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Tan LY, Cunliffe G, Hogan MP, Yeo XY, Oh C, Jin B, Kang J, Park J, Kwon MS, Kim M, Jung S. Emergence of the brain-border immune niches and their contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380063. [PMID: 38863704 PMCID: PMC11165048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically, the central nervous system (CNS) was regarded as 'immune-privileged', possessing its own distinct immune cell population. This immune privilege was thought to be established by a tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier (BCSFB), which prevented the crossing of peripheral immune cells and their secreted factors into the CNS parenchyma. However, recent studies have revealed the presence of peripheral immune cells in proximity to various brain-border niches such as the choroid plexus, cranial bone marrow (CBM), meninges, and perivascular spaces. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that peripheral immune cells may be able to infiltrate the brain through these sites and play significant roles in driving neuronal cell death and pathology progression in neurodegenerative disease. Thus, in this review, we explore how the brain-border immune niches may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). We then discuss several emerging options for harnessing the neuroimmune potential of these niches to improve the prognosis and treatment of these debilitative disorders using novel insights from recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang Tan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Cunliffe
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Patrick Hogan
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Yi Yeo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chansik Oh
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohwan Jin
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmo Kang
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - MinYoung Kim
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Gião T, Teixeira T, Almeida MR, Cardoso I. Choroid Plexus in Alzheimer’s Disease—The Current State of Knowledge. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020224. [PMID: 35203434 PMCID: PMC8869376 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP), located in each of the four ventricles of the brain, is formed by a monolayer of epithelial cells that surrounds a highly vascularized connective tissue with permeable capillaries. These cells are joined by tight junctions forming the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which strictly regulates the exchange of substances between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The primary purpose of the CP is to secrete CSF, but it also plays a role in the immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS) and in the removal of neurotoxic compounds from the CSF. According to recent findings, the CP is also involved in the modulation of the circadian cycle and neurogenesis. In diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the function of the CP is impaired, resulting in an altered secretory, barrier, transport, and immune function. This review describes the current state of knowledge concerning the roles of the CP and BCSFB in the pathophysiology of AD and summarizes recently proposed therapies that aim to restore CP and BCSFB functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gião
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.); (M.R.A.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 4050-013 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (I.C.)
| | - Tiago Teixeira
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.); (M.R.A.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Almeida
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.); (M.R.A.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 4050-013 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (T.T.); (M.R.A.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 4050-013 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (I.C.)
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3
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Jang H, Park YH, Choe YS, Kang SH, Kang ES, Lee S, Seo SW, Kim HJ, Na DL. Amyloid Positive Hydrocephalus: A Hydrocephalic Variant of Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1467-1479. [PMID: 34958024 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) commonly coexist. OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize an overlapping syndrome of AD and NPH that presents with gait disturbance, ventriculomegaly on magnetic resonance imaging, and significant amyloid deposition on positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Of 114 patients who underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage for a possible diagnosis of NPH between 2015 and 2020 in Samsung Medical Center, we identified 24 patients (21.1%) with the NPH patients with amyloid deposition on PET, which we referred to as hydrocephalic AD in this study. We compared their clinical and imaging findings with those of 123 typical AD without hydrocephalic signs/symptoms. We also investigated the frequency and potential predictors of the tap test response in hydrocephalic AD. RESULTS Evans' index was 0.36±0.03, and a disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space was present in 54.2% of the hydrocephalic AD patients. The mean age (75.2±7.3 years) and the APOE4 frequency (68.2%) did not differ from those of AD controls. However, the hydrocephalic AD patients showed better memory and language performance, and a thinner cingulate cortex. About 42% of the hydrocephalic AD patients responded to the tap test, of whom seven underwent shunt surgery. Cognition did not improve, whereas gait improved after shunt surgery in all. CONCLUSION Hydrocephalic AD has different neuropsychological and imaging characteristics from typical AD. Future studies are warranted to further investigate the effect of CSF removal on their clinical course and to elucidate the pathophysiological interaction between amyloid and NPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Hyun Park
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sim Choe
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Kang
- Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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Kalaria RN, Sepulveda-Falla D. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1888-1905. [PMID: 34331941 PMCID: PMC8573679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Biological definitions of AD are limited to the cerebral burden of amyloid β plaques, neurofibrillary pathology, and neurodegeneration. However, current evidence suggests that various features of small vessel disease (SVD) are part of and covertly modify both sporadic and familial AD. Neuroimaging studies suggest that white matter hyperintensities explained by vascular mechanisms occurs frequently in the AD spectrum. Recent advances have further emphasized that frontal periventricular and posterior white matter hyperintensities are associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy in familial AD. Although whether SVD markers precede the classically recognized biomarkers of disease is debatable, post-mortem studies show that SVD pathology incorporating small cortical and subcortical infarcts, microinfarcts, microbleeds, perivascular spacing, and white matter attenuation is commonly found in sporadic as well as in mutation carriers with confirmed familial AD. Age-related cerebral vessel pathologies such as arteriolosclerosis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy modify progression or worsen risk by shifting the threshold for cognitive impairment and AD dementia. The incorporation of SVD as a biomarker is warranted in the biological definition of AD. Therapeutic interventions directly reducing the burden of brain amyloid β have had no major impact on the disease or delaying cognitive deterioration, but lowering the risk of vascular disease seems the only rational approach to tackle both early- and late-onset AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh N Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Human Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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The α-dystrobrevins play a key role in maintaining the structure and function of the extracellular matrix-significance for protein elimination failure arteriopathies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:171. [PMID: 34674769 PMCID: PMC8532274 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the cerebral vasculature provides a pathway for the flow of interstitial fluid (ISF) and solutes out of the brain by intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD). Failure of IPAD leads to protein elimination failure arteriopathies such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The ECM consists of a complex network of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that form distinct basement membranes (BM) around different vascular cell types. Astrocyte endfeet that are localised against the walls of blood vessels are tethered to these BMs by dystrophin associated protein complex (DPC). Alpha-dystrobrevin (α-DB) is a key dystrophin associated protein within perivascular astrocyte endfeet; its deficiency leads to a reduction in other dystrophin associated proteins, loss of AQP4 and altered ECM. In human dementia cohorts there is a positive correlation between dystrobrevin gene expression and CAA. In the present study, we test the hypotheses that (a) the positive correlation between dystrobrevin gene expression and CAA is associated with elevated expression of α-DB at glial-vascular endfeet and (b) a deficiency in α-DB results in changes to the ECM and failure of IPAD. We used human post-mortem brain tissue with different severities of CAA and transgenic α-DB deficient mice. In human post-mortem tissue we observed a significant increase in vascular α-DB with CAA (CAA vrs. Old p < 0.005, CAA vrs. Young p < 0.005). In the mouse model of α-DB deficiency, there was early modifications to vascular ECM (collagen IV and BM thickening) that translated into reduced IPAD efficiency. Our findings highlight the important role of α-DB in maintaining structure and function of ECM, particularly as a pathway for the flow of ISF and solutes out of the brain by IPAD.
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6
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Impaired Iron Homeostasis and Haematopoiesis Impacts Inflammation in the Ageing Process in Down Syndrome Dementia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132909. [PMID: 34209847 PMCID: PMC8268765 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) subjects are more likely to develop the clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) very early in the disease process due to the additional impact of neuroinflammation and because of activation of innate immunity. Many factors involved in the neuropathology of AD in DS, including epigenetic factors, innate immunity and impaired haematopoiesis, contribute significantly towards the pathophysiology and the enhanced ageing processes seen in DS and as a consequence of the triplication of genes RUNX1, S100β and OLIG2, together with the influence of proteins that collectively protect from cellular defects and inflammation, which include hepcidin, ferritin, IL-6 and TREM2. This study is aimed at determining whether genetic variants and inflammatory proteins are involved in haematopoiesis and cellular processes in DS compared with age-matched control participants, particularly with respect to neuroinflammation and accelerated ageing. Serum protein levels from DS, AD and control participants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood smears and post-mortem brain samples from AD and DS subjects were analysed by immunohistochemistry. RUNX1 mRNA expression was analysed by RT-PCR and in situ hybridisation in mouse tissues. Our results suggest that hepcidin, S100β and TREM2 play a critical role in survival and proliferation of glial cells through a common shared pathway. Blood smear analysis showed the presence of RUNX1 in megakaryocytes and platelets, implying participation in myeloid cell development. In contrast, hepcidin was expressed in erythrocytes and in platelets, suggesting a means of possible entry into the brain parenchyma via the choroid plexus (CP). The gene product of RUNX1 and hepcidin both play a critical role in haematopoiesis in DS. We propose that soluble TREM2, S100β and hepcidin can migrate from the periphery via the CP, modulate the blood-brain immune axis in DS and could form an important and hitherto neglected avenue for possible therapeutic interventions to reduce plaque formation.
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7
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Jiang H, Wang J, Levin BE, Baumel BS, Camargo CJ, Signorile JF, Rundek T. Retinal Microvascular Alterations as the Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease: Are We There Yet? J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:251-260. [PMID: 33136677 PMCID: PMC8079547 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disorder with an insidious onset and slowly progressive disease course. To date, there are no effective treatments, but biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression offer a promising first step in developing and testing potential interventions. Cerebral vascular imaging biomarkers to assess the contributions of vascular dysfunction to AD are strongly recommended to be integrated into the current amyloid-β (Aβ) [A], tau [T], and neurodegeneration [(N)]-the "AT(N)" biomarker system for clinical research. However, the methodology is expensive and often requires invasive procedures to document cerebral vascular dysfunction. The retina has been used as a surrogate to study cerebral vascular changes. There is growing interest in the identification of retinal microvascular changes as a safe, easily accessible, low cost, and time-efficient approach to enhancing our understanding of the vascular pathogenesis associated with AD. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systemic review of the literature was performed regarding retinal vascular changes in AD and its prodromal stages, focusing on functional and structural changes of large retinal vessels (vessels visible on fundus photographs) and microvasculature (precapillary arterioles, capillary, and postcapillary venules) that are invisible on fundus photographs. RESULTS Static and dynamic retinal microvascular alterations such as retinal arterial wall motion, blood flow rate, and microvascular network density were reported in AD, mild cognitive impairment, and even in the preclinical stages of the disease. The data are somewhat controversial and inconsistent among the articles reviewed and were obtained based on cross-sectional studies that used different patient cohorts, equipment, techniques, and analysis methods. CONCLUSIONS Retinal microvascular alterations exist across the AD spectrum. Further large scale, within-subject longitudinal studies using standardized imaging and analytical methods may advance our knowledge concerning vascular contributions to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie E. Levin
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bernard S. Baumel
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christian J. Camargo
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Tania Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Raha AA, Ghaffari SD, Henderson J, Chakraborty S, Allinson K, Friedland RP, Holland A, Zaman SH, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Raha-Chowdhury R. Hepcidin Increases Cytokines in Alzheimer's Disease and Down's Syndrome Dementia: Implication of Impaired Iron Homeostasis in Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:653591. [PMID: 33994996 PMCID: PMC8120149 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.653591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver-derived hormone hepcidin, a member of the defensin family of antimicrobial peptides, plays an important role in host defense and innate immunity due to its broad antibacterial and antiviral properties. Ferritin, an iron storage protein is often associated with iron deficiency, hypoferritinemia, hypoxia, and immune complications, which are all significant concerns for systemic infection in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Down’s syndrome (DS) dementia. Serum and post-mortem brain samples were collected from AD, DS and age-matched control subjects. Serum samples were analyzed with ELISA for ferritin, hepcidin and IL-6. Additionally, post-mortem brain sections were assessed by immunohistochemistry for iron-related and inflammatory proteins. A significant increase in serum hepcidin levels was found in DS, compared to controls and AD subjects (p < 0.0001). Hepcidin protein was visible in the epithelial cells of choroid plexus, meningeal macrophages and in the astrocytes close to the endothelium of blood vessels. Hepcidin co-localized with IL-6, indicating its anti-inflammatory properties. We found significant correlation between hypoferritinemia and elevated levels of serum hepcidin in AD and DS. Hepcidin can be transported via macrophages and the majority of the vesicular hepcidin enters the brain via a compromised blood brain barrier (BBB). Our findings provide further insight into the molecular implications of the altered iron metabolism in acute inflammation, and can aid towards the development of preventive strategies and novel treatments in the fight against neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Alexander Raha
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Seyedeh Deniz Ghaffari
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Henderson
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Subhojit Chakraborty
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kieren Allinson
- Clinical Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Anthony Holland
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid H Zaman
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeta B Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.,The Evington Centre, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ruma Raha-Chowdhury
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Dal Magro R, Vitali A, Fagioli S, Casu A, Falqui A, Formicola B, Taiarol L, Cassina V, Marrano CA, Mantegazza F, Anselmi-Tamburini U, Sommi P, Re F. Oxidative Stress Boosts the Uptake of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles by Changing Brain Endothelium Microvilli Pattern. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020266. [PMID: 33572224 PMCID: PMC7916071 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular oxidative stress is considered a worsening factor in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels promote the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), one of the main hallmarks of AD. In turn, Aβ is a potent inducer of oxidative stress. In early stages of AD, the concomitant action of oxidative stress and Aβ on brain capillary endothelial cells was observed to compromise the blood-brain barrier functionality. In this context, antioxidant compounds might provide therapeutic benefits. To this aim, we investigated the antioxidant activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) exposed to Aβ oligomers. Treatment with CNP (13.9 ± 0.7 nm in diameter) restored basal ROS levels in hCMEC/D3 cells, both after acute or prolonged exposure to Aβ. Moreover, we found that the extent of CNP uptake by hCMEC/D3 was +43% higher in the presence of Aβ. Scanning electron microscopy and western blot analysis suggested that changes in microvilli structures on the cell surface, under pro-oxidant stimuli (Aβ or H2O2), might be involved in the enhancement of CNP uptake. This finding opens the possibility to exploit the modulation of endothelial microvilli pattern to improve the uptake of anti-oxidant particles designed to counteract ROS-mediated cerebrovascular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Dal Magro
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agostina Vitali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.V.); (U.A.-T.)
| | - Stefano Fagioli
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Alberto Casu
- NABLA Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (A.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Falqui
- NABLA Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (A.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Beatrice Formicola
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Taiarol
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Valeria Cassina
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Claudia Adriana Marrano
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesco Mantegazza
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
| | | | - Patrizia Sommi
- Human Physiology Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Francesca Re
- BioNanoMedicine Center NANOMIB, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.F.); (B.F.); (L.T.); (V.C.); (C.A.M.); (F.M.); (F.R.)
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Gu H, Territo PR, Persohn SA, Bedwell AA, Eldridge K, Speedy R, Chen Z, Zheng W, Du Y. Evaluation of chronic lead effects in the blood brain barrier system by DCE-CT. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126648. [PMID: 32980769 PMCID: PMC7655551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is an environmental factor has been suspected of contributing to the dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous studies have shown that Pb exposure at the subtoxic dose increased brain levels of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and amyloid plaques, a pathological hallmark for AD, in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice, and is hypothesized to inhibit Aβ clearance in the blood- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. However, it remains unclear how different levels of Pb affect Aβ clearance in the whole blood-brain barrier system. This study was designed to investigate whether chronic exposure of Pb affected the permeability of the blood-brain barrier system by using the Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Computerized Tomography (DCE-CT) method. METHODS DEC-CT was used to investigate whether chronic exposure of toxic Pb affected the permeability of the real-time blood brain barrier system. RESULTS Data showed that Pb exposure increased permeability surface area product, and also significantly induced brain perfusion. However, Pb exposure did not alter extracellular volumes or fractional blood volumes of mouse brain. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Pb exposure at subtoxic and toxic levels directly targets the brain vasculature and damages the blood brain barrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Gu
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Paul R Territo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Scott A Persohn
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Amanda A Bedwell
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Kierra Eldridge
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Rachael Speedy
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Yansheng Du
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
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11
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Howe MD, McCullough LD, Urayama A. The Role of Basement Membranes in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:601320. [PMID: 33329053 PMCID: PMC7732667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.601320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by cognitive decline in multiple domains, often leading to functional impairment in activities of daily living, disability, and death. The most common causes of age-related progressive dementia include Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), however, mixed disease pathologies commonly occur, as epitomized by a type of small vessel pathology called cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In CAA patients, the small vessels of the brain become hardened and vulnerable to rupture, leading to impaired neurovascular coupling, multiple microhemorrhage, microinfarction, neurological emergencies, and cognitive decline across multiple functional domains. While the pathogenesis of CAA is not well understood, it has long been thought to be initiated in thickened basement membrane (BM) segments, which contain abnormal protein deposits and amyloid-β (Aβ). Recent advances in our understanding of CAA pathogenesis link BM remodeling to functional impairment of perivascular transport pathways that are key to removing Aβ from the brain. Dysregulation of this process may drive CAA pathogenesis and provides an important link between vascular risk factors and disease phenotype. The present review summarizes how the structure and composition of the BM allows for perivascular transport pathways to operate in the healthy brain, and then outlines multiple mechanisms by which specific dementia risk factors may promote dysfunction of perivascular transport pathways and increase Aβ deposition during CAA pathogenesis. A better understanding of how BM remodeling alters perivascular transport could lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CAA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Pearson A, Ajoy R, Crynen G, Reed JM, Algamal M, Mullan M, Purohit D, Crawford F, Ojo JO. Molecular abnormalities in autopsied brain tissue from the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles of nonagenarians and Alzheimer disease patients. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:317. [PMID: 32854643 PMCID: PMC7450601 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ventricular system plays a vital role in blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exchange and interstitial fluid-CSF drainage pathways. CSF is formed in the specialized secretory tissue called the choroid plexus, which consists of epithelial cells, fenestrated capillaries and the highly vascularized stroma. Very little is currently known about the role played by the ventricles and the choroid plexus tissue in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS In this study, we used our state-of-the-art proteomic platform, a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach coupled with Tandem Mass Tag isobaric labeling to conduct a detailed unbiased proteomic analyses of autopsied tissue isolated from the walls of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles in AD (77.2 ± 0.6 yrs), age-matched controls (77.0 ± 0.5 yrs), and nonagenarian cases (93.2 ± 1.1 yrs). RESULTS Ingenuity pathway analyses identified phagosome maturation, impaired tight-junction signaling, and glucose/mannose metabolism as top significantly regulated pathways in controls vs nonagenarians. In matched-control vs AD cases we identified alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, remodeling of epithelia adherens junction, macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Nonagenarian vs AD cases demonstrated augmentation of oxidative stress, changes in gluconeogenesis-glycolysis pathways, and cellular effects of choroidal smooth muscle cell vasodilation. Amyloid plaque score uniquely correlated with remodeling of epithelial adherens junctions, Fc γ-receptor mediated phagocytosis, and alterations in RhoA signaling. Braak staging was uniquely correlated with altered iron homeostasis, superoxide radical degradation and phagosome maturation. CONCLUSIONS These changes provide novel insights to explain the compromise to the physiological properties and function of the ventricles/choroid plexus system in nonagenarian aging and AD pathogenesis. The pathways identified could provide new targets for therapeutic strategies to mitigate the divergent path towards AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pearson
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Rosa Ajoy
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
| | - Gogce Crynen
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Jon M Reed
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Moustafa Algamal
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Dushyant Purohit
- Bronx Veteran Administration Hospital, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Joseph O Ojo
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, 34243, USA.
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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13
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Annexin A5 prevents amyloid-β-induced toxicity in choroid plexus: implication for Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9391. [PMID: 32523019 PMCID: PMC7286910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits may cause impairments in choroid plexus, a specialised brain structure which forms the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier. We previously carried out a mass proteomic-based study in choroid plexus from AD patients and we found several differentially regulated proteins compared with healthy subjects. One of these proteins, annexin A5, was previously demonstrated implicated in blocking Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal cell cultures. Here, we investigated the effects of annexin A5 on Aβ toxicity in choroid plexus. We used choroid plexus tissue samples and CSF from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients to analyse Aβ accumulation, cell death and annexin A5 levels compared with control subjects. Choroid plexus cell cultures from rats were used to analyse annexin A5 effects on Aβ-induced cytotoxicity. AD choroid plexus exhibited progressive reduction of annexin A5 levels along with progressive increased Aβ accumulation and cell death as disease stage was higher. On the other hand, annexin A5 levels in CSF from patients were found progressively increased as the disease stage increased in severity. In choroid plexus primary cultures, Aβ administration reduced endogenous annexin A5 levels in a time-course dependent manner and simultaneously increased annexin A5 levels in extracellular medium. Annexin A5 addition to choroid plexus cell cultures restored the Aβ-induced impairments on autophagy flux and apoptosis in a calcium-dependent manner. We propose that annexin A5 would exert a protective role in choroid plexus and this protection is lost as Aβ accumulates with the disease progression. Then, brain protection against further toxic insults would be jeopardised.
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14
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Ferrer I, Andrés-Benito P. White matter alterations in Alzheimer's disease without concomitant pathologies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:654-672. [PMID: 32255227 PMCID: PMC7754505 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aims Most individuals with AD neuropathological changes have co‐morbidities which have an impact on the integrity of the WM. This study analyses oligodendrocyte and myelin markers in the frontal WM in a series of AD cases without clinical or pathological co‐morbidities. Methods From a consecutive autopsy series, 206 cases had neuropathological changes of AD; among them, only 33 were AD without co‐morbidities. WM alterations were first evaluated in coronal sections of the frontal lobe in every case. Then, RT‐qPCR and immunohistochemistry were carried out in the frontal WM of AD cases without co‐morbidities to analyse the expression of selected oligodendrocyte and myelin markers. Results WM demyelination was more marked in AD with co‐morbidities when compared with AD cases without co‐morbidities. Regarding the later, mRNA expression levels of MBP, PLP1, CNP, MAG, MAL, MOG and MOBP were preserved at stages I–II/0–A when compared with middle‐aged (MA) individuals, but significantly decreased at stages III–IV/0–C. This was accompanied by reduced expression of NG2 and PDGFRA mRNA, reduced numbers of NG2‐, Olig2‐ and HDAC2‐immunoreactive cells and reduced glucose transporter immunoreactivity. Partial recovery of some of these markers occurred at stages V–VI/B–C. Conclusions The present observations demonstrate that co‐morbidities have an impact on WM integrity in the elderly and in AD, and that early alterations in oligodendrocytes and transcription of genes linked to myelin proteins in WM occur in AD cases without co‐morbidities. These are followed by partial recovery attempts at advanced stages. These observations suggest that oligodendrocytopathy is part of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Andrés-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Shen X, Xia L, Liu L, Jiang H, Shannahan J, Du Y, Zheng W. Altered clearance of beta-amyloid from the cerebrospinal fluid following subchronic lead exposure in rats: Roles of RAGE and LRP1 in the choroid plexus. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126520. [PMID: 32325398 PMCID: PMC7541561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Formation of amyloid plaques is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Our early studies show that lead (Pb) exposure in PDAPP transgenic mice increases β-amyloid (Aβ) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and hippocampus, leading to the formation of amyloid plaques in mouse brain. Aβ in the CSF is regulated by the blood-CSF barrier (BCB) in the choroid plexus. However, the questions as to whether and how Pb exposure affected the influx and efflux of Aβ in BCB remained unknown. This study was conducted to investigate whether Pb exposure altered the Aβ efflux in the choroid plexus from the CSF to blood, and how Pb may affect the expression and subcellular translocation of two major Aβ transporters, i.e., the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and the low density lipoprotein receptor protein-1 (LRP1) in the choroid plexus. Sprague-Dawley rats received daily oral gavage at doses of 0, 14 (low-dose), and 27 (high-dose) mg Pb/kg as Pb acetate, 5 d/wk, for 4 or 8 wks. At the end of Pb exposure, a solution containing Aβ40 (2.5 μg/mL) was infused to rat brain via a cannulated internal carotid artery. Subchronic Pb exposure at both dose levels significantly increased Aβ levels in the CSF and choroid plexus (p < 0.05) by ELISA. Confocal data showed that 4-wk Pb exposures prompted subcellular translocation of RAGE from the choroidal cytoplasm toward apical microvilli. Furthermore, it increased the RAGE expression in the choroid plexus by 34.1 % and 25.1 % over the controls (p < 0.05) in the low- and high- dose groups, respectfully. Subchronic Pb exposure did not significantly affect the expression of LRP1; yet the high-dose group showed LRP1 concentrated along the basal lamina. The data from the ventriculo-cisternal perfusion revealed a significantly decreased efflux of Aβ40 from the CSF to blood via the blood-CSF barrier. Incubation of freshly dissected plexus tissues with Pb in artificial CSF supported a Pb effect on increased RAGE expression. Taken together, these data suggest that Pb accumulation in the choroid plexus after subchronic exposure reduces the clearance of Aβ from the CSF to blood by the choroid plexus, which, in turn, leads to an increase of Aβ in the CSF. Interaction of Pb with RAGE and LRP1 in choroidal epithelial cells may contribute to the altered Aβ transport by the blood-CSF barrier in brain ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shen
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Li Xia
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Luqing Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Departments of Physiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.
| | | | - Yansheng Du
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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16
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Austin SA, Katusic ZS. Partial loss of endothelial nitric oxide leads to increased cerebrovascular beta amyloid. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:392-403. [PMID: 30614363 PMCID: PMC7370614 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18822474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is present in over half of the elderly population and in 80-90% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. CAA is defined by the deposition of beta amyloid (Aβ) in small cerebral arteries and capillaries. Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an increased incidence of CAA. We utilized 18-month-old endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) heterozygous knockout (+/-) mice, a clinically relevant model of endothelial dysfunction, to examine the role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) in vascular Aβ accumulation. eNOS+/- mice had significantly higher vascular levels of Aβ40 (P < 0.05). Aβ42 was not detected. There was no difference in Aβ in brain tissue. Amyloid precursor protein and β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 protein levels were unaltered, while levels of the α-secretase enzyme, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10, were significantly lower in eNOS + /- microvascular tissue (P < 0.05). Insulin degrading enzyme and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 were significantly increased in eNOS+/- microvascular tissue, most likely an adaptive response to locally higher Aβ concentrations. Lastly, catalase and CuZn superoxide dismutase were significantly elevated in eNOS+/- microvascular tissue (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate decreased availability of endothelial NO leads to increased cerebrovascular concentration of Aβ along with compensatory mechanisms to protect the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Austin
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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17
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Abstract
Proper functioning of the brain is dependent on integrity of the cerebral vasculature. During ageing, a number of factors including aortic or arterial stiffness, autonomic dysregulation, neurovascular uncoupling and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage will define the dynamics of brain blood flow and local perfusion. The nature and extent of ageing-related cerebrovascular changes, the degree of involvement of the heart and extracranial vessels and the consequent location of tissue pathology may vary considerably. Atheromatous disease retarding flow is a common vascular insult, which increases exponentially with increasing age. Arteriolosclerosis characterized as a prominent feature of small vessel disease is one of the first changes to occur during the natural history of cerebrovascular pathology. At the capillary level, the cerebral endothelium, which forms the BBB undergoes changes including reduced cytoplasm, fewer mitochondria, loss of tight junctions and thickened basement membranes with collagenosis. Astrocyte end-feet protecting the BBB retract as part of the clasmatodendrotic response whereas pericyte coverage is altered. The consequences of these microvascular changes are lacunar infarcts, cortical and subcortical microinfarcts, microbleeds and diffuse white matter disease, which involves myelin loss and axonal abnormalities. The deeper structures are particularly vulnerable because of the relatively reduced density of the microvascular network formed by perforating and penetrating end arteries. Ultimately, the integrity of both the neurovascular and gliovascular units is compromised such that there is an overall synergistic effect reflecting on ageing associated cerebral perfusion and permeability. More than one protagonist appears to be involved in ageing-related cognitive dysfunction characteristically associated with the neurocognitive disorders.
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18
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Bourassa P, Tremblay C, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Calon F. Beta-amyloid pathology in human brain microvessel extracts from the parietal cortex: relation with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:801-823. [PMID: 30729296 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several pieces of evidence suggest that blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), exemplified by the frequent occurrence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and the defective clearance of Aβ peptides. However, the specific role of brain microvascular cells in these anomalies remains elusive. In this study, we validated by Western, ELISA and immunofluorescence analyses a procedure to generate microvasculature-enriched fractions from frozen samples of human cerebral cortex. We then investigated Aβ and proteins involved in its clearance or production in microvessel extracts generated from the parietal cortex of 60 volunteers in the Religious Orders Study. Volunteers were categorized as AD (n = 38) or controls (n = 22) based on the ABC scoring method presented in the revised guidelines for the neuropathological diagnosis of AD. Higher ELISA-determined concentrations of vascular Aβ40 and Aβ42 were found in persons with a neuropathological diagnosis of AD, in apoE4 carriers and in participants with advanced parenchymal CAA, compared to respective age-matched controls. Vascular levels of two proteins involved in Aβ clearance, ABCB1 and neprilysin, were lower in persons with AD and positively correlated with cognitive function, while being inversely correlated to vascular Aβ40. In contrast, BACE1, a protein necessary for Aβ production, was increased in individuals with AD and in apoE4 carriers, negatively correlated to cognitive function and positively correlated to Aβ40 in microvessel extracts. The present report indicates that concentrating microvessels from frozen human brain samples facilitates the quantitative biochemical analysis of cerebrovascular dysfunction in CNS disorders. Data generated overall show that microvessels extracted from individuals with parenchymal CAA-AD contained more Aβ and BACE1 and less ABCB1 and neprilysin, evidencing a pattern of dysfunction in brain microvascular cells contributing to CAA and AD pathology and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bourassa
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-67, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-67, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-67, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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19
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Ferrer I. Oligodendrogliopathy in neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates: The forgotten partner. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:24-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Jiang H, Liu Y, Wei Y, Shi Y, Wright CB, Sun X, Rundek T, Baumel BS, Landman J, Wang J. Impaired retinal microcirculation in patients with Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192154. [PMID: 29394263 PMCID: PMC5796702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the retinal blood flow rate (BFR) and blood flow velocity (BFV) of pre-capillary arterioles and post-capillary venules in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Forty patients (20 AD and 20 MCI) and 21 cognitively normal (CN) controls with a similar age range (± 5 yrs) were recruited. A retinal function imager (RFI) was used to measure BFRs and BFVs of arterioles and venules in the macular region. The thickness of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) was measured using Zeiss Cirrus optical coherence tomography. Macular BFRs in AD group were 2.64 ± 0.20 nl/s (mean ± standard deviation) in arterioles and 2.23 ± 0.19 nl/s in venules, which were significantly lower than in MCI and CN groups (P < 0.05). In addition, BFRs in MCI were lower than in CN in both arterioles and venules (P < 0.05). The BFV of the arterioles was 3.20 ± 1.07 mm/s in AD patients, which was significantly lower than in CN controls (3.91 ± 0.77 mm/s, P = 0.01). The thicknesses of GCIPL in patients with AD and MCI were significantly lower than in CN controls (P < 0.05). Neither BFV nor BFR in arterioles and venules was related to age, GCIPL thickness, mini mental state examination (MMSE) score and disease duration in patients with AD and MCI (P > 0.05). The lower BFR in both arterioles and venules in AD and MCI patients together with the loss of GCIPL were evident, indicating the impairment of the two components in the neurovascular-hemodynamic system, which may play a role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yantao Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Clinton B. Wright
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Bernard S. Baumel
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Landman
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
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Mrdjen D, Pavlovic A, Hartmann FJ, Schreiner B, Utz SG, Leung BP, Lelios I, Heppner FL, Kipnis J, Merkler D, Greter M, Becher B. High-Dimensional Single-Cell Mapping of Central Nervous System Immune Cells Reveals Distinct Myeloid Subsets in Health, Aging, and Disease. Immunity 2018; 48:380-395.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Jang H, Park SB, Kim Y, Kim KW, Lee JI, Kim ST, Lee KH, Kang ES, Choe YS, Seo SW, Kim HJ, Kim YJ, Yoon CW, Na DL. Prognostic value of amyloid PET scan in normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol 2017; 265:63-73. [PMID: 29128930 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid positron emission tomography ([18F] florbetaben (FBB) PET) can be used to determine concomitant Alzheimer's disease (AD) in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patients. FBB PET scans and the tap test were performed in 31 patients with clinically suspected iNPH, and amyloid positive (iNPH/FBB+) and negative (iNPH/FBB-) groups were compared with respect to clinical characteristics. We evaluated prognostic value of FBB PET scans by analyzing the response to the tap test using a linear mixed model. We also performed a multivariable regression analysis to investigate whether amyloid PET positivity can predict the positive tap test response independent of other AD biomarkers. The results showed that the iNPH/FBB+ group (7/31, 22.6%) had a higher percentage of APOE4 carriers, lower Aβ42, higher CSF t-tau, and p-tau/Aβ42 ratio than the iNPH/FBB- group (24/31, 77.4%), while the two groups did not differ in imaging characteristics. The iNPH/FBB- group had a higher percentage of tap responders and showed a greater improvement in gait scores after the tap test than the iNPH/FBB+ group (group-tap test effect interaction, p = 0.035). A multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that amyloid positivity on PET scans (OR 0.03, p = 0.029) and CSF p-tau (OR 0.87, p = 0.044) were independently associated with the positive tap test response. Among 21 tap responders in the iNPH/FBB- group, 14 patients received shunt surgery and 12/14 (85.7%) patients showed symptom improvement. Our findings suggest that amyloid PET scans can help determine which iNPH patients will benefit from shunt surgery by discriminating concomitant AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Beom Park
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeshin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ko Woon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Il Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong Sim Choe
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Cindy W Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Herr UM, Strecker P, Storck SE, Thomas C, Rabiej V, Junker A, Schilling S, Schmidt N, Dowds CM, Eggert S, Pietrzik CU, Kins S. LRP1 Modulates APP Intraneuronal Transport and Processing in Its Monomeric and Dimeric State. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:118. [PMID: 28496400 PMCID: PMC5406469 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, LRP1, interacts with APP and affects its processing. This is assumed to be mostly caused by the impact of LRP1 on APP endocytosis. More recently, also an interaction of APP and LRP1 early in the secretory pathway was reported whereat retention of LRP1 in the ER leads to decreased APP cell surface levels and in turn, to reduced Aβ secretion. Here, we extended the biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses by showing via live cell imaging analyses in primary neurons that LRP1 and APP are transported only partly in common (one third) but to a higher degree in distinct fast axonal transport vesicles. Interestingly, co-expression of LRP1 and APP caused a change of APP transport velocities, indicating that LRP1 recruits APP to a specific type of fast axonal transport vesicles. In contrast lowered levels of LRP1 facilitated APP transport. We further show that monomeric and dimeric APP exhibit similar transport characteristics and that both are affected by LRP1 in a similar way, by slowing down APP anterograde transport and increasing its endocytosis rate. In line with this, a knockout of LRP1 in CHO cells and in primary neurons caused an increase of monomeric and dimeric APP surface localization and in turn accelerated shedding by meprin β and ADAM10. Notably, a choroid plexus specific LRP1 knockout caused a much higher secretion of sAPP dimers into the cerebrospinal fluid compared to sAPP monomers. Together, our data show that LRP1 functions as a sorting receptor for APP, regulating its cell surface localization and thereby its processing by ADAM10 and meprin β, with the latter exhibiting a preference for APP in its dimeric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta-Mareike Herr
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Paul Strecker
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Carolin Thomas
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Verena Rabiej
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Anne Junker
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Schilling
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - C Marie Dowds
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
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24
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Qin Y, Gu JW. A Surgical Method to Improve the Homeostasis of CSF for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:261. [PMID: 27853433 PMCID: PMC5090002 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and increased resistance to CSF outflow are considered to be associated with aging, and are also characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These changes probably result in a decrease in the efficiency of the mechanism by which CSF removes toxic molecules such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau from the interstitial fluid space. Soluble Aβ is potently neurotoxic and dysfunctional in CSF circulation and can accelerate the progression of AD. Current therapies for AD exhibit poor efficiency; therefore, a surgical method to improve the homeostasis of CSF is worthy of investigation. To achieve this, we conceived a novel device, which consists of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, an injection port and a portable infusion pump. Artificial CSF (ACSF) is pumped into the ventricles and the ACSF composition, infusion modes and pressure threshold of shunting can be adjusted according to the intracranial pressure and CSF contents. We hypothesize that this active treatment for CSF circulation dysfunction will significantly retard the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital Chengdu, China
| | - Jian W Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General HospitalChengdu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The 306th Hospital of PLABeijing, China
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25
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Pirici D, Stanaszek L, Garz C, Niklass S, Heinze HJ, Kalinski T, Attems J, Schreiber S. Common Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease and Brain Microhemorrhages on Cerebral Aβ Pathology in SHRSP. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:169-180. [PMID: 27062392 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While chronic kidney disease seems to be an independent risk factor for cognitive decline, its impact on cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) depositions, one hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology, has not been investigated. Utilizing 80 male nontransgenic spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats (SHRSP) at various ages (12 to 44 weeks), tubulointerstitial renal damage, prevalence of cerebral microhemorrhages and Aβ accumulations were quantified. Using age-adjusted general linear models we investigated the main and interaction effects of renal damage and cerebral microhemorrhages on cerebral Aβ load. In addition, using post mortem human brain tissue of 16 stroke patients we examined the co-localization of perivascular Aβ deposits and small vessel wall damage. Statistical models revealed an age-independent main effect of tubulointerstitial kidney damage on brain Aβ accumulations, which was reinforced by the consecutive presence of cerebral microhemorrhages. Moreover, cerebral microhemorrhages independently predicted brain Aβ burden in SHRSP. In up to 69% of all human cases perivascular Aβ deposits were detected in the direct vicinity of small vessel wall damage. Our results support the associations between vascular pathology and Aβ deposition, and demonstrate a relationship between chronic kidney disease and cerebral Aβ pathology. Hence, our data suggest that prevention of chronic renal damage may reduce cerebral Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pirici
- Department of Research Methodology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares Street 2, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Mossakowski Medical Research Centre PAS, Pawińskiego 5, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Cornelia Garz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Solveig Niklass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Thomas Kalinski
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Johannes Attems
- Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
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Osk Snorradottir A, Isaksson HJ, Kaeser SA, Skodras AA, Olafsson E, Palsdottir A, Thor Bragason B. Parenchymal cystatin C focal deposits and glial scar formation around brain arteries in Hereditary Cystatin C Amyloid Angiopathy. Brain Res 2015; 1622:149-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Di Marco LY, Venneri A, Farkas E, Evans PC, Marzo A, Frangi AF. Vascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease--A review of endothelium-mediated mechanisms and ensuing vicious circles. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:593-606. [PMID: 26311408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset dementia is a major health concern in the ageing population. Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for the largest proportion (65-70%) of dementia cases in the older population. Despite considerable research effort, the pathogenesis of late-onset AD remains unclear. Substantial evidence suggests that the neurodegenerative process is initiated by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) caused by ageing and cardiovascular conditions. CCH causes reduced oxygen, glucose and other nutrient supply to the brain, with direct damage not only to the parenchymal cells, but also to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a key mediator of cerebral homeostasis. BBB dysfunction mediates the indirect neurotoxic effects of CCH by promoting oxidative stress, inflammation, paracellular permeability, and dysregulation of nitric oxide, a key regulator of regional blood flow. As such, BBB dysfunction mediates a vicious circle in which cerebral perfusion is reduced further and the neurodegenerative process is accelerated. Endothelial interaction with pericytes and astrocytes could also play a role in the process. Reciprocal interactions between vascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration could further contribute to the development of the disease. A comprehensive overview of the complex scenario of interacting endothelium-mediated processes is currently lacking, and could prospectively contribute to the identification of adequate therapeutic interventions. This study reviews the current literature of in vitro and ex vivo studies on endothelium-mediated mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in AD pathogenesis, with the aim of presenting a comprehensive overview of the complex network of causative relationships. Particular emphasis is given to vicious circles which can accelerate the process of neurovascular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Yuri Di Marco
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; IRCCS San Camillo Foundation Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alberto Marzo
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Gu H, Zhong Z, Jiang W, Du E, Dodel R, Farlow MR, Zheng W, Du Y. The role of choroid plexus in IVIG-induced beta-amyloid clearance. Neuroscience 2014; 270:168-176. [PMID: 24747018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) contains anti-Aβ autoantibodies and IVIG could induce beta amyloid (Aβ) efflux from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to blood in both Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. However, the molecular mechanism underlying IVIG-induced Aβ efflux remains unclear. In this study, we used amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) transgenic mice to investigate if the IVIG could induce efflux of Aβ from the brain and whether low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), a hypothetic Aβ transporter in blood-CSF barrier (BCB); could mediate this clearance process. We currently provide strong evidence to demonstrate that IVIG could reduce brain Aβ levels by pulling Aβ into the blood system in AβPP transgenic mice. In the mechanistic study, IVIG could induce Aβ efflux through the in vitro BCB membrane formed by cultured BCB epithelial cells. Both receptor-associated protein (RAP; a functional inhibitor of LRP1), and LRP1 siRNA were able to significantly inhibit the Aβ efflux. Should Aβ prove to be the underlying cause of AD, our results strongly suggest that IVIG could be beneficial in the therapy for AD by inducing efflux of Aβ from the brain through the LRP1 in the BCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Gu
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Zhaohui Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wendy Jiang
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Eileen Du
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Richard Dodel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germary
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - Yansheng Du
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
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Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Arterial stiffness and endothelial function are related to brain aging and episodic memory in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of: Tsao CW, Seshadri S, Beiser AS et al. Relations of arterial stiffness and endothelial function to brain aging in the community. Neurology 81, 1–8 (2013). This study reports the association between arterial stiffness and pressure pulsatility in middle-aged and older community-dwelling adults. As part of the Stroke- and Dementia-free Framingham Offspiring Study, 1587 participants were studied for tonometric arterial stiffness and endothelial function (years 1998–2001), and had MRI brain scans and cognitive assessments (1990–2002). The measures of the central aortic hemodynamics (e.g., carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity and mean arterial and central pulse pressure) were associated with greater white matter hyperintensity volumes and lower total cerebral brain volumes; this association was stronger for participants aged 65 years or older. The mean arterial and central pulse pressure were also associated with reduced verbal memory (p < 0.05) but not executive function. The brachial artery endothelial function was not associated with cerebral changes. These findings indicate that peripheral vascular changes are related not only to distal cerebral microvascular pathology, but may also be used as a surrogate marker for subclinical stages of cognitive dysfunction.
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Carare RO, Hawkes CA, Jeffrey M, Kalaria RN, Weller RO. Review: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, prion angiopathy, CADASIL and the spectrum of protein elimination failure angiopathies (PEFA) in neurodegenerative disease with a focus on therapy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:593-611. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. O. Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton; UK
| | - C. A. Hawkes
- Clinical Neurosciences and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton; UK
| | - M. Jeffrey
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA); Bush Loan Penicuik; Edinburgh; UK
| | - R. N. Kalaria
- Centre for Brain Ageing & Vitality; Institute for Ageing and Health; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne; UK
| | - R. O. Weller
- Clinical Neurosciences and Experimental Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton; UK
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Liu F, Xue ZQ, Deng SH, Kun X, Luo XG, Patrylo PR, Rose GM, Cai H, Struble RG, Cai Y, Yan XX. γ-secretase binding sites in aged and Alzheimer's disease human cerebrum: the choroid plexus as a putative origin of CSF Aβ. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1714-25. [PMID: 23432732 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of β -amyloid (Aβ) peptides, cleavage products of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase-1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase, is a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). γ-Secretase inhibition is a therapeutical anti-Aβ approach, although changes in the enzyme's activity in AD brain are unclear. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ peptides are thought to derive from brain parenchyma and thus may serve as biomarkers for assessing cerebral amyloidosis and anti-Aβ efficacy. The present study compared active γ-secretase binding sites with Aβ deposition in aged and AD human cerebrum, and explored the possibility of Aβ production and secretion by the choroid plexus (CP). The specific binding density of [(3) H]-L-685,458, a radiolabeled high-affinity γ-secretase inhibitor, in the temporal neocortex and hippocampal formation was similar for AD and control cases with similar ages and post-mortem delays. The CP in post-mortem samples exhibited exceptionally high [(3) H]-L-685,458 binding density, with the estimated maximal binding sites (Bmax) reduced in the AD relative to control groups. Surgically resected human CP exhibited APP, BACE1 and presenilin-1 immunoreactivity, and β-site APP cleavage enzymatic activity. In primary culture, human CP cells also expressed these amyloidogenic proteins and released Aβ40 and Aβ42 into the medium. Overall, our results suggest that γ-secretase activity appears unaltered in the cerebrum in AD and is not correlated with regional amyloid plaque pathology. The CP appears to be a previously unrecognised non-neuronal contributor to CSF Aβ, probably at reduced levels in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Tanriover G, Sozen B, Seker A, Kilic T, Gunel M, Demir N. Ultrastructural analysis of vascular features in cerebral cavernous malformations. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2012; 115:438-44. [PMID: 22776801 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigation of the structure of vascular malformations highlights the pathogenic mechanisms underlying their clinical behavior. One of the vascular malformations is called cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM). However, the ultrastructural features of the vascular malformations are not defined in detail. METHODS We aimed to investigate the ultrastructural features of CCMs using transmission (TEM), scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, and also immunohistochemistry methods with antibodies against CCM proteins such as CCM2 and CCM3. CCM tissues (n=6) microsurgically excised from patients for conventional indications. RESULTS CCM2 and CCM3 were strongly detected in the vascular endothelium. However, there was a very weak immunostaining in stroma. SEM observations revealed that there were ruptures and damages in the luminal endothelium, possibly due to the damage of intercellular junctions. TEM observations also showed a few ruptures and detachments between the endothelium and basal lamina as observed with partially damages and disconnections. The architecture of pericytes showed protrusions and shrinkages. Our results suggest that the thin vessel walls of CCMs were lacking of subendothelial support and intact basal lamina underlying the endothelial cells. CONCLUSION This study is so far the first study attempting to show human CCM lesions with SEM. We believe that an understanding of the ultrastructural features of these lesions by light and electron microscopy techniques would help to understand the pathology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Tanriover
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya 07070, Turkey
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Krzyzanowska A, Carro E. Pathological alteration in the choroid plexus of Alzheimer's disease: implication for new therapy approaches. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:75. [PMID: 22563316 PMCID: PMC3342675 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological alterations of choroid plexus in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been extensively investigated. These changes include epithelial atrophy, thickening of the basement membrane, and stroma fibrosis. As a result, synthesis, secretory, and transportation functions are significantly altered resulting in decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) turnover. Recent studies discuss the potential impacts of these changes, including the possibility of reduced resistance to stress insults and slow clearance of toxic compounds from CSF with specific reference to the amyloid peptide. Here, we review new evidences for AD-related changes in the choroid plexus. The data suggest that the significantly altered functions of the choroid plexus contribute to the multiparametric pathogenesis of late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzyzanowska
- Neuroscience Group, Instituto de Investigacion Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) Madrid, Spain
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35
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Bulbarelli A, Lonati E, Brambilla A, Orlando A, Cazzaniga E, Piazza F, Ferrarese C, Masserini M, Sancini G. Aβ42 production in brain capillary endothelial cells after oxygen and glucose deprivation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:415-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Sharma HS, Castellani RJ, Smith MA, Sharma A. The blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease: novel therapeutic targets and nanodrug delivery. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012; 102:47-90. [PMID: 22748826 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386986-9.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still elusive. Thus, new strategies are needed to understand the pathogenesis of AD in order to provide suitable therapeutic measures. Available evidences suggest that in AD, passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transport exchanges for amyloid-β-peptide (ABP) between blood and the central nervous system (CNS) compartments play an important regulatory role for the deposition of brain ABP. New evidences suggest that BBB is altered in AD. Studies favoring transport theory clearly show that ABP putative receptors at the BBB control the level of soluble isoform of ABP in brain. This is achieved by regulating influx of circulating ABP into brain via specific receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and gp330/megalin-mediated transcytosis. On the other hand, the efflux of brain-derived ABP into the circulation across the vascular system via BBB is accomplished by low-density receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1). Furthermore, an increased BBB permeability in AD is also likely since structural damage of endothelial cells is quite frequent in AD brain. Thus, enhanced drug delivery in AD is needed to induce neuroprotection and therapeutic success. For this purpose, nanodrug delivery could be one of the available options that require active consideration for novel therapeutic strategies to treat AD cases. This review is focused on these aspects and provides new data showing that BBB plays an important role in AD-induced neurodegeneration and neurorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Genetic animal models of cerebral vasculopathies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:25-55. [PMID: 22137428 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) are genetic cerebrovasculopathies associated with neurodegeneration and vascular cognitive impairment. Linked to autosomal dominant mutations in diverse genes that encode cell-surface receptors (i.e., amyloid precursor protein in CAA and NOTCH3 in CADASIL), both diseases are associated with accumulation of abnormal material around cerebral vessels, such as amyloid in CAA or granular osmiophilic material in CADASIL. Both CAA and CADASIL share clinical features of white matter degeneration and infarcts, and vascular dementia in the human adult; microbleeds occur in both CADASIL and CAA, but large intracerebral hemorrhages are more characteristic for the latter. While the mechanisms are poorly understood, wall thickening, luminal narrowing, and eventual loss of vascular smooth muscle cells are overlapping pathologies involving leptomeningeal, and pial or penetrating small arteries and arterioles in CAA and CADASIL. Dysregulation of cerebral blood flow and eventual hypoperfusion are believed to be the key pathophysiological steps in neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Although animal models expressing CAA or CADASIL mutations have partially reproduced the human pathology, there has been marked heterogeneity in the phenotypic spectrum, possibly due to genetic background differences among mouse models, and obvious species differences between mouse and man. Here, we provide an overview of animal models of CAA and CADASIL and the insight on molecular and physiological mechanisms of disease gained from these models.
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Attems J, Jellinger K, Thal DR, Van Nostrand W. Review: sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 37:75-93. [PMID: 20946241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) may result from focal to widespread amyloid-β protein (Aβ) deposition within leptomeningeal and intracortical cerebral blood vessels. In addition, pericapillary Aβ refers to Aβ depositions in the glia limitans and adjacent neuropil, whereas in capillary CAA Aβ depositions are present in the capillary wall. CAA may cause lobar intracerebral haemorrhages and microbleeds. Hypoperfusion and reduced vascular autoregulation due to CAA might cause infarcts and white matter lesions. CAA thus causes vascular lesions that potentially lead to (vascular) dementia and may further contribute to dementia by impeding the clearance of solutes out of the brain and transport of nutrients across the blood brain barrier. Severe CAA is an independent risk factor for cognitive decline. The clinical diagnosis of CAA is based on the assessment of associated cerebrovascular lesions. In addition, perivascular spaces in the white matter and reduced concentrations of both Aβ(40) and Aβ(42) in cerebrospinal fluid may prove to be suggestive for CAA. Transgenic mouse models that overexpress human Aβ precursor protein show parenchymal Aβ and CAA, thus corroborating the current concept of CAA pathogenesis: neuronal Aβ enters the perivascular drainage pathway and may accumulate in vessel walls due to increased amounts and/or decreased clearance of Aβ, respectively. We suggest that pericapillary Aβ represents early impairment of the perivascular drainage pathway while capillary CAA is associated with decreased transendothelial clearance of Aβ. CAA plays an important role in the multimorbid condition of the ageing brain but its contribution to neurodegeneration remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Attems
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Biffi A, Greenberg SM. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a systematic review. J Clin Neurol 2011; 7:1-9. [PMID: 21519520 PMCID: PMC3079153 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2011.7.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a disorder characterized by amyloid deposition in the walls of leptomeningeal and cortical arteries, arterioles, and less often capillaries and veins of the central nervous system. CAA occurs mostly as a sporadic condition in the elderly, its incidence associating with advancing age. All sporadic CAA cases are due to deposition of amyloid-β, originating from proteolytic cleavage of the Amyloid Precursor Protein. Hereditary forms of CAA are generally familial (and therefore rare in the general population), more severe and earlier in onset. CAA-related lobar intracerebral hemorrhage is the most well-studied clinical condition associated with brain amyloid deposition. Despite ever increasing understanding of CAA pathogenesis and availability of reliable clinical and diagnostic tools, preventive and therapeutic options remain very limited. Further research efforts are required in order to identify biological targets for novel CAA treatment strategies. We present a systematic review of existing evidence regarding the epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Biffi
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven M. Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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El Sankari S, Gondry-Jouet C, Fichten A, Godefroy O, Serot JM, Deramond H, Meyer ME, Balédent O. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood flow in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a differential diagnosis from idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2011; 8:12. [PMID: 21349149 PMCID: PMC3045982 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) enables quantification of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and total cerebral blood (tCBF) flow and may be of value for the etiological diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. This investigation aimed to study CSF flow and intracerebral vascular flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) and to compare the results with patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and with healthy elderly volunteers (HEV). Methods Ten a-MCI and 9 mild AD patients were identified in a comprehensive neurological and neuropsychological assessment. They underwent brain MRI; PC-MRI pulse sequence was performed with the following parameters: two views per segment; flip angle: 25° for vascular flow and 20° for CSF flow; field-of-view (FOV): 14 × 14 mm²; matrix: 256 × 128; slice thickness: 5 mm; with one excitation for exams on the 3 T machine, and 2 excitations for the 1.5 T machine exams. Velocity (encoding) sensitization was set to 80 cm/s for the vessels at the cervical level, 10 or 20 cm/s for the aqueduct and 5 cm/s for the cervical subarachnoid space (SAS). Dynamic flow images were analyzed with in-house processing software. The patients' results were compared with those obtained for HEVs (n = 12), and for NPH patients (n = 13), using multivariate analysis. Results Arterial tCBF and the calculated pulsatility index were significantly greater in a-MCI patients than in HEVs. In contrast, vascular parameters were lower in NPH patients. Cervical CSF flow analysis yielded similar values for all four populations. Aqueductal CSF stroke volumes (in μl per cardiac cycle) were similar in HEVs (34 ± 17) and AD patients (39 ± 18). In contrast, the aqueductal CSF was hyperdynamic in a-MCI patients (73 ± 33) and even more so in NPH patients (167 ± 89). Conclusion Our preliminary data show that a-MCI patients present with high systolic arterial peak flows, which are associated with higher mean total cerebral arterial flows. Aqueductal CSF oscillations are within normal range in AD and higher than normal in NPH. This study provides an original dynamic vision of cerebral neurodegenerative diseases, consistent with the vascular theory for AD, and supporting primary flow disturbances different from those observed in NPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya El Sankari
- Department of Image Processing, Jules Verne University of Picardy and Amiens University Hospital, CHU d'Amiens, F-80054 Amiens cedex, France.
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Gu H, Wei X, Monnot AD, Fontanilla CV, Behl M, Farlow MR, Zheng W, Du Y. Lead exposure increases levels of β-amyloid in the brain and CSF and inhibits LRP1 expression in APP transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2010; 490:16-20. [PMID: 21167913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is an environmental factor suspected of contributing to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, it has been postulated that increased production and/or decreased metabolism/clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) may lead to amyloid plaque deposition as well as a cascade of other neuropathological changes. It has been suggested that Pb exposure may be associated with AD-like pathology and severe memory deficits in humans. Therefore, we investigated whether Pb exposure could induce Aβ accumulation in the brain. In this study, we demonstrated that acute Pb treatments lead to increased levels of Aβ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissues. Interestingly, Pb treatments did not affect Aβ production in brain neurons. Furthermore, Pb treatments significantly decreased LRP1 protein expression in the choroid plexus (CP). Our results suggest disrupted LRP1-mediated transport of Aβ in this region may be responsible for the Aβ accumulation in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Gu
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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42
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Ferrer I. Cognitive impairment of vascular origin: neuropathology of cognitive impairment of vascular origin. J Neurol Sci 2010; 299:139-49. [PMID: 20846674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The term cognitive impairment of vascular origin is used to designate global cognitive deficits as well as focal neurological deficits such as aphasia, apraxia and agnosia of vascular/circulatory origin. It has been useful for identifying early clinical and neuroradiological alterations that might permit therapeutic strategies geared to curbing the progression of cerebrovascular disease. Multi-infarct encephalopathy, infarcts in strategic areas, lacunae and lacunar status, Binswanger's encephalopathy, hippocampal sclerosis, cortical granular atrophy and watershed infarcts are common lesions. Hypertension and vascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis, small blood vessel disease, inflammatory diseases of the blood vessels, Sneddon syndrome, cerebral amyloid angiopathies, cerebral autosomic dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), and Maeda's syndrome are causative of cognitive impairment of vascular origin. Other less common causes are hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, neuropathy and strokes (HERNS), cerebro-retinian vasculopathy (CRV), hereditary vascular retinopathy (HVR) (all three linked to 3p21.1-p21.3), hereditary infantile hemiparesis with arteriolar retinopathy and leukoencephalopathy (HIHRATL) (not linked to 3p21), fibromuscular dysplasia, and moya-moya disease. Lack of uniformity of clinical manifestations, the variety of vascular diseases and circulatory factors, the diverse, but often convergent, neuropathological substrates, and the common association with unrelated neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly, make it hard to assume a single clinical approach in the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin. Rather, environmental and genetic risk factors, underlying vascular diseases, associated systemic, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases and identification of extent and distribution of lesions with morphological and functional neuroimaging methods should be applied in every individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 Hospitalet de LLobregat, Spain.
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Ott BR, Cohen RA, Gongvatana A, Okonkwo OC, Johanson CE, Stopa EG, Donahue JE, Silverberg GD. Brain ventricular volume and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20:647-57. [PMID: 20182051 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The frequent co-occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus suggests a possible link between ventricular dilation and AD. If enlarging ventricles serve as a marker of faulty cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clearance mechanisms, then a relationship may be demonstrable between increasing ventricular volume and decreasing levels of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) in CSF in preclinical and early AD. CSF biomarker data (Abeta, tau, and phosphorylated tau) as well as direct measurements of whole brain and ventricular volumes were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset. The ratio of ventricular volume to whole brain volume was derived as a secondary independent measure. Baseline data were used for the group analyses of 288 subjects classified as being either normal (n=87), having the syndrome of mild cognitive impairment (n=136), or mild AD (n=65). Linear regression models were derived for each biomarker as the dependent variable, using the MRI volume measures and age as independent variables. For controls, ventricular volume was negatively associated with CSF Abeta in APOE epsilon4 positive subjects. A different pattern was seen in AD subjects, in whom ventricular volume was negatively associated with tau, but not Abeta in epsilon4 positive subjects. Increased ventricular volume may be associated with decreased levels of CSF Abeta in preclinical AD. The basis for the apparent effect of APOE epsilon4 genotype on the relationship of ventricular volume to Abeta and tau levels is unknown, but could involve altered CSF-blood-brain barrier function during the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Ott
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Chen X, Ghribi O, Geiger JD. Caffeine protects against disruptions of the blood-brain barrier in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20 Suppl 1:S127-41. [PMID: 20164568 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are two of the most common neurodegenerative diseases and as such they represent major public health problems. Finding effective treatments for AD and PD represents an unmet and elusive goal largely because these diseases are chronic and progressive, and have a complicated and ill-understood pathogenesis. Although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, caffeine, the most commonly ingested psychoactive drug in the world, has been shown in human and animal studies to be protective against AD and PD. One mechanism implicated in the pathogenesis of AD and PD is blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and we reported recently that caffeine exerts protective effects against AD and PD at least in part by keeping the BBB intact. The present review focuses on the role of BBB dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD and PD, caffeine's protective effects against AD and PD, and potential mechanisms whereby caffeine protects against BBB leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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45
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Revesz T, Holton JL, Lashley T, Plant G, Frangione B, Rostagno A, Ghiso J. Genetics and molecular pathogenesis of sporadic and hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathies. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118:115-30. [PMID: 19225789 PMCID: PMC2844092 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), amyloid fibrils deposit in walls of arteries, arterioles and less frequently in veins and capillaries of the central nervous system, often resulting in secondary degenerative vascular changes. Although the amyloid-beta peptide is by far the commonest amyloid subunit implicated in sporadic and rarely in hereditary forms of CAA, a number of other proteins may also be involved in rare familial diseases in which CAA is also a characteristic morphological feature. These latter proteins include the ABri and ADan subunits in familial British dementia and familial Danish dementia, respectively, which are also known under the umbrella term BRI2 gene-related dementias, variant cystatin C in hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis of Icelandic-type, variant transthyretins in meningo-vascular amyloidosis, disease-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in hereditary prion disease with premature stop codon mutations and mutated gelsolin (AGel) in familial amyloidosis of Finnish type. In this review, the characteristic morphological features of the different CAAs is described and the implication of the biochemical, genetic and transgenic animal data for the pathogenesis of CAA is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Revesz
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N3BG, UK.
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46
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Behl M, Zhang Y, Monnot AD, Jiang W, Zheng W. Increased beta-amyloid levels in the choroid plexus following lead exposure and the involvement of low-density lipoprotein receptor protein-1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 240:245-54. [PMID: 19501112 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus, a barrier between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is known to accumulate lead (Pb) and also possibly function to maintain brain's homeostasis of Abeta, an important peptide in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. This study was designed to investigate if Pb exposure altered Abeta levels at the blood-CSF barrier in the choroid plexus. Rats received ip injection of 27 mg Pb/kg. Twenty-four hours later, a FAM-labeled Abeta (200 pmol) was infused into the lateral ventricle and the plexus tissues were removed to quantify Abeta accumulation. Results revealed a significant increase in intracellular Abeta accumulation in the Pb-exposed animals compared to controls (p<0.001). When choroidal epithelial Z310 cells were treated with 10 microM Pb for 24 h and 48 h, Abeta (2 microM in culture medium) accumulation was significantly increased by 1.5 fold (p<0.05) and 1.8 fold (p<0.05), respectively. To explore the mechanism, we examined the effect of Pb on low-density lipoprotein receptor protein-1 (LRP1), an intracellular Abeta transport protein. Following acute Pb exposure with the aforementioned dose regimen, levels of LRP1 mRNA and proteins in the choroid plexus were decreased by 35% (p<0.05) and 31.8% (p<0.05), respectively, in comparison to those of controls. In Z310 cells exposed to 10 microM Pb for 24 h and 48 h, a 33.1% and 33.4% decrease in the protein expression of LRP1 was observed (p<0.05), respectively. Knocking down LRP1 resulted in even more substantial increases of cellular accumulation of Abeta, from 31% in cells without knockdown to 72% in cells with LRP1 knockdown (p<0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that the acute exposure to Pb results in an increased accumulation of intracellular Abeta in the choroid plexus; the effect appears to be mediated, at least in part, via suppression of LRP1 production following Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Behl
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Room 1169, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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47
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Brzyska M, Trzesniewska K, Wieckowska A, Szczepankiewicz A, Elbaum D. Electrochemical and conformational consequences of copper (Cu(I) and Cu(II)) binding to beta-amyloid(1-40). Chembiochem 2009; 10:1045-55. [PMID: 19263448 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Copper-induced structural rearrangements of Abeta40 structure and its redox properties are described in this study. Electrochemical and fluorescent methods are used to characterise the behaviour of Abeta-Cu species. The data suggest that time-dependent folding of Abeta-Cu species may cause changes in the redox potentials.Extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid (Abeta) into senile plaques are the major features observed in brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. A high concentration of copper has been associated with insoluble amyloid plaques. It is known that Abeta(1-40) can bind copper with high affinity, but electrochemical properties of Abeta(1-40)-Cu complexes are not well-characterised. In this study we demonstrate that complexation of copper (both as Cu(I) and Cu(II)) by Abeta(1-40) reduces the metal electrochemical activity. Formation of copper-Abeta(1-40) complexes is associated with alteration of the redox potential. The data reveal significant redox activity of fresh Abeta-copper solutions. However, copper-induced structural rearrangements of the peptide, documented by CD, correspond with time-dependent changes of formal reduction potentials (E(0')) of the complex. Fluorescent and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry) techniques suggest that reduction of the redox activity by Abeta-Cu complexes could be attributed to conformational changes that diminished copper accessibility to the external environment. According to our evidence, conformational rearrangements, induced by copper binding to amyloid, elongate the time necessary to attain the same beta-sheet content as for the metal-free peptide. Although the redox activity of Abeta-Cu complexes diminishes in a time-dependent manner, they are not completely devoid of toxicity as they destabilize red blood cells osmotic fragility, even after prolonged incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brzyska
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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48
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Austin SA, Combs CK. Amyloid precursor protein mediates monocyte adhesion in AD tissue and apoE(-)/(-) mice. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 31:1854-66. [PMID: 19058878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type 1 integral membrane protein, which is highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. Numerous data suggest it functions in cellular adhesion. For example, APP binds components of the extracellular matrix to propagate intracellular signaling responses. In order to investigate adhesion-related changes in inflamed vasculature, brains from apolipoprotein E(-/-) (apoE(-/-)) mice were examined for changes related to APP then compared to human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Cerebrovasculature from mouse apoE(-)/(-) and human AD brains revealed strong immunoreactivity for APP, APP phosphorylated at tyrosine residue 682 (pAPP) and Aβ. Further, Western blot analyses from mouse apoE(-/-) and AD brains showed statistically higher protein levels of APP, pAPP and increased APP association with the tyrosine kinase, Src. Lastly, utilizing a modified Stamper-Woodruff adhesion assay, we demonstrated that adhesion of monocytic cells to apoE(-/-) and AD brain endothelium is partially APP dependent. These data suggest that endothelial APP function coupled with increased Aβ production are involved in the vascular dysfunction associated with atherosclerosis and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Austin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline St., Room 116, Grand Forks, ND 58203, United States
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Clifford PM, Siu G, Kosciuk M, Levin EC, Venkataraman V, D'Andrea MR, Nagele RG. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression by vascular smooth muscle cells facilitates the deposition of Abeta peptides and promotes cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy. Brain Res 2008; 1234:158-71. [PMID: 18708033 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides in the walls of brain blood vessels, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is common in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have demonstrated Abeta peptide deposition among vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), but the source of the Abeta and basis for its selective deposition in VSMCs are unknown. In the present study, we examined the deposition patterns of Abeta peptides, Abeta40 and Abeta42, within the cerebrovasculature of AD and control patients using single- and double-label immunohistochemistry. Abeta40 and Abeta42 were abundant in VSMCs, especially in leptomeningeal arteries and their initial cortical branches; in later-stage AD brains this pattern extended into the microvasculature. Abeta peptide deposition was linked to loss of VSMC viability. Perivascular leak clouds of Abeta-positive material were associated primarily with arterioles. By contrast, control brains possessed far fewer Abeta42- and Abeta40-immunopositive blood vessels, with perivascular leak clouds of Abeta-immunopositive material rarely observed. We also demonstrate that VSMCs in brain blood vessels express the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR), which has high binding affinity for Abeta peptides, especially Abeta42. These results suggest that the blood and blood-brain barrier permeability provide a major source of the Abeta peptides that gradually deposit in brain VSMCs, and the presence and abundance of the alpha7nAChR on VSMCs may facilitate the selective accumulation of Abeta peptides in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Clifford
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey/Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 2 Medical Center Drive, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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Lu Q, Murugesan N, Macdonald JA, Wu SL, Pachter JS, Hancock WS. Analysis of mouse brain microvascular endothelium using immuno‐laser capture microdissection coupled to a hybrid linear ion trap with Fourier transform‐mass spectrometry proteomics platform. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2689-95. [PMID: 18481836 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Lu
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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