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Stoffmonographie für Diethylhexyladipat (Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipat, DEHA) – HBM-I-Werte für den Metaboliten Mono-5-carboxy-(2-ethylpentyl)adipat (5cx-MEPA) im Urin von Erwachsenen und Kindern. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2023; 66:702-712. [PMID: 37306729 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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McNally K, Sams C, Loizou G. Development, testing, parameterisation, and calibration of a human PBK model for the plasticiser, di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) using in silico, in vitro and human biomonitoring data. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1165770. [PMID: 37033641 PMCID: PMC10076754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1165770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A physiologically based biokinetic model for di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) based on a refined model for di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) was developed to interpret the metabolism and biokinetics of DEHA following a single oral dosage of 50 mg to two male and two female volunteers. Methods: The model was parameterized using in vitro and in silico methods such as, measured intrinsic hepatic clearance scaled from in vitro to in vivo and algorithmically predicted parameters such as plasma unbound fraction and tissue:blood partition coefficients (PCs). Calibration of the DEHA model was achieved using concentrations of specific downstream metabolites of DEHA excreted in urine. The total fractions of ingested DEHA eliminated as specific metabolites were estimated and were sufficient for interpreting the human biomonitoring data. Results: The specific metabolites of DEHA, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl adipate (5OH-MEHA), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl adipate (5oxo-MEHA), mono-5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl adipate (5cx-MEPA) only accounted for ∼0.45% of the ingested DEHA. Importantly, the measurements of adipic acid, a non-specific metabolite of DEHA, proved to be important in model calibration. Discussion: The very prominent trends in the urinary excretion of the metabolites, 5cx-MEPA and 5OH-MEHA allowed the important absorption mechanisms of DEHA to be modelled. The model should be useful for the study of exposure to DEHA of the general human population.
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Determination of human urinary metabolites of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) by online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gracia-Lor E, Castiglioni S, Bade R, Been F, Castrignanò E, Covaci A, González-Mariño I, Hapeshi E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kinyua J, Lai FY, Letzel T, Lopardo L, Meyer MR, O'Brien J, Ramin P, Rousis NI, Rydevik A, Ryu Y, Santos MM, Senta I, Thomaidis NS, Veloutsou S, Yang Z, Zuccato E, Bijlsma L. Measuring biomarkers in wastewater as a new source of epidemiological information: Current state and future perspectives. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 99:131-150. [PMID: 28038971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The information obtained from the chemical analysis of specific human excretion products (biomarkers) in urban wastewater can be used to estimate the exposure or consumption of the population under investigation to a defined substance. A proper biomarker can provide relevant information about lifestyle habits, health and wellbeing, but its selection is not an easy task as it should fulfil several specific requirements in order to be successfully employed. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge related to the most relevant biomarkers used so far. In addition, some potential wastewater biomarkers that could be used for future applications were evaluated. For this purpose, representative chemical classes have been chosen and grouped in four main categories: (i) those that provide estimates of lifestyle factors and substance use, (ii) those used to estimate the exposure to toxicants present in the environment and food, (iii) those that have the potential to provide information about public health and illness and (iv) those used to estimate the population size. To facilitate the evaluation of the eligibility of a compound as a biomarker, information, when available, on stability in urine and wastewater and pharmacokinetic data (i.e. metabolism and urinary excretion profile) has been reviewed. Finally, several needs and recommendations for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gracia-Lor
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | | | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Analytical Group, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Luigi Lopardo
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Jake O'Brien
- National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Axel Rydevik
- Deparment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, LA-Interdisciplinary Centre for marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal; FCUP-Dept of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivan Senta
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Sofia Veloutsou
- Analytical Group, Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Zhugen Yang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G128LT Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain.
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Fungal biodegradation of dibutyl phthalate and toxicity of its breakdown products on the basis of fungal and bacterial growth. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2811-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bernard L, Décaudin B, Lecoeur M, Richard D, Bourdeaux D, Cueff R, Sautou V. Analytical methods for the determination of DEHP plasticizer alternatives present in medical devices: a review. Talanta 2014; 129:39-54. [PMID: 25127563 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Until 2010, diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) was the plasticizer most commonly used to soften PVC medical devices (MDs), because of a good efficiency/cost ratio. In flexible plasticized PVC, phthalates are not chemically bound to PVC and they are released into the environment and thus may come into contact with patients. The European Directive 2007/47/CE, classified DEHP as a product with a toxicity risk and restricted its use in MDs. MD manufacturers were therefore forced to quickly find alternatives to DEHP to maintain the elasticity of PVC nutrition tubings, infusion sets and hemodialysis lines. Several replacement plasticizers, so-called "alternative to DEHP plasticizers" were incorporated into the MDs. Nowadays, the risk of exposure to these compounds for hospitalized patients, particularly in situations classified "at risk", has not yet been evaluated, because migrations studies, providing sufficient exposure and human toxicity data have not been performed. To assess the risk to patients of DEHP plasticizer alternatives, reliable analytical methods must be first developed in order to generate data that supports clinical studies being conducted in this area. After a brief introduction of the characteristics and toxicity of the selected plasticizers used currently in MDs, this review outlines recently analytical methods available to determine and quantify these plasticizers in several matrices, allowing the evaluation of potential risk and so risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bernard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, Rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - B Décaudin
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA4481, GRIIOT, BP83, 59006 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Pharmacie, Avenue Oscar Lambret, 59037 Lille, France
| | - M Lecoeur
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA4481, GRIIOT, BP83, 59006 Lille, France
| | - D Richard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie (CREPTA), Rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Bourdeaux
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, Rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - R Cueff
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - V Sautou
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, Rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Silva MJ, Samandar E, Ye X, Calafat AM. In vitro metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) as biomarkers of exposure in human biomonitoring applications. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1498-502. [PMID: 24016063 DOI: 10.1021/tx400215z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) is a common plasticizer used in food packaging. At high doses, DEHA can cause adverse health effects in rats. Although the potential for human exposure to DEHA is high, no DEHA specific biomarkers are identified for human biomonitoring. Using human liver microsomes, we investigated the in vitro phase I metabolism of DEHA and its hydrolytic metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl adipate (MEHA) and, for comparison purposes, of the analogous di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and its hydrolytic metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. We unequivocally identified MEHA, a DEHA specific biomarker, and adipic acid, a nonspecific biomarker, using authentic standards. On the basis of their mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns, we tentatively identified two other DEHA specific metabolites: mono-2-ethylhydroxyhexyl adipate (MEHHA) and mono-2-ethyloxohexyl adipate (MEOHA), analogous to the oxidative metabolites of DEHP. Interestingly, although adipic acid was the major in vitro metabolite of DEHA, the analogous phthalic acid was not the major in vitro metabolite of DEHP. Our preliminary data for 144 adults with no known exposure to DEHA suggests that adipic acid is also the main in vivo urinary metabolite, while MEHA, MEHHA, and MEOHA are only minor metabolites. Therefore, the use of these specific metabolites for assessing the exposure of DEHA may be limited to highly exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manori J Silva
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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Zhou SN, Moody RP, Aikawa B, Yip A, Wang B, Zhu J. In vitro dermal absorption of di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in a roll-on deodorant using human skin. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:157-166. [PMID: 23356645 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.738598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In vitro dermal absorption experiments were conducted using a roll-on deodorant that contains 1.56% di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), a plasticizer widely used in consumer products. Human skin specimens were fitted in Bronaugh flow-through Teflon diffusion cells. The diffusion cells were maintained at 32 °C to reflect the skin temperature. Two amounts (low dose: 5 mg of the product; high dose: 100 mg) were applied, in triplicate, each on four different human skins. DEHA was determined in the receiver solution at 6-h intervals, using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After 24 h, the experiment was terminated and masses of DEHA in the skin depot, skin wash, and upper and lower chambers of the diffusion cell were determined. A significant portion of applied DEHA, 28% in the low amount application and 34% in the high one, was found in the skin depot. In comparison, only 0.04% and 0.002% of applied DEHA were found in the receiver solutions for the low and high doses, respectively. Under our experimental conditions, an apparent steady-state flux of low DEHA mass penetrating from skin into the receiver solution was observed with a penetration rate of 2.2 ng/cm(2)/h for both the low and high doses. The average mass recovery was 81% for the low dose application and 56% for the high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ningsun Zhou
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Fiume MM, eldreth HB, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler D, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Final Report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel on the Safety Assessment of Dicarboxylic Acids, Salts, and Esters. Int J Toxicol 2012; 31:5S-76S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581812447203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CIR Expert Panel assessed the safety of dicarboxylic acids and their salts and esters as used in cosmetics. Most dicarboxylic acids function in cosmetics as pH adjusters or fragrance ingredients, but the functions of most of the salts in cosmetics are not reported. Some of the esters function as skin conditioning or fragrance ingredients, plasticizers, solvents, or emollients. The Expert Panel noted gaps in the available safety data for some of the dicarboxylic acid and their salts and esters in this safety assessment. The available data on many of the ingredients are sufficient, however, and similar structural activity relationships, biologic functions, and cosmetic product usage suggest that the available data may be extrapolated to support the safety of the entire group. The Panel concluded that the ingredients named in this report are safe in the present practices of use and concentration.
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 04 −2-Ethylhexyl derivatives from chemical group 2 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC). EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Fromme H, Gruber L, Schlummer M, Wolz G, Böhmer S, Angerer J, Mayer R, Liebl B, Bolte G. Intake of phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate: results of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey based on duplicate diet samples and biomonitoring data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:1012-20. [PMID: 17610953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental chemicals with potential detrimental health effects. The purpose of our study was to quantify dietary intake of phthalates and of DEHA (Di-ethylhexyl adipate) using duplicate diet samples and to compare these data with the calculated data based on urinary levels of primary and secondary phthalate metabolites. 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects aged 14-60 years collected daily duplicate diet samples over 7 consecutive days. Overall, 11 phthalates were measured in the duplicates by GC/MS and LC/MS methods. Urinary levels of primary and secondary phthalate metabolites are also available. The median (95th percentile) daily intake via food was 2.4 (4.0) microg/kg b.w. (Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP), 0.3 (1.4) microg/kg b.w. (Di-n-butyl phthalate, DnBP), 0.6 (2.1) microg/kg b.w. (Di-isobutyl phthalate, DiBP) and 0.7 (2.2) microg/kg b.w. for DEHA. MEPH (Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) was detectable only in minor concentrations in the samples, thus conversion of DEHP to MEHP and dietary intake of MEHP were negligible. When comparing back-calculated intake data of the DEHP metabolites with dietary DEHP intake from the day before significant correlations were observed for most of the metabolites. No correlation was found for DnBP and only a weak but significant correlation for DiBP. The median and 95th percentile daily dietary intake of all target analytes did not exceed the recommended tolerable daily intake. Our data indicated that food was the predominant intake source of DEHP, whilst other sources considerably contributed to the daily intake of DnBP and DiBP in an adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Fromme
- Department of Environmental Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstrasse 2, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to epoxidised soybean oil used in food contact materials. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Kushner DJ, Baker A, Dunstall TG. Pharmacological uses and perspectives of heavy water and deuterated compounds. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/y99-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of D2O (heavy water) and its use as a moderator in nuclear reactors, its biological effects have been extensively, although seldom deeply, studied. This article reviews these effects on whole animals, animal cells, and microorganisms. Both "solvent isotope effects," those due to the special properties of D2O as a solvent, and "deuterium isotope effects" (DIE), which result when D replaces H in many biological molecules, are considered. The low toxicity of D2O toward mammals is reflected in its widespread use for measuring water spaces in humans and other animals. Higher concentrations (usually >20% of body weight) can be toxic to animals and animal cells. Effects on the nervous system and the liver and on formation of different blood cells have been noted. At the cellular level, D2O may affect mitosis and membrane function. Protozoa are able to withstand up to 70% D2O. Algae and bacteria can adapt to grow in 100% D2O and can serve as sources of a large number of deuterated molecules. D2O increases heat stability of macromolecules but may decrease cellular heat stability, possibly as a result of inhibition of chaperonin formation. High D2O concentrations can reduce salt- and ethanol-induced hypertension in rats and protect mice from gamma irradation. Such concentrations are also used in boron neutron capture therapy to increase neutron penetration to boron compounds bound to malignant cells. D2O is more toxic to malignant than normal animal cells, but at concentrations too high for regular therapeutic use. D2O and deuterated drugs are widely used in studies of metabolism of drugs and toxic substances in humans and other animals. The deuterated forms of drugs often have different actions than the protonated forms. Some deuterated drugs show different transport processes. Most are more resistant to metabolic changes, especially those changes mediated by cytochrome P450 systems. Deuteration may also change the pathway of drug metabolism (metabolic switching). Changed metabolism may lead to increased duration of action and lower toxicity. It may also lead to lower activity, if the drug is normally changed to the active form in vivo. Deuteration can also lower the genotoxicity of the anticancer drug tamoxifen and other compounds. Deuteration increases effectiveness of long-chain fatty acids and fluoro-D-phenylalanine by preventing their breakdown by target microorganisms. A few deuterated antibiotics have been prepared, and their antimicrobial activity was found to be little changed. Their action on resistant bacteria has not been studied, but there is no reason to believe that they would be more effective against such bacteria. Insect resistance to insecticides is very often due to insecticide destruction through the cytochrome P450 system. Deuterated insecticides might well be more effective against resistant insects, but this potentially valuable possibility has not yet been studied.Key words: deuterium, heavy water, D2O, deuterium isotope effects.
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Lake BG, Price RJ, Cunninghame ME, Walters DG. Comparison of the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate on hepatic peroxisome proliferation and cell replication in the rat and mouse. Toxicology 1997; 123:217-26. [PMID: 9355940 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(97)00125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA) have been compared in female F344 rats and female B6C3F1 mice fed diets containing 0-4.0% DEHA and 0-2.5% DEHA, respectively, for periods of 1, 4 and 13 weeks. In both the rat and mouse treatment with DEHA at all time points produced a dose-dependent increase in relative liver weight and hepatic peroxisome proliferation as demonstrated by the induction of peroxisomal (cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation) and microsomal (lauric acid 12-hydroxylase) fatty acid oxidising enzyme activities. The magnitude of induction of peroxisome proliferation was similar in both species. Replicative DNA synthesis was studied by implanting osmotic pumps containing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine during study weeks 0-1, 3-4 and 12-13. After 1 week DEHA treatment hepatocyte labelling index values were increased in rats given 2.5 and 4.0% DEHA and mice given 0.6-2.5% DEHA. While DEHA treatment for 4 and 13 weeks did not increase labelling index values in the rat, a sustained stimulation of replicative DNA synthesis was observed in mice given 1.2 and 2.5% DEHA. The results of this study demonstrate a species difference in the hepatic effects of DEHA, in that at some dose levels DEHA can produce a sustained stimulation of replicative DNA synthesis in mouse but not in rat liver. Sustained cell replication provides a better correlation with the observed formation of liver tumours in chronic studies with DEHA in female mice, but not in female rats, than the magnitude of stimulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Lake
- BIBRA International, Carshalton, Surrey, UK
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Barber ED, Fox JA, Giordano CJ. Hydrolysis, absorption and metabolism of di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate in the rat. Xenobiotica 1994; 24:441-50. [PMID: 8079503 DOI: 10.3109/00498259409043247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
1. The hydrolysis of di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were studied using rat gut homogenate fractions in vitro. Both isomers were hydrolysed by the intestinal fraction; however, DEHP was hydrolysed to 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in about equal proportions, whereas DEHT was hydrolysed to 2-EH and terephthalic acid (TPA). The half-lives for disappearance of the diesters were determined to be 12.6 min for DEHP and 53.3 min for DEHT. 2. The absorption and metabolism of DEHT were studied by administering [hexyl-2-14C]DEHT (in corn oil) by oral gavage at a dose level of 100 mg/kg to 10 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Urine, faeces and expired air were collected for 144 h and analysed for the presence of radioactivity, and faeces and urine were analysed for unlabelled metabolites. 3. Radioactivity was eliminated in faeces (56.5 +/- 12.1% of dose) primarily as unchanged DEHT, small amounts of MEHT and polar metabolites; excreted in urine (31.9 +/- 10.9% of dose) principally as MEHT and metabolic products of 2-EH; and expired as 14CO2 (3.6 +/- 0.9% of dose). Less than 2% of the administered radioactivity was found in the carcass. Small amounts of 14C were found in the tissues with the highest amounts found in liver and fat. 4. Metabolites identified in urine included terephthalic acid (equivalent to 51% of dose), oxidized metabolites of 2-EH and MEHT, and glucuronic and sulphuric acid conjugates (equivalent to about 10% of dose).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Barber
- Eastman Kodak Co., Corporate Health and Environment Laboratories, Rochester, NY 14652-3615
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Loftus NJ, Woollen BH, Steel GT, Wilks MF, Castle L. An assessment of the dietary uptake of di-2-(ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in a limited population study. Food Chem Toxicol 1994; 32:1-5. [PMID: 8132159 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(84)90029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The plasticizer di-2-(ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), which may be present in food-contact films, can migrate into certain foodstuffs. Results from plasticizer migration studies into food have enabled an indirect estimate of the maximum daily dietary intake of DEHA. A previous study of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of DEHA in humans identified the urinary metabolite 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHA) as a useful marker metabolite for assessing DEHA intake. The present study was designed to investigate urinary EHA concentrations following a controlled dose of DEHA presented with food, and to assess the average daily intake of DEHA in a limited population survey. The urinary elimination profile of EHA, following a dose of DEHA in food, showed that in order to extrapolate DEHA intake from EHA measurements, a 24-hr urine sample was required. In the survey the elimination of EHA was determined in 24-hr urine samples in 112 individuals from five different geographical locations in the UK. No restrictions were placed on age or gender. Estimates of daily intake of DEHA show a skewed distribution with a median value of 2.7 mg. This is similar to an estimated maximum daily intake of 8.2 mg/day, derived using an indirect method by the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Loftus
- Zeneca Central Toxicology, Investigative Toxicology Section, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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