1
|
Chatters LM. HIV/AIDS within African American Communities: Diversity and Interdependence. A Commentary on "AIDS and the African American Woman: The Triple Burden of Race, Class, and Gender". ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/109019819302000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
2
|
Ford K, Norris AE. Effects of Interviewer Age on Reporting of Sexual and Reproductive Behavior of Hispanic and African American Youth. HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/07399863970193008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the effects of interviewer age on the reporting of personal behaviors including sexual experience, abortion, live births, and condom use. Data were drawn from a household probability sample of 1,435 urban, low-income, African American and Hispanic youths 15 to 24 years of age conducted in 1991. The results indicate that interviewer age does play a role in the reporting of sensitive behaviors, although the effects were not uniform for gender and ethnic groups. The strongest effects were observed for Hispanic women who reported more sexual activity to younger interviewers. Implications for making comparisons of sexual risk behaviors between ethnic groups with sample survey data are discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Foster PM, Phillips F, Belgrave FZ, Randolph SM, Braithwaite N. An Africentric Model for AIDS Education, Prevention, and Psychological Services within the African American Community. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/00957984930192004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a widening gap between the growing numbers ofAfrican Americans with HIVand AIDS and culturally specific programs that address education, prevention, and psychological services within the African American community. This article describes an Africentric model for training psychologists who deliver AIDS education, prevention, and services within the African American community. The principles of NTU and Nguzo Saba were used in the training of 75 African American psychologists with the expectation that they would use these principles when doing education, prevention, and intervention activities within their communities. The article provides a historical context and conceptual framework for the program along with a summary of the impact of the program and implications for future programming and research.
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Cochran
- California State University, Northridge University of California, Los Angeles -Institute for Social Science Research
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quina K, Rose JS, Harlow LL, Morokoff PJ, Deiter PJ, Whitmire LE, Lang MA, Schnoll RA. Focusing on Participants. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a model developed and assessed by a women's health research team to enhance sensitivity and increase readability of a survey to be used with community-based women. The survey consisted of quantitative measures of AIDS-related attitudes and behaviors, developed and used with traditional-aged college populations, and included questions of a highly personal nature. In Study 1, 30 women with English reading levels of third grade and above from two targeted community populations completed a survey in two waves of focus groups and gave feedback about readability, length, format, content, emotional responses, truthfulness in responding, and opinions about the research. Problem areas and changes that made the survey more readable, understandable, emotionally sensitive, and effective are reviewed. In Study 2, pre- and postmodification versions of nine scales are compared in 430 traditionalaged college women (pre) and 793 community-based women (post), the latter broken into subsamples for more refined comparisons. Results of five psychometric analyses demonstrate that psychometric integrity does not have to be hurt by such changes. In addition, this process illustrates how researchers can gain a better understanding of participants and their reactions to the research process through qualitative research methods.
Collapse
|
6
|
Krauss BJ, Goldsamt L, Bula E, Sember R. The White Researcher in the Multicultural Community: Lessons in HIV Prevention Education Learned in the Field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10556699.1997.10608635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice J. Krauss
- a Institute for AIDS Research, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. , New York , NY , 10048 , USA
| | - Lloyd Goldsamt
- a Institute for AIDS Research, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. , New York , NY , 10048 , USA
| | - Edna Bula
- a Institute for AIDS Research, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. , New York , NY , 10048 , USA
| | - Robert Sember
- b Evaluation and Technical Assistance Center , Columbia University School of Public Health , New York , NY , 10032 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Crowley JE, Roff BH, Lynch J. Encouraging survey participation among individuals seeking HIV prevention services: does a community identity match help or hurt? HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2006; 34:55-70. [PMID: 16740520 DOI: 10.1177/1090198105285331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the behaviors and attitudes of at-risk populations is fundamental to controlling the spread of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The problem of nonresponse among these populations, however, plagues survey research designed to address these issues. Previous work undertaken to map out the dynamics of nonresponse--both noncontacts and refusals--have primarily focused on exploring the effectiveness of a single method of outreach. This analysis improves on this prior research by comparing the effectiveness of two types of outreach strategies in a follow-up face-to-face survey of individuals seeking HIV prevention services in New Jersey during the period 1999-2001. Case workers from community-based organizations (CBOs) attempted to contact one set of respondents, whereas "outsider" researchers attempted to contact the second set. In brief, the authors find that in contrast to a CBO research affiliation, an outsider researcher status is associated with higher survey response rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Elise Crowley
- Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Public Policy Program, New Brunswick 08901-1980, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harawa NT, Greenland S, Bingham TA, Johnson DF, Cochran SD, Cunningham WE, Celentano DD, Koblin BA, LaLota M, MacKellar DA, McFarland W, Shehan D, Stoyanoff S, Thiede H, Torian L, Valleroy LA. Associations of race/ethnicity with HIV prevalence and HIV-related behaviors among young men who have sex with men in 7 urban centers in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 35:526-36. [PMID: 15021318 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200404150-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using data from a multisite venue-based survey of male subjects aged 15 to 22 years, we examined racial/ethnic differences in demographics, partner type, partner type-specific condom use, drug use, and HIV prevalence in 3316 US black, multiethnic black, Latino, and white men who have sex with men (MSM). We further estimated associations of these factors with HIV infection and their influence on racial/ethnic disparities in HIV prevalence. HIV prevalences were 16% for both black and multiethnic black participants, 6.9% for Latinos, and 3.3% for whites. Paradoxically, potentially risky sex and drug-using behaviors were generally reported most frequently by whites and least frequently by blacks. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, positive associations with HIV included older age, being out of school or work, sex while on crack cocaine, and anal sex with another male regardless of reported condom use level. Differences in these factors did not explain the racial/ethnic disparities in HIV prevalence, with both groups of blacks experiencing more than 9 times and Latinos experiencing approximately twice the fully adjusted odds of infection compared with whites. Understanding racial/ethnic disparities in HIV risk requires information beyond the traditional risk behavior and partnership type distinctions. Prevention programs should address risks in steady partnerships, target young men before sexual initiation with male partners, and tailor interventions to men of color and of lower socioeconomic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina T Harawa
- County of Los Angeles, Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA 90005, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mays VM, Cochran SD, Zamudio A. HIV Prevention Research: Are We Meeting the Needs of African American Men Who Have Sex With Men? JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2004; 30:78-105. [PMID: 20041036 PMCID: PMC2798154 DOI: 10.1177/0095798403260265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two decades of HIV prevention efforts with men who have sex with men (MSM) have not eliminated the risk of new HIV infections in this vulnerable population. Indeed, current incidence rates in African American MSM are similar to those usually only seen in developing countries. A review of the existing literature suggests that the prevention research agenda for Black MSM could benefit from reframing conceptualization of risk as a function of individual properties to a broad consideration of social and interpersonal determinants. Studies that investigate dyadic and social-level influences on African American MSM's relationships are needed. This includes research explicating the diversity existing within the categorizations of Black MSM with respect to perceived identity (gay, bisexual, "men on the down low," "homo thugz"), constructions of masculinity, sexual scripts, sources of social support, and perceived norms and expectations. Recommendations are proposed for a research agenda focusing on linkages between interpersonal and social-structural determinants of HIV risk.
Collapse
|
10
|
Communicating about HIV in the southeast: Examination of prevention interventions for African American men who have sex with men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s12111-001-1007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Culture, migration et instrument de mesure: défis incontournables. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-000-1026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
Armstrong TD, Crum LD, Rieger RH, Bennett TA, Edwards LJ. Attitudes of African Americans Toward Participation in Medical Research. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Cwikel JG, Behar LC. Organizing social work services with adult cancer patients: integrating empirical research. SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 1999; 28:55-76. [PMID: 10457981 DOI: 10.1300/j010v28n03_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Today only half of those diagnosed with cancer will die of the disease, leaving enormous room for psychosocial interventions to improve the psychological or functional status of those coping with the disease. Therefore, social workers in oncology must be current with empirical research. In an effort to integrate current research into social work practice, we reviewed empirical studies with sound research designs to answer the following questions: (1) What portion of cancer patients are likely to need social work services? (2) What types of services do social workers provide to meet these needs? and (3) Who is likely to be (or not to be) the recipient of these services. Does intervention research include diverse (non-traditional, non-white and non-middle class) clients? The results show about one third of patients will be judged at high-risk for psychosocial problems but that only 15-25% of those who are diagnosed with cancer will eventually use psychosocial oncology services. Some have mainly instrumental, concrete needs, and others will use psychosocial counseling. A review of the inclusion of minorities and non-traditional, non-middle-class groups, shows that they are not adequately represented in current intervention research in psychosocial oncology. Methods for enlarging their access and participation are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Cwikel
- Charlotte B. and Jack J. Spitzer Department of Social Work, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mays VM, Coleman LM, Jackson JS. Perceived race-based discrimination, employment status, and job stress in a national sample of black women: implications for health outcomes. J Occup Health Psychol 1998. [PMID: 9547054 DOI: 10.1037//1076-8998.1.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has not systematically examined the relationship of perceived race-based discriminations to labor force participation or job related stresses-problems experienced by Black women. The present study investigated the relative contributions of perceived race-based discriminations and sociodemographic characteristics to employment status and job stress in a national probability sample (the National Survey of Black Americans; J. S. Jackson, 1991) of Black women in the United States. Logit and polychotomous logistic regression analyses revealed that Black women's current employment status was best explained by sociodemographic measures. In contrast, the combination of perceived discrimination and sociodemographics differentially affects patterns of employment status and perceived job stress in the work environment of Black women. Implications of these findings for the health of African American women are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Mays
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1563, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pinkerton SD, Holtgrave DR, Leviton LC, Wagstaff DA, Abramsom PR. Model-based evaluation of HIV prevention interventions. EVALUATION REVIEW 1998; 22:155-174. [PMID: 10183304 DOI: 10.1177/0193841x9802200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of HIV prevention interventions is to reduce the spread of HIV; however, the effectiveness of these programs is seldom assessed directly. Although direct measurement of an intervention's impact via HIV seroincidence monitoring is usually unfeasible, mathematical models can be used to estimate the number of infections averted by the intervention. This article describes three model-based summary measures of sexually transmitted HIV risk and discusses their relevance to HIV program evaluation in general economic efficiency analyses in particular. The calculation of these measures is demonstrated with an illustrative application to previously published data from an HIV prevention intervention for gay men.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND A conceptual model for vulnerable populations research relates resource availability and relative risk to health status. The model has a population-based focus that places responsibility for the collective health status of its citizens with the community. Vulnerable populations are social groups who experience limited resources and consequent high relative risk for morbidity and premature mortality. There is considerable research evidence to support the major relationships in the model. Conceptual links that need additional research are identified. CONCLUSIONS The implications for research include a variety of methodological problems related to recruiting and retaining participants, instrumentation, and data collection. Research designs are needed that move beyond descriptive and epidemiological approaches to interventional and outcome studies. Ethical considerations take on special significance with vulnerable populations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Barnett J. Sensitive questions and response effects: an evaluation. JOURNAL OF MANAGERIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1108/02683949810369138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Myers HF, Satz P, Miller BE, Bing EG, Evans G, Richardson MA, Forney D, Morgenstern H, Saxton E, D'Elia L, Longshore D, Mena I. The African-American Health Project (AAHP): study overview and select findings on high risk behaviors and psychiatric disorders in African American men. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 1997; 2:183-96. [PMID: 9426983 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.1997.9961827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The AAHP investigated the neurobehavioral and psychosocial sequelae of HIV-1 and substance use in urban African American men. A community resident sample of 502 African American men stratified by HIV-1 serostatus, drug use and sexual orientation were recruited. A comprehensive battery of measures of neurobehavioral and health status, lifestyle and psychosocial characteristics were administered to all participants, and a stratified sub-sample of 120 participants were tested using state of the art brain imaging techniques to investigate differences in the functional and neurophysiologic effects of HIV-1 and substance use. An overview of the methodology of the AAHP and results on high risk sexual and substance use behaviors, and psychiatric disorders are presented and discussed. The sample was primarily HIV-negative (63%), heterosexual (49% gay or bisexual) and a high percentage used substances during the past year (56% used drugs and 30% moderate/heavy drinkers). High-risk sexual practices were relatively prevalent, and a high percentage reported a history of STDs and other infections. Finally, 25% had a current psychiatric disorder, with gays/bisexuals and HIV-seropositives evidencing greater psychiatric vulnerability. More research is needed to further explore the apparent greater risk for psychiatric disorders among gay and bisexual men, and to determine whether being African American and lower social class exacerbate this risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Myers
- Department of Psychology, University of California 90095-1563, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Miller KW, Wilder LB, Stillman FA, Becker DM. The feasibility of a street-intercept survey method in an African-American community. Am J Public Health 1997; 87:655-8. [PMID: 9146448 PMCID: PMC1380849 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.87.4.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluates the feasibility of a nonquota, street-intercept survey method that utilized random selection of interview sites. METHODS The street-intercept survey was compared with a random digit-dial telephone survey conducted in the same catchment area among African-American adults aged 18 or older. RESULTS The street-intercept survey's response rate was 80.2%; residence rate, 85.3%; interview completion rate, 97.9%; interference rate, 4.0%; and yield rate, 2.5 interviews per interviewer per hour. The street-intercept method produced more representative distributions of age and sex than the random-digit-dial survey. CONCLUSIONS The street-intercept method is a feasible alternative to traditional population survey methods and may provide better access to harder-to-reach segments of the urban population in a safe manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K W Miller
- Center for Health Promotion, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim N, Stanton B, Li X, Dickersin K, Galbraith J. Effectiveness of the 40 adolescent AIDS-risk reduction interventions: a quantitative review. J Adolesc Health 1997; 20:204-15. [PMID: 9069021 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-139x(96)00169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE (1) To review evaluations of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prevention interventions targeting adolescents to determine whether these efforts have been effective in reducing risk behaviors. (2) To examine the relation between intervention design issues and outcomes measures. METHOD A systematic review of five electronic databases and hand-searches of 11 journals, were undertaken for articles published from January 1983 through November 1995 that reported evaluations of adolescent AIDS risk-reduction interventions conducted in the United States. Outcomes examined include: improved attitudes about AIDS risk and protective behaviors, increased intention to abstain from sexual intercourse or to use condoms, and reduced sexual risk behaviors. RESULTS Forty studies that met preestablished inclusion criteria were found. For each outcome assessed, a majority of studies found a positive intervention impact (88% of studies assessing changes in knowledge; 58% changes in attitude, 60% changes in intention to use condoms, 73% in condom use, and 64% in decreasing number of sexual partners). Interventions that demonstrated an increase in intention to use a condom were significantly more likely to be theory-based than those that did not show any significant changes in intention (100% vs. 0%, p = .048). Interventions that increased condom use and decreased the number of sexual partners were longer in duration than those that did not improve these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AIDS risk reduction interventions can be effective in improving knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions and in reducing risk practices. The positive relationship between improved outcomes and several elements of intervention design underscores the need for increased focus on intervention design in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kim
- Center for Minority Health Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Galbraith J, Ricardo I, Stanton B, Black M, Feigelman S, Kaljee L. Challenges and rewards of involving community in research: an overview of the "Focus on Kids" HIV Risk Reduction Program. HEALTH EDUCATION QUARTERLY 1996; 23:383-94. [PMID: 8841821 DOI: 10.1177/109019819602300308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues to be a significant concern for adolescents, especially in minority populations. There is a scarcity of knowledge of the cultural context of sexual behavior in this age group and the influences that lead to early initiation of sex and unsafe sex. Few efforts targeting young adolescents have been community based, although there has been an increased awareness of the need for such research and intervention programs. Four key processes have been defined in gaining community participation in health education programs: (a) defining the community and reaching the community; (b) recognizing tensions among service, research, and community participation; (c) involving community residents; and (d) considering cultural differences in a community. These processes are used to describe the "Focus on Kids" project, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk reduction intervention that resulted in significant increases in condom use demonstrated by a randomized controlled trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Galbraith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical School, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mays VM, Coleman LM, Jackson JS. Perceived race-based discrimination, employment status, and job stress in a national sample of black women: implications for health outcomes. J Occup Health Psychol 1996; 1:319-29. [PMID: 9547054 PMCID: PMC3681822 DOI: 10.1037/1076-8998.1.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has not systematically examined the relationship of perceived race-based discriminations to labor force participation or job related stresses-problems experienced by Black women. The present study investigated the relative contributions of perceived race-based discriminations and sociodemographic characteristics to employment status and job stress in a national probability sample (the National Survey of Black Americans; J. S. Jackson, 1991) of Black women in the United States. Logit and polychotomous logistic regression analyses revealed that Black women's current employment status was best explained by sociodemographic measures. In contrast, the combination of perceived discrimination and sociodemographics differentially affects patterns of employment status and perceived job stress in the work environment of Black women. Implications of these findings for the health of African American women are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Mays
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1563, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stanton B, Kim N, Galbraith J, Parrott M. Design issues addressed in published evaluations of adolescent HIV-risk reduction interventions: a review. J Adolesc Health 1996; 18:387-96. [PMID: 8803730 DOI: 10.1016/1054-139x(95)00169-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to determine: (1) issues in intervention design that have been addressed in behavioral interventions targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-risk behaviors among adolescents; (2) specific choices made in intervention design; (3) historic changes in the likelihood that issues in intervention design will be addressed; and (4) if an association exists between quality of evaluation design and the number of intervention design issues addressed. DESIGN Literature search employing five electronic databases and 11 journals for articles published from January 1983 through December 1993 reporting evaluations of adolescent HIV-risk reduction interventions. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES The frequency with which 12 issues in intervention design were addressed: basing the intervention on a theory of behavioral change; specifying a target population; involving the targeted community in the formulation of the intervention; addressing developmental issues; providing facts; strengthening interpersonal skills; describing the media (format) for delivering the intervention; specifying potentially relevant characteristics of the interventionists; describing the duration of the intervention; providing boosters; pilot testing the intervention; and including other potentially augmentative elements. RESULTS Twenty-eight published intervention articles were included in these analyses. The median number of intervention design issues addressed in any study was six (range three to nine), although this number increased significantly over time (p < .01). There was substantial variability in the frequency with which each individual design issue was addressed, with some design issues (e.g., inclusion of specific facts and the description of the channel employed) being addressed in all studies. Other design issues were addressed in less than one-quarter of studies [e.g., basing the intervention on a theory of behavioral change (18%) and addressing developmental issues (21%)]. The targeted community was involved in one-third of studies. More recent studies and studies employing a randomized evaluation design with both preintervention and postintervention assessments addressed more intervention design issues than did earlier studies and studies employing other evaluation designs (p = .01 and p = .03, respectively). CONCLUSION The majority of published adolescent HIV-risk reduction studies have not addressed important issues in intervention design. However, more recent studies and studies employing a strong evaluation design have addressed a greater number of these issues. Frameworks to guide intervention efforts (e.g., to serve as "practice guidelines") are needed to allow for both accurate replication and meaningful comparison of differing intervention approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Stanton
- Center for Minority Health Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yabroff KR, Linas BP, Schulman K. Evaluation of quality of life for diverse patient populations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996; 40:87-104. [PMID: 8888155 DOI: 10.1007/bf01806005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Quality of life is used increasingly as a primary and secondary endpoint of clinical investigations of new therapies. Quality of life information may be especially useful for the assessment of cancer treatments, where increases in survival may be accompanied by detrimental side effects. The recognition of the importance of quality of life has led to the recent proliferation of cancer specific quality of life instruments. As more is understood about the heterogeneity of patient populations, however, we must assess how culturally defined factors may impact patient quality of life and its assessment. Quality of life instruments are diverse, ranging from those focusing on objective measures of functionality to those assessing subjective measures of patient preferences for their current health state. These instruments have been developed for use in the general population and for disease-specific populations. Assessment of the appropriateness of potential quality of life instruments in specific clinical settings, in addition to understanding the cultural diversity of the clinical population being studied, will guide the researcher in the choice of an appropriate quality of life instrument for cancer clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Yabroff
- Clinical Economics Research Unit, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20007, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Optimal scaling of HIV-related sexual risk behaviors in ethnically diverse homosexually active men. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995. [PMID: 7751488 DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.63.2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As HIV-related behavioral research moves increasingly in the direction of seeking to determine predictors of high-risk sexual behavior, more efficient methods of specifying patterns are needed. Two statistical techniques, homogeneity analysis and latent class analysis, useful in scaling binary multivariate data profiles are presented. Both were used to analyze reported sexual behavior patterns in two samples of homosexually active men, one sample of 343 primarily White gay men attending an HIV workshop and one sample of 837 African American gay men recruited nationally. Results support the existence of a single, nonlinear, latent dimension underlying male homosexual behaviors consistent with HIV-related risk taking. Both statistical methods provide an efficient means to optimally scale sexual behavior patterns, a critical outcome variable in HIV-related research.
Collapse
|
27
|
Cochran SD, de Leeuw J, Mays VM. Optimal scaling of HIV-related sexual risk behaviors in ethnically diverse homosexually active men. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63:270-9. [PMID: 7751488 PMCID: PMC4196998 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.63.2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As HIV-related behavioral research moves increasingly in the direction of seeking to determine predictors of high-risk sexual behavior, more efficient methods of specifying patterns are needed. Two statistical techniques, homogeneity analysis and latent class analysis, useful in scaling binary multivariate data profiles are presented. Both were used to analyze reported sexual behavior patterns in two samples of homosexually active men, one sample of 343 primarily White gay men attending an HIV workshop and one sample of 837 African American gay men recruited nationally. Results support the existence of a single, nonlinear, latent dimension underlying male homosexual behaviors consistent with HIV-related risk taking. Both statistical methods provide an efficient means to optimally scale sexual behavior patterns, a critical outcome variable in HIV-related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Cochran
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge 91330, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stanton B, Berman M. Professional advancement of social scientists within schools of medicine. MEDICAL CARE REVIEW 1994; 50:259-70. [PMID: 10129270 DOI: 10.1177/002570879305000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Stanton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li X, Stanton B, Black MM, Romer D, Ricardo I, Kaljee L. Risk behavior and perception among youths residing in urban public housing developments. BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 1994; 71:252-266. [PMID: 19313105 PMCID: PMC2359273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The scientific literature and popular media suggest that variations in housing structure and neighborhood influence risk behaviors among youths living in low-income urban communities. To explore the importance of these factors on early sexual intercourse, substance use, drug trafficking, and school truancy, data from a community-based survey, conducted in six public housing developments in a major eastern metropolis, were analyzed. The survey group consisted of 300 youths aged 9 through 15 years. There were minimal differences in three potential mediators of risk behaviors (e.g., perceived social support, parenting style, and perceived risk exposure) and in self-reported adolescent risk behaviors among youths residing in different housing developments and between youths residing in high-rise and in low-rise structures. These findings do not support the hypothesis that within a risk-dense low-income environment, variations in building structure or in neighborhood are associated with differences in adolescent risk behaviors.
Collapse
|
30
|
Fee E, Krieger N. Understanding AIDS: historical interpretations and the limits of biomedical individualism. Am J Public Health 1993; 83:1477-86. [PMID: 8214245 PMCID: PMC1694847 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.83.10.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The popular and scientific understanding of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States has been shaped by successive historical constructions or paradigms of disease. In the first paradigm, AIDS was conceived of as a "gay plague," by analogy with the sudden, devastating epidemics of the past. In the second, AIDS was normalized as a chronic disease to be managed medically over the long term. By examining and extending critiques of both paradigms, it is possible to discern the emergence of an alternative paradigm of AIDS as a collective chronic infectious disease and persistent pandemic. Each of these constructions of AIDS incorporates distinct views of the etiology, prevention, pathology, and treatment of disease; each tacitly promotes different conceptions of the proper allocation of individual and social responsibility for AIDS. This paper focuses on individualistic vs collective, and biomedical vs social and historical, understandings of disease. It analyzes the use of individualism as methodology and as ideology, criticizes some basic assumptions of the biomedical model, and discusses alternative strategies for scientific research, health policy, and disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Fee
- School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cochran SD, Mays VM. Applying Social Psychological Models to Predicting HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behaviors Among African Americans. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 1993; 19:142-154. [PMID: 23529205 PMCID: PMC3606488 DOI: 10.1177/00957984930192005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Existing models of attitude-behavior relationships, including the Health Belief Model, the Theory of Reasoned Action, and the Self-Efficacy Theory, are increasingly being used by psychologists to predict human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk behaviors. The authors briefly highlight some of the difficulties that might arise in applying these models to predicting the risk behaviors of African Americans. These social psychological models tend to emphasize the importance of individualistic, direct control of behavioral choices and deemphasize factors, such as racism and poverty, particularly relevant to that segment of the African American population most at risk for HIV infection. Applications of these models without taking into account the unique issues associated with behavioral choices within the African American community may fail to capture the relevant determinants of risk behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Cochran
- California State University, Northridge University of California, Los Angeles
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McBride D. Black America: from community health care to crisis medicine. JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLITICS, POLICY AND LAW 1993; 18:319-337. [PMID: 8360452 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-18-2-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study traces the major policy shifts in medical care that have affected disadvantaged African-Americans and the response of this community's medical leadership to these changes. Since World War II policy has passed through three major phases. The first--engagement--ran from the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s. During this phase a community health policy orientation prevailed as national government targeted resources to health care programs for needy blacks and other poor Americans. From the late 1970s to the mid-1980s the period of submersion occurred: black community health professionals and political leaders experienced a new-found inclusion in health policy debate, but, at the same time, broader policy-making circles in government and health care reduced medical resources for the inner-city poor. Finally, in the third phase--crisis recognition--a network developed of community health advocates who seek to reorient the health system so that it addresses needs within urban American's "New Ghettos."
Collapse
|
33
|
Cochran SD, Mays VM, Clarletta J, Caruso C, Mallon D. Efficacy of the Theory of Reasoned Action in Predicting AIDS-Related Sexual Risk Reduction Among Gay Men1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
34
|
Mays VM, Cochran SD, Bellinger G, Smith RG, Henley N, Daniels M, Tibbits T, Victorianne GD, Osei OK, Birt DK. THE LANGUAGE OF BLACK GAY MEN'S SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR AIDS RISK REDUCTION. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 1992; 29:425-434. [PMID: 25382870 PMCID: PMC4222679 DOI: 10.1080/00224499209551657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of appropriate AIDS risk reduction interventions targeted at African-American gay men could be aided by an awareness of their terminology for specific sexual behaviors and types of sexual encounters. This paper explores similarities and differences between the HIV-related sexual language of Black and White gay men. While much of the vernacular is shared, differences in some terms and greater or lesser emphasis on others are apparent.
Collapse
|