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Muthusamy SP, Jagadeeswaran A, Natarajan A. Pharmacokinetics, dynamics, toxicology and molecular docking of bioactive alkaloid vasicine from Adhatoda vasica: a promising toxin binder against aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103272. [PMID: 38100946 PMCID: PMC10764263 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasicine from Adhatoda vasica was investigated in the management of aflatoxicosis and ochratoxicosis by in silico molecular docking approach. The computational analysis was carried out using Discovery Studio Autodock 4.5 tool. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), pharmacodynamics and toxicity studies were also carried out using Swiss ADME and PASS online server, respectively. The standard drug compound used was silymarin and the structure were retrieved from the protein data bank for both the test compound vasicine and the standard drug. Vasicine interacted with aflatoxin B1 at 10 different poses and the maximum dock score was found to be 83.04 and the binding energy was -37.54 kcal/mol. Silymarin interacted with aflatoxin B1 at 10 different poses and the maximum dock score was found to be 143.578 and the binding energy was -67.32 kcal/mol. Vasicine interacted with ochratoxin A at 10 different poses and the maximum dock score was found to be 73.75 and the binding energy was -56.20 kcal/mol. Silymarin interacted with ochratoxin A at 10 different poses and the maximum dock score was found to be 89.23 and the binding energy was -98.86 kcal/mol. The compounds possess good gastro intestinal absorption with antioxidant property and exhibits minimum adverse effects. The obtained results support the toxin mitigating potential of the test compound with minimum adverse effects and hence vasicine can be regarded as a potential toxin binder of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, wherein it can be implemented for alleviating aflatoxicosis and ochratoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Priya Muthusamy
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Appusamy Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amirthalingam Natarajan
- Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Assurance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Costamagna D, Gaggiotti M, Smulovitz A, Abdala A, Signorini M. Mycotoxin sequestering agent: Impact on health and performance of dairy cows and efficacy in reducing AFM 1 residues in milk. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104349. [PMID: 38135201 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the exposure to a diet naturally contaminated with mycotoxins on lactation performance, animal health, and the ability to sequester agents (SA) to reduce the human exposure to AFM1. Sixty healthy lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups: naturally contaminated diet without and with the addition of a SA (20 g/cow/d AntitoxCooPil® -60% zeolite-40% cell wall-). Each cow was monitored throughout lactation. The concentration of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in feed and M1 (AFM1) in milk, health status, and productive and reproductive parameters were measured. AFB1 concentration in feed was very low (2.31 μg/kgDM). The addition of SA reduced the milk AFM1 concentrations (0.016 vs. 0.008 μg/kg) and transfer rates (2.19 vs. 0.77%). No differences were observed in health status, production and reproduction performance. The inclusion of SA in the diet of dairy cows reduce the risk in the most susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Costamagna
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Route 34, Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Gaggiotti
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Route 34, Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Smulovitz
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (EEA Rafaela INTA), Route 34 Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Abdala
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Route 34, Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Signorini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Route 34, Km 227, 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Effect of dietary incorporation of peanut and linseed meals with or without enzyme mixture on physiological performance of broilers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103291. [PMID: 35521356 PMCID: PMC9065897 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of feeding peanut meal and linseed meal (LSM) with or without enzyme mixture on growth, plasma metabolites, muscle amino acid (AA) profile, nutrient digestibility, and expression of nutrient absorption-related genes in broilers. A total of 560 one-day-old Cobb-500 male broiler chicks were distributed into eight experimental treatments (7 replications of 10 chicks each) as follows: This study was designed by using 560 one-day-old Cobb-500 male broiler chicks were distributed into eight experimental groups (7 replications of 10 chicks each) to evaluate the differences in body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, carcass parts, blood biochemical and mRNA expression genes. Group 1 (C) control fed the basal diet without supplements, Group 2 (C + E) is control group fed on 350 g/ton enzyme mixture, Group 3 (C + PNM100) is control group fed 100 kg/ton peanut meal, Group 4 (C + E + PNM100) is a control group fed on 350 g/ton enzyme mixture and 100 kg/ton peanut meal, Group 5 (C + LSM100) is a control group fed on 100 kg/ton linseed meal, Group 6 (C + E + LSM100) is a control group fed on 350 g/ton enzyme mixture and 100 kg/ton linseed meal, Group 7 (C + PNM50 + LSM50) is control group fed on 50 kg/ton peanut meal and 50 kg/ton linseed meal. Group 8 (C + E + PNM50 + LSM50) is the control group fed on 50 kg/ton peanut meal and 50 kg/ton linseed meal. Each gram of the enzyme mixture contains 11,000 U Xylanase, 6000 U Cellulase, 700 U β-Mannanase, 1500 U Phytase, 5 mg α-Amylase, and 2 mg Protease. No differences in Bodyweight, Bodyweight gain, Feed intake, and carcass parts were noticed among experimental groups, while abdominal fat (%) and FCR were reduced (P < 0.05) in PNM50 + LSM50 + E and LSM100 groups. Plasma metabolites were not altered except total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL, reduced (P < 0.01) in treated birds. Dietary inclusion of 100 kg PNM or LSM reduced (P < 0.05) methionine concentration in muscle, while all remaining AA and ammonia concentrations were unaffected. Hepatic MDA contents were reduced (P < 0.001) in treated groups. Nutrient digestibility was not altered among groups except for protein digestibility, which was elevated (P < 0.05) in PNM50 + LSM50 + E, E, and PNM100 + E groups. The highest mRNA expressions of PepT1, APN, SGLT1, HMGCR, GHr, and IGF-1 genes were noticed in PNM50 + LSM50 + E. Conclusively, PNM and LSM can efficiently substitute corn and soybean meal in broiler diets, particularly when fortified with exogenous enzymes, without negative impacts on broiler performance.
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A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Interventions to Control Aflatoxins in the Dairy Production Chain—Feed Production and Animal Feeding Interventions. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020115. [PMID: 35202142 PMCID: PMC8878089 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study presents a systematic review of published scientific articles investigating the effects of interventions aiming at aflatoxin reduction at the feed production and animal feeding phases of the milk value chain in order to identify the recent scientific trends and summarize the main findings available in the literature. The review strategy was designed based on the guidance of the systematic review and knowledge synthesis methodology that is applicable in the field of food safety. The Web of Science and EBSCOhost online databases were searched with predefined algorithms. After title and abstract relevance screening and relevance confirmation with full-text screening, 67 studies remained for data extraction, which were included in the review. The most important identified groups of interventions based on their mode of action and place in the technological process are as follows: low-moisture production using preservatives, acidity regulators, adsorbents and various microbiological additives. The results of the listed publications are summarized and compared for all the identified intervention groups. The paper aimed to help feed producers, farmers and relevant stakeholders to get an overview of the most suitable aflatoxin mitigation options, which is extremely important in the near future as climate change will likely be accompanied by elevated mycotoxin levels.
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Ahn JY, Kim J, Cheong DH, Hong H, Jeong JY, Kim BG. An In Vitro Study on the Efficacy of Mycotoxin Sequestering Agents for Aflatoxin B1, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030333. [PMID: 35158659 PMCID: PMC8833486 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mycotoxins in feeds can cause detrimental effects on the growth performance and health of pigs. One of the methods used to overcome the negative effects of mycotoxins in animal feeds is to add toxin sequestering agents to feed. The present work was conducted to determine the efficacy of mycotoxin sequestering agents using an in vitro method. All mycotoxin sequestering agents effectively bound to aflatoxin B1; only activated charcoal effectively sequestered deoxynivalenol; and a bentonite product, an aluminosilicate product, and activated charcoal effectively sequestered zearalenone. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of mycotoxin sequestering agents for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEA) using an in vitro method. The twelve toxin sequestering agents tested were seven bentonite products (bentonite A, B, C, D, E, F, and G), two aluminosilicate products (aluminosilicate A and B), a heulandite product, an activated charcoal product, and a yeast cell wall product. A two-step in vitro procedure was employed to mimic the conditions of temperature, pH, and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine of pigs. All mycotoxin sequestering agents tested were able to bind to AFB1 with a high efficacy (>92%). The DON sequestering rate of activated charcoal (99.1%) was greater (p < 0.05) than that of other products. The ZEA sequestering rate of bentonite F (97.0%), aluminosilicate A (99.6%), and activated charcoal (100.0%) was the greatest (p < 0.05) among the tested mycotoxin sequestering agents. Overall, most mycotoxin sequestering agents had the ability to bind to AFB1, but most products, except activated charcoal, failed to sequester DON and ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Young Ahn
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.Y.A.); (J.K.); (D.H.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Jongkeon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.Y.A.); (J.K.); (D.H.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Da Hyeon Cheong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.Y.A.); (J.K.); (D.H.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Hyosun Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.Y.A.); (J.K.); (D.H.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Animal Nutritional Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.Y.A.); (J.K.); (D.H.C.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-220-496-255
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Shen MH, Singh RK. Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods by ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide, and their combination - A review. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jiang Y, Ogunade IM, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Aflatoxin in Dairy Cows: Toxicity, Occurrence in Feedstuffs and Milk and Dietary Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040283. [PMID: 33920591 PMCID: PMC8074160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens produced by fungi, mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins can contaminate a variety of livestock feeds and cause enormous economic losses, estimated at between US$52.1 and US$1.68 billion annually for the U.S. corn industry alone. In addition, aflatoxin can be transferred from the diet to the milk of cows as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), posing a significant human health hazard. In dairy cows, sheep and goats, chronic exposure to dietary aflatoxin can reduce milk production, impair reproduction and liver function, compromise immune function, and increase susceptibility to diseases; hence, strategies to lower aflatoxin contamination of feeds and to prevent or reduce the transfer of the toxin to milk are required for safeguarding animal and human health and improving the safety of dairy products and profitability of the dairy industry. This article provides an overview of the toxicity of aflatoxin to ruminant livestock, its occurrence in livestock feeds, and the effectiveness of different strategies for preventing and mitigating aflatoxin contamination of feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (Y.J.); (D.V.)
| | - Ibukun M. Ogunade
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Diwakar Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (Y.J.); (D.V.)
| | - Adegbola T. Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (Y.J.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Wang X, Li L, Zhang G. Quercetin protects the buffalo rat liver (BRL-3A) cells from aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity via activation of Nrf2-ARE pathway. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic mycotoxin widely presented in agricultural products, and the protective effect of quercetin (QUE), a natural antioxidant, against AFB1-induced cytotoxicity to the buffalo rat liver (BRL-3A) cells was investigated. With an IC50 of 23 μM, AFB1 induced a significant oxidative stress to BRL-3A cells evidenced by a dose-dependent reduction of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), ATP content, and activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes along with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation biomarker of malondialdehyde (MDA). The activity of CYP1A2, the key enzyme to convert AFB1 to reactive AFB1 exo-8,9- epoxide, was also increased, which, probably in together with ROS, led to cell apoptosis with DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and increased lactate dehydrogenase release. After the BRL cells were pre-treated by low level QUE (2.5 and/or 5 μM) for 24 h and then exposed to AFB1, the activities of antioxidant enzymes including haeme oxygenase-1, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and the ratio of reduced to oxidised glutathione were significantly increased whereas the levels of intracellular ROS and MDA were reduced. The QUE pre-treatment also increased the levels of MMP, ATP and DNA integrity, and reduced the expression of apoptosis related genes of Bax and Caspase-3. The Western blotting study revealed increased content of phosphorylated Akt and nuclear NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), indicating an activation of Nrf2-ARE pathway in counteracting oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of AFB1. Thus, the QUE pre-treatment enhanced the anti-stress capacity of the cells through the activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway, and QUE-based measures could be developed to ameliorate the toxicity caused by AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, China P.R
| | - L. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, China P.R
| | - G. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu, China P.R
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Makhlouf MMM. Histological and ultrastructural study of AflatoxinB1 induced neurotoxicity in Sciatic nerve of adult male Albino rats. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:52-60. [PMID: 31893473 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2019.1709933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp. which is a common contaminant of food items such as corn, spices, rice, nuts, and flour. Aflatoxin contamination of foods is a worldwide problem. Chronic aflatoxin exposure is found to be associated with Sciatic nerve damage. In vivo study was carried out to evaluate the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the Sciatic nerve. Twenty-one adult male rats were included and divided equally into 3 groups (7 rats each): Group I (control group), group II (olive oil group) and group III: (AflatoxinB1 group). The rats received AFB1 (250 μg/kg B.W./day) orally by gastric tube 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Sciatic nerve specimens were prepared, and semi-thin sections were stained with Toluidine blue, examined by light microscope and photographed. Ultrathin sections (50-80 nm) from selected areas of the trimmed blocks were made, examined and photographed by transmission electron microscopy (JEOL-JSM-1011) in King Saud University Electron Microscopy Unit. The findings indicate that the administration of AFB1 to rats' results in degeneration in the sciatic nerve in the form of Wallerian degeneration in the myelin sheath. Macrophages appear to engulf the degenerated myelin and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha M M Makhlouf
- Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Laboratories Department, Collage of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, AL Dawadimi, KSA
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Lulamba TE, Stafford RA, Njobeh PB. The relative effectiveness of two filter aids in removing ochratoxin A during beer filtration. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshikala Eddie Lulamba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, Cnr Siemert and Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg-New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Robert A. Stafford
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, Cnr Siemert and Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg-New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, Cnr Siemert and Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg-New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
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Khanipour S, Mehri M, Bagherzadeh-Kasmani F, Maghsoudi A, Assadi Soumeh E. Excess dietary tryptophan mitigates aflatoxicosis in growing quails. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1462-1473. [PMID: 31407825 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A biological assay was carried out to evaluate the impact of dietary tryptophan (TRP) in aflatoxin B1 -contaminated diets (AFB1 -D) on performance, blood parameters, immunity, meat quality and microbial populations of intestine in Japanese quails. Six experimental diets were formulated to include two levels of dietary TRP; 2.9 (moderate high: MH-TRP) and 4.9 g/kg (excess: Ex-TRP); and three levels of AFB1 (0.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg). Each experimental diet was fed to the one of the six groups of birds from 7 to 35 days of age in a completely randomized design with 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Decrease in feed intake, body weight gain and gain:feed in birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB1 -D was restored to the control level by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet. The hepatic enzymes in blood were elevated in quails fed on AFB1 -D but attenuated by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet (Ex-TRP; p ≤ .01). High serum uric acid in birds challenged with AFB1 significantly decreased by Ex-TRP (p ≤ .01). The skin thickness to 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene challenge suppressed by AFB1 but increased by Ex-TRP diet (p ≤ .02). The AFB1 increased the malondialdehyde in meat, whereas TRP efficiently diminished malondialdehyde production (p ≤ .01). The greatest drip loss and pH in meat were observed in the birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB1 -D but Ex-TRP augmented the adverse effects of AFB1 (p ≤ .01). The Ex-TRP reduced the total microbial and Escherichia coli counts (p ≤ .01). The adverse effect of AFB1 on ileal Lactic acid bacteria was completely prevented by Ex-TRP (p ≤ .03). This study showed that tryptophan supplementation could be considered as a powerful nutritional tool to ameliorate the adverse effects of AFB1 in growing quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sousan Khanipour
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.,Department of Special Domestic Animals, Research Institute at the University of Zabol (RIUOZ), Zabol, Iran
| | - Mehran Mehri
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.,Department of Special Domestic Animals, Research Institute at the University of Zabol (RIUOZ), Zabol, Iran
| | - Farzad Bagherzadeh-Kasmani
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.,Department of Special Domestic Animals, Research Institute at the University of Zabol (RIUOZ), Zabol, Iran
| | - Ali Maghsoudi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.,Department of Special Domestic Animals, Research Institute at the University of Zabol (RIUOZ), Zabol, Iran
| | - Elham Assadi Soumeh
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Byun KH, Cho MJ, Park SY, Chun HS, Ha SD. Effects of gamma ray, electron beam, and X-ray on the reduction of Aspergillus flavus on red pepper powder (Capsicum annuum L.) and gochujang (red pepper paste). FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2019; 25:649-658. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013219857019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the potential pathogenic mold in red pepper powder ( Capsicum annuum L.) and gochujang (red pepper paste), which can produce mycotoxins. This study investigated the effects of gamma ray, e-beam, and X-ray irradiation on the reduction of A. flavus on red pepper powder and gochujang and physicochemical and sensory quality changes. Gamma ray and e-beam at 3.5 kGy reduced A. flavus effectively (>4 log), without deteriorating the physicochemical quality. Same dose of X-ray did not cause any deterioration of the physicochemical quality. However, reduction effect of A. flavus in red pepper powder and gochujang by 3.5 kGy X-ray was under 2 log. Further, sensory quality analysis showed no significant difference in color, appearance, texture, and overall acceptability after three irradiations. However, flavor changes of red pepper powder and gochujang after three irradiations were mentioned by panelists. In this study, gamma ray and e-beam irradiation were effective in eliminating A. flavus present in red pepper powder and gochujang, but X-ray irradiation was not effective. The results indicate gamma ray and e-beam are effective in controlling microorganisms present in powdery or paste foods, but the X-ray was not effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Hwan Byun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research group, Chung-Ang University, Kyunggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research group, Chung-Ang University, Kyunggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Seafood and Aquaculture Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research group, Chung-Ang University, Kyunggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research group, Chung-Ang University, Kyunggido, Republic of Korea
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Lulamba TE, Stafford RA, Njobeh PB. A sub-Saharan African perspective on mycotoxins in beer - a review. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshikala Eddie Lulamba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, CnrSiemert & Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg - New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Robert A. Stafford
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, CnrSiemert & Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg - New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, CnrSiemert & Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg - New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
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Pukkasorn P, Ratphitagsanti W, Haruthaitanasan V. Effect of ultra-superheated steam on aflatoxin reduction and roasted peanut properties. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2935-2941. [PMID: 29168184 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are carcinogenic toxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus that are found naturally in peanut. It requires extremely high temperatures to eliminate aflatoxins from the nuts. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of ultra-superheated steam (USS) on the reduction of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) accompanying the roasting process and to determine roasted peanut qualities that affected consumer acceptance. RESULTS Whole peanut kernels were intentionally contaminated by AFB1 standard solution at the level of 50 ± 10 µg kg-1 before subjecting to USS treatment at 300-400 °C between 10 and 80 s. The high temperature of USS could significantly decrease AFB1 level to 9.83 ± 3.51, 15.33 ± 2.23 and 8.95 ± 2.32 µg kg-1 when 300 °C for 80 s, 350 °C for 40 s and 400 °C for 40 s were employed, respectively. AFB1 was reduced as much as 83.86 ± 2.66% when 400 °C for 40 s was applied. The moisture content of treated peanuts was decreased to less than 3% and browning index was developed from 30.96 ± 1.59 to 95.76 ± 7.23. CONCLUSION Higher roasting degree was obtained according to the increase in browning index. Oil quality showed that peroxide values and acid values were greatly below the allowance level. USS could effectively decrease AFB1 and render expectable roasting qualities of peanut. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parawee Pukkasorn
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Ladyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wannasawat Ratphitagsanti
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Ladyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vichai Haruthaitanasan
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Ladyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Elaridi J, Bassil M, Kharma JA, Daou F, Hassan HF. Analysis of Aflatoxin M 1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1737-1741. [PMID: 28922028 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P > 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomana Elaridi
- 1 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - Maya Bassil
- 1 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - Joelle Abi Kharma
- 1 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - Farah Daou
- 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Science and Technology, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein F Hassan
- 1 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; and
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17
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Mughal MJ, Peng X, Kamboh AA, Zhou Y, Fang J. Aflatoxin B 1 Induced Systemic Toxicity in Poultry and Rescue Effects of Selenium and Zinc. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:292-300. [PMID: 28064414 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among many challenges, exposure to aflatoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is one of the major concerns in poultry industry. AFB1 intoxication results in decreased meat/egg production, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, disturbance in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and reproduction, immune suppression, and increased disease susceptibility. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn), in dietary supplementation, offer easy, cost-effective, and efficient ways to neutralize the toxic effect of AFB1. In the current review, we discussed the impact of AFB1 on poultry industry, its biotransformation, and organ-specific noxious effects, along with the action mechanism of AFB1-induced toxicity. Moreover, we explained the biological and detoxifying roles of Se and Zn in avian species as well as the protection mechanism of these two trace elements. Ultimately, we discussed the use of Se and Zn supplementation against AFB1-induced toxicity in poultry birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jameel Mughal
- Keys Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Yi Zhou
- Life Science Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fang
- Keys Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Akoto E, Klu Y, Lamptey M, Asibuo J, Davis J, Phillips R, Jordan D, Rhoads J, Hoistington D, Chen J. Use of peanut meal as a model matrix to study the effect of composting on aflatoxin decontamination. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries, aflatoxin-contaminated peanut wastes are often used as mulching materials or soil amendments, which introduce aflatoxins and aflatoxin-producing mould into subsequent farming seasons. This research evaluated the effectiveness of composting as a means of aflatoxin decontamination using highly-contaminated peanut meal as a model matrix at 40 °C for 6 w. The composting methods caused 72.2-154.9 (41.9-75.1%), 7.4-17.6 (37.9-72.0%), 1.2-6.9 (77.1-100.0%), or 0.0-2.1 (0.0-100.0%) μg/kg reduction in the levels of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in peanut meal, respectively. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus counts and total mould counts decreased from 103-105 to <10 colony forming units/g. Composting time and the type of starters used significantly influenced aflatoxin content, while the presence of accelerator did not affect aflatoxin levels. The highest level of toxin decontamination occurred in the first week when compost temperature and ammonia concentration were high. Micronutrient contents of resulting composts were within the accepted range for fertilisers, except for calcium. Heavy metal content was below the maximum allowable levels except nickel in one of the samples. Aflatoxin reduction was also observed in an up-scale experiment using contaminated agriculture waste as raw materials. Results suggest that composting could be employed to decontaminate aflatoxin-containing agricultural waste in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.Y. Akoto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment street, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
| | - Y.A.K. Klu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - M. Lamptey
- Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi-Ashanti, Ghana
| | - J.Y. Asibuo
- Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi-Ashanti, Ghana
| | - J. Davis
- Technical Service, J. Leek International, P.O. Box 72167 Albany, GA 31708, USA
| | - R. Phillips
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment street, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
| | - D. Jordan
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7620, 101 Derieux Street, Raleigh, NC 27695-7620, USA
| | - J. Rhoads
- USAID PMIL Management Entity, The University of Georgia, 1225 Lumpkin St., Athens, GA 30602-7905, USA
| | - D. Hoistington
- USAID PMIL Management Entity, The University of Georgia, 1225 Lumpkin St., Athens, GA 30602-7905, USA
| | - J. Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment street, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
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19
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Rushing BR, Selim MI. Structure and Oxidation of Pyrrole Adducts Formed between Aflatoxin B2a and Biological Amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1275-1285. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blake R. Rushing
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Mustafa I. Selim
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
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20
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Shi H, Ileleji K, Stroshine RL, Keener K, Jensen JL. Reduction of Aflatoxin in Corn by High Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-1873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Shi HU, Stroshine RL, Ileleji K. Determination of the Relative Effectiveness of Four Food Additives in Degrading Aflatoxin in Distillers Wet Grains and Condensed Distillers Solubles. J Food Prot 2017; 80:90-95. [PMID: 28221871 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The food additives sodium bisulfite, sodium hypochlorite, citric acid, and ammonium persulfate were evaluated for their effectiveness in degrading aflatoxin in samples of distillers wet grains (DWG) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) obtained from an industrial ethanol plant. Aqueous food additive solutions, 0.5% by weight, were added to DWG or CDS at the level of 0.5 ml/g of sample, and the materials were heated at 90°C for 1 h. Sodium bisulfite was not effective in degrading aflatoxin in either DWG or CDS. Among the four food additives tested, sodium hypochlorite was the most effective. However, it bleached the substrate and left an off-odor. Citric acid and ammonium persulfate reduced aflatoxin levels by 31 to 51%. Citric acid is the most promising additive for degrading aflatoxin because it has been classified as generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Aflatoxin reduction was enhanced by increasing the citric acid addition level and prolonging the heating time. Reductions of 65 and 80% in DWG and CDS, respectively, were obtained by the addition of 2.5% (by weight) citric acid and heating at 90°C for 1 h. Aflatoxin levels in DWG and CDS were gradually reduced with prolonged heating at 90°C, even without the addition of food additives. Aflatoxin reductions of 53 and 73% were achieved in DWG and CDS as a result of heating at 90°C for 5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Shi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Richard L Stroshine
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Klein Ileleji
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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22
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Probiotic biological strategies to decontaminate aflatoxin M1 in a traditional Iranian fermented milk drink (Doogh). Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Temba BA, Sultanbawa Y, Kriticos DJ, Fox GP, Harvey JJW, Fletcher MT. Tools for Defusing a Major Global Food and Feed Safety Risk: Nonbiological Postharvest Procedures To Decontaminate Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8959-8972. [PMID: 27933870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of foods and animal feeds is a worldwide problem for human and animal health. Controlling mycotoxin contamination has drawn the attention of scientists and other food and feed stakeholders all over the world. Despite best efforts targeting field and storage preventive measures, environmental conditions can still lead to mycotoxin contamination. This raises a need for developing decontamination methods to inactivate or remove the toxins from contaminated products. At present, decontamination methods applied include an array of both biological and nonbiological methods. The targeted use of nonbiological methods spans from the latter half of last century, when ammoniation and ozonation were first used to inactivate mycotoxins in animal feeds, to the novel techniques being developed today such as photosensitization. Effectiveness and drawbacks of different nonbiological methods have been reported in the literature, and this review examines the utility of these methods in addressing food safety. Particular consideration is given to the application of such methods in the developing world, where mycotoxin contamination is a serious food safety issue in staple crops such as maize and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigni A Temba
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Sokoine University of Agriculture , P.O. Box 3000, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Darren J Kriticos
- CSIRO , GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glen P Fox
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Jagger J W Harvey
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub , Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for the Reduction of Post-Harvest Loss, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mary T Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland , Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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24
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Campagnollo FB, Ganev KC, Khaneghah AM, Portela JB, Cruz AG, Granato D, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF, Sant'Ana AS. The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Sarvar Taherabadi M, Gharavi MJ, Javadi I, Alimohammadi M, Moghadamnia SH, Mosleh N, M Farajollahi M, Sharif M. The Level of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw and Pasteurized Milk Produced in Alborz Province, Iran. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-31708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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26
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Iram W, Anjum T, Iqbal M, Ghaffar A, Abbas M. Mass spectrometric identification and toxicity assessment of degraded products of aflatoxin B1 and B2 by Corymbia citriodora aqueous extracts. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14672. [PMID: 26423838 PMCID: PMC4589780 DOI: 10.1038/srep14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the detoxification potential of Corymbia citriodora plant extracts against aflatoxin B1 and B2 (AFB1; 100 μg L(-1) and AFB2; 50 μg L(-1)) in In vitro and In vivo assays. Detoxification was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by TLC and HPLC, respectively. The study was carried out by using different parameters of optimal temperature, pH and incubation time period. Results indicated that C. citriodora leaf extract(s) more effectively degrade AFB1 and AFB2 i.e. 95.21% and 92.95% respectively than C. citriodora branch extract, under optimized conditions. The structural elucidation of degraded toxin products was done by LCMS/MS analysis. Ten degraded products of AFB1 and AFB2 and their fragmentation pathways were proposed based on molecular formulas and MS/MS spectra. Toxicity of these degraded products was significantly reduced as compared to that of parent compounds because of the removal of double bond in the terminal furan ring. The biological toxicity of degraded toxin was further analyzed by brine shrimps bioassay, which showed that only 17.5% mortality in larvae was recorded as compared to untreated toxin where 92.5% mortality was observed after 96hr of incubation. Therefore, our finding suggests that C. citriodora leaf extract can be used as an effective tool for the detoxification of aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajiha Iram
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Chemistry University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mateen Abbas
- Quality Operating Laboratory (QOL), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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27
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Degradation of aflatoxin B1 by low-temperature radio frequency plasma and degradation product elucidation. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Alam S, Shah HU, Khan NA, Zeb A, Shah AS, Magan N. Water availability and calcium propionate affect fungal population and aflatoxins production in broiler finisher feed during storage. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1896-903. [PMID: 25290990 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.963699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of calcium propionate, water activity (aw) and incubation time on the total fungal count and aflatoxins B₁ (AFB₁), B₂ (AFB₂), G₁ (AFG₁) and G₂ (AFG₂) production in the broiler finisher feed. The feed was added with calcium propionate (5 g kg(-1)), adjusted to 0.85, 0.90 and 0.95 aw and stored for 28 days at 25°C, analysing for mould growth and aflatoxins production every 7 days. Analysis of variance indicated that all the factors (preservative, aw and storage time) alone and in combination significantly (p < 0.001) affected the total fungal count and aflatoxins production in the feed. Minimum total fungal counts (1.99 × 10(2) CFU g(-1)) were observed in calcium propionate feed at 0.85 aw on day 1 and the highest (4.36 × 10(9) CFUs g(-1)) in control sample at 0.95 aw on day 28 of storage. During the storage period, AFB₁ content in control samples increased from 11.35 to 73.44, from 11.58 to 81.81 and from 11.54 to 102.68 ng g(-1), whereas in preserved feed the content of B₁ increased from 11.47 to 37.83, from 11.54 to 49.07 and from 11.20 to 53.14 ng g(-1) at 0.85, 0.90 and 0.95 aw, respectively. Similar patterns were noted for AFB2, AFG₁ and AFG₂ contents. All the aflatoxins readily increased over storage time; however, the increase was much slower in preserved feed that contained a lower amount of available water. This study reveals that calcium propionate addition to poultry litter along with water activity amelioration is an effective tool for controlling mould incidence and aflatoxin production in poultry feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Alam
- a Department of Agricultural Chemistry , The University of Agriculture Peshawar , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan
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29
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Vijayanandraj S, Brinda R, Kannan K, Adhithya R, Vinothini S, Senthil K, Chinta RR, Paranidharan V, Velazhahan R. Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by an aqueous extract from leaves of Adhatoda vasica Nees. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Hassan HF, Kassaify Z. The risks associated with aflatoxins M1 occurrence in Lebanese dairy products. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Aflatoxin M1 contamination in commercial pasteurized milk from local markets in Fariman, Iran. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 29:271-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-013-0179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Brinda R, Vijayanandraj S, Uma D, Malathi D, Paranidharan V, Velazhahan R. Role of Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees leaf extract in the prevention of aflatoxin-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2743-2748. [PMID: 23519623 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxin contamination of various foodstuffs and agricultural commodities is a major problem worldwide. Several strategies have been reported for the detoxification of aflatoxins in contaminated foods and feeds, but all these methods have their own shortcomings. Traditional medicinal plants are potential sources of aflatoxin-detoxifying compounds. In this study a spray-dried formulation of Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees leaf extract was prepared and its chemopreventive effect on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced biochemical changes in the liver and serum of Wistar rats was investigated. RESULTS Administration of AFB1 (1.5 mg kg(-1) body weight (BW) intraperitoneally) to rats significantly reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in liver tissues and increased the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase and the levels of very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol in blood serum. However, pre-feeding of rats with A. vasica formulation (500 mg kg(-1) BW for 7 days) protected the animals from AFB1-induced biochemical changes during subsequent exposure to AFB1. CONCLUSION Pre-feeding of rats with A. vasica formulation counteracted the hepatic dysfunction induced by subsequent treatment with AFB1. This formulated A. vasica extract offers a biologically safe alternative to detoxify aflatoxin and has huge potential to be used in the poultry industry to reduce aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Brinda
- Department of Food and Agricultural Processing Engineering, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
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33
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Colak H, Hampikyan H, Bingol EB, Cetin O, Akhan M, Turgay SI. Determination of mould and aflatoxin contamination in tarhana, a Turkish fermented food. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:218679. [PMID: 22623886 PMCID: PMC3349127 DOI: 10.1100/2012/218679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tarhana is a popular traditional Turkish cereal-based fermented food product mainly produced at home or at home-scale level. Some certain mould species can grow even at low moisture and pH values and produce aflatoxins in food. This study was conducted to determine aflatoksin levels in tarhana. For this purpose, a total of 138 tarhana powder samples were collected from bazaars in Istanbul and analyzed for aflatoxins, mould contamination, and some physco-chemical parameters. As a result, 32 out of 138 tarhana samples (23.2%) were found to be contaminated with aflatoxins in the range of 0.7–16.8 μg/kg, whereas 29 samples contained Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ranging from 0.2–13.2 μg/kg. All samples (100%) contaminated with moulds in the range of 1.4 × 101 –5.8 × 107cfu/g. The average pH, moisture and aw results were detected as 3.82, 12.71%, and 0.695, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Colak
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Johnston CI, Singleterry R, Reid C, Sparks D, Brown A, Baldwin B, Ward SH, Williams WP. The Fate of Aflatoxin in Corn Fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/nr.2012.33017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Infants exposure to aflatoxin M1 as a novel foodborne zoonosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2816-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Arzandeh S, Jinap S. Effect of initial aflatoxin concentration, heating time and roasting temperature on aflatoxin reduction in contaminated peanuts and process optimisation using response surface modelling. Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aly SE, Hathout AS. Fate of aflatoxin B(1) in contaminated corn gluten during acid hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:421-427. [PMID: 21218474 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins that cause serious chronic disease outbreaks and contaminate several food products such as corn and its by-product, corn gluten. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1) ) degradation in contaminated corn gluten under different HCl concentrations, hydrolysis temperatures and hydrolysis times. RESULTS During the wet milling process the highest AFB(1) level (45.68 µg kg(-1) ) (37.86%) was found in corn gluten fraction. Treatment with 1 mol L(-1) HCL at 110 °C resulted in degradation of AFB(1) by 27.6% (33.07 µg kg(-1) ) after 4 h and reached 42.5% (26.26 µg kg(-1) ) after 8 h. Increasing HCl concentration from 1 to 3 mol L(-1) HCl resulted in increased degradation of AFB(1) , while complete degradation occurred in the presence of 5 mol L(-1) HCl after 4 h at 110 °C. Meanwhile, half-life time of AFB(1) was recorded after 2 h at 100 °C and was < 2 h at 110 °C in the presence of 3 mol L(-1) HCl. CONCLUSION It could be demonstrated that the manufacture of hydrolyzed vegetable protein is a suitable method for decontamination of aflatoxin in highly contaminated grains, especially gluten fractions. The hydrolysis reaction could be considered in terms of first-order reaction kinetics of AFB(1) degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soher E Aly
- Food Toxicology and Contaminant Department, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
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Elaasser M, El Kassas R. Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by certain bacterial species isolated from Egyptian soil. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of food and grain poses a serious economic and health problem worldwide. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is extremely mutagenic, toxic and a potent carcinogen to both humans and livestock. A safe, effective and environmentally sound detoxification method is needed for controlling this toxin. In this study, 21 soil samples were screened from various sources with vast microbial populations using a coumarin containing medium. Eleven bacterial isolates showing AFB1 reduction activity in a liquid culture medium were selected from the screening experiments. Isolate 12-3 and 12-5, obtained from soil samples of Kafr-Zaiat Pesticide company drainage and identified to be Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli, reduced AFB1 by 69.3% and 58.8%, respectively, after incubation in the liquid medium at 37 °C for 72 h. The culture supernatant of these isolates was able to reduce AFB1 effectively by 76.2% and 62.5%, respectively, whereas the viable cells and cell extracts were far less effective. Factors influencing AFB1 detoxification by the culture supernatant were investigated. The highest detoxification activity for P. putida and E. coli was 83.3% and 63.8%, respectively, at pH 8 and 30 °C for 72 h. The detoxification activity was reduced at 10, 20 and 45 °C. The Mg2+, Mn2+, Se and Cu2+ ions were activators for AFB1 detoxification. However, Zn2+ ion was a strong inhibitor. Treatments with proteinase K, proteinase K plus SDS and heating significantly reduced or eradicated the detoxification activity of the culture supernatant. In conclusion, the detoxification of AFB1 by P. putida 12-3 was enzymatic and the enzymes responsible for the detoxification of AFB1 are constitutively extracellular produced. Also, the AFB1 detoxification by E. coli was conducted by enzymes as well as by cell wall binding mechanism. Both bacteria could have great potential in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elaasser
- The Regional Center for Mycology & Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, 23298-0678 Cairo, Egypt
| | - R. El Kassas
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abassia, 001133 Cairo, Egypt
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Oluwafemi F, Kumar M, Bandyopadhyay R, Ogunbanwo T, Ayanwande KB. Bio-detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in artificially contaminated maize grains using lactic acid bacteria. TOXIN REV 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2010.512556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Thembo KM, Vismer HF, Nyazema NZ, Gelderblom WCA, Katerere DR. Antifungal activity of four weedy plant extracts against selected mycotoxigenic fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1479-86. [PMID: 20553341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the antifungal activity of aqueous and organic extracts of four weedy plant species viz. Tagetes minuta, Lippia javanica, Amaranthus spinosus and Vigna unguiculata against isolates of four agriculturally important fungi, i.e. Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. METHODS AND RESULTS Dried powdered aerial parts of the plants were extracted sequentially with hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water and tested for activity using a serial microdilution assay. Results were read every day over 120 h. All extracts except for the water extracts showed growth inhibitory activity against most isolates of the Fusarium spp. The most active were the methanol and hexane extracts of V. unguiculata and A. spinosus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of <0.5 mg ml(-1) after 48 h against Fusarium spp. No inhibition of the Aspergillus spp. tested was observed, but conidium formation was stimulated on plates treated with plant extracts when visually compared to the growth controls. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from this study indicated that chemical constituents from these plant species may be developed as potential agrochemical fungicides. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE RESEARCH: Food and feed are subject to infection by a variety of micro-organisms that can induce spoilage and/or produce metabolites that are toxic to humans and animals. Extracts of V. unguiculata and A. spinosus were most active and maybe developed into environmentally friendly fungicides, which are affordable to rural farmers in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Thembo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
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MOHAMADI HAMID, ALIZADEH MOHAMAD, RAHIMI JAMSHID, QASRI SHAHAB. Assessment of aflatoxin M1levels in selected dairy products in north-western Iran. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2009.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chemical and biological transformations for detoxification of trichothecene mycotoxins in human and animal food chains: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Herzallah S, Alshawabkeh K, Fataftah AAL. Aflatoxin Decontamination of Artificially Contaminated Feeds by Sunlight, γ-Radiation, and Microwave Heating. J APPL POULTRY RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2007-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Aflatoxin B(1) degradation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and other microbes selected using coumarin medium. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1489-1503. [PMID: 19325817 PMCID: PMC2635738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9081489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most harmful mycotoxins in animal production and food industry. A safe, effective and environmentally sound detoxification method is needed for controlling this toxin. In this study, 65 samples were screened from various sources with vast microbial populations using a newly developed medium containing coumarin as the sole carbon source. Twenty five single-colony bacterial isolates showing AFB1 reduction activity in a liquid culture medium were selected from the screen. Isolate 35-3, obtained from tapir feces and identified to be Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, reduced AFB1 by 82.5% after incubation in the liquid medium at 37 °C for 72 h. The culture supernatant of isolate 35-3 was able to degrade AFB1 effectively, whereas the viable cells and cell extracts were far less effective. Factors influencing AFB1 degradation by the culture supernatant were investigated. Activity was reduced to 60.8% and 63.5% at 20 °C and 30 °C, respectively, from 78.7% at 37 °C. The highest degradation rate was 84.8% at pH 8 and the lowest was only 14.3% at pH 4.0. Ions Mg2+ and Cu2+ were activators for AFB1 degradation, however ion Zn2+ was a strong inhibitor. Treatments with proteinase K, proteinase K plus SDS and heating significantly reduced or eradicated the degradation activity of the culture supernatant. The results indicated that the degradation of AFB1 by S. maltophilia 35-3 was enzymatic and could have a great potential in industrial applications.
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Yuan ML, Lu ZH, Cheng YQ, Li LT. Effect of spontaneous fermentation on the physical properties of corn starch and rheological characteristics of corn starch noodle. J FOOD ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sabater-Vilar M, Malekinejad H, Selman MHJ, van der Doelen MAM, Fink-Gremmels J. In vitro assessment of adsorbents aiming to prevent deoxynivalenol and zearalenone mycotoxicoses. Mycopathologia 2007; 163:81-90. [PMID: 17294292 PMCID: PMC2799631 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of the Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in animal feeds in mild climatic zones of Europe and North America results in considerable economic losses, as these toxins affect health and productivity particularly of pigs from all age groups. The use of mycotoxin adsorbents as feed additives is one of the most prominent approaches to reduce the risk for mycotoxicoses in farm animals, and to minimise carry-over of mycotoxins from contaminated feeds into foods of animal origin. Successful aflatoxin adsorption by means of different substances (phyllosilicate minerals, zeolites, activated charcoal, synthetic resins or yeast cell-wall-derived products) has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. However, attempts to adsorb DON and ZON have been less encouraging. Here we describe the adsorption capacity of a variety of potential binders, including compounds that have not been evaluated before, such as humic acids. All compounds were tested at realistic inclusion levels for their capacity to bind ZON and DON, using an in vitro method that resembles the different pH conditions in the gastro-intestinal tract of pigs. Mycotoxin adsorption was assessed by chemical methods and distinct bioassays, using specific markers of toxicity as endpoints of toxicity in cytological assays. Whereas none of the tested substances was able to bind DON in an appreciable percentage, some of the selected smectite clays, humic substances and yeast-wall derived products efficiently adsorbed ZON (>70%). Binding efficiency was indirectly confirmed by the reduction of toxicity in the in vitro bioassays. In conclusion, the presented test protocol allows the rapid screening of potential mycotoxin binders. Like other in vitro assays, the presented protocol combining chemical and biological assays cannot completely simulate the conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract, and hence in vivo experiments remain mandatory to assess the efficacy of mycotoxin binders under practical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sabater-Vilar
- Department of Veterinary, Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, P.O. Box 80.152, 3508, TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kabak B, Dobson ADW, Var I. Strategies to Prevent Mycotoxin Contamination of Food and Animal Feed: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 46:593-619. [PMID: 17092826 DOI: 10.1080/10408390500436185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that have been associated with severe toxic effects to vertebrates produced by many important phytopathogenic and food spoilage fungi including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria species. The contamination of foods and animal feeds with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. We reviewed various control strategies to prevent the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi as well as to inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis including pre-harvest (resistance varieties, field management and the use of biological and chemical agents), harvest management, and post-harvest (improving of drying and storage conditions, the use of natural and chemical agents, and irradiation) applications. While much work in this area has been performed on the most economically important mycotoxins, aflatoxin B(1) and ochratoxin A much less information is available on other mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, fumonisin B(1), zearalenone, citrinin, and patulin. In addition, physical, chemical, and biological detoxification methods used to prevent exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic effect of mycotoxins are discussed. Finally, dietary strategies, which are one of the most recent approaches to counteract the mycotoxin problem with special emphasis on in vivo and in vitro efficacy of several of binding agents (activated carbons, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, bentonite, zeolites, and lactic acid bacteria) have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, University of Cukurova, TR-01330, Adana, Turkey.
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