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Harris AD, Amiri H, Bento M, Cohen R, Ching CRK, Cudalbu C, Dennis EL, Doose A, Ehrlich S, Kirov II, Mekle R, Oeltzschner G, Porges E, Souza R, Tam FI, Taylor B, Thompson PM, Quidé Y, Wilde EA, Williamson J, Lin AP, Bartnik-Olson B. Harmonization of multi-scanner in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: ENIGMA consortium task group considerations. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1045678. [PMID: 36686533 PMCID: PMC9845632 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1045678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful, non-invasive, quantitative imaging technique that allows for the measurement of brain metabolites that has demonstrated utility in diagnosing and characterizing a broad range of neurological diseases. Its impact, however, has been limited due to small sample sizes and methodological variability in addition to intrinsic limitations of the method itself such as its sensitivity to motion. The lack of standardization from a data acquisition and data processing perspective makes it difficult to pool multiple studies and/or conduct multisite studies that are necessary for supporting clinically relevant findings. Based on the experience of the ENIGMA MRS work group and a review of the literature, this manuscript provides an overview of the current state of MRS data harmonization. Key factors that need to be taken into consideration when conducting both retrospective and prospective studies are described. These include (1) MRS acquisition issues such as pulse sequence, RF and B0 calibrations, echo time, and SNR; (2) data processing issues such as pre-processing steps, modeling, and quantitation; and (3) biological factors such as voxel location, age, sex, and pathology. Various approaches to MRS data harmonization are then described including meta-analysis, mega-analysis, linear modeling, ComBat and artificial intelligence approaches. The goal is to provide both novice and experienced readers with the necessary knowledge for conducting MRS data harmonization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D. Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Houshang Amiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mariana Bento
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald Cohen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christina Cudalbu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland,Animal Imaging and Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emily L. Dennis
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Arne Doose
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivan I. Kirov
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Porges
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Roberto Souza
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Friederike I. Tam
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brian Taylor
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elisabeth A. Wilde
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - John Williamson
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexander P. Lin
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brenda Bartnik-Olson
- Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Brenda Bartnik-Olson ✉
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Haque SS. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. RUDN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-4-431-440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are molecules that behave as of biological states. Ideally, they should have high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in reflecting the total disease burden. The review discusses the current status of biomarkers used in neurological disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group disorders characterized by progressive loss of structure and function of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. The review discusses the main biomarkers that have predictive value for describing clinical etiology, pathophysiology, and intervention strategies. Preciseness and reliability are one of important requirement for good biomarker. As a result of the analysis of literature data, it was revealed that beta-amyloid, total tau protein and its phosphorylated forms are the first biochemical biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases measured in cerebrospinal fluid, but these markers are dependent upon invasive lumbar puncture and therefore it’s a cumbersome process for patients. Among the various biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, special attention is paid to miRNAs. MicroRNAs, important biomarkers in many disease states, including neurodegenerative disorders, make them promising candidates that may lead to identify new therapeutic targets. Conclusions. Biomarkers of neurological disease are present optimal amount in the cerebrospinal fluid but they are also present in blood at low levels. The data obtained reveal the predictive value of molecular diagnostics of neurodegenerative disorders and the need for its wider use.
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Rietzler A, Steiger R, Mangesius S, Walchhofer LM, Gothe RM, Schocke M, Gizewski ER, Grams AE. Energy metabolism measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the healthy human brain. J Neuroradiol 2021; 49:370-379. [PMID: 34871672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) allows a non-invasive analysis of phosphorus-containing compounds in vivo. The present study investigated the influence of brain region, hemisphere, age, sex and brain volume on 31P-MRS metabolites in healthy adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Supratentorial brain 31P-MRS spectra of 125 prospectively recruited healthy volunteers (64 female, 61 male) aged 20 to 85 years (mean: 49.4 ± 16.9 years) were examined with a 3D-31P-MRS sequence at 3T, and the compounds phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured. From this data, the metabolite ratios PCr/ATP, Pi/ATP and PCr/Pi were calculated for different brain regions. In addition, volumes of gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid were determined. RESULTS For all metabolite ratios significant regional differences and in several regions sex differences were found. In some brain regions and for some metabolites hemispheric differences were detected. In addition, changes with aging were found, which differed between women and men. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that 31P-MRS metabolism varies throughout the brain, with age and between sexes, and therefore have important practical implications for the design and the interpretation of future 31P-MRS studies under physiological conditions and in patients with various cerebral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rietzler
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ruth Steiger
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Stephanie Mangesius
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Raffaella Matteucci Gothe
- UMIT - Center of Statistical Consulting and Continuing Education, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria.
| | - Michael Schocke
- RKU - University and Rehabilitation Clinics Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Elke Ruth Gizewski
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Astrid Ellen Grams
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Neuroimaging Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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MacDonald ME, Pike GB. MRI of healthy brain aging: A review. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4564. [PMID: 34096114 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a review of the characterization of healthy brain aging using MRI with an emphasis on morphology, lesions, and quantitative MR parameters. A scope review found 6612 articles encompassing the keywords "Brain Aging" and "Magnetic Resonance"; papers involving functional MRI or not involving imaging of healthy human brain aging were discarded, leaving 2246 articles. We first consider some of the biogerontological mechanisms of aging, and the consequences of aging in terms of cognition and onset of disease. Morphological changes with aging are reviewed for the whole brain, cerebral cortex, white matter, subcortical gray matter, and other individual structures. In general, volume and cortical thickness decline with age, beginning in mid-life. Prevalent silent lesions such as white matter hyperintensities, microbleeds, and lacunar infarcts are also observed with increasing frequency. The literature regarding quantitative MR parameter changes includes T1 , T2 , T2 *, magnetic susceptibility, spectroscopy, magnetization transfer, diffusion, and blood flow. We summarize the findings on how each of these parameters varies with aging. Finally, we examine how the aforementioned techniques have been used for age prediction. While relatively large in scope, we present a comprehensive review that should provide the reader with sound understanding of what MRI has been able to tell us about how the healthy brain ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ethan MacDonald
- Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Healthy Brain Aging Laboratory, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Healthy Brain Aging Laboratory, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Collet S, Bhaduri S, Kiyar M, T’Sjoen G, Mueller S, Guillamon A. Characterization of the 1H-MRS Metabolite Spectra in Transgender Men with Gender Dysphoria and Cisgender People. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2623. [PMID: 34198690 PMCID: PMC8232168 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research has been conducted on sexual differences of the human brain to determine whether and to what extent a brain gender exists. Consequently, a variety of studies using different neuroimaging techniques attempted to identify the existence of a brain phenotype in people with gender dysphoria (GD). However, to date, brain sexual differences at the metabolite level using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) have not been explored in transgender people. In this study, 28 cisgender men (CM) and 34 cisgender women (CW) and 29 transgender men with GD (TMGD) underwent 1H-MRS at 3 Tesla MRI to characterize common brain metabolites. Specifically, levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), glutamate and glutamine (Glx), and myo-inositol + glycine (mI + Gly) were assessed in two brain regions, the amygdala-anterior hippocampus and the lateral parietal cortex. The results indicated a sex-assigned at birth pattern for Cho/Cr in the amygdala of TMGD. In the parietal cortex, a sex-assigned at birth and an intermediate pattern were found. Though assessed post-hoc, exploration of the age of onset of GD in TMGD demonstrated within-group differences in absolute NAA and relative Cho/Cr levels, suggestive for a possible developmental trend. While brain metabolite levels in TMGD resembled those of CW, some interesting findings, such as modulation of metabolite concentrations by age of onset of GD, warrant future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Collet
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sourav Bhaduri
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Meltem Kiyar
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (M.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Guy T’Sjoen
- Department of Endocrinology, Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sven Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (M.K.); (S.M.)
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonio Guillamon
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Alterations of Striato-Thalamic Metabolism in Normal Aging Human Brain-An MR Metabolic Imaging Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060371. [PMID: 34207758 PMCID: PMC8228538 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging effects on striato-thalamic metabolism in healthy human brains were studied in vivo using short-TE whole brain 1H-MR spectroscopic imaging (wbMRSI) on eighty healthy subjects aged evenly between 20 to 70 years at 3T. Relative concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline, total creatine (tCr), myo-inositol (mI), glutamate, and glutamine in bilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, and thalamus were determined using signal normalization relative to brain tissue water. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the age-dependence of the metabolite concentrations. The metabolite concentrations revealed spatial inhomogeneity across brain regions and metabolites. With age, NAA decreased significantly in bilateral caudate nucleus and putamen, left pallidum, and left thalamus, tCr decreased in left putamen and bilateral pallidum, mI increased in bilateral caudate nucleus and right thalamus, and spectral linewidth increased in left putamen and right thalamus. In conclusion, normal aging of striato-thalamic metabolism in healthy human is associated with regional specific decreases of NAA and tCr and increases of mI, which may reflect the individual role of each brain structure within brain functionality.
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Sarchioto M, Howe F, Dumitriu IE, Morgante F, Stern J, Edwards MJ, Martino D. Analyses of peripheral blood dendritic cells and magnetic resonance spectroscopy support dysfunctional neuro-immune crosstalk in Tourette syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:1910-1921. [PMID: 33768607 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence supports that neurodevelopmental diseases, such as Tourette syndrome (TS), may involve dysfunctional neural-immune crosstalk. This could lead to altered brain maturation and differences in immune and stress responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in immunity as professional antigen-presenting cells; changes in their frequency have been observed in several autoimmune conditions. METHODS In 18 TS patients (15 on stable pharmacological treatment, three unmedicated) and 18 age-matched healthy volunteers (HVs), we explored circulating blood-derived DCs and their relationship with clinical variables and brain metabolites, measured via proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). DC subsets, including plasmacytoid and myeloid type 1 and 2 dendritic cells (MDC1, MDC2), were studied with flow cytometry. 1H-MRS was used to measure total choline, glutamate plus glutamine, total creatine (tCr), and total N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartyl-glutamate levels in frontal white matter (FWM) and the putamen. RESULTS We did not observe differences in absolute concentrations of DC subsets or brain inflammatory metabolites between patients and HVs. However, TS patients manifesting anxiety showed a significant increase in MDC1s compared to TS patients without anxiety (p = 0.01). We also found a strong negative correlation between MDC1 frequency and tCr in the FWM of patients with TS (p = 0.0015), but not of HVs. CONCLUSION Elevated frequencies of the MDC1 subset in TS patients manifesting anxiety may reflect a proinflammatory status, potentially facilitating altered neuro-immune crosstalk. Furthermore, the strong inverse correlation between brain tCr levels and MDC1 subset frequency in TS patients suggests a potential association between proinflammatory status and metabolic changes in sensitive brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sarchioto
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Franklyn Howe
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ingrid E Dumitriu
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London and Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Stern
- Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Kirov II, Sollberger M, Davitz MS, Glodzik L, Soher BJ, Babb JS, Monsch AU, Gass A, Gonen O. Global brain volume and N-acetyl-aspartate decline over seven decades of normal aging. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 98:42-51. [PMID: 33232854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We characterize the whole-brain N-acetyl-aspartate (WBNAA) and brain tissue fractions across the adult lifespan and test the hypothesis that, despite age-related atrophy, neuronal integrity (reflected by WBNAA) is preserved in normal aging. Two-hundred-and-seven participants: 133 cognitively intact older adults (73.6 ± 7.4 mean ± standard deviation, range: 60-90 year old) and 84 young (37.9 ± 11, range: 21-59 year old) were scanned with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and T1-weighted MRI. Their WBNAA, fractional brain parenchyma, and gray and white matter volumes (fBPV, fGM, and fWM) were compared and modeled as functions of age and sex. Compared with young, older-adults' WBNAA was lower by ~35%, and fBPV, fGM and fWM were lower by ~10%. Linear regressions found 0.5%/year WBNAA and 0.2%/year fBPV and fGM declines, whereas fWM rose to age ~40 years, and declined thereafter. fBPV and fGM were 1.8% and 4% higher in women, with no sex decline rates difference. We conclude that contrary to our hypothesis, atrophy was accompanied by WBNAA decline. Across the entire age range, women's brains showed less atrophy than men's. Formulas to estimate WBNAA and brain tissue fractions in healthy adults are provided to help differentiate normal from abnormal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan I Kirov
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Sollberger
- University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, Memory Clinic, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew S Davitz
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lidia Glodzik
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian J Soher
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James S Babb
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreas U Monsch
- University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, Memory Clinic, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Achim Gass
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimaging, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oded Gonen
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI(2)R), Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Maghsudi H, Schütze M, Maudsley AA, Dadak M, Lanfermann H, Ding XQ. Age-related Brain Metabolic Changes up to Seventh Decade in Healthy Humans : Whole-brain Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Study. Clin Neuroradiol 2019; 30:581-589. [PMID: 31350597 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-019-00814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study brain metabolic changes under normal aging and to collect reference data for the study of neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS A total of 55 healthy subjects aged 20-70 years (n ≥ 5 per age decade for each gender) underwent whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at 3T after completing a DemTect test and the Beck depressions inventory II to exclude cognitive impairment and mental disorder. Regional concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), total creatine (tCr), glutamine and glutamate (Glx), and myo-inositol (mI) were determined in 12 brain regions of interest (ROIs). The two-sided t‑test was used to estimate gender differences and linear regression analysis was carried out to estimate age dependence of brain regional metabolite contents. RESULTS Brain regional metabolite concentrations changed with age in the majority of selected brain regions. The NAA decreased in 8 ROIs with a rate varying from -4.9% to -1.9% per decade, reflecting a general reduction of brain neuronal function or volume and density in older age; Cho increased in 4 ROIs with a rate varying from 4.3% to 6.1%; tCr and mI increased in one ROI (4.2% and 8.2% per decade, respectively), whereas Glx decreased in one ROI (-5.1% per decade), indicating an inhomogeneous increase of cell membrane turnover (Cho) with altered energy metabolism (tCr) and glutamatergic neuronal activity (Glx) as well as function of glia cell (mI) in normal aging brain. CONCLUSION Healthy aging up to the seventh decade of life is associated with regional dependent alterations of brain metabolism. These results provide a reference database for future studies of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Maghsudi
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin Schütze
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrew A Maudsley
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mete Dadak
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lanfermann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiao-Qi Ding
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Neurochemical changes in the aging brain: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:306-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cichocka M, Bereś A. From fetus to older age: A review of brain metabolic changes across the lifespan. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 46:60-73. [PMID: 29864489 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The knowledge of metabolic changes across the lifespan is poorly understood. Thus we systematically reviewed the available literature to determine the changes in brain biochemical composition from fetus to older age and tried to explain them in the context of neural, cognitive, and behavioural changes. METHODS The search identified 1262 articles regarding proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) examinations through December 2017. The following data was extracted: age range of the subjects, number of subjects studied, brain regions studied, MRS sequence used, echo time, MR system, method of statistical analysis, metabolites analyzed, significant differences in metabolites concentrations with age as well as the way of presentation of the results. RESULTS 82 studies that described brain metabolite changes with age were identified. Reports on metabolic changes related to healthy aging were analyzed and discussed among six basic age groups: fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly as well as between groups and during the whole lifetime. DISCUSSION The results presented in the reviewed papers provide evidence that normal aging is associated with a number of metabolic changes characteristic for every period of life. Therefore, it can be concluded that the age matching is essential for comparative studies of disease states using 1H MRS.
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Brain Metabolite Changes in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Chronic Low Back Pain Patients and Correlations Between Metabolites and Psychological State. Clin J Pain 2018; 34:657-663. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lee AM, Beasley MJ, Barrett ED, James JR, Gambino JM. Single-voxel and multi-voxel spectroscopy yield comparable results in the normal juvenile canine brain when using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:577-586. [PMID: 29886575 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of canine brain diseases are often nonspecific. Single- and multi-voxel spectroscopy techniques allow quantification of chemical biomarkers for tissues of interest and may help to improve diagnostic specificity. However, published information is currently lacking for the in vivo performance of these two techniques in dogs. The aim of this prospective, methods comparison study was to compare the performance of single- and multi-voxel spectroscopy in the brains of eight healthy, juvenile dogs using 3 Tesla MRI. Ipsilateral regions of single- and multi-voxel spectroscopy were performed in symmetric regions of interest of each brain in the parietal (n = 3), thalamic (n = 2), and piriform lobes (n = 3). In vivo single-voxel spectroscopy and multi-voxel spectroscopy metabolite ratios from the same size and multi-voxel spectroscopy ratios from different sized regions of interest were compared. No significant difference was seen between single-voxel spectroscopy and multi-voxel spectroscopy metabolite ratios for any lobe when regions of interest were similar in size and shape. Significant lobar single-voxel spectroscopy and multi-voxel spectroscopy differences were seen between the parietal lobe and thalamus (P = 0.047) for the choline to N-acetyl aspartase ratios when large multi-voxel spectroscopy regions of interest were compared to very small multi-voxel spectroscopy regions of interest within the same lobe; and for the N-acetyl aspartase to creatine ratios in all lobes when single-voxel spectroscopy was compared to combined (pooled) multi-voxel spectroscopy datasets. Findings from this preliminary study indicated that single- and multi-voxel spectroscopy techniques using 3T MRI yield comparable results for similar sized regions of interest in the normal canine brain. Findings also supported using the contralateral side as an internal control for dogs with brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
| | - Michaela J Beasley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
| | - Emerald D Barrett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
| | - Judy R James
- Medical Physics Division, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, 85054
| | - Jennifer M Gambino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, MS, 39762
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15
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Maes C, Hermans L, Pauwels L, Chalavi S, Leunissen I, Levin O, Cuypers K, Peeters R, Sunaert S, Mantini D, Puts NAJ, Edden RAE, Swinnen SP. Age-related differences in GABA levels are driven by bulk tissue changes. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3652-3662. [PMID: 29722142 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, can be regionally quantified using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Although GABA is crucial for efficient neuronal functioning, little is known about age-related differences in GABA levels and their relationship with age-related changes in brain structure. Here, we investigated the effect of age on GABA levels within the left sensorimotor cortex and the occipital cortex in a sample of 85 young and 85 older adults using the MEGA-PRESS sequence. Because the distribution of GABA varies across different brain tissues, various correction methods are available to account for this variation. Considering that these correction methods are highly dependent on the tissue composition of the voxel of interest, we examined differences in voxel composition between age groups and the impact of these various correction methods on the identification of age-related differences in GABA levels. Results indicated that, within both voxels of interest, older (as compared to young adults) exhibited smaller gray matter fraction accompanied by larger fraction of cerebrospinal fluid. Whereas uncorrected GABA levels were significantly lower in older as compared to young adults, this age effect was absent when GABA levels were corrected for voxel composition. These results suggest that age-related differences in GABA levels are at least partly driven by the age-related gray matter loss. However, as alterations in GABA levels might be region-specific, further research should clarify to what extent gray matter changes may account for age-related differences in GABA levels within other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Maes
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lize Hermans
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Pauwels
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Leunissen
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,REVAL Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building A, Diepenbeek, B-3590, Belgium
| | - Ronald Peeters
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Gasthuisberg, UZ, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Gasthuisberg, UZ, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Schmitz B, Wang X, Barker PB, Pilatus U, Bronzlik P, Dadak M, Kahl KG, Lanfermann H, Ding XQ. Effects of Aging on the Human Brain: A Proton and Phosphorus MR Spectroscopy Study at 3T. J Neuroimaging 2018; 28:416-421. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Birte Schmitz
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology; Hannover Medical School; Germany
| | - Xin Wang
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD
- Southeast Nebraska Cancer Center; Lincoln NE
| | - Peter B. Barker
- Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore MD
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- Institute of Neuroradiology; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Paul Bronzlik
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology; Hannover Medical School; Germany
| | - Mete Dadak
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology; Hannover Medical School; Germany
| | - Kai G. Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry; Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Hannover Medical School; Germany
| | - Heinrich Lanfermann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology; Hannover Medical School; Germany
| | - Xiao-Qi Ding
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology; Hannover Medical School; Germany
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HIV-associated neurodegeneration and neuroimmunity: multivoxel MR spectroscopy study in drug-naïve and treated patients. Eur Radiol 2017; 27:4218-4236. [PMID: 28293774 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test neurobiochemical changes in normal appearing brain tissue in HIV+ patients receiving and not receiving combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and healthy controls, using multivoxel MR spectroscopy (mvMRS). METHODS We performed long- and short-echo 3D mvMRS in 110 neuroasymptomatic subjects (32 HIV+ subjects on cART, 28 HIV+ therapy-naïve subjects and 50 healthy controls) on a 3T MR scanner, targeting frontal and parietal supracallosal subcortical and deep white matter and cingulate gyrus (NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr and mI/Cr ratios were analysed). The statistical value was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Considering differences between HIV-infected and healthy subjects, there was a significant decrease in the NAA/Cr ratio in HIV+ subjects in all observed locations, an increase in mI/Cr levels in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG), and no significant differences in Cho/Cr ratios, except in ACG, where the increase showed trending towards significance in HIV+ patients. There were no significant differences between HIV+ patients on and without cART in all three ratios. CONCLUSION Neuronal loss and dysfunction affects the whole brain volume in HIV-infected patients. Unfortunately, cART appears to be ineffective in halting accelerated neurodegenerative process induced by HIV but is partially effective in preventing glial proliferation. KEY POINTS • This is the first multivoxel human brain 3T MRS study in HIV. • All observed areas of the brain are affected by neurodegenerative process. • Cingulate gyrus and subcortical white matter are most vulnerable to HIV-induced neurodegeneration. • cART is effective in control of inflammation but ineffective in preventing neurodegeneration.
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Eylers VV, Maudsley AA, Bronzlik P, Dellani PR, Lanfermann H, Ding XQ. Detection of Normal Aging Effects on Human Brain Metabolite Concentrations and Microstructure with Whole-Brain MR Spectroscopic Imaging and Quantitative MR Imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 37:447-54. [PMID: 26564440 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Knowledge of age-related physiological changes in the human brain is a prerequisite to identify neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, in this study whole-brain (1)H-MRS was used in combination with quantitative MR imaging to study the effects of normal aging on healthy human brain metabolites and microstructure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty healthy volunteers, 21-70 years of age, were studied. Brain maps of the metabolites NAA, creatine and phosphocreatine, and Cho and the tissue irreversible and reversible transverse relaxation times T2 and T2' were derived from the datasets. The relative metabolite concentrations and the values of relaxation times were measured with ROIs placed within the frontal and parietal WM, centrum semiovale, splenium of the corpus callosum, hand motor area, occipital GM, putamen, thalamus, pons ventral/dorsal, and cerebellar white matter and posterior lobe. Linear regression analysis and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Aging resulted in decreased NAA concentrations in the occipital GM, putamen, splenium of the corpus callosum, and pons ventral and decreased creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations in the pons dorsal and putamen. Cho concentrations did not change significantly in selected brain regions. T2 increased in the cerebellar white matter and decreased in the splenium of the corpus callosum with aging, while the T2' decreased in the occipital GM, hand motor area, and putamen, and increased in the splenium of the corpus callosum. Correlations were found between NAA concentrations and T2' in the occipital GM and putamen and between creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations and T2' in the putamen. CONCLUSIONS The effects of normal aging on brain metabolites and microstructure are region-dependent. Correlations between both processes are evident in the gray matter. The obtained data could be used as references for future studies on patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Eylers
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (V.V.E., P.B., P.R.D., H.L., X.-Q.D.), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A A Maudsley
- Department of Radiology (A.A.M.), University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - P Bronzlik
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (V.V.E., P.B., P.R.D., H.L., X.-Q.D.), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - P R Dellani
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (V.V.E., P.B., P.R.D., H.L., X.-Q.D.), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Lanfermann
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (V.V.E., P.B., P.R.D., H.L., X.-Q.D.), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - X-Q Ding
- From the Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (V.V.E., P.B., P.R.D., H.L., X.-Q.D.), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Carrera I, Richter H, Meier D, Kircher PR, Dennler M. Regional metabolite concentrations in the brain of healthy dogs measured by use of short echo time, single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3.0 Tesla. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:129-41. [PMID: 25629910 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate regional differences of relative metabolite concentrations in the brain of healthy dogs with short echo time, single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) at 3.0 T. ANIMALS 10 Beagles. PROCEDURES Short echo time, single voxel (1)H MRS was performed at the level of the right and left basal ganglia, right and left thalamus, right and left parietal lobes, occipital lobe, and cerebellum. Data were analyzed with an automated fitting method (linear combination model). Metabolite concentrations relative to water content were obtained, including N-acetyl aspartate, total choline, creatine, myoinositol, the sum of glutamine and glutamate (glutamine-glutamate complex), and glutathione. Metabolite ratios with creatine as the reference metabolite were calculated. Concentration differences between right and left hemispheres and sexes were evaluated with a Wilcoxon signed rank test and among various regions of the brain with an independent t test and 1-way ANOVA. RESULTS No significant differences were detected between sexes and right and left hemispheres. All metabolites, except the glutamine-glutamate complex and glutathione, had regional concentrations that differed significantly. The creatine concentration was highest in the basal ganglia and cerebellum and lowest in the parietal lobes. The N-acetyl aspartate concentration was highest in the parietal lobes and lowest in the cerebellum. Total choline concentration was highest in the basal ganglia and lowest in the occipital lobe. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Metabolite concentrations differed among brain parenchymal regions in healthy dogs. This study may provide reference values for clinical and research studies involving (1)H MRS performed at 3.0 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Carrera
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland., Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Lecocq A, Le Fur Y, Maudsley AA, Le Troter A, Sheriff S, Sabati M, Donnadieu M, Confort-Gouny S, Cozzone PJ, Guye M, Ranjeva JP. Whole-brain quantitative mapping of metabolites using short echo three-dimensional proton MRSI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 42:280-9. [PMID: 25431032 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve the extent over which whole brain quantitative three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) maps can be obtained and be used to explore brain metabolism in a population of healthy volunteers. METHODS Two short echo time (20 ms) acquisitions of 3D echo planar spectroscopic imaging at two orientations, one in the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) plane and the second tilted in the AC-PC +15° plane were obtained at 3 Tesla in a group of 10 healthy volunteers. B1 (+) , B1 (-) , and B0 correction procedures and normalization of metabolite signals with quantitative water proton density measurements were performed. A combination of the two spatially normalized 3D-MRSI, using a weighted mean based on the pixel wise standard deviation metabolic maps of each orientation obtained from the whole group, provided metabolite maps for each subject allowing regional metabolic profiles of all parcels of the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) atlas to be obtained. RESULTS The combined metabolite maps derived from the two acquisitions reduced the regional intersubject variance. The numbers of AAL regions showing N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) SD/Mean ratios lower than 30% increased from 17 in the AC-PC orientation and 41 in the AC-PC+15° orientation, to a value of 76 regions of 116 for the combined NAA maps. Quantitatively, regional differences in absolute metabolite concentrations (mM) over the whole brain were depicted such as in the GM of frontal lobes (cNAA = 10.03 + 1.71; cCho = 1.78 ± 0.55; cCr = 7.29 ± 1.69; cmIns = 5.30 ± 2.67) and in cerebellum (cNAA = 5.28 ± 1.77; cCho = 1.60 ± 0.41; cCr = 6.95 ± 2.15; cmIns = 3.60 ± 0.74). CONCLUSION A double-angulation acquisition enables improved metabolic characterization over a wide volume of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Lecocq
- CRMBM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS 7339, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Yann Le Fur
- CRMBM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS 7339, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Andrew A Maudsley
- Department of radiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Arnaud Le Troter
- CRMBM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS 7339, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Sulaiman Sheriff
- Department of radiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mohamad Sabati
- Department of radiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maxime Donnadieu
- CRMBM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS 7339, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Sylviane Confort-Gouny
- CRMBM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS 7339, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick J Cozzone
- CRMBM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS 7339, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Guye
- CRMBM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS 7339, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ranjeva
- CRMBM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS 7339, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, Pôle d'Imagerie, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
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21
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Cervo A, Cocozza S, Saccà F, Giorgio SMDA, Morra VB, Tedeschi E, Marsili A, Vacca G, Palma V, Brunetti A, Quarantelli M. The combined use of conventional MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging increases the diagnostic accuracy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Radiol 2014; 84:151-157. [PMID: 25466774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to assess, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the diagnostic accuracy of the combined use of conventional MRI signal changes (namely, hypointensity of the precentral cortex and hyperintensity of the corticospinal tracts on T2-weighted images), and N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA) reduction in the motor cortex at Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), which are affected by limited diagnostic accuracy when used separately. METHODS T2-hypointensity and NAA/(Choline+Creatine) ratio of the precentral gyrus and T2-hyperintensity of the corticospinal tracts were measured in 84 ALS patients and 28 healthy controls, using a Region-of-Interest approach. Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated using Fisher stepwise discriminant analysis, and cross-validated using the leave-one-out method. RESULTS Precentral gyrus T2 signal intensity (p<10(-4)) and NAA peak (p<10(-6)) were significantly reduced in patients, and their values did not correlate significantly to each other both in patients and controls, while no significant differences were obtained in terms of T2-hyperintensity of the corticospinal tract. Sensitivity and specificity of the two discriminant variables, taken alone, were 71.4% and 75.0%, for NAA peak, and 63.1% and 71.4% for T2-hypointensity, respectively. When using these two variables in combination, a significant increase in sensitivity (78.6%) and specificity (82.1%) was achieved. CONCLUSIONS Precentral gyrus T2-hypointensity and NAA peak are not significantly correlated in ALS patients, suggesting that they reflect relatively independent phenomena. The combined use of these measures improves the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in ALS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Cervo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sirio Cocozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Saccà
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara M D A Giorgio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Marsili
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vacca
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palma
- U.O.C. Neurofisiopatologia, PO S. Gennaro ASL Napoli 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Quarantelli
- Biostructure and Bioimaging Institute, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Age related changes in metabolite concentrations in the normal spinal cord. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105774. [PMID: 25310093 PMCID: PMC4195602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies have previously described metabolite changes associated with aging of the healthy brain and provided insights into normal brain aging that can assist us in differentiating age-related changes from those associated with neurological disease. The present study investigates whether age-related changes in metabolite concentrations occur in the healthy cervical spinal cord. 25 healthy volunteers, aged 23-65 years, underwent conventional imaging and single-voxel MRS of the upper cervical cord using an optimised point resolved spectroscopy sequence on a 3T Achieva system. Metabolite concentrations normalised to unsuppressed water were quantified using LCModel and associations between age and spinal cord metabolite concentrations were examined using multiple regressions. A linear decline in total N-Acetyl-aspartate concentration (0.049 mmol/L lower per additional year of age, p = 0.010) and Glutamate-Glutamine concentration (0.054 mmol/L lower per additional year of age, p = 0.002) was seen within our sample age range, starting in the early twenties. The findings suggest that neuroaxonal loss and/or metabolic neuronal dysfunction, and decline in glutamate-glutamine neurotransmitter pool progress with aging.
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Patel T, Blyth JC, Griffiths G, Kelly D, Talcott JB. Moderate relationships between NAA and cognitive ability in healthy adults: implications for cognitive spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:39. [PMID: 24592224 PMCID: PMC3924143 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is a non-invasive imaging technique that enables quantification of neurochemistry in vivo and thereby facilitates investigation of the biochemical underpinnings of human cognitive variability. Studies in the field of cognitive spectroscopy have commonly focused on relationships between measures of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a surrogate marker of neuronal health and function, and broad measures of cognitive performance, such as IQ. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we used (1)H-MRS to interrogate single-voxels in occipitoparietal and frontal cortex, in parallel with assessments of psychometric intelligence, in a sample of 40 healthy adult participants. We found correlations between NAA and IQ that were within the range reported in previous studies. However, the magnitude of these effects was significantly modulated by the stringency of data screening and the extent to which outlying values contributed to statistical analyses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE (1)H-MRS offers a sensitive tool for assessing neurochemistry non-invasively, yet the relationships between brain metabolites and broad aspects of human behavior such as IQ are subtle. We highlight the need to develop an increasingly rigorous analytical and interpretive framework for collecting and reporting data obtained from cognitive spectroscopy studies of this kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulpesh Patel
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Gareth Griffiths
- European Bioenergy Research Institute, Aston University Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Joel B Talcott
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
The impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on a comprehensive neurochemical profile of the human brain has not been reported yet. Our previous proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) studies on T1DM were focused exclusively on the assessment of brain glucose levels. In this study, we reexamined our previously acquired data to investigate concentration differences of a broad range of neurochemicals in T1DM subjects relative to nondiabetic controls. We selected MRS data from 13 subjects (4 F/9 M, age = 41 ± 11 years, body mass index = 26 ± 3 kg/m(2)) with well-controlled T1DM (disease duration = 22 ± 12 years, A1C = 7.5% ± 2.0%) and 32 nondiabetic controls (14 F/18 M, age = 36 ± 10 years, body mass index = 27 ± 6 kg/m(2)) acquired during a hyperglycemic clamp (target [Glc]plasma = 300 ± 15 mg/dL). The (1)H-MR spectra were collected from two 15.6-mL voxels localized in gray-matter-rich occipital lobe and in white-matter-rich parieto-occipital region using ultra-short echo-time STEAM at 4 T. LCModel analysis allowed reliable quantification of 17 brain metabolites. Lower levels of N-acetylaspartate (by 6%, P=0.007) and glutamate (by 6%, P=0.045) were observed in the gray matter of T1DM patients as compared with controls, which might indicate a partial neuronal loss or dysfunction as a consequence of long-term T1DM. No other differences in metabolites were observed between subjects with T1DM and controls.
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Bertholdo D, Watcharakorn A, Castillo M. Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: introduction and overview. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2013; 23:359-80. [PMID: 23928194 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy offers a noninvasive means of assessing in vivo brain metabolites that shed light on cellular concentrations, cell function and dysfunction, cellular energetics, presence of ischemia, and presence of necrosis, among others. Studies obtained at higher field strengths are evolving toward sampling of smaller tissue volumes, greater signal-to-noise ratio, and higher metabolic spatial resolution. This article discusses the usefulness, from the clinical standpoint, of MR spectroscopy in various disorders. However, to be valid and significant the results of MR spectroscopy should always be correlated with their imaging counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Bertholdo
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Yabuki S, Konno SI, Kikuchi SI. Assessment of pain due to lumbar spine diseases using MR spectroscopy: a preliminary report. J Orthop Sci 2013; 18:363-8. [PMID: 23443203 PMCID: PMC3661905 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-013-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DATA There is a considerable difference in pain perception among individuals. In patients with chronic pain, recent studies using fMRI, PET and SPECT have shown that functional changes mainly occurred in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), prefrontal cortex (PFC) and thalamus. Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can evaluate brain chemistry by measuring metabolites such as N-acetyl aspartate (NAA). The purpose of this study was to analyze whether brain MRS could assess pain due to lumbar spine diseases. METHODS NAA levels were determined relative to the concentration of creatine/phosphocreatine complex (Cr) and choline (Cho), which is commonly used as an internal standard. The NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho ratios in the ACC, PFC and thalamus were compared between six patients with unilateral pain (left side) and six control patients without pain. RESULTS In the right thalamus (contralateral side to symptom), the NAA/Cr in the patients with pain was statistically significantly lower compared with the control patients (p < 0.05). Also, in the right thalamus, the NAA/Cho in pain patients was significantly lower compared with controls (p < 0.01). When considering just the right thalamus, there were statistically significant correlations between the numerical rating scale for pain (NRS) and NAA values. CONCLUSIONS Lumbar pain can be assessed indirectly by analyzing the decrease in NAA concentration in the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yabuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Konno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kikuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan
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In vivo glutamate measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy: behavioral correlates in aging. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1265-76. [PMID: 23116877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered availability of the brain biochemical glutamate might contribute to the neural mechanisms underlying age-related changes in cognitive and motor functions. To investigate the contribution of regional glutamate levels to behavior in the aging brain, we used an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocol optimized for glutamate detection in 3 brain regions targeted by cortical glutamatergic efferents-striatum, cerebellum, and pons. Data from 61 healthy men and women ranging in age from 20 to 86 years were used. Older age was associated with lower glutamate levels in the striatum, but not cerebellum or pons. Older age was also predictive of poorer performance on tests of visuomotor skills and balance. Low striatal glutamate levels were associated with high systolic blood pressure and worse performance on a complex visuomotor task, the Grooved Pegboard. These findings suggest that low brain glutamate levels are related to high blood pressure and that changes in brain glutamate levels might mediate the behavioral changes noted in normal aging.
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Abstract
Abstract
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Wu WE, Gass A, Glodzik L, Babb JS, Hirsch J, Sollberger M, Achtnichts L, Amann M, Monsch AU, Gonen O. Whole brain N-acetylaspartate concentration is conserved throughout normal aging. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2440-7. [PMID: 22245316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that normal aging implies neuronal durability, reflected by age-independent concentrations of their marker--the amino acid derivative N-acetylaspartate (NAA). To test this, we obtained the whole-brain and whole-head N-acetylaspartate concentrations (WBNAA and WHNAA) with proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy; and the fractional brain parenchyma volume (fBPV)--a metric of atrophy, by segmenting the magnetic resonance image (MRI) from 42 (18 male) healthy young (31.9 ± 5.8 years old) and 100 (64 male, 72.6 ± 7.3 years old) cognitively normal elderly. The 12.8 ± 1.9 mM WBNAA of the young was not significantly different from the 13.1 ± 3.1 mM in the elderly (p > 0.05). In contrast, both fBPV (87.3 ± 4.7% vs. 74.8 ± 4.8%) and WHNAA (11.1 ± 1.7 mM vs. 9.8 ± 2.4 mM) were significantly higher in the young (approximately 14%; p < 0.0001 for both). The similarity in mean WBNAA between 2 cohorts 4 decades of normal aging apart suggests that neuronal integrity is maintained across the lifespan. Clinically, WBNAA could be used as a marker for normal (hence, also abnormal) brain aging. In contrast, WHNAA and fBPV seem age-related suggesting that brain atrophy may occur without compromising the remaining tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Wu
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Gröger A, Chadzynski G, Godau J, Berg D, Klose U. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in the substantia nigra of healthy controls and patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur Radiol 2011; 21:1962-9. [PMID: 21484351 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-011-2123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson's disease three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging with high spatial resolution at 3 Tesla was performed. Regional variations of spectroscopic data between the rostral and caudal regions of the substantia nigra as well as the midbrain tegmentum areas were evaluated in healthy controls and patients with Parkinson's disease. METHODS Nine patients with Parkinson's disease and eight age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Data were acquired by using three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging measurements. The ratios between rostral and caudal voxels of the substantia nigra as well as the midbrain tegmentum areas were calculated for the main-metabolites N-acetyl aspartate, creatine, choline, and myo-inositol. Additionally, the metabolite/creatine ratios were calculated. RESULTS In all subjects spectra of acceptable quality could be obtained with a nominal voxel size of 0.252 ml. The calculated rostral-to-caudal ratios of the metabolites as well as of the metabolite/creatine ratios showed with exception of choline/creatine ratio significant differences between healthy controls and patients with Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study indicate that regional variations in N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratios in the regions of the substantia nigra may differentiate patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Gröger
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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MR Spectroscopic Evaluation of Psychomotor Delay of Unknown Cause in Children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194:1110-5. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.09.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ronen I, Fan X, Schettler S, Jain S, Murray D, Kim DS, Killiany R, Rosene D. Regional age-related effects in the monkey brain measured with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1138-48. [PMID: 19560839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus monkey is a useful model for examining age-related effects on the brain, because of the extensive neuroanatomical homology between the monkey and the human brain, the tight control for neurological diseases as well as the possibility of obtaining relevant behavioral data and post-mortem tissue for histological analyses. Here, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) was used together with high-resolution anatomical MRI images to carefully assess regional concentrations of brain metabolites in a group of 20 rhesus monkeys. In an anterior volume of interest (VOI) that covered frontal and prefrontal areas, significant positive correlations of myo-inositol and of total creatine concentrations with age were detected, whereas N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and choline compounds (Cho) were not significantly correlated with age. In an occipito-parietal VOI, all metabolites showed no statistically significant age-dependent trend. Strong correlations were found between NAA concentration and gray matter fraction in the VOIs as well as between choline compounds and white matter fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Ronen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Öngür D, Prescot AP, Jensen JE, Cohen BM, Renshaw PF. Creatine abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2009; 172:44-8. [PMID: 19239984 PMCID: PMC2729651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Total creatine (Cr) levels are widely used as an internal reference for the quantification of other metabolites in (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). However, Cr plays an important role in brain energy metabolism, and its levels can be modulated by conditions of energy production and demand. Therefore, abnormal Cr levels in patient vs. control populations could confound the utility of this metabolite as an internal reference. We quantified Cr levels in 22 healthy controls, 15 acutely manic patients with bipolar disorder and 15 acutely ill patients with schizophrenia using (1)H MRS in the anterior cingulate cortex, and the parieto-occipital cortex at 4 Tesla. Patients with schizophrenia had a statistically significant reduction in Cr levels as compared with controls; bipolar disorder patients showed no difference in Cr as compared with controls. In addition, older age was associated with reductions in Cr in healthy controls, but not in patients with either disorder. These findings indicate that the use of Cr as an internal reference in schizophrenia MRS research is problematic unless Cr levels are shown to be normal in the study population. They also add to the literature on bioenergetic abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dost Öngür
- Correspondence: Dost Öngür, AB320, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, Phone: (617) 855 3922, Fax: (617) 855 2895,
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Haga KK, Khor YP, Farrall A, Wardlaw JM. A systematic review of brain metabolite changes, measured with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in healthy aging. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 30:353-63. [PMID: 17719145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (1)H MR spectroscopy (MRS) can identify metabolite abnormalities in age-related, neurological diseases. However, there is little information on how metabolites change with healthy aging. METHODS We systematically reviewed the literature on MRS, from 1980 to 2006, for studies where healthy young subjects (<60 years) were compared to healthy older subjects (>60 years). We extracted metabolite data reported as "no change", "increase" or "decrease" for each metabolite by brain region and, where data were available, meta-analysed mean metabolite concentrations (mM) for young versus old subjects. RESULTS Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria (total n=703 subjects, 284 >60 years old). Most data came from the frontal region, and reported "no change" in older subjects; however, a meta-analysis revealed a decrease in frontal NAA (p=0.05) and increases in parietal choline (p=0.003) and creatine (p<0.001). DISCUSSION These data suggest that NAA may decrease and choline and creatine increase with age. Therefore, more data are needed from older subjects to characterise age effects better and ratios in older subjects should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Haga
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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King KG, Glodzik L, Liu S, Babb JS, de Leon MJ, Gonen O. Anteroposterior hippocampal metabolic heterogeneity: three-dimensional multivoxel proton 1H MR spectroscopic imaging--initial findings. Radiology 2008; 249:242-50. [PMID: 18695208 PMCID: PMC2657854 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2491071500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy-detectable metabolite concentrations along anteroposterior axis of hippocampus in healthy young and elderly subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Young (three women, three men; age range, 25-35 years) and elderly (four women, two men; age range, 68-72 years) groups underwent MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging at 3 T in this HIPAA-compliant prospective study and gave institutional review board-approved written consent. Volume of interest was centered on and tilted parallel to hippocampal anteroposterior plane. Absolute N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, and creatine levels were obtained in each voxel, with phantom replacement. RESULTS Mean NAA, creatine, and choline concentrations in the young group were higher in posterior hippocampus (12.9 mmol/L +/- 2.0 [standard deviation], 7.8 mmol/L +/- 1.2, 2.3 mmol/L +/- 0.4, respectively) than anterior hippocampus (8.0 mmol/L +/- 1.1, 6.0 mmol/L +/- 1.4, 1.5 mmol/L +/- 0.2; P = .005, .02, and .0002, respectively). In the elderly group, mean concentrations were higher in posterior hippocampus (8.6 mmol/L +/- 0.9, 5.6 mmol/L +/- 0.6, 1.5 mmol/L +/- 0.2, respectively) than anterior hippocampus (7.2 mmol/L +/- 1.0, 2.4 mmol/L +/- 0.3, 1.0 mmol/L +/- 0.2; P = .006, .0001, .04, respectively). Mean concentrations were significantly higher in the young group (13.2 mmol/L +/- 1.0, 7.4 mmol/L +/- 0.8, 2.1 mmol/L +/- 0.3, respectively) than in the elderly group (9.0 mmol/L +/- 1.0, 5.8 mmol/L +/- 0.8, 1.8 mmol/L +/- 0.3; P = .0001, .01, .05, respectively). Posteroanterior metabolic gradients differed: NAA decreased faster in the young group (-1.0 mmol/L x cm(-1)) than the elderly group (-0.7 mmol/L x cm(-1)); creatine and choline concentrations decreased faster in the elderly group (-0.8 and -0.058 mmol/L x cm(-1), respectively) than the young group (-0.16 and -0.008 mmol/L x cm(-1), respectively). No left-right metabolic differences were found. CONCLUSION Significant metabolic heterogeneity was observed between groups and along anteroposterior axis of healthy hippocampus in both groups. Age matching and consistent voxel placement are important for correct comparisons of both absolute metabolic levels and metabolite ratios in longitudinal intra- and intersubject cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G King
- Department of Radiology, Center for Brain Health, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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36
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Grachev ID, Swarnkar A, Szeverenyi NM, Ramachandran TS, Apkarian AV. Aging alters the multichemical networking profile of the human brain: an in vivo1H-MRS study of young versus middle-aged subjects. J Neurochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zahr NM, Mayer D, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Low striatal glutamate levels underlie cognitive decline in the elderly: evidence from in vivo molecular spectroscopy. Cereb Cortex 2008; 18:2241-50. [PMID: 18234683 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu), the principal excitatory neurotransmitter of prefrontal cortical efferents, potentially mediates higher order cognitive processes, and its altered availability may underlie mechanisms of age-related decline in frontally based functions. Although animal studies support a role for Glu in age-related cognitive deterioration, human studies, which require magnetic resonance spectroscopy for in vivo measurement of this neurotransmitter, have been impeded because of the similarity of Glu's spectroscopic signature to those of neighboring spectral brain metabolites. Here, we used a spectroscopic protocol, optimized for Glu detection, to examine the effect of age in 3 brain regions targeted by cortical efferents--the striatum, cerebellum, and pons--and to test whether performance on frontally based cognitive tests would be predicted by regional Glu levels. Healthy elderly men and women had lower Glu in the striatum but not pons or cerebellum than young adults. In the combined age groups, levels of striatal Glu (but no other proton metabolite also measured) correlated selectively with performance on cognitive tests showing age-related decline. The selective relations between performance and striatal Glu provide initial and novel, human in vivo support for age-related modification of Glu levels as contributing to cognitive decline in normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5723, USA
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Galanaud D, Nicoli F, Confort-Gouny S, Le Fur Y, Ranjeva JP, Viola A, Girard N, Cozzone PJ. [Indications for cerebral MR proton spectroscopy in 2007]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2007; 163:287-303. [PMID: 17404517 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(07)90402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is being increasingly performed alongside the more conventional MRI sequences in the exploration of neurological disorders. It is however important to clearly differentiate its clinical applications aiming at improving the differential diagnosis or the prognostic evaluation of the patient, from the research protocols, when MRS can contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease or to the evaluation of new treatments. The most important applications in clinical practice are intracranial space occupying lesions (especially the positive diagnosis of intracranial abscesses and gliomatosis cerebri and the differential diagnosis between edema and tumor infiltration), alcoholic, hepatic, and HIV-related encephalopathies and the exploration of metabolic diseases. Among the research applications, MRS is widely used in multiple sclerosis, ischemia and brain injury, epilepsy and neuro degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Galanaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine et Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
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Minati L, Grisoli M, Bruzzone MG. MR spectroscopy, functional MRI, and diffusion-tensor imaging in the aging brain: a conceptual review. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007; 20:3-21. [PMID: 17341766 DOI: 10.1177/0891988706297089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) have recently opened new possibilities for noninvasively assessing the metabolic, functional, and connectivity correlates of aging in research and clinical settings. The purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual review intended for a multidisciplinary audience, covering physical principles and main findings related to normal aging and senile cognitive impairment. This article is divided into 3 sections, dedicated to MRS, to fMRI, and to DTI. The spectroscopy section surveys physiological function of the observable metabolites, concentration changes in normal aging and their interpretation, and correlation with cognitive performance. The functional MRI section surveys the hemispheric asymmetry reduction model from compensation and de-differentiation viewpoints, memory encoding, retrieval and consolidation, inhibitory control, perception and action, resting-state networks, and functional deactivations. The DTI section surveys age-related changes, correlation with behavioral scores, and transition to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Minati
- Scientific Direction Unit, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
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Cortese BM, Moore GJ, Bailey BA, Jacobson SW, Delaney-Black V, Hannigan JH. Magnetic resonance and spectroscopic imaging in prenatal alcohol-exposed children: preliminary findings in the caudate nucleus. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2006; 28:597-606. [PMID: 16996247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 07/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) offer unique, noninvasive methods of measuring, respectively, in vivo quantitative neuroanatomy and neurochemistry. The main purpose of the present study was to identify and compare the neuroanatomical and neurochemical abnormalities that are associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol in both fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)-diagnosed children and those diagnosed with fetal alcohol effects (FAE). MR data of three age-, gender- and race-balanced groups of children, FAS-diagnosed, FAE-diagnosed and non-exposed controls, were compared. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, regardless of diagnosis, were found in the caudate nucleus. Specifically, a significantly smaller caudate nucleus was found for the FAS and FAE participants compared to the controls. In addition, the metabolite ratio of N-acetyl-aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr), an indicator of neuronal function, in left caudate nucleus of both the FAS and FAE participants was elevated compared to the control group. Analysis of absolute concentrations revealed that the increase in the ratio of NAA/Cr was due to an increase in NAA alone. Although its exact function in the CNS is unknown, NAA is believed to be a neuronal marker due to its exclusive localization to neurons. Some also speculate a role for NAA in myelination. Elevated NAA in the prenatal alcohol-exposed participants could indicate a lack of normal program cell death, dendritic pruning and/or myelination during development. The present study demonstrates that prenatal alcohol-exposed children, with or without facial dysmorphology, have abnormal brain anatomy and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette M Cortese
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Wozniak JR, Lim KO. Advances in white matter imaging: a review of in vivo magnetic resonance methodologies and their applicability to the study of development and aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 30:762-74. [PMID: 16890990 PMCID: PMC2895765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several newer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are increasingly being applied to the study of white matter development and pathology across the lifespan. These techniques go beyond traditional macrostructural volumetric methods and provide valuable information about underlying tissue integrity and organization at the microstructural and biochemical levels. We first provide an overview of white matter development and discuss the role of white matter and myelin in cognitive function. We also review available studies of development that have employed traditional volumetric measures. Then, we discuss the contributions of four newer imaging paradigms to our understanding of brain development and aging. These paradigms are Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Magnetization Transfer Imaging (MTI), T2-Relaxography, and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Studies examining brain development during childhood and adulthood as well as studies of the effects of aging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, F256/2B West, 2450 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +612 273 9741
| | - Kelvin O. Lim
- Drs. T.J. and Ella M. Arneson Endowed Chair, University of Minnesota, F282/2A West, 2450 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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Amaral JADMS, Tamada RS, Issler CK, Caetano SC, Cerri GG, de Castro CC, Lafer B. A 1HMRS study of the anterior cingulate gyrus in euthymic bipolar patients. Hum Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:215-20. [PMID: 16783812 DOI: 10.1002/hup.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anterior cingulate region has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Studies have reported anatomical and functional abnormalities in this region in bipolar disorder patients. Few neurochemical studies have evaluated this region, especially on medicated bipolar patients. Lithium has been reported to increase NAA levels but not by all studies. We used proton magnetic spectroscopy ((1)HMRS) to measure the levels of N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA) and choline (Cho) relative to creatine (Cr) in the anterior cingulate of euthymic medicated bipolar subjects. METHODS (1)HMRS was performed using a GE Signa 1.5 Tesla scanner in 13 euthymic bipolar patients who were taking lithium for at least four weeks before the scan and in 15 normal controls. The (1)HMRS signal was collected from an 8 cm(3) voxel placed in the anterior cingulate. Data analysis was performed with the automated PROBE/SV quantification tool. RESULTS NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios were not significantly different between patients and controls (NAA/Cr: 1.60 +/- 0.34 in patients, 1.68 +/- 0.34 in controls; Cho/Cr: 1.13 +/- 0.13 in patients, 1.11 +/- 0.20 in controls). CONCLUSIONS We did not find a significant difference in the NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratio between bipolar patients and healthy controls. Chronic administration of psychotropic drugs could have had an effect on NAA/Cr levels of bipolar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio de M S Amaral
- Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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Ross AJ, Sachdev PS, Wen W, Brodaty H. Longitudinal changes during aging using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61:291-8. [PMID: 16567380 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.3.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the longitudinal change in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) visible metabolites (N-acetyl aspartate [NAA], creatine [Cr], choline [Cho], and myo-Inositol [mI]) in brains of elderly individuals over 3 years and relate them to cognitive function. METHODS Neurologically and psychiatrically normal volunteers (n = 40) were examined at baseline and 3 years later with (1)H-MRS in two voxels (frontal white matter n = 29, and occipitoparietal gray matter n = 36) and with detailed neuropsychological assessments. Longitudinal analyses were performed with age, educational level, sex, and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in voxels as covariates. RESULTS Frontal mI was significantly increased over time in male participants, but all other metabolites were stable over time. Neuropsychological performance was not significantly changed over 3 years, and there was no relationship between change in metabolite levels and change in neuropsychological function. CONCLUSIONS MRS-visible metabolites are stable in elderly persons over 3 years, with the exception of mI which shows an increase. Increasing mI may be a marker of aging or a preclinical neurodegenerative process. MRS changes do not correlate with change in neurocognitive function during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Ross
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Kaiser LG, Schuff N, Cashdollar N, Weiner MW. Age-related glutamate and glutamine concentration changes in normal human brain: 1H MR spectroscopy study at 4 T. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26:665-72. [PMID: 15708441 PMCID: PMC2443746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Revised: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed at 4 T to determine effects of age, region and gender on glutamate and glutamine in the normal human brain. Furthermore, glutamate and glutamine alterations with age were tested for correlations with other cerebral metabolites. Two 8 cm3 volumes were selected in corona radiata and mesial motor cortex in normal subjects (N = 24) between 24 and 68 years old. Older subjects had lower glutamate concentration in the motor cortex compared to younger subjects (p < 0.001). In corona radiata, older subjects demonstrated a trend in higher glutamine compared to younger subjects (p = 0.05). Glutamate in the motor cortex was positively correlated with glutamine, N-acetyl aspartate and creatine. Reduced glutamate and N-acetyl aspartate in the motor cortex is consistent with neuronal loss/shrinkage with age. In conclusion, different patterns in association with normal aging in these brain regions were detected in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana G Kaiser
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Francisco, MR Unit, DVA Medical Center (114M), 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Binesh N, Kumar A, Hwang S, Mintz J, Thomas MA. Neurochemistry of late-life major depression: a pilot two-dimensional MR spectroscopic study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 20:1039-45. [PMID: 15558563 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a two-dimensional localized chemical shift correlated spectroscopy (L-COSY) sequence in elderly patients with major depression. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 33 healthy elderly subjects and 15 elderly patients with major depression were investigated. A voxel size of 3 x 3 x 3 cm3 was chosen in the dorsolateral prefrontal region with predominantly white matter, with the use of three slice-selective radiofrequency (RF) pulses (90 degrees , 180 degrees , and 90 degrees). A chemical shift-selective (CHESS) sequence was used prior to volume localization for the presaturation of water. The two-dimensional raw data matrix consisted of 1024 complex points along the detection period (t2), and 100 increments along the evolution period (t1), resulting in a total acquisition time of approximately 27 minutes per acquisition. The metabolite ratios were calculated using the two-dimensional peak volumes with respect to the diagonal peak volume of total creatine (Cr) at 3.0 ppm. RESULTS In the 33 elderly subjects, the mean ratio of choline (Cho) to Cr was 10% higher in men compared to women (P < 0.05), consistent with earlier findings obtained by one-dimensional MRS. When the metabolite ratios were compared in a subsample of 16 elderly female controls and 12 depressed female patients, the depressed geriatric patients had higher levels of myoinositol (mI), phosphoethanolamine (PE), and glutamate/glutamine (Glx) than the controls, although the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Our pilot study shows the feasibility of performing two-dimensional L-COSY successfully in elderly subjects and patients with late-life mood disorders. These findings are consistent with and expand on our earlier findings in major depressive disorder (MDD) detected with one-dimensional MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Binesh
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1721, USA
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Miyaoka T, Yasukawa R, Mizuno S, Sukegawa T, Inagaki T, Horiguchi J, Seno H, Oda K, Kitagaki H. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) of hippocampus, basal ganglia, and vermis of cerebellum in schizophrenia associated with idiopathic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert's syndrome). J Psychiatr Res 2005; 39:29-34. [PMID: 15504421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether patients with schizophrenia-associated idiopathic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert's syndrome, GS) have specific changes in brain metabolism was examined in this study. METHOD This study applied proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and vermis of the cerebellum of schizophrenic patients with GS (n=15) or without GS (n=15), all diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and healthy subjects (n=15). RESULTS In the hippocampus, schizophrenic patients with GS showed a significant decrease of N-acetyl aspartate/creatine-phosphocreatinine (NAA/Cr) and myoinositol/creatine-phosphocreatinine (mI/Cr) ratios compared to healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients without GS, while schizophrenic patients without GS showed only a significant decrease of NAA/Cr compared to healthy subjects. In the basal ganglia, schizophrenic patients with GS showed a significant decrease of ml/Cr compared to schizophrenic patients without GS and healthy subjects, and schizophrenic patients with GS showed a significant decrease of NAA/Cr compared to healthy subjects. In the vermis of the cerebellum, schizophrenic patients with GS showed only a significant decrease of ml/Cr compared to healthy subjects, although schizophrenic patients without GS did not show a significant decrease of ml/Cr compared to healthy subjects. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that schizophrenia with GS is a more severe sub-type with regard to brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Miyaoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Shimane University Medical School, 89-1 Enyacho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
The advent of MRI has made a remarkable progress in the understanding of age-related brain changes providing a noninvasive tool to study in vivo the normally aging individuals at multiple time points. However, conventional MRI techniques are unable to detect and quantify age-related microstructural changes that have been documented at the post-mortem examination of brain tissues. More sophisticated, quantitative MR techniques such as magnetization transfer imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and proton MR spectroscopy have been shown to be sensitive to microstructural and metabolic changes that occur in gray and white matter over the course of life span. This review highlights some of these innovative, quantitative MR techniques that are particularly relevant for the study of occult age-related brain tissue changes. Characterization of the in vivo patterns of molecular and cellular changes that occur in the normal aging brain is of crucial importance to understand the pathophysiology of normal cognitive decline and to interpret observed changes in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Inglese
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Moreno-Torres A, Pujol J, Soriano-Mas C, Deus J, Iranzo A, Santamaria J. Age-related metabolic changes in the upper brainstem tegmentum by MR spectroscopy. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 26:1051-9. [PMID: 15748785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative disorders have a profound metabolic and structural impact on the brainstem. MR spectroscopy provides metabolic information non-invasively and has the potential to characterize the changes associated with normal aging and differentiate them from neurodegenerative alterations. The present work was aimed at studying the upper brainstem tegmentum at the midbrain and pontine levels in 57 adult normal volunteers, aged 23-79 years, with long-echo time proton MR spectroscopy to evaluate possible regional differences and the effect of age. Higher ratios of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/total creatine (Cr) and choline-containing compounds (Cho)/Cr were observed in the pons compared to the midbrain, resulting from higher net NAA and Cho content. In the midbrain, there was a linear decline of NAA and Cho with age in subjects over 50, most probably related to neuronal tissue loss. In the pons, such an aging effect was not observed, with subjects over 50 showing higher Cr and Cho than the under-50 subjects. Our findings provided evidence of regional differences and suggest different effects of age on the two studied brainstem segments, hitherto undescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Moreno-Torres
- Research Department, Centre Diagnòstic Pedralbes, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
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Pfleiderer B, Ohrmann P, Suslow T, Wolgast M, Gerlach AL, Heindel W, Michael N. N-acetylaspartate levels of left frontal cortex are associated with verbal intelligence in women but not in men: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neuroscience 2004; 123:1053-8. [PMID: 14751296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The left frontal cortex plays an important role in executive function and complex language processing inclusive of spoken language. The purpose of this work was to assess metabolite levels in the left and right prefrontal cortex and left anterior cingulum by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and relate results to verbal intelligence (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revised) in a sample of college-educated healthy volunteers (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC]: n=52, 23 females, and left anterior cingulum: n=62, 22 females; age range: 20-75 years). In women only, N-acetylaspartate in the DLPFC and in the left anterior cingulate cortex was positively correlated with vocabulary scores. Our data support the hypothesis of existing gender differences regarding the involvement of the left frontal cortex in verbal processing as reflected in different correlations of specific metabolites with verbal scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pfleiderer
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129 Münster, Germany.
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Sijens PE, den Heijer T, Origgi D, Vermeer SE, Breteler MMB, Hofman A, Oudkerk M. Brain changes with aging: MR spectroscopy at supraventricular plane shows differences between women and men. Radiology 2003; 226:889-96. [PMID: 12601215 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2263011937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of aging on the proportions of choline (Cho), creatine, and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the brains of elderly women and men. MATERIALS AND METHODS A transverse plane above the ventricle of the brain was mapped with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Examinations were performed in 1995-1996 with 271 healthy subjects (age range, 60-90 years; mean age, 73 years) and were repeated 4 years later (1999-2000). Student t tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Difference analysis of the changes in 4 years (paired data) reproduced the decrease in Cho in women only (2.9% per year, P <.001) that had been indicated with intersubject correlation analyses. Decreases in NAA, though significant in both men and women according to age correlation analyses (P <.01 for both), did not reach significance. The resulting sex difference in the Cho/NAA ratio at a mean age of 77 years, while not yet significant at a mean age of 73 years, was especially manifest in the posterior half of the plane analyzed. CONCLUSION Increasing sex differences in Cho/NAA ratios in a supraventricular plane indicate that brain metabolite levels differ between women and men at advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Sijens
- Department of Radiology, Univ Hosp Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands.
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