mechanisms behind the fitness of Salmonella Enteritidis strains for this environment, but a consensus has yet to be reached. Novel methods of sanitizing shell eggs also are reviewed.
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29
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Pasquali F, Klein G, Reich F, Manfreda G, Valero A. Modelling survival behaviour of Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Tennessee on table eggs during storage at different temperatures. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Baron F, Nau F, Guérin-Dubiard C, Bonnassie S, Gautier M, Andrews SC, Jan S. Egg white versus Salmonella Enteritidis! A harsh medium meets a resilient pathogen. Food Microbiol 2015; 53:82-93. [PMID: 26678134 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is the prevalent egg-product-related food-borne pathogen. The egg-contamination capacity of S. Enteritidis includes its exceptional survival capability within the harsh conditions provided by egg white. Egg white proteins, such as lysozyme and ovotransferrin, are well known to play important roles in defence against bacterial invaders. Indeed, several additional minor proteins and peptides have recently been found to play known or potential roles in protection against bacterial contamination. However, although such antibacterial proteins are well studied, little is known about their efficacy under the environmental conditions prevalent in egg white. Thus, the influence of factors such as temperature, alkalinity, nutrient restriction, viscosity and cooperative interactions on the activities of antibacterial proteins in egg white remains unclear. This review critically assesses the available evidence on the antimicrobial components of egg white. In addition, mechanisms employed by S. Enteritidis to resist egg white exposure are also considered along with various genetic studies that have shed light upon egg white resistance systems. We also consider how multiple, antibacterial proteins operate in association with specific environmental factors within egg white to generate a lethal protective cocktail that preserves sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Baron
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Françoise Nau
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Guérin-Dubiard
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Bonnassie
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; Université de Rennes I, 2 rue du Thabor, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Gautier
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Simon C Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, Knight Building, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Sophie Jan
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France
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31
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Lublin A, Maler I, Mechani S, Pinto R, Sela-Saldinger S. Survival of Salmonella enterica serovar infantis on and within stored table eggs. J Food Prot 2015; 78:287-92. [PMID: 25710143 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated table eggs are considered a primary source of foodborne salmonellosis globally. Recently, a single clone of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis emerged in Israel and became the predominant serovar isolated in poultry. This clone is currently the most prevalent strain in poultry and is the leading cause of salmonellosis in humans. Because little is known regarding the potential transmission of this strain from contaminated eggs to humans, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Salmonella Infantis to survive on the eggshell or within the egg during cold storage or at room temperature. Salmonella cells (5.7 log CFU per egg) were inoculated on the surface of 120 intact eggs or injected into the egg yolk (3.7 log CFU per egg) of another 120 eggs. Half of the eggs were stored at 5.5 ± 0.3°C and half at room temperature (25.5 ± 0.1°C) for up to 10 weeks. At both temperatures, the number of Salmonella cells on the shell declined by 2 log up to 4 weeks and remained constant thereafter. Yolk-inoculated Salmonella counts at cold storage declined by 1 log up to 4 weeks and remained constant, while room-temperature storage supported the growth of the pathogen to a level of 8 log CFU/ml of total egg content, as early as 4 weeks postinoculation. Examination of egg content following surface inoculation revealed the presence of Salmonella in a portion of the eggs at both temperatures up to 10 weeks, suggesting that this strain can also penetrate through the shell and survive within the egg. These findings imply that Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is capable of survival both on the exterior and interior of table eggs and even multiply inside the egg at room temperature. Our findings support the need for prompt refrigeration to prevent Salmonella multiplication during storage of eggs at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Lublin
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Ilana Maler
- The Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Sara Mechani
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Riky Pinto
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Postharvest Technology and Food Science, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Shlomo Sela-Saldinger
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Postharvest Technology and Food Science, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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32
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Application of Molecular Approaches for Understanding Foodborne Salmonella Establishment in Poultry Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/813275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis in the United States is one of the most costly foodborne diseases. Given that Salmonella can originate from a wide variety of environments, reduction of this organism at all stages of poultry production is critical. Salmonella species can encounter various environmental stress conditions which can dramatically influence their survival and colonization. Current knowledge of Salmonella species metabolism and physiology in relation to colonization is traditionally based on studies conducted primarily with tissue culture and animal infection models. Consequently, while there is some information about environmental signals that control Salmonella growth and colonization, much still remains unknown. Genetic tools for comprehensive functional genomic analysis of Salmonella offer new opportunities for not only achieving a better understanding of Salmonella pathogens but also designing more effective intervention strategies. Now the function(s) of each single gene in the Salmonella genome can be directly assessed and previously unknown genetic factors that are required for Salmonella growth and survival in the poultry production cycle can be elucidated. In particular, delineating the host-pathogen relationships involving Salmonella is becoming very helpful for identifying optimal targeted gene mutagenesis strategies to generate improved vaccine strains. This represents an opportunity for development of novel vaccine approaches for limiting Salmonella establishment in early phases of poultry production. In this review, an overview of Salmonella issues in poultry, a general description of functional genomic technologies, and their specific application to poultry vaccine developments are discussed.
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33
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Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of table eggs due to deterioration and development of pathogens. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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34
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Recipes for Disaster. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816186.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Effect of egg washing and correlation between eggshell characteristics and egg penetration by various Salmonella Typhimurium strains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90987. [PMID: 24621821 PMCID: PMC3951326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen, causing an estimated 11,992 cases of infection in Australia per year. Egg or egg product related salmonellosis is a major concern for the egg industry. Worldwide, S. Typhimurium is one of the most common serovars identified in Salmonella food poisoning cases. The current study investigated the ability of five S. Typhimurium strains to penetrate washed and unwashed eggs using whole egg and agar egg penetration methods. All S. Typhimurium strains were able to penetrate eggshells and survive in egg albumen (at 20°C) according to whole egg penetration results. Polymerase Chain Reaction results demonstrated that S. Typhimurium strain 2 (103 and 105 CFU/mL), and strain 5 (103 and 105 CFU/mL) egg penetration was significantly higher (p<0.05) in washed eggs when compared to unwashed eggs. Statistical analysis of the agar penetration experiment indicated that S. Typhimurium was able to penetrate washed eggs at a significantly higher rate when compared to unwashed eggs (p<0.05). When compared to unwashed eggs, washed eggs also had significantly damaged cuticles. Statistical analysis also indicated that eggshell penetration by S. Typhimurium was related to various eggshell ultrastructural features such as cap quality, alignment, erosion, confluence, Type B bodies and cuticle cover.
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Samiullah, Roberts J, Chousalkar K. Effect of production system and flock age on egg quality and total bacterial load in commercial laying hens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2013-00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chen Z, Diao J, Dharmasena M, Ionita C, Jiang X, Rieck J. Thermal inactivation of desiccation-adapted Salmonella spp. in aged chicken litter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7013-20. [PMID: 24014540 PMCID: PMC3811545 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01969-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal inactivation of desiccation-adapted Salmonella spp. in aged chicken litter was investigated in comparison with that in a nonadapted control to examine potential cross-tolerance of desiccation-adapted cells to heat treatment. A mixture of four Salmonella serovars was inoculated into the finished compost with 20, 30, 40, and 50% moisture contents for a 24-h desiccation adaptation. Afterwards, the compost with desiccation-adapted cells was inoculated into the aged chicken litter with the same moisture content for heat treatments at 70, 75, 80, 85, and 150°C. Recovery media were used to allow heat-injured cells to resuscitate. A 5-log reduction in the number of the desiccation-adapted cells in aged chicken litter with a 20% moisture content required >6, >6, ∼4 to 5, and ∼3 to 4 h of exposure at 70, 75, 80, and 85°C, respectively. As a comparison, a 5-log reduction in the number of nonadapted control cells in the same chicken litter was achieved within ∼1.5 to 2, ∼1 to 1.5, ∼0.5 to 1, and <0.5 h at 70, 75, 80, and 85°C, respectively. The exposure time required to obtain a 5-log reduction in the number of desiccation-adapted cells gradually became shorter as temperature and moisture content were increased. At 150°C, desiccation-adapted Salmonella cells survived for 50 min in chicken litter with a 20% moisture content, whereas control cells were detectable by enrichment for only 10 min. Our results demonstrated that the thermal resistance of Salmonella in aged chicken litter was increased significantly when the cells were adapted to desiccation. This study also validated the effectiveness of thermal processing being used for producing chicken litter free of Salmonella contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junshu Diao
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences
| | | | | | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences
| | - James Rieck
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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International outbreak investigation of Salmonella Heidelberg associated with in-flight catering. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:833-42. [PMID: 23890227 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and wide dispersal of passengers after flights makes investigation of flight-related outbreaks challenging. An outbreak of Salmonella Heidelberg was identified in a group of Irish travellers returning from Tanzania. Additional international cases sharing the same flight were identified. Our aim was to determine the source and potential vehicles of infection. Case-finding utilized information exchange using experts' communication networks and national surveillance systems. Demographic, clinical and food history information was collected. Twenty-five additional cases were identified from Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, USA and Canada. We conducted a case-control study which indicated a significant association between illness and consumption of milk tart (OR 10.2) and an egg dish (OR 6) served on-board the flight. No food consumed before the flight was associated with illness. Cases from countries other than Ireland provided supplementary information that facilitated the identification of likely vehicles of infection. Timely, committed international collaboration is vital in such investigations.
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Samiullah, Chousalkar KK, Roberts JR, Sexton M, May D, Kiermeier A. Effects of egg shell quality and washing on Salmonella Infantis penetration. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:77-83. [PMID: 23727650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of eggs in Australia are washed prior to packing to remove dirt and fecal material and to reduce the microbial contamination of the egg shell. The egg contents can be an ideal growth medium for microorganisms which can result in human illness if eggs are stored improperly and eaten raw or undercooked, and it is estimated that egg-related salmonellosis is costing Australia $44 million per year. Egg shell characteristics such as shell thickness, amount of cuticle present, and thickness of individual egg shell layers can affect the ease with which bacteria can penetrate the egg shell and washing could partially or completely remove the cuticle layer. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of egg washing on cuticle cover and effects of egg shell quality and cuticle cover on Salmonella Infantis penetration of the egg shell. A higher incidence of unfavorable ultrastructural variables of the mammillary layer such as late fusion, type B bodies, type A bodies, poor cap quality, alignment, depression, erosion and cubics were recorded in Salmonella penetrated areas of egg shells. The influence of egg washing on the ability of Salmonella Infantis on the egg shell surface to enter the egg internal contents was also investigated using culture-based agar egg penetration and real-time qPCR based experiments. The results from the current study indicate that washing affected cuticle cover. There were no significant differences in Salmonella Infantis penetration of washed or unwashed eggs. Egg shell translucency may have effects on Salmonella Infantis penetration of the egg shell. The qPCR assay was more sensitive for detection of Salmonella Infantis from egg shell wash and internal contents than traditional microbiological methods. The agar egg and whole egg inoculation experiments indicated that Salmonella Infantis penetrated the egg shells. Egg washing not only can be highly effective at removing Salmonella Infantis from the egg shell surface, but also allows subsequent trans-shell and trans-membrane penetration into the egg. Consequently, it is important to prevent recontamination of the egg after washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Galiş AM, Marcq C, Marlier D, Portetelle D, Van I, Beckers Y, Théwis A. Control ofSalmonellaContamination of Shell Eggs-Preharvest and Postharvest Methods: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anca M. Galiş
- Univ. of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest; Animal Science Unit; Bd. Mărăşti, no. 59, sector 1; Bucharest; 011464; Romania
| | - Christopher Marcq
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - Didier Marlier
- Univ. of Liege, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dept. of Clinical Science, Clinic for Birds, Rabbits and Rodents; Boulevard de Colonster 20, B42; Sart-Tilman; B4000; Liege; Belgium
| | - Daniel Portetelle
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal and Microbial Biology Unit.; Passage des Déportés, 2; B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - Ilie Van
- Univ. of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest; Animal Science Unit; Bd. Mărăşti, no. 59, sector 1; Bucharest; 011464; Romania
| | - Yves Beckers
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - André Théwis
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
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Katayama ER, Donato TC, Silva ADP, Mazola RP, Garcia EA, Okamoto AS, Andreatti Filho RL. Salmonella Enteritidis in the eggs of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica - Temminck & Schlegel, 1849) fed diets with different calcium and phosphorus levels. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2013000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - RP Mazola
- Centro Avançado de Tecnologia do Agronegócio Avícola
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Samiullah S. Salmonella Infantis, a Potential Human Pathogen has an Association with Table Eggs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2013.185.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Botey-Saló P, Anyogu A, Varnam AH, Sutherland JP. Survival of inoculated Salmonella on the shell of hens' eggs and its potential significance. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Revolledo L, Ferreira A. Current perspectives in avian salmonellosis: Vaccines and immune mechanisms of protection. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chai Y, Li S, Horikawa S, Park MK, Vodyanoy V, Chin BA. Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella Typhimurium on eggshells by using wireless biosensors. J Food Prot 2012; 75:631-6. [PMID: 22488049 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article presents rapid, sensitive, direct detection of Salmonella Typhimurium on eggshells by using wireless magnetoelastic (ME) biosensors. The biosensor consists of a freestanding, strip-shaped ME resonator as the signal transducer and the E2 phage as the biomolecular recognition element that selectively binds with Salmonella Typhimurium. This ME biosensor is a type of mass-sensitive biosensor that can be wirelessly actuated into mechanical resonance by an externally applied timevarying magnetic field. When the biosensor binds with Salmonella Typhimurium, the mass of the sensor increases, resulting in a decrease in the sensor's resonant frequency. Multiple E2 phage-coated biosensors (measurement sensors) were placed on eggshells spiked with Salmonella Typhimurium of various concentrations (1.6 to 1.6 × 10(7) CFU/cm(2)). Control sensors without phage were also used to compensate for environmental effects and nonspecific binding. After 20 min in a humidity-controlled chamber (95%) to allow binding of the bacteria to the sensors to occur, the resonant frequency of the sensors was wirelessly measured and compared with their initial resonant frequency. The resonant frequency change of the measurement sensors was found to be statistically different from that of the control sensors down to 1.6 × 10(2) CFU/cm(2), the detection limit for this work. In addition, scanning electron microscopy imaging verified that the measured resonant frequency changes were directly related to the number of bound cells on the sensor surface. The total assay time of the presented methodology was approximately 30 min, facilitating rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium without any preceding sampling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Chai
- Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Possible horizontal transmission of Salmonella via reusable egg trays in Thailand. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 154:73-8. [PMID: 22244623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella contamination of eggshells, egg contents, reusable egg trays, and various environmental samples was assessed. Although the overall Salmonella contamination rate from egg farms was low (3.2%), over a quarter (26.7%) of egg trays from farms and more than one third (36.7%) of trays from the market were contaminated. Salmonella strains isolated from reusable egg trays were analyzed by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility test and XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing. Five serovars (S. Braenderup, S. Emek, S. Weltevreden, S. Stanley, and S. Derby) were isolated, and half of the strains assessed were found to be resistant to one or more of the six antimicrobial agents examined. The overall resistance rates to nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and ampicillin were 40.7%, 36.0%, 26.7% and 3.5%, respectively. The PFGE types were matched against sample location and drug resistance. S. Braenderup PFGE type A2 (susceptible to all tested drugs) was isolated from all sample sites; PFGE type A2 (resistant to nalidixic acid) was isolated from Farm C and the market. S. Braenderup PFGE type A1 (resistant to four drugs) was isolated from Farms A and C. S. Weltevreden PFGE type C3 (susceptible to all tested drugs) was isolated from Farms A and B and type C4 (susceptible to all tested drugs) was isolated from Farm A and the market. The distribution of the related genotypes and resistance patterns of Salmonella in egg farms and the market indicate drug-resistant strains of Salmonella may be spread on reusable egg trays.
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Silva FV, Gibbs PA. Thermal pasteurization requirements for the inactivation of Salmonella in foods. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chu C, Doublet B, Lee YL, Cloeckaert A, Chiou CS, Chen SW, Lin CW, Chiu CH. Salmonella genomic island 1-J variants associated with change in the antibiotic resistance gene cluster in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow isolated from humans, Taiwan, 2004–2006. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:47-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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